1|P a g e

A Future to New Era!

THE EDWARDS
Institute Of English Language, Tuition and Computer Technology

INTENSIVE GRAMMAR
Salient Features

 English Language Classes (Beginner to Advanced-II)

 Special Conversation and Grammar Classes
 Well-qualified and Experienced Staff
 Best and Studious Environment
 Well-equipped Computer Lab
 Neat and Clean Classrooms
 Extra Curriculum Activities
 Audio & Video Listening Practice
 Daily Newspaper for Reading
 Presentation Skills
 Daily Fresh Vocabulary
 Daily Free Conversation Classes
 English Learning Certificate (ELC)
 Speech Competitions
 Interview Practice and Techniques
 General Knowledge Competitions
 Hot Seats on Current Affairs
 Exhibitions and Debates
 Demo Classes before Admission
 Monthly Activities based Conferences

Name of Student Teacher Time Room#

Add: Ishrat Cinema Chowk, Gulbahar#3, Peshawar

Contacts# 0315-9333713, 0333-9863185
Facebook: TheEdwardsInstitute

1|Page
Voice
Definition

1. It is a form of verb that is used to show whether the subject of a verb is the doer or
the receiver of an action.
2. Voice is used to show whether the subject does something or something is done to
the subject.
3. Voice is a form of a verb that indicates the relation between the participants (subject
and object) and the event.
4. Voice is used to show the focalization or theme of a sentence.
Example: He studied English (subject is the doer).
English is studied by him (subject is the receiver).
Types of Voice
There are two types of voice.
 Active voice
 Passive voice

Active Voice
1. A form of verb whose subject is the doer of an action is called active voice.
2. A form of verb which shows that the subject does something willingly and is not
forced by someone to it.
3. A form of verb in which the agent (doer of an action) is the subject and the
patient (receiver of an action) is the object is called active voice.
Example: He is learning English.

Passive Voice
1. A form of verb whose subject is the receiver of an action is called passive voice.
2. A form of verb which shows that the subject receives something and the agent
does not do something willingly and is forced by someone to it is known as
passive voice.
3. A form of verb in which the patient (receiver of an action) is the subject and the
agent (doer of an action) is the object is called passive voice.
Example: English is being learned by him.

Rules for the Conversion of Active Voice to Passive Voice

The following major rules should be followed for converting active voice sentences into
passive voice.
1. We can only convert a sentence with transitive verb into passive voice.

2|Page
 2. We should interchange the places of the subject and the object while making a
passive voice sentence.
3. We should use a ‘to be verb’ (is, am, are, was, were, being, been, or be).
4. We should use only a ‘past participle/ 3rd form of verb’ in passive voice.
5. We should use a ‘by phrase/with phrase/to phrase/in phrase’ in passive voice. Such
phrases are not used in agentless passive.
Example: Ali played cricket. (Active Voice)
Cricket was played by Ali. (Passive Voice)
 Before studying voice in detail, we have to study transitivity of verb in detail.

Transitivity of Verb
There are two types of verbs according to object:
1. Transitive verb.
2. Intransitive verb.
3. Ergative verb.

1) Transitive verb
A verb which is followed by a direct object is called “transitive verb”.
Or
A verb which passes over from the subject to the object is called “transitive verb.”
Or
A verb which has more than one participant is called “transitive verb”.
Types of transitive verb
There are three types of transitive verbs:

i. Mono-transitive verb.
ii. Ditransitive verb.
iii. Complex transitive verb.

i. Mono-transitive verb
A transitive verb which is only followed by a direct object is called mono-transitive
verb.
Example: I play cricket.
ii. Ditransitive verb
A transitive verb which is followed by both direct and indirect objects is called di-
transitive verb.

3|Page
 Example: She cooks rice for us.
Patterns
There are two patterns for ditransitive verb.
1. Ditransitive verb +direct object +to /for +indirect object.
Example: We sent a letter to the principal.
2. Ditransitive verb +indirect object +direct object.
Example: We sent the principal a letter.
iii. Complex transitive verb
A transitive verb which is followed by a direct object and an object complement is called
complex transitive verb.
Example: We elected Imran Khan our leader.

Intransitive verb
A verb which is not followed by a direct object is called intransitive verb.
Or
A verb which does not pass over from the subject to the object is called intransitive verb.
Or
A verb which has only one participant is called intransitive verb.
Example: He is running on the road.
Types of Intransitive Verb
1. Intransitive verb of complete predication
An intransitive verb which does not need extra detail or extra information to
complete its meaning is called intransitive verb of complete predication.
Example: The door opened.
2. Intransitive verb of incomplete predication
An intransitive verb which needs extra detail or extra information to complete its
meaning is called intransitive verb of incomplete predication.
Example: He is a boy.

4|Page
 Ergative verb
A verb which can be used both transitively and intransitively is called Ergative verb.
Example: The door opened. (intransitive)
He opened the door. (transitive)

Complement
A word or group of words which gives information about other words
(subject, object, adjective or verb) in a sentence is called complement.
Types of complement
1. Subject complement.
2. Object complement.
3. Adjective complement.
4. Verb complement

1. Subject Complement
It gives information about subject.
Example: He is a good boy.
2. Object Complement
It gives information about object.
Example: We elected Imran Khan our leader.
3. Adjective Complement
It gives information about adjective.
Example: I am happy about the result.
4. Verb Complement
It gives information about verb.
Example: I went to Islamabad

How to Change Tense Structures?

Present Indefinite Tense
Positive
A.V: Sub +1st form (s/es) +obj.
Example: She plays cricket.
P.V: sub +is /am /are +V3+by phrase.
Example: Cricket is played by her.

5|Page
 Negative
A.V: Sub +do /does +not +V1+obj.
Example: She does not play cricket.
P.V: Sub +is /am /are +not +V3 +by phrase.
Example: Cricket is not played by her.

Interrogative
A.V: do/does+subj+V1+obj+?
Example: does Ali play Cricket?
P.V: Is/am/are+subj+V3+by phrase+?
Example: Is Cricket played by Ali?

Present Continuous Tense

Positive
A.V: Sub+ is/am/are+ V4+obj.
Example: She is cooking rice.
P.V: Sub+ is/am/are+being+V3+by phrase
Example: Rice is being cooked by her.

Negative
A.V: Sub+ is/am/are+not+V4+obj.
Example: She is not cooking rice.
P.V: Sub+ is/am/are+not+being+V3+by phrase
Example: Rice is not being cooked by her.

Interrogative
A.V: Is/am/are+sub+V4+ obj+?
Example: Is she playing Soccer?
P.V: is/ am /are +sub +being +V3 +by phrase +?
Example: Is a car being bought by him?

Present Perfect Tense

Positive
A.V: sub +have /has +V3 +object.
Example: We have won the match.
P.V: sub +have /has +been +V3 +by phrase.
Example: The match has been won by us.

Negative
A.V: sub +have /has +not +V3 +obj.
Example: She has not studied English.
P.V: sub+ have /has +not +been +V3 +by phrase.
Example: English has not been studied by her.

6|Page
 Interrogative
A.V: have /has +sub +V3 +obj +?
Example: Have we planned a tour?
P.V: have /Has +sub +been +V3 +by phase +?
Example: Has a tour been planned by us?

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

These sentences/structures should not be converted into passive voice.
Example: I have been writing a letter. (Unchangeable)

Past Indefinite Tense

Positive
A.V: sub +V2 +obj.
Example: I played cricket.
P.V: Sub +was /were +V3 +by phrase.
Example: Cricket was played by me.

Negative
A.V: Sub +did +not +V1+obj.
Example: We did not play cricket.
P.V: Sub +was/were +not +V3 +by phrase.
Example: Cricket was not played by us.

Interrogative
A.V: Did +sub +V1+obj +?
Example: Did he drink water?
P.V: was /were +sub +V3 +by phrase +?
Example: Was water drunk by him?

7|Page
Past Continuous Tense
Positive
A.V: Sub +was/were +V4 +obj.
Example: She was playing cricket.
P.V: sub +was/were +being +V3 +by phrase.
Example: Cricket was being played by her.

Negative
A.V: Sub +was /were +not +V4+obj.
Example: We were not studying English.
P.V: Sub +was /were +not +being +V3 +by phrase.
Example: English was not being studied by us.

Interrogative
A.V: Was /Were +sub +V4+obj+?
Example: Was Ali learning his homework?
P.V: Was/Were +sub +being +V3 +by phrase +?
Example: Was his homework being learned by Ali?

Past Perfect Tense

Positive
A.V: Sub+had+V3 +obj.
Example: He had played cricket.
P.V: Sub+had+been+V3+by phrase.
Example: Cricket had been played by him.

Negative
A.V: Sub+had+not+V3+obj.
Example: He had not studied English.
P.V: Sub +had +not +been +V3 +by phrase.

8|Page
Example: English had not been studied by him.

Interrogative
A.V: Had +sub +V3 +obj +?
Example: Had you broken the chair?
P.V: Had +sub +been +V3 +by phrase +?
Example: Had the chair been broken by you?

Past Perfect Continuous Tense:

These sentences should not be converted into passive voice.
Example: She had been learning English. (Unchangeable)

Imperative Sentences into Passive Voice

Active voice: V1+object.
Example
Positive: Open the door.
Negative: Don’t open the door.
Passive voice: Let+object+be+V3.
(LOB3)
L =let
O = object
B = be
3 = V3
Example: Open the door.
Let the door be opened.
Negative (LOnB3)
L = let
O = object
N =not

9|Page
B = be
3 = V3
Example: Don’t open the door.
Let the door not be opened.

Modal into Passive Voice

Active voice: Modal + V1 (M1)
I can speak English.
Passive voice: Modal +be +V3 (MB3)
Example: I can speak English.
English can be spoken by me.

Example: I have to play cricket.

Cricket has to be played by me.

Changing Di-transitive Verbs into Passives

Those verbs which are followed by two objects (a direct object and an indirect object) are
called ditransitive verbs.
Example: She cooked rice for the family.
 When we convert a ditransitive verb sentence into passive voice, we take one
object to the place of subject and the other object remains at its own place which
is called retained object.
 A ditransitive verb sentence has two possible passive sentences.
Example
A.V: She sent me a letter.
P.V: I was sent a letter by her.
P.V: A letter was sent to me by her.

Agentless Passive
A passive voice structure without an agent or by phrase is called agentless passive.
Example:
A.V: Someone grows rice.
P.V: Rice is grown.
Rules:

10 | P a g e
 We use agentless passive in the following three conditions.
1) When the agent is unknown.
Example: Someone killed a man.
A man was killed.
2) When the agent is well-known.
Example: He was born in Karachi. (by his mother)
3) When the agent is unimportant.
Example: Bilal cooked rice.
The rice was cooked.

Types of Phrases used in passive Voice

1. By Phrase
It is generally used in passive voice.
Example: She studies English.
English is studied by her.

2. To Phrase
It is used when the main verb is marry, know or engage.
Example:
She know /marry /engage him.
He is known /engaged /married to her.
With phrase:
1) Non-living agent:
Example:
The room was filled with smoke.
2) Instrument:
Example:
He was killed with pistol.
3) Parts of body:
Example:
He was beaten with a hand.
3. In Phrase
Contain.
Example:
The jug contains water.
Water is contained in the jug.

Convert the following Sentences into Passive Voice

1. Active Voice: – She is going to deliver the letters.
Passive Voice: -
2. Active Voice: – I’m going to make a cake.
Passive Voice:–
3. Active Voice: – She will deliver the letters.
Passive Voice:–

11 | P a g e
 4. Active Voice: – I have made a cake.
Passive Voice:–
5. Active Voice: – Sana helps the old lady.
Passive Voice:–
6. Active Voice: – She must deliver the letters.
Passive Voice:–
7. Active Voice: – She delivered the letters.
Passive Voice:–
8. Active Voice: – I was making a cake.
Passive Voice:–
9. Active Voice: – Did you show me the dress?
Passive Voice:–
10. Active Voice: – She has to deliver the letters.
Passive Voice:–
11. Active Voice:– They called off the meeting.
Passive Voice:–
12. Active Voice:– Sue changed the flat tire.
Passive Voice:–
13. Active Voice:– They will send him away to school.
Passive Voice:–
14. Active Voice:– He was writing a letter.
Passive Voice:–
15. Active Voice:– She had delivered the letters.
Passive Voice:–
16. Active Voice:– I should have made a cake.
Passive Voice:–
17. Active Voice:– I was playing video games.
Passive Voice:–
18. Active Voice:– The choir really enjoys that piece.
Passive Voice:–
19. Active Voice:– I invited you to the party.
Passive Voice:–
20. Active Voice:– Tom painted the entire house.
Passive Voice:–
21. Active Voice:– She has delivered the letters.
Passive Voice:–
22. Active Voice:– I must make a cake.
Passive Voice:–
23. Active Voice:– I am eating breakfast.
Passive Voice:–
24. Active Voice:– Mother is cooking lunch in the kitchen.
Passive Voice:–
25. Active Voice:– We will be watching the match.
Passive Voice:–
26. Active Voice:– I’m making a cake.
Passive Voice:–

12 | P a g e
 27. Active Voice:– The two kings are signing the treaty.
Passive Voice:–
28. Active Voice:– He will play the match.
Passive Voice:–
29. Active Voice:– I make a cake.
Passive Voice:–
30. Active Voice:– He loves me.
Passive Voice:–
31. Active Voice:– Michael is baking a brownie.
Passive Voice:–
32. Active Voice:– Mark has tricked me.
Passive Voice:–
33. Active Voice:– I have played the game.
Passive Voice:–
34. Active Voice:– She was delivering the letters.
Passive Voice:–
35. Active Voice:– I will make a cake.
Passive Voice:–
36. Active Voice:– His grandmother looked after him.
Passive Voice:–
37. Active Voice:– She delivers the letters.
Passive Voice:–
38. Active Voice:– I made a cake.
Passive Voice:–
39. Active Voice:– She is delivering the letters.
Passive Voice:–
40. Active Voice:– I had made a cake.
Passive Voice:–
41. Active Voice:– I gave him a book for his birthday.
Passive Voice:–
42. Active Voice:– Harry ate six shrimp at dinner.
Passive Voice:–
43. Active Voice:– Tom painted the entire house.
Passive Voice:–
44. Active Voice:– The mother is feeding the baby.
Passive Voice:–
45. Active Voice:– Mom read the novel in one day.
Passive Voice:–
46. Active Voice:– I read an interesting novel.
Passive Voice:–
47. Active Voice:– She will deliver the packages.
Passive Voice:–
48. Active Voice:– We have published a new magazine.
Passive Voice: –
49. Active Voice:– He is cleaning the room.
Passive Voice:–

13 | P a g e
 50. Active Voice:– They will have finished the project by Monday.
Passive Voice:–
51. Active Voice:– I am writing a novel.
Passive Voice:–
52. Active Voice:– I will have made a cake by tomorrow.
Passive Voice:–
53. Active Voice:– The cat chased the mouse.
Passive Voice:–
54. Active Voice:– She wrote a beautiful song.
Passive Voice:–
55. Active Voice:– The teacher explained the lesson to the students.
Passive Voice:–
56. Active Voice:– The company developed a new product.
Passive Voice:–
57. Active Voice:– The kids played in the park.
Passive Voice:–
58. Active Voice:– He fixed the broken car.
Passive Voice:–
59. Active Voice:– The chef prepared a delicious meal.
Passive Voice:–
60. Active Voice:– The company launched a new advertising campaign.
Passive Voice:–
61. Active Voice:– They built a tall skyscraper.
Passive Voice:–
62. Active Voice:– She planted flowers in the garden.
Passive Voice:–
63. Active Voice:– The team won the championship.
Passive Voice:–
64. Active Voice:– The doctor performed the surgery successfully.
Passive Voice:–
65. Active Voice:– The police caught the thief.
Passive Voice:–
66. Active Voice:– He painted a beautiful landscape.
Passive Voice:–
67. Active Voice:– The students completed the assignment on time.
Passive Voice:–
68. Active Voice:- Paint the entire room in a vibrant shade of blue.
Passive Voice:-
69. Active Voice:-Do not disclose this information to anyone outside the team.
Passive Voice:-
70. Active Voice:- Please sign the document before leaving the premises.
Passive Voice:-
71. Active Voice:- Keep all valuable items securely locked in the safe.
Passive Voice:-
72. Active Voice:- Review the proposal thoroughly before submitting it to the committee.
Passive Voice:-

14 | P a g e
 73. Active Voice:- Ensure that the windows are closed and locked before leaving.
Passive Voice:-
74. Active Voice:- Allow the guests to access the restricted area only with authorized personnel.
Passive Voice:-
75. Active Voice:- Reserve a table for two near the window, if possible.
Passive Voice:-
76. Active Voice:- Consider the implications of the decision before making any announcements.
Passive Voice:-
77. Active Voice:- Present your findings to the board during the meeting tomorrow.
Passive Voice:-

15 | P a g e