Module 11: IPv4

Addressing
Introduction to Networks v7.0
(ITN)
Module Objectives
Module Title: IPv4 Addressing

Module Objective: Calculate an IPv4 subnetting scheme to efficiently segment your network.
Topic Title Topic Objective
IPv4 Address Structure Describe the structure of an IPv4 address including
the network portion, the host portion, and the
subnet mask.
IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast Compare the characteristics and uses of the
unicast, broadcast and multicast IPv4 addresses.
Types of IPv4 Addresses Explain public, private, and reserved IPv4
addresses.
Network Segmentation Explain how subnetting segments a network to
enable better communication.
Subnet an IPv4 Network Calculate IPv4 subnets for a /24 prefix.

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11.1 IPv4 Address Structure

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IPv4 Address Structure
Network and Host Portions
• An IPv4 address is a 32-bit hierarchical address that is made up of a network portion
and a host portion.

• When determining the network portion versus the host portion, you must look at the
32-bit stream.
• A subnet mask is used to determine the network and host portions.

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IPv4 Address Structure
The Subnet Mask
• To identify the network and host portions of an IPv4 address, the subnet mask is
compared to the IPv4 address bit for bit, from left to right.

• The actual process used to

identify the network and
host portions is called
ANDing.

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IPv4 Address Structure
The Prefix Length
• A prefix length is a less cumbersome method used to identify a subnet mask address.

Prefix
• The prefix length is the number Subnet Mask 32-bit Address
Length
of bits set to 1 in the subnet 255.0.0.0 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 /8
mask.
255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 /16

255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 /24

• It is written in “slash notation”
therefore, count the number of 255.255.255.128 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 /25

bits in the subnet mask and 255.255.255.192 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 /26

prepend it with a slash.
255.255.255.224 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 /27

255.255.255.240 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 /28

255.255.255.248 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 /29

255.255.255.252 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100 /30

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IPv4 Address Structure
Determining the Network: Logical AND
• A logical AND Boolean operation is used in determining the network address.
• Logical AND is the comparison of two bits where only a 1 AND 1 produces a 1 and any other
combination results in a 0.
• 1 AND 1 = 1, 0 AND 1 = 0, 1 AND 0 = 0, 0 AND 0 = 0
• 1 = True and 0 = False

• To identify the network address, the

host IPv4 address is logically
ANDed, bit by bit, with the subnet
mask to identify the network
address.

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IPv4 Address Structure
Network, Host, and Broadcast Addresses
• Within each network are three types of IP addresses:
• Network address
• Host addresses
• Broadcast address

Host
Network Portion Host Bits
Portion
Subnet mask 255 255 255 0
255.255.255.0 or /24 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Network address 192 168 10 0
All 0s
192.168.10.0 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 00000000
First address 192 168 10 1
All 0s and a 1
192.168.10.1 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 00000001
Last address 192 168 10 254
All 1s and a 0
192.168.10.254 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 11111110
Broadcast address 192 168 10 255
All 1s
192.168.10.255 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 11111111

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11.2 IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast,
and Multicast

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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Unicast
• Unicast transmission is sending a packet to one destination IP address.

• For example, the PC at 172.16.4.1 sends a unicast packet to the printer at

172.16.4.253.

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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Broadcast
• Broadcast transmission is sending a packet to all other destination IP addresses.

• For example, the PC at 172.16.4.1 sends a broadcast packet to all IPv4 hosts.

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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Multicast
• Multicast transmission is sending a packet to a multicast address group.

• For example, the PC at 172.16.4.1 sends a multicast packet to the multicast group
address 224.10.10.5.

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11.3 Types of IPv4
Addresses

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Types of IPv4 Addresses
Public and Private IPv4 Addresses
• As defined in in RFC 1918, public IPv4 addresses are globally routed between
internet service provider (ISP) routers.

• Private addresses are common blocks of Network Address

RFC 1918 Private Address Range
addresses used by most organizations to and Prefix
assign IPv4 addresses to internal hosts. 10.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255

172.16.0.0/12 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255

• Private IPv4 addresses are not unique
and can be used internally within any 192.168.0.0/16 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

network.

• However, private addresses are not globally routable.

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Types of IPv4 Addresses
Routing to the Internet
• Network Address Translation (NAT) translates private IPv4 addresses to public IPv4
addresses.

• NAT is typically enabled

on the edge router
connecting to the internet.

• It translates the internal

private address to a public
global IP address.

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Types of IPv4 Addresses
Special Use IPv4 Addresses
Loopback addresses
• 127.0.0.0 /8 (127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.254)
• Commonly identified as only 127.0.0.1
• Used on a host to test if TCP/IP is operational.

Link-Local addresses
• 169.254.0.0 /16 (169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254)
• Commonly known as the Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) addresses or self-
assigned addresses.
• Used by Windows DHCP clients to self-configure when no DHCP servers are
available.

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Types of IPv4 Addresses
Legacy Classful Addressing
RFC 790 (1981) allocated IPv4 addresses
in classes
• Class A (0.0.0.0/8 to 127.0.0.0/8)
• Class B (128.0.0.0 /16 – 191.255.0.0 /16)
• Class C (192.0.0.0 /24 – 223.255.255.0 /24)
• Class D (224.0.0.0 to 239.0.0.0)
• Class E (240.0.0.0 – 255.0.0.0)

• Classful addressing wasted many IPv4

addresses.

Classful address allocation was replaced with

classless addressing which ignores the rules of
classes (A, B, C).
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Types of IPv4 Addresses
Assignment of IP Addresses
• The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) manages and allocates blocks of
IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to five Regional Internet Registries (RIRs).

• RIRs are responsible for

allocating IP addresses to ISPs
who provide IPv4 address
blocks to smaller ISPs and
organizations.

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11.4 Network Segmentation

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Network Segmentation
Reasons for Segmenting Networks
• Subnetting reduces overall network traffic and improves network performance.
• It can be used to implement security policies between subnets.
• Subnetting reduces the number of devices affected by abnormal broadcast traffic.

• Subnets are used for a variety of reasons including by:

Location Group or Function Device Type

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11.7 Subnet to Meet
Requirements

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Subnet to Meet Requirements
Subnet Private versus Public IPv4 Address Space
Enterprise networks will have an:
• Intranet - A company’s internal network typically
using private IPv4 addresses.
• DMZ – A companies internet facing servers.
Devices in the DMZ use public IPv4 addresses.

• A company could use the 10.0.0.0/8 and subnet

on the /16 or /24 network boundary.

• The DMZ devices would have to be configured

with public IP addresses.

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Subnet to Meet Requirements
Minimize Unused Host IPv4 Addresses and Maximize Subnets

There are two considerations when planning subnets:

• The number of host addresses required for each network
• The number of individual subnets needed

Subnet Mask in Binary # of

Prefix Length Subnet Mask # of hosts
(n = network, h = host) subnets
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nhhhhhhh
/25 255.255.255.128 2 126
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnhhhhhh
/26 255.255.255.192 4 62
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnhhhhh
/27 255.255.255.224 8 30
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnhhhh
/28 255.255.255.240 16 14
11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnhhh
/29 255.255.255.248 32 6
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000
nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnhh
/30 255.255.255.252 64 2
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100

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Subnet to Meet Requirements
Example: Efficient IPv4 Subnetting
• In this example, corporate headquarters has
been allocated a public network address of
172.16.0.0/22 (10 host bits) by its ISP
providing 1,022 host addresses.

• There are five sites and therefore five internet

connections which means the organization
requires 10 subnets with the largest subnet
requires 40 addresses.

• It allocated 10 subnets with a /26 (i.e.,

255.255.255.192) subnet mask.

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11.8 VLSM

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