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Introduction

Discrete Structures is a branch of mathematics focused on distinct values and logical structures relevant to Computer Science, including data structures, algorithms, and graph theory. It has practical applications in areas such as search engines, social networks, and cybersecurity. Key concepts include set theory, logical operators, truth tables, Cartesian products, functions, and graph basics.

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12 views12 pages

Introduction

Discrete Structures is a branch of mathematics focused on distinct values and logical structures relevant to Computer Science, including data structures, algorithms, and graph theory. It has practical applications in areas such as search engines, social networks, and cybersecurity. Key concepts include set theory, logical operators, truth tables, Cartesian products, functions, and graph basics.

Uploaded by

bhavika.joshi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Discrete Structure and

Graph Theory
INTRODUCTION
What is Discrete Structures?
A branch of mathematics dealing with separate, distinct values (not continuous).

Focuses on countable, logical structures used in Computer Science.

Examples: Bits (0/1), Logic gates, Algorithms, Graphs.


Why Learn Discrete Structures?
Foundation for many CS topics:

🔹 Data Structures

🔹 Algorithms

🔹 Operating Systems

🔹 Networking

🔹 Cryptography
Applications in Real Life
1. Search Engines: Graph theory, logic

2. Social Networks: Graphs and relations

3. Databases: Sets and functions

4. Cybersecurity: Logic and number theory

5. AI & Machine Learning: Probability


Basic Set Theory
A set is a collection of distinct objects or elements.

Set theory helps in organizing and grouping data.

Operations include union, intersection, difference, and complement.

Example in Computing: Handling data lists, search results, or database records.


2. Logical Operators
These are the building blocks of decision-making in programs.
Common operators:
● AND (∧)

● OR (∨)

● NOT (¬)

● IMPLIES (→)
3. Truth Tables
● A truth table shows all possible combinations of truth values for logical
expressions.

● It helps in testing the correctness of logic statements.

● Used in digital circuits, programming conditions, and proving logical


equivalences.
4. Cartesian Product
The Cartesian product of two sets A and B is the set of all possible ordered pairs
(a, b).

Example: If A = {1, 2} and B = {x, y}, then A × B = {(1,x), (1,y), (2,x), (2,y)}

Used in database joins and modeling relationships.


5. Types of Functions
● A function maps each element of one set to exactly one element of another
set.

● Types:

○ One-to-One (Injective)

○ Onto (Surjective)

○ Bijective (both)

● Functions are core to algorithms, encryption, and programming logic.


6. Graph Basics

● A graph consists of vertices (nodes) and edges (connections).

● Graphs are used to represent networks, maps, relationships, and more.

● Types include directed, undirected, weighted, unweighted.

● Example: Social media connections, shortest path algorithms in maps.

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