Handwritten Notes

Made with
by

Gaurav Suthar
LIGHT

- It is a form of energy that enables us to see.

- Light always travels in straight line.

- Light makes shadow. Without light Shadow is not possible.

- Light has the maximum speed in this world. Its value is 3x108 m/s.

Reflection

Coming back of light rays to the same medium when they fall on a
surface.

Laws of Reflection

1) Angle of Incidence = Angle of Reflection

2) Incident ray, normal at the point of incidence are

reflected ray all lie in the same plane.

Normal
 Types of Images

Real Image Virtual Image

1) Real images are inverted 1) Virtual images are Erect

(Straight)

2) A real image is formed by 2) A virtual image is formed

Convex lens and Concave by Plane Mirror and
Mirror Convex Mirror, Concave
Lens

3) These are formed on 3) These are not formed on

Screen Screen

4) These are formed due to 4) These are formed due to

actual intersection of rays imaginary intersection of
rays.

5) Example - 5) Example -
 Types of Mirrors

1) Plane Mirror

- Object and Image are at equal distance from Plane Mirror.

- If object is real, then image will be virtual and vice versa.

- Size of image is equal to size of object.

Lateral Inversion – The right side of the object appears left

side of the image and vice-versa.

Uses - Looking Glass, Periscope, Kaleidoscope etc.

Looking Mirror Kaleidoscope

2) Spherical Mirror

- Whose reflecting surfaces are spherical.

a) Radius of Curvature (R) - Distance between Pole and the

Centre of Curvature.

b) Centre of Curvature (C) - Centre of that imaginary sphere

of which, mirror is part.

c) Pole (P) – It is the mid-point of its reflecting surface.

d) Principal Axis – Line joining Pole and Centre of Curvature.

e) Focus (F) – Point on principal axis where all the parallel

light rays actually meet or appear to meet after reflection.

f) Aperture – Effective diameter of the spherical mirror.

g) Focal Length (f) – Distance between Pole and the Focus.

 Centre of Curvature
Focal Length =
2

Types of Spherical Mirrors -

Concave Mirror Convex Mirror

RAY DIAGRAMS

Some Rules –

1) A ray parallel to principal axis, will pass through the Focus

after reflection.
2) A ray passing through principal focus of concave mirror will
emerge parallel to principal axis after reflection.

3) Ray passing through Center of Curvature of a Concave mirror

gets reflected back in same path.

4) The Incident and Reflected rays make equal angles with

Principal Axis.
 CONCAVE MIRROR

1) Object placed at Infinity

Image
Position – At ‘F’
Nature – Real, Inverted
Size – Very Small

2) Object placed behind Center of Curvature

Image
Position – Between ‘F’ and ‘C’
Nature – Real, Inverted
Size – Small
3) Object placed at Centre of Curvature

Image
Position – At ‘C’
Nature – Real, Inverted
Size – Same Size

4) Object placed between Focus and Centre of Curvature

Image
Position – Beyond ‘C’
Nature – Real, Inverted
Size – Big Size
5) Object placed at Focus

Image
Position – At Infinity
Nature – Real, Inverted
Size – Very Big Size

6) Object placed between Focus and Pole

Image
Position – Behind Mirror
Nature – Virtual, Erect
Size –Big Size
 Position of
Position of Image Size of Image Nature of Image
Object

At Infinity At the focus F Very Small Real and Inverted

Beyond C Between F and C Small Real and Inverted

At C At C Same Size Real and Inverted

Between C and F Beyond C Big Real and Inverted

At F At Infinity Very Big Real and Inverted

Between F and P Behind mirror Big Virtual and Erect

Uses of Concave Mirror –

1) Shaving mirror, torch, dentists, solar furnace

Dentists using Concave Mirror Solar Furnace

 CONVEX MIRROR

1) Object placed at Infinity

Image
Position – At ‘F’
Nature – Virtual, Erect
Size – Very Small Size

2) Object placed between Infinity and Pole

Image
Position – Between ‘P’ and ‘F’
Nature – Virtual, Erect
Size – Small Size

There are only two possible positions for Object

 Position of
Position of Image Size of Image Nature of Image
Object

At the focus F,
At Infinity Very Small Virtual and Erect
Behind the mirror

Between Infinity Between P and F,

Small Virtual and Erect
and Pole Behind the mirror

Uses of Convex Mirror -

1) Rear view mirrors in vehicles because they always give an

erect image and have wider field of view as they are
curved outward.

2) Big convex mirrors used in front of Schools, Buildings,

Shops.

Convex Mirror in front of School Car Mirror

Sign Convention

1) Object is placed to the left of mirror.

2) All distances parallel to principal axis are measured from pole

of the mirror.

3) Pole is origin.

4) Principal axis is x-axis.

- Object Distance = ‘u’ is always negative.

- Focal Length of concave mirror = Negative.

- Focal Length of convex mirror = Positive.

 Mirror Formula

1 1 1
= +
f v u

f Focal length
v Image distance
u Object distance

Magnification

It is the ratio of the height of image to the height of object.

hi -v
m= =
ho u

hi height of Image
ho height of Object

If
m = - ve Image will be Real and Inverted
m = + ve Image will be Virtual and Erect(Straight)
 REFRACTION

Change in path of a light ray as it passes from one medium to

another medium is called Refraction of Light.

1) When light ray goes 2) When light rays go from

from denser to rarer rarer to denser medium
medium it bends away it bends towards the
from normal. normal.

Cause of Refraction?
As we know speed of light is different in different media, i.e.
more in rarer medium and comparatively less in denser medium.
So, when light enters a denser medium, its speed reduces and it
bends towards the normal and when it enters rarer medium, its
speed increases and it bends away from the normal
Refraction through a Rectangular Glass Slab :-
 i = Angle of incidence
r = Angle of Refraction
e = Angle of Emergence

 Angle of incidence = Angle of Emergence, ∠i = ∠e

 If the incident ray falls normally to the surface of glass

slab, then there is no bending of ray of light ; i.e. it goes
straight.

Laws of Refraction

1) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the
interface of two transparent media at the point of incidence,
all lie in the same plane.

2) Snell’s Law - The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the

sine of angle of refraction is constant, for a light of given
color and for a given pair of media.

- It is expressed as :

sin i
= μ = constant [ “μ” is refractive index ]
sin r

Refractive Index

- The extent of change in direction that takes place in a given

pair of media is expressed in terms of refractive index.
- 1μ2represents refractive index of medium 2 with respect to
medium 1, when light is going from medium 1 to medium 2.

μ2 Sin i
1μ2 = =
μ1 Sin r

 The refractive index of a medium with respect to vacuum is

called Absolute refractive index of medium.

For Glass/ Water pair –

aμg
wμg =
aμw

 If question is related to speed:

Speed of light in vaccum/air c

μ= =
Speed of light in Medium v

For e.g.,

velocity of light in air c

aμg = =
velocity of light in glass vg
.

or

velocity of light in air c

aμw = =
velocity of light in water vw
Spherical Lens

A transparent material bound by two surfaces, of which both

surfaces are spherical, forms a lens.

Convex Lens Concave Lens

a) Centre of Curvature (C) – A lens has two spherical

surfaces. Each surface forms a part a part of a sphere. The
center of these spheres are called Centre of curvature. [
ऊपर C1 & C2 ] [ or 2F1 & 2F2 ]

b) Principal Axis – An imaginary straight line passing through

the two centers of curvature of a lens is called its Principal
Axis.

c) Optical Centre (O) – Central Point of a lens is called optical

center.

d) Aperture - Effective diameter of the circular outline of a

spherical lens is called its aperture.
 e) Principal Focus (F) - The point where the rays parallel to
principal axis after refraction meet is called principal
focus. A lens has two principal foci.

f) Focal Length (f) - The distance of principal focus from

optical center.

Focal Point Focal Point

Focal Length Focal Length

RAY DIAGRAMS

Some Rules –

1) Rays which are parallel to principal axis, after refraction will

pass through principal focus in case of convex lens and will
appear to be coming from principal axis in case of concave
lens.
2) Ray passing through the focus will emerge parallel to
principal axis.

3) Ray directed to Optical Centre will emerge out undeviated.

CONVEX LENS

1) Object placed at Infinity

Image
Position – At ‘F’
Nature – Real, Inverted
Size – Very Small
 Burning Paper using Convex Lens िजनक� पास क� नज़र कमजोर है �सफर् उन्ह�ं के चश्मे से
होगा ये क्य��क उनके चश्मे म� ह� Convex Lens होता है

2) Object placed behind Center of Curvature

Image
Position – Between ‘F’ and ‘C’
Nature – Real, Inverted
Size – Small

3) Object placed at Centre of Curvature

Image
Position – At ‘C’
Nature – Real, Inverted
Size – Same Size
4) Object placed between Focus and Centre of Curvature

Image
Position – Beyond ‘C’
Nature – Real, Inverted
Size – Big Size

5) Object placed at Focus

Image
Position – At Infinity
Nature – Real, Inverted
Size – Very Big Size
 6) Object placed between Focus and Pole

Image
Position – Behind Mirror
Nature – Virtual, Erect
Size –Big Size

Position of
Position of Image Size of Image Nature of Image
Object

At Infinity At F2 Very Small Real and Inverted

Beyond 2F1 Between 2F2 and F2 Small Real and Inverted

Between 2F1 and F1 Beyond 2F2 Big Real and Inverted

At F1 At Infinity Very Big Real and Inverted

At 2F1 At 2F2 Same Size Real and Inverted

On Same side of the

Between F1 and O Big Virtual and Erect
Object
Uses of Convex Lens –

1) Used for making Microscopes, Magnifying glasses

Microscopes Magnifying Glass

2) Used for making Specs and Cameras

Magnifying
िजनक� पास Glasses
क� नज़र कमजोर होती है Used
Used in
in making
making Camera
Camera Lens
Lens
उनक� चश्मा(Specs) म� Convex
Lens होता है
 CONCAVE LENS

1) Object placed at Infinity

Image
Position – At ‘F’
Nature – Virtual, Erect
Size – Very Small Size

2) Object placed between Infinity and Pole

Image
Position – Between ‘P’ and ‘F’
Nature – Virtual, Erect
Size – Small Size

There are only two possible positions for Object

 Position of
Position of Image Size of Image Nature of Image
Object

At Infinity At the focus (F1) Very Small Virtual and Erect

Between Infinity Between Focus (F1) and

Small Virtual and Erect
and Optical Center Optical Center (O)

Uses of Concave Lens -

1) Used for making Specs, Lasers, Cameras

िजनक� दरू क� नज़र कमजोर होती है Laser Light

उनक� चश्मा(Specs) म� Concave

Lens होता है
Sign Convention

1) Sign conventions are same like mirrors, now the measurements

are taken from Optical Center instead of Pole.

2) Focal Length of Convex Lens = Positive (+)

3) Focal Length of Concave Lens = Negative (-)

Lens Formula

1 1 1
= -
f v u

f Focal length
v Image distance
u Object distance

Magnification

hi v
m= =
ho u

hi height of Image
ho height of Object
If
m = - ve Image will be Real and Inverted
m = + ve Image will be Virtual and Erect(Straight)

POWER OF LENS (P)

Ability of a lens to converge or diverge light rays is called power (P)

of the lens.
1
P=
f
f Focal length in meter

- SI Unit D (called Dioptre = m-1)

- Power of Convex Lens is (+ve) because focal length of Convex

Lens is also +ve

- Power of Concave Lens is (-ve) because focal length of Concave

Lens is also -ve

- Power of a lens combination

P = P1 + P2 + P3