Assignment Cover Sheet
Learner Name MD MUHAIMINUL ISLAM
Learner Registration No. 2300000
Study Centre Name AIMS Academy
Qualification Title OTHM Level 5 Extended Diploma in Information Technology
Unit Reference No. H/617/2275
Unit Title Database Systems
Word Count 1625
Submission Date 30.01.2024
Declaration of authenticity:
1. I declare that the attached submission is my own original work. No significant
part of it has been submitted for any other assignment and I have acknowledged
in my notes and bibliography all written and electronic sources used.
2. I acknowledge that my assignment will be subject to electronic scrutiny for
academic honesty.
3. I understand that failure to meet these guidelines may instigate the centre’s
malpractice procedures and risk failure of the unit and / or qualification.
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Date: 30.01.2024 Date: 30.01.2024
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Introduction
A database is typically managed with the aid of using a database control system (DBMS).
Together, the statistics and the DBMS, in conjunction with the programs which might be
related to them, are called a database system, regularly shortened to only a database.
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Table of Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 2
1.1 Describe the concept of normalisation in the storage of data ....................................................... 4
1.2 Different Normal Forms ............................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Explain data and functional dependencies .................................................................................... 7
1.4 Compare and contrast the ‘hierarchical’ and the ‘relational’ database management system ........ 9
1.5 Explain the use of entity relationship diagrams .......................................................................... 12
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 14
Reference .............................................................................................................................................. 15
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1.1 Describe the concept of normalisation in the storage of data
Database Normalisation is a way of organising the facts inside the database. Normalisation is
a scientific technique of decomposing tables to cast off facts redundancy (repetition) and
unwanted traits like Insertion, Update and Deletion Anomalies. It is a multi-step technique
that places facts into tabular form, eliminating duplicate facts from the relation tables.
(Morris, 2022)
Benefits of normalisation:
Narrow tables: Having all of the extra adjusted tables lets in your tables to have fewer
sections and lets in you to fit extra statistics for every records page.
Fewer statistics for every desk suggest faster protection errands, as an example, listing
remakes.
Only be part of tables which you simply need extra great fashionable database
association.
Information consistency within the data.
Smaller Database. (JavaTPoint, 2011)
1.2 Different Normal Forms
1NF (First Normal Form)
Each table cell should contain a single value.
Each record needs to be unique.
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2NF (Second Normal Form)
Be in 1NF
Single Column Primary Key
3NF (Third Normal Form)
Be in 2NF
Has no transitive functional dependency
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BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form)
Even when a database is in 3rd Normal Form, still there would be anomalies resulting if it has
more than one Candidate Key.
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1.3 Explain data and functional dependencies
Data dependency refers to the relationships and constraints that exist between data elements
within a database.
Functional dependency is a concept that specifies the relationship between two sets of
attributes where one attribute determines the value of another attribute. (GeeksforGeeks,
2021)
X→Y
Determinant → Dependent
(Employee_id )→ (Employee_Name)
Types of Functional Dependencies in DBMS:
Multivalve Dependency:
Entities of the dependent set are not
dependent on each other.
EMPLOYEE_ID → {NAME,
STATE_CODE} is a multivalued
functional dependency, since the
dependents NAME,
STATE_CODE are not dependent on each other. (GeeksforGeeks, 2021)
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Trivial Functional Dependency:
A dependent is always a subset of the determinant. If X → Y and Y is the subset of X, then it
is called trivial functional dependency. {EMPLOYEE_ID, NAME} → NAME is a trivial
functional dependency, since the dependent NAME is a subset of the determinant
set {EMPLOYEE_ID,NAME}. (GeeksforGeeks, 2021)
Non Trivial Functional Dependency
The dependent is strictly not a subset of the determinant.
If X → Y and Y is not a subset of X, then it is called Non-trivial functional dependency.
EMPLOYEE_ID → NAME is a non-trivial functional dependency, since the
dependent NAME is not a subset of the determinant EMPLOYEE_ID.
{EMPLOYEE_ID, NAME} → STATE_CODE is also a non-trivial functional dependency,
since STATE_CODE is not a subset of {EMPLOYEE_ID, NAME}. (GeeksforGeeks,
2021)
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Transitive Dependency
Dependent is indirectly dependent on determinant. i.e. If a → b & b → c, then according to
the axiom of transitivity, a → c. (GeeksforGeeks, 2021)
EMPLOYEE_ID (a) → STATE_CODE (b)
STATE_CODE (b)→ HOME_STATE (c)
EMPLOYEE_ID (a)→ HOME_STATE (c)
1.4 Compare and contrast the ‘hierarchical’ and the ‘relational’
database management system
Hierarchical Database Management System is a type of database management system that
organises data in a tree-like or hierarchical structure.
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Advantages
Fast and efficient data retrieval (because data is organised in a predictable and
structured way)
Easy to add/delete information
Predictable data structure
Efficient storage of data because of parent-child relationship
Good performance in terms of data retrieval and querying, especially for large
datasets. (Bhandari, 2021)
Disadvantages
Limited flexibility (not well suited for handling complex data relationships or
changes in data structures)
Difficult to maintain and update because data structure can impact the entire
database.
Limited support for data manipulation (data aggregation or data mining)
Limited interoperability (not compatible with other database models)
Lack of standardisation (not as widely used as other database models, there is a lack
of standardisation and best practices for their use and management.) (Bhandari, 2021)
Relational Database: A relational database is a specific type of database. It employs a
structure that enables us to locate and retrieve data in the context of other data in the
database. A relational database's data is frequently grouped into tables. (Bhandari, 2021)
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Advantages Disadvantages
Security
Fast Performance
Accuracy Lack of Scalability
Multi user Cost
Simple Model Can’t handle all data type
Relationship of Database Tables
One-to-one: It is used to create a relationship between two tables in which a single row of
the first table can only be related to one and only one record of a second table.
One-to-Many/ Many-to-one: Any single row of the first table can be related to one or more
rows of the second table, but the rows of second tables can only relate to the only row in the
first table. It is also known as a many to one relationship.
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Many-to-many: Each record of the first table can relate to any records (or no records) in the
second table. Similarly, each record of the second table can also relate to more than one
record of the first table. It also represented an N:N relationship.
1.5 Explain the use of entity relationship diagrams
An Entity Relationship Diagram is a diagram that represents relationships among entities in a
database. It is commonly known as an ER Diagram. An ER Diagram in DBMS plays a
crucial role in designing the database. Later, it's forwarded to the database administrators to
design the database. (Visual Paradigm, 2019)
Benefits of ER Diagram:
It helps you to define terms related to entity-relationship modelling.
Provide a preview of how all of your tables ought to connect, what fields are going to
get on every table.
Helps to explain entities, attributes, relationships.
ER diagrams are translatable into relational tables that allow you to create databases
quickly.
ER diagrams can be used by database designers as a blueprint for performing data in
specific software applications.
The database designer gains a much better understanding of the data to be contained
in the database with the help of ERP diagrams.
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ERD Diagram allows you to communicate with the logical structure of the database to
users. (Scott, 2015)
Disadvantages of ER Diagram:
Some information may be lost or hidden while creating an ER model.
It is not possible to represent data manipulation (commands like
insert(),delete(),alter(),update()) in an ER model.
There is no industry standard for notations of an ER diagram.
Missing relationship cardinalities, so everything looks like a one-to-one
relationship. (Borisova and Zein, 2022)
Entity: An entity is a specific real-world item, idea, or thing that is represented by a table in a
database. It can be anything that can be uniquely identified and about which data is recorded,
including people, places, things, events, and concepts. (Coronel and Morris, 2019)
Attribute: An attribute is a quality or characteristic that characterises an object and offers
more specific information about it. Attributes are the columns or fields within an entity's table
in a database. (Coronel and Morris, 2019)
Data Model: A Data Model in Database Management System (DBMS) is the concept of
tools that are developed to summarise the description of the database. Data Models provide
us with a transparent picture of data which helps us in creating an actual database. Types of
Relational Models is Conceptual Data Model, Logical Data Model and Physical Data Model.
(Coronel and Morris, 2019)
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Conclusion
Anyone seeking a job, should be familiar with any programming language and databases. In
IT, there is a greater need (Information Technology). Understanding the data flow and data
transactions between the application and the database are always aided by database
understanding.
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Reference
GeeksforGeeks (2021). Types of Functional dependencies in DBMS. [online]
GeeksforGeeks. Available at: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-functional-
dependencies-in-dbms/.
Bhandari, S. (2021). Hierarchical vs Relational Database: Difference and Comparison.
[online] Available at: https://askanydifference.com/difference-between-hierarchical-
database-and-relational-database-with-
table/#:~:text=A%20hierarchical%20database%20is%20a%20data%20storage%20sys
tem [Accessed 31 Jan. 2024].
Visual Paradigm (2019). What is Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)? [online] Visual-
paradigm.com. Available at: https://www.visual-paradigm.com/guide/data-
modeling/what-is-entity-relationship-diagram/.
Scott, E. (2015). ER Diagrams and its Benefits | EssayCorp - Assignment Help. [online]
Available at: https://www.essaycorp.com/blog/er-diagrams-and-its-benefits.
Morris, S. (2022). Data Normalization: Definition, Importance, and Advantages.
[online] coresignal.com. Available at: https://coresignal.com/blog/data-
normalization/.
JavaTPoint (2011). DBMS Normalization - javatpoint. [online] www.javatpoint.com.
Available at: https://www.javatpoint.com/dbms-normalization.
Coronel, C. and Morris, S. (2019). Database systems : design, implementation, and
management. 13th ed. Australia ; United States: Cengage Learning.
Borisova, S. and Zein, A. (2022). Disadvantages of Relational DBMS for Big Data
Processing. Information Systems and Design, pp.279–290.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95494-9_23.
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