Transportation Engineering
I
BE Civil III/II
(As per syllabus of IOE, TU)
B.E. Civil
Transportation Engineering I (TU)
Ch01 Introduction to Transportation
Planning & Engineering
1.1 Introduction
1 2 Modes
1.2 M d off Transportation
T t ti
1.3 Comparison between various modes of transportation
1 4 Historical Development of Roads and Road
1.4
Construction in Nepal
p Planning
1.5 Transport g including
g Objective
j of Road
Planning, National Network Planning, Urban Road
Network Planning and Ring Roads
1 6 Cl
1.6 Classification
ifi ti off R
Roads
d (NRS)
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
Transportation
p
• The process of physical movement of products and
people
l from
f one place
l t another
to th place
l
• Contribute the development of society by meeting travel
requirement of people and movement of goods.
• Support trade and industries by carrying raw materials
and distribute product
B.E. Civil
Ch01Introduction
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
Dr.PradeepK.Shrestha
Transportation
p
• A process of conveying goods or people from
one place
l t other
to th through
th h different
diff t ways such
h
as road, air, railway, water, pipeline etc.
• Therefore, transportation engg. Generally refer
to analysis,
analysis design , operation and management
of road, air, railway, water, pipeline etc.
B.E. Civil
Ch01Introduction
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
Dr.PradeepK.Shrestha
Transportation
p Engineering
g g
Transportation Engineering – As per Institue of
Transportation Engineers (ITE )), 1987
“The
The application of scientific principles and technologies
in planning, functional design, operation and
management of transport facilities to provide the safe,
rapid
rapid, comfortable
comfortable, convenient
convenient, economical and
environmentally compatible movement of people and
goods.”
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Ch01Introduction
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
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Transportation System
• Transportation system may be defined as
consisting of the fixed facilities, the flow
entities and the control system that people
and goods use to overcome the friction of
geographical space efficiently in order to
participate in a timely in some desired activity
(Papacosta, 1987)
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Ch01Introduction
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
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Components of Transportation
System
• Fixed
Fi ed facilities (Infrastructures)
(Infrastr ct res)
• Flow
Fl entities
titi (Modes)
(M d )
• Control system
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Ch01Introduction
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
Dr.PradeepK.Shrestha
Fixed facilities
• They are the physical components (Infrastructures) of
the system that are fixed in space
• It constitutes the network of links and nodes of the
transportation
p system
y
For example,
– Links – roadway, railway track, pipe lines, airway
–N
Nodes
d - intersections,
i t ti i t h
interchanges, t
transit
it
terminals, bus stops, harbors, and airports,
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Ch01Introduction
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
Dr.PradeepK.Shrestha
Flow Entities
• The units that traverse the fixed facilities.
For examples:
• People, bicycle, automobiles (motorcycle, car, microbus,
bus) truck,
bus), truck tractor trailers,
trailers locomotives (railway)
(railway),
airplane, ship etc.
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Ch01Introduction
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
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Control System
– Vehicular control - technological way in which
individual vehicles are guided on fixed facilities
e.g. brakes, steering, propulsion system
– Flow control - the means that permit the
efficient
ffi i t andd smooth th operation
ti off streams
t off
vehicles and the reduction of conflicts between
vehicles e.g. traffic rule, sign marking, signal
system etc.
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Ch01Introduction
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
Dr.PradeepK.Shrestha
Scope of Transportation Engineering
• Transportation Planning
tthe
e de
development
e op e t o
of a ttransport
a spo t model
ode which
c will accu
accurately
ate y
represent both the current as well as future transportation
system.
• Geometric Design
Geometric design deals with physical proportioning of other
transportation facilities. e.g. cross-sectional features,
horizontal and vertical alignment,
alignment intersections etc.
etc
• Pavement analysis and design
the structural
str ct ral design of both flexible
fle ible (bit
(bituminous)
mino s) and rigid
(concrete) pavements. e.g. design of paving materials,
determination of the layer thickness, and construction and
maintenance p procedures.
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
Scope of Transportation Engineering
• Transportation Planning
tthe
e de
development
e op e t o
of a ttransport
a spo t model
ode which
c will accu
accurately
ate y
represent both the current as well as future transportation
system.
• Geometric Design
Geometric design deals with physical proportioning of other
transportation facilities. e.g. cross-sectional features,
horizontal and vertical alignment,
alignment intersections etc.
etc
• Pavement analysis and design
the structural
str ct ral design of both flexible
fle ible (bit
(bituminous)
mino s) and rigid
(concrete) pavements. e.g. design of paving materials,
determination of the layer thickness, and construction and
maintenance p procedures.
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
Scope of Transportation Engineering
Traffic engineering
• planning, analysis, design, traffic operation and improvement of
t
transportation
t ti ffacilities
iliti
• e.g. design and management, traffic char. study, traffic data collection &
analysis etc.
Public transportation
• Related to the travel need of several people by sharing a vehicle (bus,
rail etc.).
• planning,
planning design
design, management
management, operations and policies development
Financial and economic analysis
• Transportation
a spo tat o facilities
ac t es require
equ e large
a ge capital
cap ta investments.
est e ts
• The economic analysis tries to quantify the economic benefit which
includes saving in travel time, fuel consumption, etc.
• Private sector investments require monetary profits from the projects.
Financial evaluation tries to quantify the return from a project.
project
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Scope of Transportation Engineering
Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
• Qua
Quantifying
t y g the
t e environmental
e o e ta impacts
pacts a
and
d ttries
es to e
evolve
o e
strategies for the mitigation and reduction of the impact due to
both construction and operation.
Accident analysis and reduction
• the causes of accidents, from the perspective of human, road,
and vehicle and formulates plans for the reduction
Intelligent transport system (ITS)
• ITS is state-of-the-art technology using computers,
comm nication and vehicle
communication, ehicle technolog
technology
• Using ITS, transportation system can offers better mobility,
efficiency, and safety
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
Scope
p of Highway
g y Engineering
g g
– Development, Planning and location
– Highway design
– Materials,
M t i l Construction
C t ti and
d maintenance
i t
– Traffic operation
p and its control
– Roadside development, landscaping and other road
furniture
– Economics, Finance and administration
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
Role of Transportation
p
1) Social Role
– Formation of settlements
– Size and pattern of settlements
– Growth of urban centers
– Facilitate access to healthcare, welfare, and cultural
or artistic events
2) Political Role
– Administration of various political units
– Political reasons such as national accessibility or job
creation
– Transfer of messages and information
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Ch01Introduction
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
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Role of Transportation
p
3) Economic importance
• industry in its own right
• factor in shaping
p g economic activities
• an economic factor in the production of goods and
services
• extends the range of sources of supply of goods
• Contributes to value-added of economic activities,
facilitates economies of scale
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Ch01Introduction
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
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Importance
p of Transportation
p
4) Environmental importance
• Speeds and vehicle density resulted in a high exposure
to accidents.
• Air and water quality, noise pollution
• Increased energy consumption
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Ch01Introduction
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
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Characteristics of Transportation
p
• Multi-modal – includes all modes of transport such as air,
land or water for people or goods transportation
• Multi-sector-
Multi sector Encompass the problems and viewpoint of
government, private industry, and public
• Multi-problem - national and international policy, location
and design of facilities, carrier management issues,
regulatory institutional and financial policies
regulatory,
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
Characteristics of Transportation
p
• Multi-objective - Aiming at national and regional
economic development
development, urban development
development,
environment quality, and social quality.
• Multi-disciplinary - the theories and methods of
engineering, economics, operations research, political
science psychology,
science, psychology other natural,
natural and social sciences,
sciences
management and law.
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
Transportation Modes
• Transport modes are the means by which
peoplel andd freight
f i ht achieve
hi mobility.
bilit
• Three basic types, depending on over what
surface
f th travel
they t l
– land (road, rail and pipelines)
– water
t (shipping),
( hi i ) and d
– air.
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Ch01Introduction
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
Dr.PradeepK.Shrestha
Transportation
p Modes
• Primary Modes –contribute in major transport of people
and goods
goods. EE.g.
g
– Aviation (Airways),
– Land Transport (Railways, Roadways)
– Waterways
•
Secondary Modes – support primary modes E.g.
– Ropeway
– Pipe line
– Canal
– Belt conveyer
– Space flight
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
Roadways
y
Advantages
• Wide ggeographical
g p coverage
g
• Large influential area
• Relatively small investment for the construction, motor
vehicles are much cheaper
• For short distance travel, road transport saves time.
• maximum flexibility for travel
• provides door to door service
• Quick and assured deliveries
• Road network serves as feeder system for other modes of
t
transportation
t ti
• Personalized travel and service
• Economical means of short travel
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Ch01Introduction
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
Dr.PradeepK.Shrestha
Roadways
y
Disadvantages
• Destroys
D t agriculture
i lt lland
d andd natural
t l tterrain
i
• High energy and area use
• Main source of noise and air pollution in cities
• Subjected to a high degree of accidents
• Not economical for long g distance travel
B.E. Civil 24
Transportation Engineering I (TU)
Railways
Advantages
• Trains move at much higher speed
• Steel tracks can take three to four times heavier axle
loads than roads.
• Less energy consumption
• Overall cost (initial cost, operating cost and
maintenance cost) is less than roadways.
• Safe in comparison to road transport
transport.
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Ch01Introduction
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
Dr.PradeepK.Shrestha
Railways
Disadvantages
• Huge investment of capital
• No door to door service
• Not flexible
• unsuitable and uneconomical for short distances and
small traffic of goods.
• Cannot be operated economically in rural areas
• Not
N t operable
bl withith steeper
t gradient
di t
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Ch01Introduction
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
Dr.PradeepK.Shrestha
Airways
Ai
Advantages:
• Improves accessibility to otherwise inaccessible
areas.
• Provides continuous connectivity over land and water
• Saves productive time spent on journey.
• Relief and rescue operation.
• Maximum speed
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Ch01Introduction
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
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Airways
Ai
Disadvantages:
• Heavy funds (investment & operation cost)
p
• Operations are highly
g y dependent
p upon
p weather
conditions.
• High energy consumptions.
• Noise pollutions.
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Ch01Introduction
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
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Waterways
• The process of transport that boats and ship, makes
over a body of water,
water such as a sea,
sea ocean,
ocean lake,
lake canal
or river
Advantages:
• a highly effective method of transporting large quantities
off non-perishable
i h bl goodsd
• Significantly less costly
• Natural route
• Little or no congestion
• Little pollution
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Ch01Introduction
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
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Waterways
Disadvantages
• Slow,
Sl th
therefore
f nott suitable
it bl tto ttransportt perishable
i h bl
goods
• Costly and time consuming for short distance travel
• Poor weather condition affects transport service
• Depth of waterways affects capacity of ship
• Dredging is expensive if required
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Ch01Introduction
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
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Ropeways
p y
Vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal
power source e.g. Tuins, cable car, ski lifts, aerial
tramway etc.
Advantage
• Most commonly used at steep gradient
• Quick to construct
• Efficient for hill crossing
• Pollution free
• Suitable for areas where other carriers are uneconomical
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Ropeways
p y
Disadvantage
• Heavy investment
• Limitation on size and quantity of haul
• Weather
W th condition
diti lilimit
it operation
ti
• Limited scope
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PipeLine Transportation
Sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid
and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can also
send solid capsules using compressed air
Advantages
• Ideally suited to transport the liquids and gases
• Low capital cost and low operating cost
• Can be laid through difficult terrains as well as
underwater
• Low energy consumption
• Little maintenance
• Safe
S f and environmental friendly
f
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Ch01Introduction
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PipeLine Transportation
Disadvantages
• Not flexible, can be used only for few fixed points
p
• Capacity y can’t be increased once it is laid
• Difficult to make security arrangements for pipelines
• Difficult to detect and repair leakage in underground
pipes
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Ch01Introduction
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
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Other Secondary
y mode
• Canal transport - Used to transport freight (liquid like
water for irrigation) only
• Belt conveyers - Widely used to transport freight (Solid
and liquid also) especially during construction works and
manufacturing
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1.4 Historical Development &
Construction of Highway in Nepal
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Organizational establishment
• During Rana period Bato Kaj Goshwara and Chhembhadel
Adda was establised to deal with road construction and
maintenance
• Two branches Naya Bato Kaj Goshwara and Purano Bato Kaj
Goshwara was made in order to construct the new and
maintain the old road networks.
• In 2007 B.S., these government agencies are combined all-
together and Public Work Department (PWD) was formed.
• In 2017 B.S. three subsections, named as Planning,
Construction and Maintenance were created under road
section of PWD
B.E. Civil 37
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Organizational establishment
• In 2027BS, the Department of Road (DoR) was formed and
the First Nepal Road Standard-2027
• The Mechanical Training Centre (MTC) was established within
the Department of Roads (DoR) in 1978 AD
• In 2051 BS, 25 divisions of road are formed under five
regional
g offices.
• In 2055 BS, Establishment of Department of Local
Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads
(DoLIDAR), now Department of Local Infrastructure (DoLI),
whose one of the job is to develop District road and Village
roads
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Road Construction Development
• Trails with hard surface (broken brick over flas stone slab)
(particularly in Kathmandu) have been developed during Malla’s
Period
•
• The first motorable road was constructed in Kathmandu Valley in
1924 AD.
• The 42 km long gravel road linking Amlekhganj with Bhimphedi was
built in 1929 AD.
• Postal Road (Hulaki marg) from Kechana Kawal, Jhapa in the east
to Dodhara, Kanchanpur in the west was the oldest road in Nepal
constructed during by Rana period
• Nepal's first highway, Tribhuvan Highway, was constructed with aid
from India in the early 1956 AD. It connected Kathmandu with
Raxaul on the Indian border
border.
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
Road Construction Development
Kanti Rajpath started in 1954 AD by Nepal Army - Tikabhairb
(Lalitpur) to Hetauda through Bhattedada and Jyamire.
Currentlyy being
g blacktopped
pp expected
p to complete
p in 2019.
The 113-kilometer Arniko Highway, which connected
Kathmandu with Kodari on the Chinese border,, was
constructed in 1964 AD, with Chinese assistance.
The Siddhartha Highway
g y was constructed in 1964 AD,, with
India's help and connected the Pokhara Valley with Sonauli in
India's Uttar Pradesh state.
The longest highway, approximately 1,024 kilometers, is the
Mahendra Highway, or East-West Highway in 1962 Baishakh
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Mid Hill ((Puspalal)
p ) Highway
g y
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Road Length
g in Nepal
p
National Highway Mid Hill Road Feeder Road Postal Road
3460 1032 7360 642
Urban Road District Road Village Road
3460 31930 31904
(Source:
(Sou ce: DoR,
o , 2017/18)
0 7/ 8)
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Hi t i l Development
Historical D l t off Roads
R d
construction
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Roman Roads
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Roman Road
• Total thickness 0.7-1.2m,
• A trench equal to width of carriageway was excavated to the
depth so that hard stratum is reached.
• One or two layers of large foundation stones were laid in lime
mortar.
mortar
• Vertical kerb stones were placed along the edge of the
pavement.
• A second layer of lime concrete with large size broken stones
mixed in lime mortar was laid.
• Another layer of lime concrete with smaller broken stones
mixed in lime mortar was laid
laid.
• The wearing course consisting of dressed large stone blocks
set in the lime mortar was provided at the top.
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Tresaguet
g Road
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Tresaguet
g Road
• Scientific road development in France by Tresaguet,
1764
• The thickness of construction is only 30 cm
• Pavement used 17cm foundation stone in compact form
• Small pieces of broken stones were compacted between
larger stones to give level surface
• Running layer was made with 25mm size broken stones
• Provided
P id d provision
i i off ddrainage
i ffrom th
the road
d surface
f b
by
providing side drain
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Telford’s Construction
Sloping wearing surface (1 in 45) 4 cm thick
Broken stone in lime mortar
Broken stone 5 cm thick
CL
22cm
17 cm
1
Foundation stones of varying size (17~22 cm)
Angular broken stone 7 cmsize
cm size, 10 cm
cmthick
thick
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Telford Road
• Scottish engineer Thoms Telford in 1775
• A level sub grade in required width is prepared
prepared. (9M)
• Large foundation stones of thickness 17-22 cm were laid,
cross slope of 1in45 is achieved by using smaller size stone
at the edges and larger size near centre
• The space between the foundation stones were filled with
smaller stones
• The central portion of about 5.5m
5 5m width was covered with two
layers of angular broken stones.
• At edge compacted broken stones 15cm thick in lime mortar
to provide lateral stability
stability.
• A gravel layer was used to act as binding and wearing layer
• Provision of cross drains at intervals of about 90m.
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Macadam Road
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Macadam Road
• The British engineer John Macadam
• th first
the fi t scientific
i tifi road
d construction
t ti methodth d
• Stone size was an important element of Macadam road.
• 250 mm layers of well compacted broken angular stone
would provide the same strength and stiffness and a
better running surface as stone
• Concept of mechanical interlock to provide strength and
stiffness and fines are used to produce well graded mix
• Subgrade slope Horizontal 1 in 36
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Modern Roads
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Modern Roads
• The modern roads by and large follow Macadam's
construction method
• Use of bituminous concrete and cement concrete road with
subgrade, subbase, base and surface of varying thickness
• Thickness and Quality depend on traffic volume,
function_location, tonnage etc.
• Cross drainage and side drainages
• Many easily and locally available materials are tested in the
laboratories and then implemented on roads for making
economical and durable pavements.
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Transportation Engineering I (TU)
