1.
3Test electronic lab / workshop
equipment
A. TESTING A DMM
c. AC /DC variable Power supply
To test a DC / AC variable power supply
you have to read the values written from
the power supply indicator and the
values measured from its terminals by
using a DMM. These values must be
similar for a normal power supply.
LEARNNG UNIT 2 : PASSIVE
COMPONENTS
2.1.1 RESISTORS
A resistor is a two-terminal passive
component that reduces the flow of the
current within circuits.
Resistance is the property of a
component which restricts the flow of
electric current. It is
measurable quantity and it is expresses
in is ohm (Ω).
✓ Calculation of resistance in series, parallel and
mixed connection
Types of RESISTORS
Tolerance
Tolerance is the percentage of
error in the resistor's resistance, or
how much more or less you can
expect a resistor's actual
measured resistance to be from its
stated resistance.
To memorize these colors, the below sentences can help you. Impulsive
Black bugs Race Over Yellow Grass, Beside Violet Grey Water.
Wire wound resistor
Wire-wound resistor consists of uniform wire wound around insulating
material.
They are Suitable for high temperature operation with good stability.
Also they are called power resistors.
For examples they are used in the last stage of amplifiers as well as in
loudspeakers.
Cermet Film
SMD resistor (A surface mount resistor)
Learning outcome 2: Apply Active
components
Introduction to semiconductor devices
Description of diodes
✓ Working principle of diodes
A diode is an electronic component that primarily allows current to flow in
one direction while blocking it in the opposite direction.
It has two terminals:
• Anode (positive side)
• Cathode (negative side)
Basic Structure:
Diodes are made from semiconductor materials like silicon or germanium.
The diode's function relies on a P-N junction, where the P-type (positively
charged with "holes") and N-type (negatively charged with electrons)
semiconductors are joined.
• Description of transistors
✓ Working principle of transistors
After listing the three terminals of
transistors ,explain basic structure of them
Description of thyristors
✓ Working principle of thyristors
A thyristor is a semiconductor device used for controlling
and switching high-power circuits.
It has three terminals:
• Anode
• Cathode
• Gate
Basic Structure:
Thyristors are built with four layers of alternating P-type and N-
type semiconductor materials, forming three P-N junctions
(PNPN structure).
This structure enables them to handle high voltages and
currents, making them ideal for power control applications.
Description of optoelectronic components
Optoelectronic components are electronic devices
that involve the interaction between light and
electricity.
These components either produce light, detect light,
or use light to perform specific functions in electronic
systems.
They are widely used in telecommunications, display
systems, remote controls, and various sensing
applications.
Summary:
Optoelectronic components are essential for
systems that need to convert electrical energy to
light or vice versa.
Description of integrated circuits (IC)
✓An integrated circuit (IC), also known as a
microchip or chip, is a miniature electronic circuit
that combines thousands or even millions of tiny
electronic components, such as transistors,
resistors, and capacitors, onto a small piece of
semiconductor material, typically silicon.
These components work together to perform specific
functions within a single compact unit.
Packaging of Integrated Circuits (ICs) is the
process of encasing and protecting the tiny
silicon chip and connecting it to the outside world.
The packaging safeguards the IC from
environmental factors like moisture, dust, and
physical damage, and provides the necessary leads
or pins for connecting the IC to other components
on a circuit board.
Learning outcome 3: Use electronic lab/ workshop
equipment
