Problem 1

It is commonly recommended that hot foods be cooled first to room temperature by simply waiting a while
before they are put into the refrigerator to save energy. Despite this commonsense recommendation, a person
keeps cooking a large pan of stew three times a week and putting the pan into the refrigerator while it is
still hot, thinking that the money saved is probably too little. But he says he can be convinced if you can
show that the money saved is significant. The average mass of the pan and its contents is 5 kg. The average
temperature of the kitchen is 23◦ C, and the average temperature of the food is 95◦ C when it is taken off the
stove. The refrigerated space is maintained at 3◦ C, and the average specific heat of the food and the pan
can be taken to be 3.9 kJ/kg · ◦ C. If the refrigerator has a coefficient of performance of 1.5 and the cost of
electricity is 10 cents per kWh, determine how much this person will save a year by waiting for the food to
cool to room temperature before putting it into the refrigerator.

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Problem 2

Infiltration of cold air into a warm house during winter through the cracks around doors, windows, and
other openings is a major source of energy loss since the cold air that enters needs to be heated to the room
temperature. The infiltration is often expressed in terms of ACH (air changes per hour). An ACH of 2
indicates that the entire air in the house is replaced twice every hour by the cold air outside.
Consider an electrically heated house that has a floor space of 200 m2 and an average height of 3 m at 1000 m
elevation, where the standard atmospheric pressure is 89.6 kPa. The house is maintained at a temperature
of 22◦ C, and the infiltration losses are estimated to amount to 0.7 ACH. Assuming the pressure and the
temperature in the house remain constant, determine the amount of energy loss from the house due to
infiltration for a day during which the average outdoor temperature is 5◦ C. Also, determine the cost of this
energy loss for that day if the unit cost of electricity in that area is P 0.082/kWh.

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Problem 3

Hot exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine are to be used to produce saturated water vapor at 2
MPa pressure. The exhaust gases enter the heat exchanger at 400◦ C at a rate of 32 kg/min while water
enters at 15◦ C. The heat exchanger is not well insulated, and it is estimated that 10 percent of heat given up
by the exhaust gases is lost to the surroundings. If the mass flow rate of the exhaust gases is 15 times that of
the water, and the constant pressure specific heat of the exhaust gases is taken to be cp = 1.045 kJ/kg · ◦ C.
The inlet and exit enthalpies of water are 62.98 kJ/kg and 2798.3 kJ/kg, respectively, determine:

(a) the temperature of the exhaust gases at the heat exchanger exit, and
(b) the rate of heat transfer to the water.

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Problem 4

An air-conditioning system operates at a total pressure of 1 atm and consists of a heating section and a
humidifier that supplies wet steam (saturated water vapor) at 100◦ C. Air enters the heating section at 10◦ C
and 70 percent relative humidity at a rate of 35 m3 /min, and it leaves the humidifying section at 20◦ C and
60 percent relative humidity. Determine:

(a) the temperature and relative humidity of air when it leaves the heating section,
(b) the rate of heat transfer in the heating section, and
(c) the rate at which water is added to the air in the humidifying section.

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Problem 5

A space being air-conditioned is maintained at a steady-state condition of 35°C and 60% relative humidity.
To maintain this condition, supply air with a flow rate of 8 m³/s is delivered to the room at 14°C and 80%
relative humidity. The space is at an elevation corresponding to an atmospheric pressure of 33.791 ft of
water.
Determine the following:

(a) The latent heat ratio for the space.

(b) The sensible heat load in tons of refrigeration

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Problem 6

A 1.8 m3 /s air stream at 100 kPa pressure, 30 °C dry-bulb temperature, and 60 % relative humidity is mixed
adiabatically with a 3.0 m3 /s air stream at 19 °C dry-bulb temperature and 80 % relative humidity.

For the resulting mixture, determine:

(a) The dry-bulb temperature

(e) The humidity ratio

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Problem 7

A 3 m internal diameter spherical tank made of 2 cm-thick stainless steel (k = 15 W/m · ◦ C) is used to store
iced water at T1 = 0◦ C. The tank is located in a room whose temperature is T2 = 22◦ C. The walls of the
room are also at 22◦ C. The outer surface of the tank is black, and heat transfer between the outer surface
of the tank and the surroundings is by natural convection and radiation, where its effective temperature is
5◦ C. The convection heat transfer coefficients at the inner and outer surfaces of the tank are:
2 2
h1 = 80 W/m · ◦ C, h2 = 10 W/m · ◦ C

Determine:

(a) the rate of heat transfer to the iced water in the tank, and

(b) the amount of ice at 0◦ C that melts during a 24-h period.

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Problem 8

A plane wall is a composite of two materials, A and B. The wall of material A has uniform heat generation
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q̇ = 1.5 × 106 W/m , thermal conductivity ka = 75 W/m · K, and thickness La = 50 mm. The wall of
material B has no heat generation, with thermal conductivity kb = 150 W/m · K and thickness Lb = 20 mm.
The inner surface of material A is well insulated, while the outer surface of material B is cooled by a water
2
stream with temperature T∞ = 30◦ C and convection coefficient h = 1000 W/m · K. Sketch the temperature
distribution that exists in the composite under steady-state conditions.

(a) Sketch the temperature distribution that exists in the composite under steady-state conditions.

(b) Determine the temperature T0 of the insulated surface and the temperature T2 of the cooled surface.

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Problem 9

Exhaust steam at 7 kPa at the rate of 75 kg/s enters a single-pass condenser containing 5,780 pcs copper
tubes with a total surface area of 2950 m². The steam has a moisture content of 10% and the condensate
leaves saturated liquid at steam temperature. The cooling water flow rate is 4,413 liters per second entering
at 20°C. Size of tubes: 25 mm O.D. by 3 mm thick wall. Find the overall heat transfer coefficient.
Note: At 7 kPa, t = 39◦ C, hf = 163.4 kJ/kg, and hf g = 2572.5 kJ/kg.

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Problem 10

A 2-shell passes and 4-tube passes heat exchanger is used to heat glycerin from 20◦ C to 50◦ C by hot water,
which enters the thin-walled 2-cm-diameter tubes at 80◦ C and leaves at 40◦ C. The total length of the tubes
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in the heat exchanger is 60 m. The convection heat transfer coefficient is 25 W/m ·◦ C on the glycerin (shell)
2 ◦
side and 160 W/m · C on the water (tube) side. Use a correction factor of 0.92 for the design geometry of
the heat exchanger. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger:

(a) before any fouling occurs

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Problem 11

A centrifugal pump has a head-capacity relationship given by h = 180 − 6.10 × 10−4 Q2 , with h in feet when
Q is in gpm. Let the elevation head difference be 40 ft. What is the expected flow rate and velocity of the
flowing water if the total length of the pipe is 600 ft and the fluid is water? Assume the pipe diameter is 4
in and the friction factor is 0.035. Use the Darcy–Weisbach equation for the head loss of the pipe.

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