MARKS → 2
1. State the difference between positive numbers and
natural numbers.
Ans:
Difference between Positive Numbers and Natural
Numbers
Aspect Positive Numbers Natural Numbers
Definition Numbers greater Counting
than zero (including numbers starting
fractions and from 1.
decimals).
Examples 1, 2.5, 3, 4.8, 100 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...
Includes Yes, includes both No, only whole
Fractions/Dec fractions and numbers
imals decimals. (integers).
Usage Used for measuring Used for
quantities that may counting whole
not be whole (e.g., objects (e.g.,
distance, weight). number of
students).
2. What can be called an inverse of a vector?
Ans:
3. In quantum computing, what is the basic unit of
information?
Ans:
Basic Unit of Information in Quantum Computing:
The basic unit of information in quantum computing is
called a qubit (quantum bit).
A qubit can exist in a superposition of both ∣0⟩ and ∣1⟩
states at the same time, unlike a classical bit that can be
either 0 or 1.
4. What does it mean when we say that we are currently
in the noisy, intermediate scale quantum computing
stage?
Ans:
Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) Stage:
The NISQ stage refers to the current phase of quantum
computing where we have quantum processors with 50
to a few hundred qubits, but they are noisy (prone to
errors) and not yet fault-tolerant.
While these quantum computers can perform tasks
beyond classical capabilities, they still require
improvements in error correction and stability for large-
scale applications.
5. What is the meaning of AND ∣11⟩?
Ans:
In quantum computing, AND ∣11⟩ means applying the
logical AND operation to the qubits.
● ∣11⟩ means both qubits are in state 1.
● AND of 1 and 1 is 1.
So, AND ∣11⟩=1.
✅ It means the output is 1 only if both qubits are 1.
6. Define cryptology with respect to Quantum
Computing.
Ans:
Cryptology in Quantum Computing is the study of
secure communication using quantum principles. It
includes:
● Quantum Cryptography – uses quantum mechanics
(like entanglement and superposition) for secure
key exchange, e.g., Quantum Key Distribution
(QKD).
● It offers security based on the laws of physics, not
just math, making it safer against hacking.
✅ It ensures data security even against quantum attacks.
7. What do you understand about imaginary numbers?
Ans:
Imaginary Number:
An imaginary number is a number that gives a negative
result when squared.
Imaginary numbers are crucial in representing quantum
states and probability amplitudes.
They allow complex-valued wave functions, which are
fundamental in describing the behavior of quantum
systems.
It is expressed as a real number multiplied by the
imaginary unit i, where i² = -1.
For example, √(-4) = 2i.
8. What is an abelian group?
Ans:
9. Which part of the drug discovery life cycle can
quantum computing impact the most?
Ans:
Quantum Computing in Drug Discovery:
Quantum computing can impact the molecular
simulation part of the drug discovery life cycle the most.
It can accurately simulate complex molecular
interactions and chemical reactions at the quantum
level, leading to faster identification of potential drug
candidates and reducing the time and cost of drug
development.
10. What is the purpose of “post-quantum”
cryptography?
Ans:
Purpose of Post-Quantum Cryptography:
The purpose of post-quantum cryptography is to
develop encryption methods that are secure against
attacks from quantum computers.
It aims to protect sensitive data even when powerful
quantum computers are capable of breaking current
classical encryption algorithms like RSA and ECC.
11. Let, (x+3) +i(y-2) = (5+2i), find x and y.
Ans:
12. Analyze photon polarization in the light of Quantum
superposition.
Ans:
13. What is the value of i3 ?
Ans:
14. What is a complex number?
Ans:
Complex Number (Quantum Computing Context):
A complex number is a number that has both a real part
and an imaginary part.
It is written in the form a + bi, where a and b are real
numbers, and i is the imaginary unit (i² = -1).
In Quantum Computing, complex numbers are essential
for representing quantum states and probability
amplitudes.
15. How you can change sign of a complex number?
Ans:
16. What is conjugation?
Ans:
17. What is the Hermitian matrix?
Ans:
The sign † is called the dagger or Hermitian adjoint.
18. What is a unitary matrix?
Ans:
19. Write De-Morgan’s law and verify it with the truth
table.
Ans:
20. What is supercomputer?
Ans:
A supercomputer is a highly powerful computer
designed to perform complex calculations at extremely
fast speeds, often used for tasks like weather
forecasting, simulations, and scientific research. In
quantum computing, a supercomputer may use
quantum bits (qubits) to solve problems much faster
than classical supercomputers.
21. A mathematician is trying to break down a large
number into smaller prime numbers that, when
multiplied, would arrive at that larger number. What is
this process called?
Ans:
The process of breaking down a large number into
smaller prime numbers that, when multiplied, would
result in the original number is called prime
factorization.
22. What do you understand by probabilistic system?
Ans:
A probabilistic system is a system in which outcomes
are not deterministic but instead have certain
probabilities associated with them. This means the
system can produce different results even under the
same conditions, and its behavior is described using
probability theory.
In quantum computing, probabilistic systems are
fundamental because the state of a quantum bit (qubit)
is described by a probability until measured.
23. What is complex vector space?
Ans:
A complex vector space is a mathematical structure
where vectors are defined over the field of complex
numbers instead of real numbers. It follows all the
standard vector space rules (like addition and scalar
multiplication), but the scalars used are complex
numbers.
In quantum computing, the state of a qubit is
represented as a vector in a complex vector space called
a Hilbert space, which allows the use of complex
amplitudes to describe quantum states.
24. What do you understand by complex conjugate?
Ans:
25. Why might businesses be interested in using
quantum computers?
Ans:
Businesses might be interested in using quantum
computers because they can solve certain complex
problems much faster than classical computers, offering
advantages such as:
1. Optimization: Improve logistics, supply chains, and
resource management.
2. Cryptography: Enhance data security or break
existing encryption faster.
3. Drug discovery & material science: Simulate
molecules and materials at the quantum level.
4. Financial modeling: Analyze risk and model markets
more accurately.
5. Machine learning: Speed up training of AI models
with quantum algorithms.
These capabilities can lead to cost savings, innovation,
and competitive advantage.
26. What does the term superposition refer to?
Ans:
In quantum computing, superposition refers to a qubit's
ability to exist in multiple states at the same time.
Unlike a classical bit, which is either 0 or 1, a qubit in
superposition can be in a combination of both 0 and 1
simultaneously. This property allows quantum
computers to process many possibilities at once, making
them powerful for certain tasks.
27. What is encryption?
Ans:
Encryption is the process of converting plain, readable
data into a coded format called ciphertext to protect it
from unauthorized access.
Only someone with the correct decryption key can
convert the ciphertext back into its original form.
Encryption is widely used in digital communication,
banking, and data security to keep information safe.
28. What is Decryption ?
Ans:
Decryption is the process of converting encrypted
(ciphertext) data back into its original, readable form
(plaintext) using a decryption key.
It is the reverse of encryption and ensures that only
authorized users can access the original information.
29. What is a current concern regarding the
advancement of quantum computing ?
Ans:
A current concern regarding the advancement of
quantum computing is its potential to break modern
encryption methods, such as RSA and ECC, which secure
internet communications, banking, and sensitive data.
Quantum algorithms like Shor’s algorithm could factor
large numbers efficiently, threatening current
cryptographic systems. This has led to a global push for
post-quantum cryptography to develop new, quantum-
resistant security methods.
30. State the significance of Bell state.
Ans:
The Bell state is significant in quantum computing and
quantum information because it represents a maximally
entangled state of two qubits.
Key Importance:
1. Quantum Entanglement: Bell states show perfect
quantum correlation between qubits, even when
separated by large distances.
2. Quantum Communication: Used in quantum
teleportation, superdense coding, and secure
quantum key distribution.
3. Testing Quantum Theory: Bell states help in
verifying the violation of Bell’s inequality,
supporting quantum mechanics over classical
physics.
They are foundational for understanding and utilizing
quantum entanglement in real-world quantum
technologies.
31. What are the main challenges faced by researchers
trying to develop quantum computing technology?
Ans:
The main challenges faced by researchers in developing
quantum computing technology include:
1. Qubit Stability (Decoherence): Qubits are highly
sensitive to noise and lose their quantum state
quickly, making computations unreliable.
2. Error Correction: Quantum systems need complex
error correction techniques due to high error rates
in qubit operations.
3. Scalability: Building and controlling a large number
of qubits is technically difficult.
4. Hardware Limitations: Maintaining the extremely
low temperatures and conditions needed for
quantum processors is expensive and complex.
5. Algorithm Development: Quantum algorithms are
still limited and under research for practical
applications.
Overcoming these challenges is essential for building
reliable, large-scale quantum computers.
32. What is the relationship between quantum
computing and machine learning?
Ans:
The relationship between quantum computing and
machine learning lies in the potential of quantum
computing to significantly accelerate certain machine
learning tasks.
1. Speed and Efficiency: Quantum computers can
process vast amounts of data and perform complex
calculations exponentially faster than classical
computers, potentially speeding up tasks like data
classification, clustering, and optimization.
2. Quantum Machine Learning (QML): Quantum
algorithms, such as quantum versions of neural
networks and support vector machines, could
improve the efficiency of machine learning models
by leveraging quantum properties like superposition
and entanglement.
3. Solving Complex Problems: Quantum computing
could help address challenges in machine learning,
such as large-scale data optimization, feature
selection, and high-dimensional datasets, which are
difficult for classical systems.
In essence, quantum computing has the potential to
revolutionize machine learning by offering more
powerful computational capabilities, especially for tasks
with large datasets and high computational complexity.
33. What does a quantum computer compute for 1.0
divided by 3.0, which has an infinite number of repeating
digits?
Ans:
34. Write C^4 zero vectors.
Ans:
35. How a two-bit qubit can be expressed?
Ans:
36. If a number is selected at random from the first 50
natural numbers, what will be the probability that the
selected number is a multiple of 3 and 4?
Ans:
37. What is the basic difference between encryption and
decryption?
Ans:
The basic difference between encryption and decryption
is:
● Encryption is the process of converting plaintext
(original, readable data) into ciphertext (an
unreadable format) using an encryption algorithm
and a key. This protects the data from unauthorized
access.
● Decryption is the process of converting ciphertext
back into the original plaintext using a decryption
key. Only authorized parties with the correct
decryption key can access the original data.
In summary:
● Encryption: Converts readable data into a coded,
unreadable format.
● Decryption: Converts the coded data back into its
original readable format.
MARKS → 5
1. Let, c1 = (3, -2) and c2 = (1,2). Multiply them.
Ans:
2. Discuss parallelogram rule for addition of
Vectors.
Ans:
3. Explain the Pauli-X Gate operation with an
example.
Ans:
4. Let, c1 = (-2+i) and c2 = (1+2i). Compute
c1/c2.
Ans:
1. Calculate the first few values of f(a,N) for N = 247 and
(i) a =2 (ii) a= 17 (i) a= 23.
Ans:
2. Transform the following expression: (A + B) (C + D),
Using only NOR gate.
Ans:
3. Consider the given graph for a dynamic system and
describe it as matrix.
Ans:
4. Consider a circuit that is represented by
OR *(NOT AND). Find its corresponding matrix
operations.
Ans:
8. Find eigen values and vectors for the given
matrix.
Ans:
9. Explain RSA algorithm with an example.
Ans:
10. Derive the general equation for subtraction and
division of complex numbers.
Ans:
11. Explain Caesar's protocol with an example.
Ans:
12. Consider the given graph and a specific state :
probability is 1/ 6 that the marble is on vertex 0, the
probability is 1/ 6 that the marble is on vertex 1, and
the probability is 2/3 that the marble is on vertex 2.
Calculate how a state changes.
Ans:
13. Start with the quantum state |10>. Apply a
Hadamard gate to both qubits, followed by a SWAP
gate (which swaps the states of the two qubits).
What is the final state?
Ans:
