BHARATI VIDYAPEETH’S
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING FOR WOMEN, PUNE
Pune-Satara Road, Dhankawadi, Taluka – Haveli, Dist.- Pune
Accredited by NAAC with “A” Grade, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University (SPPU)
Approved by DTE. Govt. Of Maharashtra and AICTE, New Delhi
DTE Institute Code-EN6285, Pun Code-PU/PN/Engg. /150/2000
E-mail:
[email protected] Website: - http://coewpune.bharatividyapeeth.edu
Subject: Principles of Communication Systems
Experiment No: Class: S.E (E&TC)
Title: Verify Sampling Thorem using simulation
AIM:
Verify Sampling Theorem using simulation.
Implement the sampling theorem and aliasing effect by sampling and analog sequence with
various sampling frequencies.
SOFTWARE USED:
Mat lab 7.0
THEORY:
Sampling is the process of converting a continuous analog signal to a discrete analog signal and
the sampled signal is the discrete time representation of the original analog signal.
Sampling theorem states that a continuous time signal x(t) can be completely represented in its
sampled form and recovered back from the sampled form if the sampling frequency fs>=2W,
where W is the maximum frequency of x(t).
Nyquist Rate and Nyquist Interval:
The maximum sampling rate of ‘2W’ samples per second for a signal x(t) having maximum
frequency of ‘W’ Hz is called Nyquist rate.
The reciprocal of Nyquist rate i.e. (1/2W) is called Nyquist Interval.
Nyquist Rate = 2W Hz
Nyquist Interval = 1/2W seconds
Aliasing or Fold over error:
If the signal x(t) is not strictly band limited and/or if the sampling frequency fs is less than 2W
then an error called aliasing or fold over error occurs. The adjustment spectrum overlap that is f s<
2W.
The distortion occurs due to the overlapping of the adjacent spectrum.
Due to this overlapping of the adjacent spectrum, it is seen that the portions of the frequencies
shifted replicas are folded over inside the desired spectrum.
Due to this fold over high frequencies in x(t) are reflected into the low frequencies. This can be
understood by comparing the shaded portions of the spectra.
➢ ALIASING :
Phenomenon of s high frequency in the spectrum of the original signal x(t) taking on the identity
of the lower frequency in the spectrum of the sampled signal is called aliasing or fold over error.
➢ EFFECT OF ALIASING :
Due to aliasing some of the information contained in the original signal x(t) is lost in the process
of sampling.
➢ HOW TO ELIMINATE ALIASING?
1. Use a bandlimiting low pass filter and pass the signal x(t) through it before sampling.
2. This filter has a cutoff frequency at fc=W. Therefore, it will strictly band-limit the signal
x(t) before sampling takes place. This filter is also called as anti-aliasing filter or peralias
filter.
3. Increase the sampling frequency fs to a great extent i.e. fs>>2W. Due to this, even though
x(t) is strictly bandlimited, the spectrum will not overlap. A guard band is created between
the adjacent spectrum.
➢ ALIASING CAN BE PREVENTED BY:
1. Using an anti aliasing or prealiasing filter
2. Using the sampling frequency fs>2W
ALGORITHM :
1. Enter modulating time period T
2. Enter the range of T
3. Declare modulating frequency, fm = 1/T
4. Enter signal x = cos(2*pi*fm*t)
5. Display original signal x
6. Declare sampling frequency fs less than 2fm
7. Enter the signal x = cos(2*pi*(fm/fs2)*t1)
8. Display aliasing signal
9. Declare sampling frequency fs2 equal to 2fm
10. Enter signal y2 = cos(2*pi*(fm/fs2)*t2)
11. Display the sampled signal Nyquist
12. Declare sampling frequency fs3 equal to 8fm
13. Enter signal y3 = cos(2*pi*(fm/fs2)*t3)
14. Display sampled signal
Conclusion:
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