### Excretory System

**1. What is excretion?**

Excretion is the process by which metabolic waste products and toxic

substances are removed from the body.

**2. What are the organs of excretion in the human body and their respective
excretory products?**

- **Kidneys:** Excrete urine, which contains urea, uric acid, creatinine,

excess salts, and water.

- **Lungs:** Excrete carbon dioxide and water vapor.

- **Skin:** Excretes sweat, which contains water, salts, and a small amount
of urea.

- **Liver:** Excretes bile pigments and cholesterol through bile.

- **Intestines:** Excrete feces, which contain undigested food, bacteria, and

waste products from liver metabolism.

**3. Describe with illustrations how urine is formed in mammals.**

Urine formation involves three main processes:

1. **Filtration:** Blood enters the glomerulus, and water and solutes are
filtered into the Bowman’s capsule.

2. **Reabsorption:** Essential substances such as glucose, amino acids, and

ions are reabsorbed into the blood from the renal tubules.

3. **Secretion:** Additional waste products and excess ions are secreted into
the renal tubules.

Illustration (text-based description):

```plaintext
 A. Glomerulus  B. Bowman’s Capsule  C. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
 D. Loop of Henle  E. Distal Convoluted Tubule  F. Collecting Duct
 G. Ureter

```

**4. State three urinary disorders in humans and describe how each can be
remedied.**

- **Urinary Tract Infection (UTI):** Treated with antibiotics and increased fluid
intake.

- **Kidney Stones:** Treated with pain relievers, hydration, and sometimes

surgical procedures like lithotripsy.

- **Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD):** Managed with medication, dietary

changes, dialysis, or kidney transplant.

**5. Briefly explain three functions of the human skin.**

- **Protection:** Acts as a barrier against pathogens, chemicals, and physical

injury.

- **Regulation:** Helps regulate body temperature through sweating and

blood vessel dilation or constriction.

- **Sensation:** Contains nerve endings that detect touch, pressure,

temperature, and pain.

### Circulatory System

**1. A) Draw a large labeled diagram of a longitudinal section through the

mammalian heart.**

(As I cannot draw, I will describe the diagram components and their labels.)

- **Left Atrium**

- **Right Atrium**
- **Left Ventricle**

- **Right Ventricle**

- **Aorta**

- **Pulmonary Arteries**

- **Pulmonary Veins**

- **Superior Vena Cava**

- **Inferior Vena Cava**

- **Tricuspid Valve**

- **Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve**

- **Aortic Valve**

- **Pulmonary Valve**

- **Septum**

**b) Use arrows to show the path taken by blood through the heart.**

- **Deoxygenated Blood Path:**

- From body → Superior/Inferior Vena Cava → Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve

→ Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs

- **Oxygenated Blood Path:**

- From lungs → Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium → Bicuspid Valve → Left

Ventricle → Aortic Valve → Aorta → Body

**2. State five functions of blood.**

1. **Transport of nutrients and oxygen to cells.**

2. **Removal of waste products from cells.**

3. **Regulation of body temperature.**

4. **Protection against infection through white blood cells and antibodies.**

5. **Clotting to prevent excessive bleeding.**

**3. Describe how clotting of blood occurs.**

Blood clotting involves a cascade of reactions:

1. **Vascular Spasm:** Blood vessels constrict to reduce blood flow.

2. **Platelet Plug Formation:** Platelets adhere to the injury site and form a
temporary plug.

3. **Coagulation:** Clotting factors activate a series of reactions, converting

fibrinogen to fibrin, which forms a stable clot.

**4. What do you understand by the term ‘double circulation of blood’?

Illustrate your answer with a diagram.**

Double circulation means blood passes through the heart twice during one
complete circuit of the body:

- **Pulmonary Circulation:** Heart → Lungs → Heart

- **Systemic Circulation:** Heart → Body → Heart

Illustration (text-based description):

```plaintext

Pulmonary: Heart (Right Ventricle)  Lungs  Heart (Left Atrium)

Systemic: Heart (Left Ventricle)  Body  Heart (Right Atrium)

```

**5. Name three disorders of the blood circulatory system.**

- **Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)**

- **Atherosclerosis**

- **Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction)**

**6. Name three disorders of the human blood.**

- **Anemia**

- **Leukemia**

- **Hemophilia**

**7. Outline four differences between the lymphatic system and the blood
circulatory system.**

1. **Fluid Circulated:**

- Blood circulatory system: Circulates blood.

- Lymphatic system: Circulates lymph.

2. **Pumps:**

- Blood circulatory system: Has the heart as a pump.

- Lymphatic system: No pump; relies on muscle contractions and body

movements.

3. **Presence of Cells:**

- Blood circulatory system: Contains red blood cells, white blood cells,
platelets.

- Lymphatic system: Contains white blood cells (lymphocytes).

4. **Circulation Path:**

- Blood circulatory system: Closed loop.

- Lymphatic system: Open-ended vessels returning lymph to the

bloodstream.

### Sound Energy

**1. Explain the following terms:**

a) **Wavelength:** The distance between successive crests or troughs in a

wave.
b) **Frequency:** The number of waves that pass a given point per second,
measured in Hertz (Hz).

c) **Amplitude:** The height of a wave from its equilibrium position to its

crest or trough, representing the wave’s energy.

d) **Pitch:** The perception of the frequency of a sound; higher frequency

sounds have a higher pitch.

e) **Doppler Effect:** The change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in

relation to an observer moving relative to the source of the wave.

**2. Why does a tuning fork that is struck sound louder if we place its base
on the bottom of an upturned bucket?**

The bucket acts as a resonator, amplifying the sound by causing the air
inside it to vibrate in harmony with the tuning fork.

**3. A source of sound emits a note of frequency 400 Hz. Calculate the
length of the note if the velocity of sound in air is 340 m/s.**

\[ \text{Wavelength} (\lambda) = \frac{\text{Velocity of sound} (v)}{\

text{Frequency} (f)} \]

\[ \lambda = \frac{340 \, \text{m/s}}{400 \, \text{Hz}} = 0.85 \, \text{m} \]

**4. State the function of the following parts of the human ear:**

a) **Pinna:** Collects and directs sound waves into the ear canal.

b) **Cochlea:** Converts sound vibrations into electrical signals sent to the

brain.

c) **Tympanic Membrane:** Vibrates in response to sound waves,

transmitting vibrations to the middle ear.

d) **Eustachian Tube:** Equalizes air pressure on both sides of the eardrum.

### Magnetism
**1. What are magnetic keepers?**

Magnetic keepers are pieces of soft iron placed across the poles of a magnet
to help preserve its strength by providing a closed path for the magnetic
lines of force.

**2. What is a magnetic field?**

A magnetic field is a region around a magnet where magnetic forces can be

detected, represented by magnetic lines of force.

**3. State three properties of magnetic lines of force.**

1. **Direction:** They originate from the north pole and terminate at the
south pole of a magnet.

2. **Non-Intersection:** They never cross each other.

3. **Density:** The strength of the magnetic field is indicated by the density

of the lines; closer lines represent a stronger field.

**4. With a well-labelled diagram, explain how a steel bar is magnetized by

the double touch method.**

Illustration (text-based description):

```plaintext

A. Place the steel bar horizontally.

B. Use two strong magnets.

C. Place the north pole of one magnet at the center of the bar and the south
pole of the other magnet at the center.

D. Move the magnets away from each other towards the ends of the bar.

E. Lift the magnets away from the ends and repeat the process several
times.

F. The steel bar becomes magnetized.

```

**5. List the uses of magnets in the following fields of work:**

a) **Carpentry:** For holding nails and screws in place, and for magnetic
stud finders.

b) **Medicine:** In MRI machines for imaging internal body structures.

c) **Construction of an Electric Motor:** In the rotor and stator to create the

magnetic field that drives the motor.

d) **Surveying:** In compasses for determining directions.

**6. With the aid of a diagram describe how you would demagnetize a
magnetic material by the electric method.**

Illustration (text-based description):

```plaintext

A. Place the