Activity 5
Compound Identification of Unknown Drug Samples Using physical Properties
Physical Properties
● Quality Assurance- Detection of physical Changes
● Stability Assessment - Monitor and assess the stability of a drug over shelf life
○ 25-30 C =7 days,
● Early Detection of Contamination - Reveal the presence of contaminants or impurities
● Boiling Point of water @ sea level = 100C, anything more than 100C may indicate the presence of
contaminants and impurities
● Freezing point = 0C if water has, for example, table salt, it freezes faster. means it is impure or indicates
a contaminant.
Solubility
● Like dissolves like - similar polarities are more likely to dissolve in one another
● Solubility Product (Ksp) - constant value for a given solute-solvent system at a particular temperature.
○ KSP = ratio of concentration of ions raised to the number of ions present in the molecule
● Formulation Development - selection of appropriate excipients and solvents for drug preparation.
○ Co-solvent
○ ex: Iodine: 1g/3450 ml - 1 gram of iodine dissolves in 3450 ml of water, so you add potassium (KI)
or sodium (NaI) or use another solvent such as ethanol, where Iodine dissolves at 20.5g / 100 ml of
alcohol.
● Drug Delivery Systems - achieving the desired drug release profiles
○ example: contraceptives: oral, intramuscular injection, or implants
● Bioavailability - Drug solubility and absorption
Melting Point Range - “the temperature from the point at which solid first begins to liquefy to the point at which
either sample is liquid.”
● Eutectic Point - lowest temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to liquid.
● Phase transition - a change from solid to liquid occurs over a very narrow temperature range.
● Purpose:
○ Identification - different compounds have distinct melting points.
○ Purity Assessment - impurities of contaminants lead to changes in the melting point
○ Quality Control - ensure consistency and quality of drug products.
○ Quantity - Chemical testing, titration, bioassay, microbial assay, Gas Chromatography with Mass
Spectrometry (GCMS), HPCL
Activity 6
Detection of Common Elements in Organic Compounds
● VDGEROA (Valence Decrease, Gained Electron, Reduction = Oxidizing Agent) and VILEORA (Valence
Increase, Lost Electrons, Oxidation = Reducing Agent)
● Test for Carbon
○ Combustion Reaction | REDOX - a chemical reaction in which there is a transfer of electrons
between two substances
● Test for Nitrogen
○ Decomposition Reaction - A chemical Reaction in which a single compound breaks down into
two or more simpler substances.
● Test for Halogen
○ Beilsten Test
■ Substitution Reaction | REDOX - A chemical reaction where one or more atoms or
groups in a molecule are replaced by another atom, ion, or group.
○ Silver Nitrate Test
■ Dehalogenation | Precipitation - A chemical reaction involving the removal of a halogen
atom from a compound.
■ Complexation (Coordination Reaction) - involves the formation of complex ions by the
interaction of metal ions with ligands (molecules or ions that can bond to a central metal
ion).
● Test for Sulfur and Phosphorus
○ Oxidation - Involves the loss of electrons by a chemical species, leading to an increase in its
oxidation state.
○ Complexation -
