NETWORK THEORY
2 MARKS
1) Define mesh and node ?
Ans:- Node: In a network or graph, a node is a point or vertex where connections or
data flow meet. It can represent an entity such as a device, computer, or a junction in a
system.
Mesh: A mesh refers to a type of network topology where each node is connected to
every other node in the system, ensuring redundant paths for data transmission,
offering high reliability and fault tolerance.
2) what is tree and twigs of a connected graph?
Ans:- In the context of a connected graph:
Tree: A tree is a subgraph of a connected graph that is itself connected and contains
no cycles. It has V−1V - 1 edges, where VV is the number of vertices in the tree. A
tree connects all the nodes without forming any closed loops.
Twigs: Twigs in a graph refer to edges that are part of a tree. Specifically, a twig is an
edge that, when added to the graph, would create a tree or help extend the tree's
structure, linking a new node to the existing tree without forming a cycle. Twigs are
essentially the edges that maintain the tree structure in the graph.
3) define coefficient of coupling .
Ans:- Coefficient of Coupling: The coefficient of coupling, often denoted as kk, is
a measure of the strength of the magnetic interaction between two inductive
components, such as coils or inductors, in a circuit. It quantifies how much the
magnetic field produced by one coil links with the other coil. The coefficient of
coupling ranges from 0 to 1, where:
k=1k = 1: Perfect coupling, meaning all the magnetic flux of one coil links with
the other coil (ideal case).
k=0k = 0: No coupling, meaning no magnetic flux from one coil links with the
other coil.
The coefficient of coupling can be expressed mathematically as:
Where:
MM is the mutual inductance between the two coils,
L1L_1 and L2L_2 are the self-inductances of the individual coils.
A higher value of kk indicates stronger magnetic coupling between the coils.
4) mesh analysis is the application of Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL), and node
analysis is the application of Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL).
5) state maximum power transfer theorem for dc network?
Ans:- Maximum Power Transfer Theorem (DC Network):
The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem states that the maximum power is
delivered to the load when the load resistance (RLR_L) is equal to the Thevenin
resistance (RthR_{th}) of the source network.
Formula:
The maximum power transferred to the load is given by:
Where:
is the Thevenin equivalent voltage,
is the Thevenin equivalent resistance.
Thus, gives the condition for maximum power transfer.
6) State substitution theorem ?
Ans:- Substitution Theorem:
The Substitution Theorem states that a portion of a network can be replaced by
an equivalent circuit (such as Thevenin or Norton equivalent) without changing
the voltage and current at the terminals of that portion.
This allows the simplification of a circuit by replacing complex parts with their
simpler equivalents while maintaining the same terminal conditions.
7) Define Unit step function and find its laplace transform.
Ans:-
8) write the condition of reciprocity and symmetry for all the parameters of two port
network?
Ans:- Conditions of Reciprocity and Symmetry for Two-Port Network
Parameters
In a two-port network, the parameters that describe the behavior of the network
can be represented in various forms, such as impedance parameters (Z-
parameters), admittance parameters (Y-parameters), hybrid parameters (H-
parameters), and transmission parameters (T-parameters).
1. Reciprocity Condition:
The reciprocity condition refers to the property that the two-port network's
behavior is symmetric, meaning that the relationship between the ports remains
the same regardless of the direction of current flow.
For reciprocity in a two-port network:
Z-parameters: Z12=Z21Z_{12} = Z_{21}
Y-parameters: Y12=Y21Y_{12} = Y_{21}
H-parameters: h12=h21h_{12} = h_{21}
T-parameters: t12=t21t_{12} = t_{21}
In simple terms, the mutual coupling between port 1 and port 2 is the same as
the coupling between port 2 and port 1.
2. Symmetry Condition:
Symmetry in a two-port network refers to the situation where the response at
one port is identical to the response at the other port when the network is excited
symmetrically.
For symmetry in a two-port network:
Z-parameters: Z11=Z22Z_{11} = Z_{22}
Y-parameters: Y11=Y22Y_{11} = Y_{22}
H-parameters: h11=h22h_{11} = h_{22}
T-parameters: t11=t22t_{11} = t_{22}
This implies that the impedance, admittance, hybrid, or transmission parameters
are equal for both ports when the network is symmetric.
9) write Fourier series and its coefficient in expontential form?
10) write Fourier series and its coefficient in trigonometric form?
11) express the equation of Z parameter in matrix form
12) State the condition for resonance in RLC series circuit
13) ) Define zeros and poles
14) draw the frequency diagram of high pass filter
15) draw an example of half wave symmetry signal
16) 16) draw the frequency diagram of low pass filter
17) Draw the frequency diagram of a band pass filter
Define cutoff frequency?
Ans:- Cutoff Frequency:
The cutoff frequency is the frequency at which the output signal's power drops to
half its maximum value, or the gain drops to -3 dB of the maximum gain. It
marks the transition point between the frequencies that are passed by the filter
and those that are attenuated.
For a high-pass filter, frequencies above the cutoff pass through with little
attenuation, while those below the cutoff are attenuated.
For a low-pass filter, frequencies below the cutoff pass through, while those
above are attenuated.
Mathematically, for a simple RC high-pass filter:
Where RR is the resistance and CC is the capacitance.
18) what is a reactive network ?
Ans:- A reactive network is an electrical network composed mainly of reactive
components, such as inductors (L) and capacitors (C). These components store
energy in the form of magnetic and electric fields, rather than dissipating energy as
heat, as resistors do. The impedance of a reactive network depends on the
frequency of the applied signal, since the reactance of inductors and capacitors
changes with frequency. Examples of reactive networks include LC circuits and
RLC circuits.
