eRe jeichs criteria tor Jimi of resolution — Resolying power of TPlescope ancl grating Resalying power: the resolving power of an optical instrument represents its ability * produce clistndly ~ eporate spectral Lines of ight having too or More Jose ave eng ths. Consider a simple gpecrometer 9s shown in Feure | \ PE 4 ist ) aes [ese \ Ly I; BiG) i a A Die res Hand | | }] HH ti ] PR, ( ad ae fig 2¢a) fy ab) Tf the nor slif “8” jc ilumingled by a source which immites hoo close ave lengths 2 Js, a Spedrum consistinn of too lines correspond Dand % is obtained in the feo plane of La. Dv fod the phases of +hepricm acts as oiffraching aperodves there fore the too Jines in the spectrum ore acudlly foo from hofer pattern close Joyethy hoviry intensity disiribubion ak shown in fy 2(9 The “two _eatlerns in genera] overkipe do eo other if He. overlaping ig only Pa_/iffle extent the prin cipht. " Waxi mne of the jorom, Defame distinsuishable “as esha ih, Ba C20) the lines are Hash Saud te be resolved if However the ctlerne yerlape to such an exent thal the reseed ‘anf inves hows No drop _in the micdle_as owe. in fig 2b) then itis impossible -b ude pohether the pattern corresponds + Single Line or to too doce Lines, in this case the lines are not resolved. Lord _ proposed the fellosing criferiaa for resolution which hos been universally adopted. “ i + Tico spectral Jines of equal intensities one ust resolved by an optical instrument when He principe) maximum of te diffraction pattern clue to one falls on the frst minimum of *he dliftacton pattern of the _ofher” wy eo iP. Th Aeure (3) are shown yferesuliant the infensity curvesof too Ds Ay pafterns ach Phe the principal Ry cy) maximum of one concide with The tisst minimum of phe other the eve will see the combined effect of the hoo which is shown in. Ligure by the resultant doHed curve. The curve Shows a _dipiin the micld/e indice ting the presence. of hoo different specie! //nes the. lines is said to be resolved: ‘an _opircal instrument just resolve ts cpedr) lines of. wavelength Fond Ard] Her D/dd js token os @ meosure of the _resolvin power i-€ resolving Power aePa] se = cope ; A__téle scope is used fo see distant objecls Hy resolving power of a telescope is its abilily ~o him eparce images of to distant point objec ited close. to each other Tt is measured in terms of angle subdended at ifs objective by too nearby distant objeds iwhoce image are jus! resolved f the objective of the telescope this angle ig calle the limit cf resplution pf the feles@pe. The smaller is the volue of this ane the higher is th Cres olyir |) power of the ftelese@pe if means that i the “ey Cedproc) of the- limit of resolution is called the resolving power of the felescppe”. Expression: | lel AB be the obyective of the telescope endl P thre distant object acts aso point source of light lying on the oxis of the telescope ph jectiv the. boundary of the objedive ack like oa cipcub erjure. Hence the imeye “of 4he poink object formes) by the objedive Ye achually a faun er diffraction pattern consisting of centro| bright diand cunmplndech heealernileu ae) and Arioht rings. j Ihe centtol_moximur’ of the diffaction paffern lize cot Min the focal plane -of lens clone the axis the : First minimum of diffraction paltemn of P will lie od _ILN and alone the —clirection giveh by asine=9 phere a cliamever of the circular aperture. : Ln _practice ‘a? is very -very grealer Han 9 (arr) therefore 8 ig very small and hence sin & ic equivalent to Lo 84a However in_octuall practice Airy hos shown Oa 4920/0. TF another ohiec! Q is situwled very close b Pits imoge will also be a olif'fraction pattern consisting its centred maximum at NV. Accor digg 4 Rayleight critecion the imager of Pand Q will just resolved phen the cone af NM of the centre! bright disk due t P falron the frst dark ring due to Q ond vice-versa. PE ct is the angle sublended by the P and Q_at the objective for yust resoly tion of the of Pand @ then we have images cl= 6= 4220/0 : “The limit of resolution of the relesope, O= £00) rodiqns therefore resolving power of the telescope = eS “resolving power =o fs 1:22The resolving power of grating represents ik ability + frm Separcde pectree! lines for wovekengh very close together. Pt is measured by £942? tohen “dis the smallest wavelength difference thot can he just resolved at wavelength 2. Jet a parallel beam cof light Me of wavelengths and 44d) be 6, incident normally on the | groding as shown in Rgure» —— py raiming of A-dDand fist | minima for 7 TY then principal ‘maxima. LEE mason of 3 nn of wavelength 9 is formed in AT the direction 0. then we haye (e+e) sin, = 94 @ | | | sahere Cero” i's the groding element. i] let the first ‘minimum adjacent to the _n™ marinun| be ohtained in the direction of O,+ 4 Oa. the geoding eguodion for the minima _['s_given b a ot Nte+el) sinl 05 +d 85) =m) © “where,” A= fatal number of srulling on the grading. m= takes all integra) values except oN, 2Ne. nN because these eles of m gives oth fist, scowls wh princigal maxima:i a Q=— learly the first minimum odsacent to the nt ee mawmum in the direction of & increasing Lor onams nN+4’ therefore if this Minimum és obtedned in the clirection ©6,* bh’ be have fun oqn® . Nod) ein (Bite Ga) = (nh t) > (etd) sin(Gn+d On) ~ fale |) ——® N By the Rayleigh’s criterian the —poave lengths °° and 69449 are ust resolved by the greding when then moximum of (1+d9’ is ako obtained in te direction of Ox+d On’ then we have fom 09” (esdeinOn + Gn) = (J+) @ comparing e9°©@ and e'@ we have, [nfN+4) 9 = 0 Ctda) en = My (4449) 2 nNA+ A = nha+ nNol4 Bul is recolving power of the grading —+ [Re aving_power = nj 2a ee Thus the resolving power of grating is equal p he preduct of. the toad number of ruling on the grating and the order of fhe spesrum. |(esd)sin 8 = N47 Y neler) sin Ba 2 “R= Med) sin ie ) Bul (ei) Nz dot width of fhe. grading hence for a particular ande of diffraction 65 the resol yin power ic directly proportioned fy the totes yoid the } @ grating: