Safety Management PDIS - 101

Q-1. Explain the concept of safety and problem of industrial accident (5) 2013

Safety means reducing risks at acceptable level risk can't be reduce to zero level
some risk is there in spite of all safety precautions so far no full proof safety system
is developed so as a compromise formula, we have to accept safety at a level which
is generally acceptable.

The word “SAFETY” can also be better explained in the following way

➢ S= science of safety for self, health and environment

➢ A= art of science for accident prevention
➢ F= full proof system
➢ E= engineering controls
➢ T= training
➢ Y= yawl to save humidity

The main problems of industrial accident are as below (2012)

(1) problem which leads to an accident

(2) Problem which can prevent accident
(3) Predictable accidents
(4) Unpredictable accidents

80% accidents are predictable and they can be prevented by advanced planning and
safety

20 % accidents are unpredictable and they are difficult to prevent however they can
be prevented either by chance or luck

Q-2 Why accident should be prevented (5) 2013 OR Short note. Reason
for Accident Prevention. (5) 2011

Ans. All accident must be prevented as they cause human sufferings

➢ People consider damaged to health or self more seriously than damage to wealth
➢ Cost of accident, loss of profit etc. are also powerful economical reasons to
prevent accidents.
➢ Accidents create legal problems
➢ Legal provisions invite prosecution and punishment to avoid imprisonment mind
in case of serious accidents
➢ One will prefer to prevent an accidents to many accidents may destabilize
➢ Workers trust in safety policy of the company which in long run creates shortage
of skilled and capable workers.
➢ For all the presence accident should be prevented at all costs.

Q-3 Explain factors impending safety (5) 2013, 2012

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There are various factors which call for the action oriented safety governance. But
certain elements are impending or rather imminent. They must form an integral part
of the functions like inspections, audits, surveys, training, technology, process,
operation, engineering and maintenance procedures. The regular Management
Information exercises must offer higher thrust on such aspects. The responsibility
matrix for compliance of correcting such factors must be clearly indicated in the key
performance areas of managerial staff. All types of approved recommendations must
evolve a time bound action plan. They must also be regularly monitored and status
reviewed regularly all the points have been duly complied with.

Such factors which directly or indirectly contributes to safety problems few areas
under

(1) Physical factors

(2) Psychological factors
(3) Physico psycho factors
(4) Wrong design of work place
(5) Wrong design of work
(6) Improper design of work flow
(7) Improper design of work practices
(8) Management or workers not properly motivated
(9) Lack of understanding of the behavioral problems
(10) Misconceptions about accidents and accident proneness

Q-4 Explain five “E”s of accident prevention 2013, 2012

Safety or accident prevention can be achieved by the following five e methods

(1) Education and training:

➢ This has long term and permanent effect
➢ This is most powerful remedies for concept of the workers
➢ It helps in finding out unsafe conditional also.

The workers safety training prog. Include-

➢ Safety rules and safe procedures
➢ Training of specialized job
➢ Job safety analysis
➢ Safety instruction for variety of jobs
(2) Engineering control :
➢ Poor illumination and ventilation unguarded machinery
➢ Mechanical, Electrical,physical and chemical hazard
➢ Dangerous locations or situations etc.are unsafe conditions
➢ Which can be eliminated in the design stage or subsequent engineering
revision and control
➢ This is the first and most effective remedy.

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(3) Enforcement :
➢ All statuary safety provisions should be followed
➢ for our own safety and safety of hazards
➢ Self initiations for full compliance is necessary
➢ Otherwise govt. authorities may take actions
➢ Other safety rules for our plant should also be framed and followed
➢ Willful neglect disobey of safety rules or orders should be dealt with strictly

(4) Enthusiasm :
➢ Like a catalyst it adds to safety awareness and motivation.
➢ It should come from the top management to the lowest workers.
➢ It will keep the workers safety conscious.
➢ It can be developed and maintained by proper safety attitude competition
prizes awards publicity incentives etc.

(5) Example setting :

➢ The top executives manager and supervisors should set an example to others
by the self enforcement of the safety rules.
➢ Others will follow them this is a chain reaction to increase and maintain safety.

Q-5 Role of psychological factor in accident causation (5) 2012

Ans. The purpose of Psychological is done because of following reasons:

• It helps to devise methods to find out possibilities of accidents

• It helps to find out causes of accidents
• It helps to find out ways and means to prevent accidents.

Following factors affecting the accidents.

1. Attitude
2. Aptitude
3. Frustration
4. Conflict
5. Morale
6. Fatigue
7. Boredom
8. Monotony

Q-6. Explain the following terms and explain role of psychological factors in
accident causation. 2013

Attitude:-

➢ It means the way that we think and feel about certain things.
➢ It means how we think about certain things.
➢ It means predispositions about certain things of people.
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➢ It is a frame of reference which affects our opinion.

➢ Youth is an attitude of mind it is a kind of mental set.

Aptitude:-

➢ it means interest or ability or fitness for certain skill or actions.

➢ Workers need proper and positive aptitude towards work and safety.
➢ if the workers don’t have interest in safety they may cause an accident.
It classifies into five categories
(1) Mental abilities
(2) Machine or men related skill
(3) Visual skill or deep vision
(4) Specialized aptitude or skill or skills and specialized area
(5) Psychomotor abilities (muscular abilities)

Frustration :-

➢ It means defeat disappointment because of failure.

➢ Interruption in achieving goal.
➢ It is a feeling burnout of continues failure.
➢ It means inability to change situation in our all own favor.
➢ It affects our thinking power alterness and theirby causes accident.

Fatigue:-

➢ It means abnormal tiredness

➢ It means reduction in ability to work
➢ It means decrease in the capacity of the workers to the work or loss of is efficiency
➢ It decrease which willingness to work
➢ his interest in work reduce.

It is a psychological phenomenon. It is measured through ERGOGRAPH study.

Bordum :-

➢ It is a psychological feelinglike mental dullness.

➢ It is created by doing job which does not have a work challenges.
➢ It is affects his thinking power and alertness.
➢ It creates higher changes of accidents.
➢ Board persons required change from his routine work environment or routine
company of fixed members.
➢ Repetition of same type of work for long time.
➢ Spirit is willing to work but muscles refuse to work.

Monotony :-

➢ It means doing a job repetitively for a long time

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➢ It is a mental phenomenon.
➢ It is felt during the middle period of work and disappearing anticipation of the end
period.

Q-7 Explain various element of management.orPOSDCORB theory(5) 2013

➢ P= planning
➢ O=organizing
➢ S= staffing
➢ D=directing
➢ CO= controlling
➢ R=reporting
➢ B= budgeting
Planning:-
➢ Means pre thinking of the resources,timelimit within which the job is completed
➢ The probable difficulties and their solutions during the work.
Organizing:-
➢ Means systematic utilizations of available resources in proper manner.
➢ The person who organizes different resources is called d an organizer.
➢ The role of organizer is to get the best result in minimum time.
➢ In the most economical way.
Staffing:-
➢ Means selecting rite person for right job
➢ The process of selecting a person on merit who is capable to discharges
functions assigned to a particular job.
Directing:-
➢ Means giving advice, instructions
➢ Directions or orders in management directions always come from the top
officer to middle level and lower level officer and staff.
➢ The flow of information Is always from bottom to top
➢ Flow of directions is from top to bottom.
➢ In management giving and taking direction is continue process
Controlling:-
➢ Means checking the performance of different resources.
➢ Control is requiring for the quality output and discipline.
➢ It classified in two categories (1) internal, (2) external
Reporting:-
➢ Means give a report to the higher officer about the work done out of the totally
job assigned.
➢ It also includes the reasons for not completing certain jobs.
➢ Normally reporting from the lower level to the higher level.
➢ It is one of the methods of controlling.
Budgeting:-
➢ Means estimations of income and expenditures for particular periods.
➢ It also means balancing the income and expenditure.
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➢ Where the expenditure is more than income we have either to raise income or
reduce expenditure

Q-8 Define the following term (5) 2013, 2012

Hazard :-

Hazard means a situation which can cause an injury to worker, injury to his health or
damage to animals, plant, and environment.

Accident :-

An accident is an unplanned event or it’s sequence caused by unsafe condition or

unsafe act and may result in immediate or delayed undesirable effect
or.
Accident is a unplanned event that interrupt the completion of activity that may cause
damage to person, property or environment.
Incident :-

An Unplanned event or series of event that has or could have caused injury to people
or damage to asset or damage to environment and loss of reputation.

Near Miss :-

It Means any unplanned , sudden event that could have caused injury to man,
material or environment or could have involved a loss of contaminate possibly giving
rise to adverse effect but not result at in such accident.

Risk :-

Risk is the combination of the probability of occurrence and it’s severity of

consequence

MAH:- (Major Hazard Installation)

It means isolated storage and industrial activity at a dite handling of hazardous

chemicals equal to or in excess of the threshold quantities specified in Sched. 2&3.

Q-9 Unsafe Act and Unsafe Condition 2012

Ans. Unsafe Act :-

➢ Means either a positive act or failure to perform an act which a prudent man
should not have done which result in hazard, accident or injury.
➢ The unsafe act might be deliberate or committed due to absence of
knowledge, human error or mistake etc.
➢ The unsafe act may be the sole accident cause or one of the several cause
➢ Example standing under suspended load, design mistake, removes of safe
guard etc.

Unsafe Condition:-
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➢ it means existence of a mechanical, physical, chemical or environmental

condition, situation or state of affairs which may cause hazard or accident.
➢ The unsafe condition might be the result of any unsafe act or accidental failure
of the safe condition.
➢ The unsafe condition may be the sole accident cause or one of several
causes.
➢ Example wrong design, no guard on machinery, no provision of safety device.

Q-10 Write down Axioms of industrial safety as explain by H W Heinrich 2013, 2012

Ans. 1) The occurrence of an injury invariably results from a completed sequence of

factors-the last one of these being the accident itself

2) The unsafe acts of persons are responsible for a majority of accidents.

3) The persons who suffers a disabling injury caused by an unsafe act, in the
average case has had over 300 narrow escapes from serious injury as a result
of committing the very same unsafe act.

4) The severity of an injury is largely fortuitous-the occurrence of the accident

that results in injury is largely preventable.

5) The four basic motives of reasons for the occurrence of unsafe acts provide a
guide to the selection of appropriate corrective measures.

6) Four basic methods are available for preventing accidents. These are
Engineering revision, Persuasion and appeal, personnel adjustment and
discipline.

7) Methods of most value in accident prevention are analogous with the methods
required for control of the quality, cost and quantity of production.

8) Management has the best opportunity and ability to initiate the work of
prevention, therefore it should assume the responsibility.

9) The supervisor or foreman is the key man in individual accident prevention.

His application of thesupervision for the control of work performance is the
factor of greatest influence in successful accident prevention.

10) The humanitarian incentive for preventing accidental injury is supplemented

by two powerful economic factors

i) The safe establishment is efficiency productive and the unsafe establishment

is inefficient.

Ii) The direct employer’s cost of industrial injuries for compensation claims
and for medical treatment is about one-fifth of the total cost which the employer
must pay.

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Q-11 Explain Five Fundamental of accident prevention. 2013, 2012

Ans. The five basic fundamental steps accident prevention suggested by heinrich are as
under

1. Organization
2. Fact Finding
3. Analysis of Fact Found
4. Selection of Remedy
5. Application of remedy

1. Organization :-
➢ The safety organization, management or at list the planned procedure
which it represents is the vehicle, the mechanism by means of which
interest is kept a live and the safety programmed is design as directed and
controlled .
➢ The actual work of prevention is done by safety manager or safety officer
and the line and staff supervisor with the active support of the top
management.
2. Fact Finding :-
➢ The knowledge of probable or potential hazard is derived fromsurveys,
inspection, safety audits, observations, review or records and investigation.
➢ Fact include the past, prevent & future fact which have cause and which
can cause accidence.
➢ Past cause is known by accident records and inquiry, future cause is known
by HOZOP safety audit, inspection etc.
3. Analysis of Fact Found:-
➢ The third step to accident prevention is analysis of the fact found this is
define as the work of drawing conclusions from assemble data. Such
analysis is done by a
i. Analysis of past experience
ii. Survey and inspection
iii. Enquiry and Judgment
iv. After finding potential hazards cross analysis of records must be
made to select most important hazards or targets.
4. Selection Of Remedy :-
➢ While it is analyzed to indicate which is the proxy mate or main cause that
need to be corrected than it suggest the fourth steps of selection of remedy
for the analyzed hazard the four basic remedy are as under
i. Engineering Control
ii. Instructions Training and Appeal
iii. Personnel Adjustment
iv. Discipline
5. Application of remedy :-
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➢ In the final steps in accident prevention is application of the selected

remedy.
➢ Application of selected safety measure should be immediate and long term.
➢ Existing unsafe condition and actions should be corrected at once while at
the same time long term program should be started to include procedures
and techniques device to anticipate and prevent situation of the similar
nature.
➢ Application of remedy is the dynamic part of the accident prevention

Q-12 Explain B.B.S Programmed and its significance (4) 2013

It is a psychological approach to improve worker’s behavior for the purpose of

reducing accident.

➢ The behavior approach to safety gives good results in long run improving working
condition, working hours, rest interval etc. and also brings better safety.
➢ In order to study the B B S the company should form a team of experience officers
➢ They will conduct the study to find out which are the wrong behavior or difficult
behavior.
➢ The teamsuggests remedies to how to improve behavior of workers to control the
accident.

Q-13 Explain role of supervisors, workers trade unions in safety. (5) 2013, 2012

Ans. Role of worker:-

1. To check all guards, fencing, safety device and equipment before and after
starting of work and end of work.
2. Follow the safe methods of working.
3. Use nad ask for safety guards and PPEs.
4. TO keep and maintain good house keeping at work site.
5. To participate in safety committee meeting
6. To know about immediate danger to his work place.
7. Avoid hurry, short cuts, speed and over confidence.
8. To keep equipments/machines in safe working conditions.
9. They should provide guidance to the new workers.
10. Suggest their views to keep safety of his department.

Role of Supervisor

1. Assure quality of production within specified time limit and cost.

2. Supervise safe working condition at all the time.
3. His attitude is the example for other workers, his attitude towards safety should
be proper.
4. To provide training to the worker at workplace.
5. Regular maintenance of machines and equipment to avoid stoppage of
production
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6. To carry out job safety analysis

7. To ensure safety by SOPs,safety behavior and work attitude.
8. Monitor and maintain good housekeeping.
9. Report all accidents and taking corrective actions to avoid recurrence.
10. Provide proper PPEs based on its proper requirement.
11. Understand workers difficulty and listen to their problems
12. To carry out legal compliance related to his work area.

Role of Trade Unions.

1. Checking and demanding for safe working conditions, safe equipments and to
provide safe working environment.
2. Demanding for providing continuous training regarding use of PPEs, and
devices for working condition.
3. To lead for onsite emergency plan
4. Checking for odd shifts, working hours, welfare facility and work load etc.
5. To participant in safety programme, safety campaign, seminar and motivational
programme actively.
6. Participant in safety committee meeting.
7. Assisting management in identifying occupational hazards.
8. Controlling hazards on the spot as far as possible and assisting management in
the implementing of control measures.

Q-14 Explain Frank Bird’s Domino Theory.(5) 2013

Ans. In 1969 Frank Bird has analyzed 1753498 accidents reported by 297 companies of
America. His conclusion is shown as below.

Serious or disabling injury

Minor Injuries

Property damage accidents

Incidents with no visible injury or damage

Inference of this 1-10-30-600 ratio is that noinjury accidents, with 10 minor and 1
major injury accident, provide a much larger basis for many opportunities to prevent
any injury accident. Out of total 641 events, only 10 may result in minor injuries and
only 1 in major injury. But this can happen at any time not necessarily at the end.

Heinrich’s theory of domino sequence is updated by Frank Bird. Jr. to explain the
circumstances that lead to injury in the chronicle order of five dominos:

Lack of control is the first domino and refers fourth function of the management. It
involves accident investigation, facility inspection, job analysis, personal
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communication, selection and training etc. This first domino may fall due to
inadequate standards, programmes and follow up.

Basic causes are 1) Personal factor – lack of knowledge or skill, improper motivation
and physical or mental problems 2) Job factors, inadequate work standards, design,
maintenance etc. These basic causes are origin of sub standards acts and conditions
and failure to identify them permits the second dominos to fall.

Immediate cause are only symptoms of the underlying problem. They are
substandard practices or conditions that could cause the forth domino to fall. These
causes should be identified, classified and removed by appropriate measures.

Accident or incident is the result of unsafe acts or unsafe conditions. This point is the
contact stage.

Injury includes traumatic injury, diseases and adverse mental or systematic effects
resulting from workplace exposure. Damage includes all types of property damage
including fire. The severity of losses involving physical harm and property damage
can be minimized by prompt reparative action.

Q-15 Give you views on statement. “ As the place of industry in society has become
inevitable, safety industry is also inevitable. (5) 2013

Ans. (a) Industry

Industrial evolution has totally changed the world scenario and today we depend
heavily on industries for improving the quality of life. Starting from core group units to
bulk manufacturing industries and consumer product outlets industries operate
through out the length and breadth of the country. Gujarat has already occupied an
enviable status in the industrial map of India. We have a multiplicity of factories –
mega chemical works in different industrial zones, SEZ establishments ( giant oil
refining and petrochemical units), large, medium and small scale units etc., Many
more are likely to come up. In nut shell the industrial growth hold the key for the
nation’s prosperity, development and self- reliance.

(b) Safety

Along with the fast track growth of industries, the challenges on safety also have
multiplied. Different types of industries carry different hazards and consequential
risks. The hazards and accident potential vary from physical, mechanical, electrical,
chemical and various other types of allied factors. The prevention tasks are difficult
but inevitable. A sincere and committed approach from all concerned is vital for
achieving the goal of high quality safety standards. Relaxation or negligence on the
part of industries to fulfill the above objective shall not be tolerated by own employees,
statutory bodies, neighboring society or public at large.

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Incidents like Flixborough, Sevso, Chernobyl, Mexico, Bhopal have thrown open lot
of challenges to the next generation industrialists, considering the heavy damage a
single accident can cause – whether in the manufacturing unit, storage/ transfer area,
utility sections or during transportation by any mode ( road, rail, sea etc., )

An accident free plant only will be considered as a productive plant considering the
damage any untoward incident caused by any type of failures – human or machinery/
equipment/ tools/ tackles/ material handling equipment or transportation vehicle.

Q-16 Explain MBO (Management by Objective) (5) 2013, 2012

Ans. In management system the integrates many key managerial activities in a

systematic manner, consciously directed towards the effective and efficient
achievement of organizational and individual.

Silent features of MBO:

• Early emphasis: Peter Drucker acted as a catalyst by emphasizing that

objective must be sent in all areas where performance affects the health of
enterprise.
• Emphasis on performance appraisal : Me Aregon suggested that
subordinates assume the responsibility of setting short term objectives for
themselves and review them with their supervisors. Performance is then
evaluated against that objectives. This approach encourages self-appraisal
of subordinates.
• Emphasis on short term safety objectives and safety motivation.
• Inclusion of strategic safety planning in the safety MBO process.
• Process of Safety MBO.
• Preliminary setting of safety objectives at the top.
• Clarification of organizational safety roles.
• Setting of subordinates safety objectives
• Recycling safety objectives

Benefits of safety MBO

• Better safety managing.

• Clarifies safety organization
• Personal safety commitment.
• Development of effective controls for safety.

Q-17 Explain safety policy. (5) 2013

Ans. As per the statutory requirement under sections 7A(3) and 41 B(2) of Factories Act,
it is mandatory to formulate safety policy in industry.The first step or objective of any
safety management is to formulate its clear safety policy in consultation with top
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management. It is written statement of commitment towards safety. It should be

signed by the occupier . It should reflect the effective date of issue. The policy shall
be circulated to top,middle and supervisor level as well as to all contractors and its
workers and stock holders. It is also display at the entrance of the factory.

Guidelines on the basic contents to appear on Safety Policy.

– Declared intention & commitment of the top management to health, safety and
environment and compliance of all the relevant statutes.

– Organizational set up to carry out the declared policy assigning the

responsibilities at different levels and

– Arrangements for making the policy effective.

• In particular the policy shall specify the following:-

– Arrangements for participation of workers

– Intention of taking into account the health & safety performance of

individuals at different levels while considering their career development

– Fixing accountability for safety by contractors, sub contractors,

transporters or any other service providers entering the factory.

– Providing a resume of the Health & Safety performance of the factory in its
annual reports.

– Adoption of relevant techniques and methodologies such as Audits, Risk

Assessment etc. followed by compliance of all remedial measures

• Stating its intention to integrate Health, Safety in all decision making processes
including those dealing with procurement of plants, equipments, machineries and
materials as well as selection, recruitment & placement of personnel.

• Arrangements for communicating, educating and training/retraining of

employees/contractors/other service providers at different levels and the
neighboring public wherever required.

• A copy of the OH & S policy issued by the occupier shall be made available to
the DISH and other officials of his dept. having direct jurisdiction of the factory.

• The policy shall be made widely notified & known by:-

(i). Providing copies to all workers including trainees, contractor/ transport

personnel and all other service providers, suppliers, customers, neighboring
industries etc.

(ii). Displaying copies at conspicuous locations and

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• The occupier shall revise the Policy as often as may be appropriate, but shall
necessarily be revised under following contexts:-

(a) Whenever any expansion/addition/alteration is made that may have specific

implications on the Safety and Health aspects of personnel at work

(b) Whenever new substance (s) or articles are introduced in the manufacturing
process having implications on the Health & Safety of personnel likely to be
exposed to them.

Q-18 Role and responsibility of safety officer. (5) 2013, 2012

Ans. To advice the concerned departments in planning and organizing necessary

safety measures for the effective control of accidents and injuries.

• To advise on the safety aspects on all jobs and to carry out detailed job safety
studies of specifically chosen and critical activities.

• To check and evaluate the compliance on the recommendations to prevent

recurrence of incidents.

• To advice the purchase and store wings in ensuring the supply of best quality
PPE.

• To advice on matters related to the execution of plant safety inspections.

• To carry out own independent inspections about the physical conditions of the
work place, practices and procedures followed by workers and to extend advice
on corrective measures to be adopted .

• To render advice related to reporting and investigation of accidents and

occupational illnesses/ diseases.

• To undertake specific in depth investigation studies on selected accidents

especially those which are very serious (fatal, disability cases, fires, mishaps ,
dangerous occurrences as defined under statutes. etc., ).

• To advice on the preparation / preservation of records on accidents/ dangerous

occurrences, occupational diseases etc.,

• To promote the setting up of safety committees and function as convener,

member secretary/ coordinator etc.,

• To organize campaigns and other promotional activities in association with

concerned departments.

• Design, formulate, organize and conduct training programs on safety for all
employees in consultation with training departments as applicable.

Q-19 Explain role of safety committee (5) 2013, 2012

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Ans. Section 41 G of the Factories Act and Rule 68 F of GFR provides the constitution of
the safety committee in the factory where 250 or more workers are employeed.

Composition of the committee:

A senior officer of the company from Production or Maintenance Group shall be the
chairman of the committee. Safety officer or Medical officer shall work asSecretary
of the committee. Employer shall nominate member from Production, maintenance
and purchase department.Workers representative shall be elected by the workers.
There will be a equal number of representatives from employees and workers.

Tenure of safety committee shall be for he period of two years. It shall meet as often
as necessary but at least once in every three month. The minutes of the meeting shall
be recorded and produced to the Factory Inspector on demand.

Function of Safety Committee:

• Assisting and co-operating with the management in achieving the aims and objectives
outlined in the Health and safety policy.
• Dealing with all matters concerning health,safety and environment and to arrive at
practicable solution to problems encountered.
• Creating safety awareness amongst the workers.
• Carrying out health snd safety surveys and identifying cause of accidents.
• Looking into any complaint of an imminent danger to the safety and health of the
worker and suggesting corrective measures
• Reviewing the implementation of the recommendations made by it earlier.

Q-20 Explain Barriers in communication. (5) 2013, 2012

Ans. There are many hurdles in effective communications. Following factors are known
barrier in communications.

1. All people do not remain present.

2. Some people are present but not attentive or interested.
3. Some people present but can not read or hear properly.
4. Different age groups have different respectively
5. Speakers voice is not clear orislow
6. Some people think that they know everything.

Q-21 Explain following terms with respect to principle of management (5) 2013

Ans. Authority: It means legal or delegated power or right to give order to a person.

Responsibility:- It is the obligation of a subordinates to perform the duty as

required by his superior.
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Span of Management: It refers to the number of subordinates a manager or

supervisor can supervise effectively because of his
limitation of time, capacity, ability, nature of work etc.

Power:- It includes all authority. Authority is always given by a superior to a

subordinate. Power can reside within the person also.

Delegation:- It means conferring authority from one executive or organization unit

to another in order to accomplish particular assignment.

Q-22 Explain X & Y Theory of Motivation (5) 2013

Ans. Theory 'Y' is more useful to develop safety culture by motivation.

Theory X Theory Y
Normal, conventional or old views Modern or correct views regarding
regarding human behavior- human behavior -
1. An average worker has inherent 1. An average worker does not inherently
dislike of work and will avoid it if he dislike the work.
can.

2. An average worker prefers

direction, wishes to avoid 2. An average worker learns not only to
responsibility, has relatively little accept, but also to sick responsibility
ambition and wants security above under proper conditions.
all.
3. Self-control and self-directive are
3. Workers must be corrected,
preferred by the workers to achieve
controlled, directed, threatened or
objectives.
punished to achieve objectives.

Q-23 Explain Human factor in safety. (5) 2013

Ans. Individual differences among employees are an ongoing challenge to managers.

Although differences are often obvious and constant, some factors are common to
all, an important factor that managers and safety professionals must accept while
dealing with different work groups.

Attitudes refer to internal predispositions to behavior; as such they are difficult to be

observed and measured. This distinction is vitally important since measurement of
behaviors lays the groundwork for effective safety management.

Although attitudes are difficult to change directly, changing behavior is not that
difficult. (e.g., people’s attitudes toward seat belts. As the behavior of wearing belts
have changed over the years, the attitudes towards wearing them have not
changed in many cases).

Q-24 Explain “ Planning for safety and various safety plans. (5) 2013, 2012

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Ans. Planning: This encompasses the

(i) Setting up of goals/ objectives
(ii) Formulation Safety Policy.
(iii) Program evolution.
(iv) Budgeting
(v) Setting up of systems, standards, procedures etc.,
Industry specific safety planning also includes design, site identification, layout, plant/
storage areas, effluent disposal facilities, utilities, unit operations, maintenance/
service aspects, administrative back up etc., to name a few.
It is nothing but a long time mission based master plan and formulated/ issued by the
top level management.
Few examples of strategic plan with reference to HSE.
(i) Behavioral improvement.
(ii) Setting up personal code of conduct.
(iii) Development of best safety practices (world class).
(iv) Benchmarking.
(v) Emergency/ disaster management.
(vi) Community safety awareness programs.
(vii) Product safety service.
(Viii) Sharing of information.
(ix) Inter and intra unit cross functional audits/ inspections.
(x) Management Information System (MIS) development.

Q-25 Write short note. Essential of effective communication. (5) 2013

Ans. Essentials of Effective Communication:

Rules, principles or guidelines of effective communication or the measures to

overcome its barriers are as under:

1. Message should be clear, complete, unambiguous and expressed properly.

2. Information should be in proper order/sequence.

3. Medium should be proper and effective.

4. Channel should be sound and undistorted.

5. Clarity - There should be clarity of thought.

6. Brevity - Message should be brief, precise and perfect. Meaningless words,

repetitions, and excessive details should be avoided.
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7. Timeliness - Message should reach in time.

8. Compassion - Sender should be aware of level of understanding and

background of the receiver.

9. Integrity - Message must be consistent with objectives, policies and

programmes. Action and behaviour of the sender should support his message.

10. Feedback - There should be follow up action (if necessary) to get feedback.

11. Careful listening by the receiver is necessary.

12. Strategic use of grapevine - The sender should try to fill up gaps in formal
communication by strategic use of informal channel.

13. Create a climate of faith, trust and good human relations to make the
communication effective and respectful.

14. Communication should be purposeful, at propel speed, sound and with

synchronizing.

15. Line of communication (reporting) should be clear.

16. Evaluation of communication system is useful for improvement.

Q-26 Explain International Labour Organisation (ILO) (5) 2013

Ans. ILO was established in 1919 at Genevain Switzerland. It aims to provide better
service conditions and safety to worker. It has laid down labour standards in the form
of conventions & recommendations. It tries to improve labour rights, working hours,
welfare facility, collective bargaining system,abolition of forced labour, safety
standards etc. ILO provides technical assistance to member countries. It also helps
in the area of vocational training and rehabilitation. It helps in formulating employment
policy, labour administration, framing new labour laws, collecting labour statistics and
social security are other areas where ILO contributes.

Q-27 Explain Management by Exception (MBE) (3) 2012

Ans. Management by Exception has been evolved as a new control technique, in view of
the enormous complexity of modern organizations, where in there are too many
areas of variables that manager may have to focus on. However, it is presumed
that in a good, well planned and well organized company, people will normally work
as per plan, providing expected results, thus management will not have to worry
much on a routine basis. However there will be some deviations from the plan, the
management needs to focus on these deviations: how they occur and how they can
be prevented. The manager is encouraged to find if there is a pattern in these
deviations - do they occur repeatedly, do some deviations occur in combination,
thus giving valuables clues as to what is really happening in an organization.

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Q-28 Explain OHSAS-18001 Standards (5) 2013, 2012

Ans. OHSAS means Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Specification. This is an
international standard given in 1999. It defines requirement related to health and
safety management system. It helps to manage operational risks, and improve
performance. It offers sound occupational health and safety programme. It controls
risk related to occupational health and safety of workers. Benefits of this standard
are:
1. It strengthens Health, safety & Environment
2. It fulfills national and international HSE requirements
3. It helps in complying local legal requirements.
OHSAS 18001 specification follows the Plan i.e. plan-do-check-review cycle. It
emphasis on continual improvement.

Q-29 Purpose and procedure for safety budgeting (4) 2012

Ans. Cost data of accident is very useful for safety budgeting Preplanning is required to
prepare the budget. During the year there should be constant monitoring over the
expenditure projected for safety in the budget. Safety dept. should always have its
annual budget prepared in advance. Safety budget keeps –
1. To provide a plan with cost for maintaining safe place of work.
2. To ascertain the needs & requirement for safety
3. To take care of safety of entire organization
4. To provide money for safety training, poster, publicity, incentive scheme etc.
5. To fulfill legal requirement
6. To justify safety activities
7. To give a fresh look to the budget every year.
8. To find out where we were wrong
9. To correct past mistake.

Q-30 Modern Concept of SHE or HSE. 2012 (4)

Ans. SHE OR HSE are the important concepts in the modern time.HSE , SHE or EHS
terminologies as being conceived in different industries also look for Safety with a
wider meaning of Hazard identification, Risk assessment, Control and Management
based on the impact of accidents on long time health aspects of individuals and the
flora/ fauna of environment.

The modern standards on quality with reference to ISO – 9000/ 14000 series or
OHSAS 18000 and related surveillance audits are aimed at overall performance on
all the three elements. These combination should be kept working. This realistic one
and multi disciplinary.

Q-31 Explain. Various cost of an accident and Ice-burge. (4) 2012

Ans. Frenk Bird (Jr.) explained that the cost of accidents are just like iceberg. In the sea
we can see only 1/3rd part of the iceberg, while 2/3rd part is hidden under the water.
Similarly he explained that only a small part of the cost of accident is unhidden while
major cost of the accident is hidden.

Frank Bird’s iceberg theory says that hidden cost is divided in two parts.
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(a) Uninsured cost of property damage. This can be quantified.

(b) Uninsured miscellaneous cost. This difficult to quantify.

Unhidden cost: This is also called direct cost or insured cost. All medical expenses,
amount paid as compensation, legal fees etc. are unhidden cost.

Hidden cost: This is also called indirect cost of uninsured cost. Hidden cost are as
follows:
• Damage to reputation of the company
• Damage to property, equipment etc.
• Damage to material, stock etc.
• Loss due to delay & interruption in production
• Cost of accident investigation & report preparing
• Cost of legal cases, fees of advocates etc.
• Waste of time of co-worker and management in attending hospital, courts,
government office, discussing accidents etc.
• Cost involved in training the new worker to replace the injured workman.

Q-32 Explain. Duties of Occupier under Factories Act. (4) 2012

Ans. As per GFR in chapter II, Section 7A has narrated the duty of occupier as under:
• Every occupier shall ensure that he is responsible for health, safety and welfare
of all workers while working in the factory.
• He should provide and maintain all plant and systems at work in the factory that
are safe and without risk to health.
• All arrangement in the factory must be ensuring safety and absence of risks to
health in connection with the handling, storage and transport of articles and
substance.
• He should provide information, training and supervision to ensure the health and
safety of all workers.
• All place of factory should be safe and without risks to health.
• He should provide, maintain or monitoring of working environment that will safe
without risk to health.

Q-33 Role of muti-media in training. (4) 2012

Ans. A trainee tends to remember 50% of what he sees and hears and 70% of what he
sees and talks. This is possible by audio visual aid only. Television and video
effectively reproduce actual happening. Therefore safety education and training by
safety films on TV is the most powerful method. Only difficulty is in getting safely films
or safety video cassette easily and frequently. This should be made possible if we
wish to utilise its full role in increasing safety.

Slides, filmstrips and transparencies are easily available or prepared and therefore
they should be used to die extent possible to hold the picture to discuss and
understand it in details which is not possible with a moving film.
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Modern media is a closed circuit television. Travelling units are complete television
studios in themselves and have up-to-date equipment with the control room housed
in a single vehicle. There are fixed and moving cameras, telecine equipment, a video
tap recorder and monitor screens which can be installed up to 500 meter away from
the studio. Using both inside and outside cameras, extensive safety programmed can
be broadcast through the closed network. Such unit can be hired also

Q-34 Difference between Education and Training. (4) 2012

Ans.
Education Training
Explain by way in class room Explain by how in workshop
Education deal with developing the Training deals with the development of
mind, boarding knowledge and skill in performance.
understanding
Education means develop broad Training refers to the skill as applied to
knowledge in that subject. safety.
Safety education is developing Safety training for developing the workers
awareness to the accidents and skill in the use of safe work techniques
mental alertness. and practice.

Q-35 Types of Training (4) 2012

Ans. Types of training are formal and informal.
Formal training may be general or specific. General training includes:
• Induction courses for new employees
• On-going safety training
• Safety representative training
• Supervisory training
• Senior / middle management training
• Director training.

Specific training includes:

• Safety system at work for particular operations
• First aid training
• Specific items of plant or equipment
• Use of personal protective equipment
• Fire precautions
• Safety inspection
• Change of job for which worker is not trained.

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Informal or on the job training is practical in nature and generally takes place on job.
Such job involve individual training for the supervisor and operator.

Q-36 Safety suggestion scheme for accident prevention. (4) 2012

Ans. Every management should realize that the aggregate brain power and resources
fullness of its rank-and-file workman is a veritable gold mine of ideas if it can be
tapped. A properly designed and administered suggestion system is an effective
means of tapping this latent safety knowledge. Essentials to its successful opration
are:
• The management must really want suggestions from its workmen.
• Every suggestion must be taken seriously and if itis not usable, an explanation
must be made to its author as to why it is not.
• Action in each instance should be prompt, or the reason for any necessary delay
explained.
• Anonymity should be respected if desired by the marker of the suggestion.
• Rewards should be in reasonable relation to the value of the suggestion.
• If the plant is organized, the co-operation of theunion should be sought.

While by no means all suggestion systems have proved to be of value, the general
experience when the foregoing essentials are reasonably complied with appears to
have very favorable indeed.

Q-37 Explain Safety bench marking for safety performance. (4) 2012, 2011
Ans. Benchmarking has two meanings: Firstly, we set up a reference or standard for any
or target area and secondly, we measure how well any activity is done as compared
to this standard.

A benchmarking is normally created when there are no standards or when standards

are some how not very useful. Bench marking can be very useful in areas where
measurement is easy, like motor failure rate, safety relief or rupture disc bursting rate
etc.

Bench marking is done with reference to some other trustworthy performance data,
like motor failure rate in similar industry or similar type of personnel etc. After a bench
mark is established or chosen, it becomes “information” like any other.

Industries have been doing this on their own, but it will get a boost now due to the
requirement of mutual aid as per the latest legal provisions. Thus, industries will get
together and see which units are performing best on different safety parameters, and
will make sure the best practices are brought out and followed by all.

Q-38 Importance of MIS for SHE. (4) 2012

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Ans. Management Information System (MIS) has become a powerful tool for industry,
trade and business in the modern world. It should be user friendly and easy to
understand.The area of Safety, Health & Environment has also been delighted by an
entry of computers and internet. The huge amount of information on accident
statistics, health data and environmental aspects can, now, be easily stored,
analysed, transmitted and used for many purposes.Software should be developed for
information in this vital area of safety, health and environment.

There should be effective MIS between Safety Department and the top management
of the company to appraise the work being done by the Department. Similarly it
should also be developed/extended for bottom line management and the outside
authorities to provide quick and tabulated information in wide areas of safety, health
& environment.

Computer, FAX, Internet, E-Mail and V-mail system can be used to devise various
formats, tables, charts, symbols, graphs and documents to report, analyse, reply and
store the information pertaining to accidents, statutory requirements, compliance,
training programmes, safety meetings, future planning, budgeting, monitoring, work
permit systems, safety appraisal reports, safety audits etc.

Q-39 Explain Heinrich Domino Theory and its ratio(5) 2012

Ans. H.W. Heinrich has studied 75000 of accident cases and made analysis that 88%
accidents are due to unsafe act, 10% due to unsafe conditions and 2% accidents are
unpreventable. Explaining the foundation of a major injury he selected 330 accidents
of the same kind and involving the same person, 300 results in no injuries, 29 in minor
injuries and 1 in a major lost time injury. He explains this 300-29-1 ratio as an aid in
accident prevention. When an employee, either because of his repeated unsafe
action or repeated exposure to an unsafe mechanical condition, suffers 300 no injury
accidents, 29 minor injury like slip and fall, minor cut injury and 1 will cause major
injury that means keeps away from working for more than 48 hours and above.

In above ratio cases, a major injury is any case that is reported to Factory Inspector.
A minor injury is a scratch,bruise such as is commonly termed a first-aid case. A no-
injury accident is an unplanned event involving the movement of a person or an object
having the probability of causing personal injury or property damage nut not resulted
in injury. (near-miss)

Replying misunderstanding and misquotation of this ratio, he states that this ratio is
an average. Sometimes a major or serious injury occurs the very first time a person
acts unsafely or is exposed to mechanical hazard – in other cases he is no
endangered hundreds or thousand of times and may slip or fall many times before
injury is sustained.

Q-40 Leadership style in safety Management. (4) 2012

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Ans. A leadership approach from management to enhance safety culture shall encompass
following attributes:-

• Earning workers’ trust and confidence on all developmental programs through

effective communication.
• Focusing on safety, not just in so called “productivity” as the term was originally
confined to “production, profit and business promotion”.
• Consistently acting in favor of safety when choices are thrown up.
• Involving employees in developing & formulating all types of “Loss control”
activities.

Role, functions and attributes of a leader.

• Present managerial personnel are fully aware about the adverse consequences
of all activities having “safety concern”.

• Therefore the primary role of management is to maintain constant “contact”

approach with the shop level personnel – through talking/ communicating/
participating/ cooperating/ practicing .

• Leadership role includes ensuring on compliance of safety systems by field

personnel, rating the performance level of employees with safety consciousness
as a key element, enforcement of progressive discipline, counsel, investigation of
incidents, facilitating resource mobilization – money, material or administrative
assistance in need, upkeep/ maintenance of equipment/ facility/ work place safety,
etc.

Q-41 State various safety promotional and publicity activities for ind.Giving their
advantage. (8) 2012
Ans. (i) Financial Incentive:

Financial reward to the most useful suggestion or activity in safety is the commonest
method. Other financial incentives should also be given for suggestion to solve
particular safety problem of plant or process, machine or equipment etc. Suggestion
of good design for a guard or safety device should always be rewarded by handsome
amount.

(ii) Non-Financial Incentives:

Award for safety performance, trophy, memento, certificate of merit, public honour,
praise or pride, awarding special safety hat or kit or symbol of recognition, awarding
special status and duties of safety work, giving special position such as honorary
member of safety committee, raising the cadre or post, giving extra designation for
any remarkable safety contribution are all examples of non-financial incentives.

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These non-financial incentives are self preservation, personal and material gain,
loyalty, responsibility, pride, conformity, rivalry, leadership, logic and humanity. If
these incentives are properly utilised they help much in accident prevention work.

Safety performance (frequency and severity rates) of different groups can be

compared for the same period. Here groups are motivated for competition. Similarly
factories can be invited for contest if district, state or nation-wide competition is
arranged. State and National Safety Councils do this. Every year safety competitions
are held among similar class of factories to boost up safety activities and group
motivation.

In any type of safety contest the rules of contest and comparison must be well
defined, declared beforehand and fair and reasonable to all participants. Scoring
system should be simple or easy to understand. Winners may get shield, certificate
or good prize but non-winning participants should also be compensated for
encouragement. The competition movement as a whole should be encouraged as
this effort itself is most important. Competition should be fair and fine and fitting to its
noble cause.

Other promotional teaching methods for employees' participation are safety posters,
cartoons, signs and slogans, publications, booklets, bulletin boards, safety contests
and rewards, counselling of education and training, demonstration, safety meetings,
safety campaigns and stunts, first-aid training, fire brigades, safety- inventory or
questionnaire, accident investigation, inspection, job safety analysis etc.

Q-42 Explain Types of power. (4) 2012

Ans. There are different types of power which can effluence the result of the negotiations
or create an impact on the management. However if you don’t use the power, your
having power is useless. Following are different types of power.
1. Position
2. Knowledge or Expertise
3. Character or ethics
4. Rewards
5. Punishment
6. Gender
7. Powerlessness
8. Personal power or Charesma
9. Lack of interest or desire
10. Craziness

Q-43 List theories of motivation and explain any one in brief.(4) 2012
Ans. Some motivation theories are developed to motivate people to improve their
performance which are mentioned below:
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1. Maslow’s Hierarchy Theory - Detail Answer mentioned at below

2. ERG Theory
3. Herzberg’s and Myer’s Theory
4. Peterson’s Behavior Model
5. Vroom’s Valance Theory
6. Goal Setting Theory

Q-44 List various theories of Accident causation and explain in brief of any
one.(8)2012
Ans. Various theories are developed to explain the phenomena of accident causation as
under.
1. Heinrich’s theory Detail Answer mentioned above
2. Frank Bird’s Domino Theory
3. V.L. Grose Multiple causation Theory
4. System model theory
5. Ferrell’s Human Factor theory
6. Petersen’s Accident-incident causation theory
7. Epidemiological theory
8. Surry’s decision theory
9. Energy theory

Q-48 Explain Major Accident Hazard. (4) 2012

Ans.

Q-45 Write the old concept of accident proneness. (4) 2012

Ans. Industrial accidents are occurred either due to unsafe condition or unsafe act.
Unsafe conditions like mechanical causes i.e. unguarded machinery, defective
equipment, dangerous situation etc, Chemical causes i.e. toxic release, exposure,
fire, explosion etc., physical causes i.e. physical work load, working hours, heat,
light, noise, vibration, dust, fumes,working environment and working conditions.

Unsafe act like physiological causes i.e. age,sex,posture, physical fitness, health,
physical fatigue etc. psychological causes like motivation, skill, training, habit,
worry, poor attitudes etc.

An engineer or safety officer can remove unsafe conditions. Accident proneness

depend on age, sex and experience, physical condition, use of alchohol, attitude
towards organisation are main factor. Other factor such as height, weight, age,
distance, method at work, medical history, intelligence, smoking, interest, domestic
stress etc.

Some people are constitute that their nature cause them to bring about accidents
and so to injured themselves and others. Such individual is known as accident
prone or accident susceptible persons. Accident prone people are not necessary
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accident repeaters. They may or may not repeat the accident depending upon their
learning, experience, training, habits and other personal factor. Accident people do
not mean a fixed group responsible for all accidents every time. Accident proneness
is a variable qualitative factor and any man can be accident prone at any time
depending upon personal factor. So accident proneness is a reality to some extent
and not a myth.

Q-46 Define controlling and list technique of controlling safety. (5) 2011
Ans. To complete the management cycle it is important to know about the function of
controlling after knowing about planning, organising, staffing and directing.

Managerial control implies the measurement of accomplishment against the standard

and the correction of deviations to assure attainment of objectives according to plans.

Controlling for safety can be defined as "a process that verifies and guides activities
towards predetermined (planned) safety goals and takes necessary action, if
required, to achieve the goals."

Characteristics: Main characteristics (nature) of control are that it is (1) a system

(2) universal (3) a continuous process (4) forward looking (5) an influence process
and (6) involving measurement.

Need (Purpose) : Its main purpose are (1) to measure progress (2) to uncover
deviations or change, delegation, mistakes, complexity etc., and (3) to indicate
corrective action.

Importance (benefits) : It offers (1) Guide to operations (2) Policy verification (3)
Managerial accountability (4) Employee morale (5) Psychological pressure and (6)
Co-ordination in action.

Types (Kinds) : Controls are of three kinds (1) Feedback control (2) Concurrent
control and (3) Feed forward control.

Areas of Control: They are over (1) personnel (2) performance of production (with
safety) (3) Finance and (4) Morale.

Steps (Elements) of Control Process : They are (1) Establishment of standards -

qualitative and quantitative (2) Measurement of performance (3) Comparing
performance with standards (4) Analysis of Deviations and (5) Taking corrective
action.

Requirements of Effective Control System : The essentials are that the control
system should be (1) Simple and easily understandable (2) Flexible and not rigid
(3) Objective and need base (4) Forward looking (5) Prompt (6) Strategic point
control (7) Motivating (8) Suggestive (9)-Economical and (10) Less time
consuming.

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Control Techniques: They include (1) Breakeven-analysis (2) PERT and CPM (3)
Budgetary control (4) Zero based budgeting (5) Management Information System
(MIS) and (6) Controlling or Monitoring by Safety Standards.

Q-47 Explain.Conflict and Morale

Ans. Conflict:-
• It means an opposition or obstruction between two courses one has to pursue at
the same time.
• Conflict can be between two persons, two ideas or two instructions
• Conflicting instructions can lead to neglect of one or both by the workers and it
may cause an accident.
• It means violent mental struggle
• It reduces productivity and production.
• Conflict arises because of jealousy, bad behavior, favoritism, working condition or
environment. etc.

Moral:-
• It means ethical values and loyalty towards work.
• It means high value of life and team spirit of a group.
• It means an extent to which a person feels satisfied with his needs that come from
his total job situation- job satisfaction.
• High moral means high safety, high quality, higher output and better health of
worker.

Q-48 Short Note. Importance and limitation on the job training. (3) 2011
Ans. On-the-job training is practical in nature and generally takes place on the job. Such
job contact sessions may involve individual on one to one basis with the supervisor
training an operator for the work he has to carry out.

First the supervisors are trained for this purpose showing them the job safety or risk
analysis. Then in turn they train the employees mostly new. It imparts necessary skill
for the job involving worker to do the job systematically and safely. Injury to the trainee
or the job is possible due to normal mistake of the trainee. Therefore its usage is
limited to situations where mistakes can be tolerated. Airline pilots and Surgeons are
allowed on the job practice only after their skills have been sharply honed using off
the job simulation techniques.

Some methods used in this type of training are coaching (personal attention), job
instruction training (JIT), special assignment and job rotation.

It is supervisor's or training instructor's responsibility to train the employees under

him for safe methods, machine guarding, identification of hazards in each step and
its remedial measure, need and use of safety equipment, avoidance of shortcuts,
hasty actions, overconfidence etc.
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Q-49 Explain V.L. Grose multi causation theory. (6) 2011

Ans. As per many contributing factors combine together in random fashion, causing
accidents. Such factor should be identified. Mostly man, machine and media
interact with each other to generate causes for accident and management has to
identify them and provide necessary safety measures. In this theory:
1. Man includes – workers, public etc.
2. Machine includes – equipment, vehicles etc.
3. Media includes – environment, weather, roadways etc.
4. Management means within which above three parameters operate i.e. to be
controlled by the management.

Characteristics of -

1. Man includes – age, sex, height, skill level, training, motivation etc.
2. Machine includes – size, weight, speed, shape, material of construction etc.
3. Media includes – pressure, temperature, content, contaminants, obstruction on
road etc.
4. Management includes - structure, style, policy, procedure, communication etc.

Simple example of this theory is a man slipping due to walking on a banana skin
lying on the road. Here main contributing factors are as under:
Man – A man walking on the road.
Machine or object vehicle - Slippery Banana skin.
Media - Hard road.

All other causes are interacting with each other to lead to the accident. Absence of
any one cause can avoid the accident. This indicates that slippery banana should
be removed from the road or man should be more attentive for not walking on it or
the road should not be hard to cause slipping.

The application of the multiple causation theory leads us to deep causation analysis
and improved management systems are suggested to eradicate the problem from
its origin. The range and depths of the multiple causation factors provide many
details of long-run safety measures.

Q-50 Explain Safety competitions. (4) 2007

Ans. This is method of workers' participation in safety. Competitions (contests) are of two
types: (1) Individual comparison - where individual worker takes part in competition
and award is given by comparing individual performance. Examples are safety
speech or quiz, essay, poem or slogan writing, posters or cartoons etc. (2) Group
comparison - where groups take part in competition and award is given by comparing
group versus group. Examples are department wise housekeeping competition.

Q-51 Discuss Maslow’s theory of motivation with the hierarchy of needs.15)

2011
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Ans. If motivation is driven by existence of unsatisfied needs, then it is worthwhile for a

manager to understand which needs are the more important for individual employees.
In this regard Abraham Maslow developed a model in which basic, low level needs
such as physiological requirements and safety must be satisfied before higher level
needs such as self fulfillment are pursued. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is shown in
the following diagram:

1. Physiological Needs: Physiological needs are those required to sustain life such
as:
• Air
• Water
• Nourishment
• Sleep
According to Maslow’s theory, if such needs are not satisfied then one’s
motivation will arise from the quest to satisfy them.
2. Safety & Security needs: Once physiological needs are met, one’s attention turns
to safety and security in order to be free from the threat of physical and emotional
harm. Such needs might be fulfilled by:
• Living in a safe area.
• Physical safety
• Job security
• Financial Reserves.
According to Maslow’s
Self-fulfillment needs 5
hierarchy, if a person
Esteem or Ego needs 4 feels that he or she is in
Social needs 3 harm’s way, higher needs
will Safety & Security needs 2 not receive much
Physiological Needs 1 attention.
3. Social Needs: Once a
person has met the lower level physiological and safety needs, higher level needs
become important, the first of which are social needs. Social needs are those
related to interaction with other people and may include:
• Need for friends
• Need for belonging
• Need to give and receive love.
4. Esteem or Ego needs: Once a person feels a sense of belonging, the need to feel
important arises. Esteem needs may be classified as internal or external. Internal
esteem needs are those related to self esteem such as self respect and
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achievement. External esteem needs are those such as social status and
recognition. Some esteem needs are:
• Self-respect
• Achievement
• Attention
• Recognition
• Reputation
• Social status
5. Self-fulfillment needs :Self-fulfillment is the summit of Maslow’s hierarchy of
needs. It is the quest of reaching one’s full potential as a person. Unlike lower
level needs, this need is never fully satisfied as one grows psychologically there
are always new opportunities to continue to grow. Self fulfillment people tend to
have needs such as
• Truth
• Justice
• Wisdom
• Meaning
Limitation of Maslow’s Hierarchy:
While Maslow’s hierarchy makes sense from an intuitive stand point, there is little
evidence to support its hierarchical aspect. In fact, there is evidence that contradicts
the order of needs specified by the model.Maslow’s hierarchy also has difficulty in
explaining cases such as the starving artist in which a person neglects lower needs
in pursuit of higher ones.

Even though Maslow’s hierarchy lacks scientific support, it is quite well known and is
the first theory of motivation to which many people are exposed.

Q-52 Short Note. C.B.T. (Competence Building Techniques) (5) 2011

Ans. Competence is a special skill to complete with others and make your head way. It is
developed by hard and strong will power. Skill is required for the normal work. But
competence is required for achieving high goals. Article 51-A of Indian Constitution
requires all citizens to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and
collective activity so that nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and
achievement.

A person needs physical fitness and knowledge for safety. Even the proper attitude
for safety is not enough. A person also needs Competence in order to do his job.
Whenever our tests or observations indicate that a person does not have the required
competence in any particular field, it is our responsibility to build it; otherwise both the
person and the organization are looser.

Q-53 Explain Safety competitions. (4) 2007

Ans. This is method of workers' participation in safety. Competitions (contests) are of two
types: (1) Individual comparison - where individual worker takes part in competition
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and award is given by comparing individual performance. Examples are safety

speech or quiz, essay, poem or slogan writing, posters or cartoons etc. (2) Group
comparison - where groups take part in competition and award is given by comparing
group versus group. Examples are department wise housekeeping competition.

Q-54 Discuss communication with its types and barriers. (15) 2011
Ans. Communication means the process of passing information and understanding from
one person to another. It is the process of imparting ideas and making oneself
understand by others. It is fundamental and vital to all managerial functions.

Communication is very vital to a safety manager. It is need daily in his work.

Communication can be upwards, downwards and even horizontal.

While it may not be possible to improve communication overnight, barriers to good

communication should be recognized and removed. These include bad
expression, faulty translation, misunderstanding while passing on a message, fear,
inattention etc. Surprisingly, it is often assumed that “everyone knows” and
therefore there is no communication. This is called the failure to communicate.

Purpose of communication
• To tell the people what I know
• TO tell the people what I want them to know
• To know from them what they desire to know
• To know from them what they need to know
• To communicate new ideas
• To communicate results or decision
• To motivate them for a specific goal.

Steps for effective communication

Good communication should be done systematically. If all steps are followed
carefully, the communication shall be done effectively and there will be no future
problems like miscommunication.
• Develop the idea to be communicated
• Select proper method and words for communication
• Choose to communicate either by speaking, writing or signaling
• Encoding or decoding as per requirement

Types or Methods for communication

• One way communication

• Two way communication
• Open loop communication
• Close loop communication
• Written communication
• Oral communication
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• Gesture communication
• Communication through modern techniques with the help of computers

Two important methods of communication are one way communication and the other
is two way communications.

A) One way communication

In this method, authority passes on the orders, directions, announcement
etc. Where there is no feedback or reactions are available. However this
very useful when many people are to be informed in a short time.

I) Means of one way communication:

a) Posters
b) Wall frames
c) Newspaper
d) Notice boards
e) Pamphlets
f) Hand outs
g) SMS & E-mail
h) Intercom, loud speaker
i) Films, TV, Radio or other mass media

II) Advantage of one way communication

a) Economical
b) Communicated to a large of people in a short time
c) Very useful for short message
d) No debate and no friction
e) Very useful for communicating timings, changes in time, cancellation of meetings,
visits etc.

III) Dis-advantage of one way communication

a) Difficult to transfer ideas effectively

b) Difficult to access whether they have understood it properly or not
c) Reaction are not known and therefore if there is mistake or
misunderstanding, there is no scope for correction

B) Two way communication

Two-way communication is done in the presence of concerned parties. IT is
therefore considered very useful in important decision taking process.

I) Means of two-way communication:

a) Meetings
b) Group discussion
c) Across the table talks
d) Seminars
e) Conferences
f) Telephone talks
g) Internet communication through computers

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II) Advantage of two way communication

a) Feed back and reactions are available
b) Results are known
c) Because of group discussions we know the ideas of others
d) Failure in implementation can be prevented
e) Corrective measures can be taken and scheme are improved
f) We can achieve effective implementation

III)
Dis-advantage of two way communication
a) Very time consuming
b) Expensive
c) Possibilities of frictions amongst participants
d) Delay takes place, some time because of difference of options, decisions
are delayed or postponed
e) Some time prejudice are widened

There are many hurdles in effective communications. Following factors are known
barrier in communications.

1. All people do not remain present.

2. Some people are present but not attentive or interested.
3. Some people present but cannot read or hear properly.
4. Different age groups have different respectively
5. Speakers voice is not clear or slow
6. Some people think that they know everything.

Q-55 Discuss advantages and disadvantages and computerized MIS.(15) 2011

Ans. Advantages of computerized information systems are -

1. Ready availability of data and ready reproduction (printed copy) of the

stored data.

2. Elimination of monotonous or exhaustive manual labour.

3. No need to keep duplicate records (copies). Reducing files and their storing space.
A shared information can be seen at many places (i.e. in different department,
conference hall etc.).

4. Improved communication with neat, clean and correct copies. Electronic mail
systems can facilitate communication within and between facilities and within
short time.

5. Data standardisation and accuracy.

6. Improved analytical capabilities. Analyses not manually practical, can be easily

done by a computer. Graphs and Charts also available.

7. Cost savings by increasing employee productivity, decreasing manpower etc.

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Disadvantages (limitations) of computerised nation systems are

1. According to circumstances, need of computers is not always justified.

Sometimes it may be premature or totally unjustified on economic grounds.

2. Computers' limitations should be understood. They are not designed for

automatic information generation or processing. An operator is required to make
data-entry or supply basic information (programme) to computers and his error
can give wrong or incomplete information or sometimes erase it and manual
search becomes necessary. Mistakes can become repetitive if not corrected in
time.

3. Computers can suggest references to documents. They cannot eliminate the

need to go through these documents to locate the required information.

4. A typical virus can wash out all information stored in the computer. Then retrieval
or restoration of data becomes necessary.

5. Manpower reduction for unemployment.

Computerized of MIS is mentioned above.

Q-56 Discuss principles of general management by Henri Fayol of France. (15)

2011
Ans. General Principle of Management by Henry Fayol has listed below.
1. Division of work:- Work of every person should be limited to a single leading
function to do more and better work with the same effort.
2. Authority & Responsibility:- They go hand in hand. Authority is the right to give
orders and power to exact obedience. Responsibility arises when authority is
given. Responsibility implies an obligation to perform duty in a satisfactory
manner.
3. Discipline:- It is the obedience to agreement between members and must prevail
throughout an organization for its smooth functioning.Clear understanding
between workers and management regarding their rules, regulations, orders and
penalties is necessary.
4. Unity of command :-Every employee should receive orders from one superior
only. Dual command is a source of conflict or confusion.
5. Unity of Direction:-There should be one head and one plan for a group of
activities having the same objective to ensure unity and co-ordination in
management.
6. Loyalty to work:-Employee’s personal interest should not dominate the general
i.e. management’s interest. Personal interest should be sacrificed.
7. Fair Remuneration: The amount and method of payment should be just fair and
satisfactory to both employees and employers.
8. De-centralize of power:- To decrease subordinates role is centralization and to
increase it is decentralization.
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9. No short cut (Scalar of chain):- Normally a chain of authority runs from top to
bottom level, but however if it is very long and cause delay, cross-communication
(short-cut) between two employee at lower level should be permitted to avoid such
delay.
10. Good house keeping:- There should be proper arrangement of men and
materials in required order. As there should be a place for everything and
everything should be in its proper place.
11. Impartiality treatment: There should be equity, justice, kindness and impartiality
in treatment to employees and a sympathetic and unbiased attitude toward them.
12. Job Security: Provide job security and long term service to reduce labour turn
over. Instability hampers interest , motivation and efficiency of employees.
13. Encourage creativity: This refers to freedom to think and take decision.
Employees should be given an opportunity to take initiative to formulate and
execute plans even though some mistake may occur.
14. Unions are the strength, Don’t break the Unions: Instead of divine and rule
management should strive to install team spirit, co-operation and harmony among
workers to make management united and powerful.

Q-57 Explain need and Importance of safety in industry. (4) 2010

Ans. Everybody recognisessafety need.As industry is useful to society, safety is useful
to industry. A few factors are given below:

1. Industries are increasing to fulfil basic human needs food, clothing, home,
employment or earning and requirements of goods, services and facilities. This
brings industrial hazards of various types viz. mechanical, electrical, noise,
vibration, chemical (fire, explosion, radiation, gas, dust, fumes, poisoning etc.)
and many visible or invisible health hazards. It is the basic need to protect the
human life and environment from all such hazards. Only safety can do it.

2. Direct and indirect costs of accidents are tremendously increasing and causing
the great national loss. This can be prevented by safety (see Part 4, Chapter -
5).

3. Workers are our national wealth. We cannot afford to lose them. Fatal accidents
must be minimised to prevent this fatal loss.

4. Deaths and injuries extend suffering to the families and society also. This must
be prevented or curtailed by safety.

5. Social loss in the form of pain, loss of earning capacity, loss of life or limb, ill-
effects to health, diseases, increase of handicapped persons, increase of court
cases and emotional losses due to accidents must be reduced by safe
conditions, safe practices-and training for them.

6. Productivity is linked with safely. Increasing and maintaining safety gives good
productivity.

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7. Humanitarian, legal, social and economic reasons for accident prevention are
also true for the need of safety.

Q-58 Short Note. Motivation for safety. (5) 2009

Ans. Appraisal, Concept & Nature: Motivation means simulation, excitement, sensitization
or encourage one’s interest, keenness and determination to respond, react or
perform.
When someone has an internal drive to acquire something, it can be inferred he or
she is motivated for that. It is important to realize that someone can be equally
motivated to react just the opposite way we expect. For example, to use a guard to
protect one’s fingers from a saw is perhaps indicative of motivation for safe practices.
How the desire to ignore a safety device since it might decelerate, suspend or
interrupt production could also be a “motivated” reflex.
Hence managers, supervisors, safety professionals etc., need to consider the
concept of conflicting motivating factors - interests while attempting to understand
human actions, emotions or feelings.

Motivating is an important facet of an effective safety program. When any person is

working sincerely to bring out best results by concentrating exclusively on the job he
is performing it is quite natural his full attention may not be directed towards all the
nuances of the safety aspects attached to the difficult task he is performing. In a such
a scenario additional motivational techniques may have to be applied to ensure that
he does not miss such important elements which may some time detrimental to life/
limbs or assets.

His sole attention must be directed toward the positive influence and not the negative
(also probable) side of the motivational effect. This depends on the work scenario,
attitude, behavioral pattern of the employees, motivational techniques being applied,
their effectiveness, applicability or feasibility etc., Hence the need for applying an
emulating and positive motivational technique cannot be over
emphasizedconsidering the stakes on safety in hand.

Q-59 Explain. Statutory provision for safety officer as per factory act/GFR rules
1995. (4) 2010
Ans. There a number of notifications under Section 40B of the Indian Factories’ act
stipulating the appointment of Safety officer having adequate technical qualification
coupled with recognized diploma in industrial Safety (PDIS).

Guidelines regarding the number of Safety officers to be deployed in any type of

industrial installations as per Notification No. KHR -529 –FAC -1077 – 36875-M (1)

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Sr. No. of Workers in the factory No. of Safety Officers to be

No. deployed

1 1,000 to 1,500 One

2 1,501 to 3, 000 Two

3 3, 001 to 4, 500 Three

4 Above 4, 500 Four.

5 100 and above (MAH One

installations)

Q-60 Cost of accident. (5) 2009

Ans. Accident always brings damage to person and or property. Accidents are very costly.
Its prevention is economical.

Costs of accidents are classified in following different categories:

1. Financial cost
2. Non financial cost
3. Direct cost
4. Indirect cost
5. Hidden cost
6. Unhidden cost
7. Insured cost
8. Uninsured cost.

Financial cost: Because of accident management has to pay compensation,

hospital charges, loss of mandays, loss to property, fees paid to legal assistance,
cost of accident investigation etc.
Non financial cost: This is cost of accident which cannot be measured in terms of
money, e.g. pain & suffering, mental stress to workers, their families & to the top
officials of the management, reputation of the company also goes down because of
frequent accidents.
Direct cost – Insured cost – Unhidden cost: All financial cost explained above is the
direct and unhidden cost of accidents. Direct cost can be insured.
Indirect cost – Hidden cost –Uninsured cost
Expenses on following items are indirect cost:
1. Mandays lost of injured persons
2. Time- man hours, cost of other workers in watching the accident,in discussing
the accident or in helping the injured worker or attending the hospital.
3. Time loss by supervisors, manager in accident investigation, preparing reports
etc.
4. Damage to material, stock equipments, plants & other property.
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5. Loss due to stoppage of work, cancellation of orders, contracts etc.

6. Cost of employees welfare and benefits scheme
7. Wage to be paid to the injured workmen and other co-workers attending the
hospital
8. Bad publicity in the market
9. Expanding insurance coverage.

Q-61 State the procedure of design and development of an ideal training programme,
giving various training methods. (16) 2009
Ans. Any training programme should be designed for its specific purpose. Design and
development of safety training programme need systematic job safety or risk
analysis.Following general points are useful in designing and developing any training
programme.
1. Motivation should be the first condition of any type of training.

2. Number of lessons and content to teach should be well designed beforehand.

Steps or sequence of topics should be decided.

3. The amount to be taught in an unit (period) should not be too large or too small.

4. An objective of the training should be decided and the training process should
move toward it. The training procedure should be developed.' A list of training
aids should be prepared.

5. The task to be performed should not be described only but it should be

demonstrated in actual or simulated conditions. "Doing" is important than mere
"Hearing" or "Seeing". Practice makes perfect.

6. The demonstration (by teacher) should be followed by the learner (trainee)

as soon as possible before' he forgets it. The teacher should be given
feedback or knowledge of results.

7. Questions of learners should be properly replied and discussed at all stages

(steps).

8. Ample practice opportunity should be provided and practice encouraged.

9. Frequent and accurate knowledge with examples, pictures, practical etc.,

speeds up learning rate and motivation.

10. The training should be taken to the point of goal and not be left unfinished.

11. Effectiveness of the training should be evaluated and conclusion be drawn to

revise (improve) the training programme and it should be followed in the next
cycle.

The basic design of any training should consist:

1. Identifying the component tasks of a final performance.

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2. Ensuring (in training) that each of these tasks is fully achieved or mastered by
the learner.

3. Arranging the training of the task components in such a way that there will be
positive transfer from learning of one to another.

Main design steps include (1) Setting instructional objectives (2) Determining
programme content..and (3) Selecting instructional techniques for off-the-job and on-
the-job training.

The training methods have two aspects:

1. Theoretical or formal in the classroom and

2. Practical or informal in the job place.

There are two basic goals :

1. To explain the worker to know the job and to do it correctly and

2. To be certain that he knows how to do it ' correctly.

Steps: Any training method should have following steps:

1. Lay down the objective of the training programme.

2. Prepare the training programme.

3. Brief the trainee.

4. Use audio visual aids where appropriate.

5. Review the contents and

6. Follow lip with trainees when the programme is completed.

Some common methods in use are mentioned below:

1. Lecture Method : Oldest and most basic method. Well planned lectures can
cover a large amount of information in a short time. More useful when
participants are more, or their involvement is less required.

2. Discussion Method : Useful with small number of people in a group. The

trainer acts in a limited way as a scene setter or referee encouraging
participants to speak out. The two way communication moves toward
objectives. Participants are more attentive, active and don't feel boredom.

3. Case-study Method : Accident case study is presented explaining how an

actual accident happened or an imaginary accident can happen. Causation
analysis and remedial measures can be discussed by questions and answers.
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Good pictures are more useful to explain the situation effectively. See Chapter-
30 for accident case study.

4. Role playing method : It is a form of learning by doing but in a simulated

situation. Trainees are given 'a situation like in case-study method but instead
of just discussing it they resolve the problem by acting out the roles of the
people involved. Here extrovert trainees show their skill but introvert or shy
trainees unused to such situation get embarrassed.

5. Business Games Method: More useful for business people and skill required
for safety attitude or inspection in buying/selling items which are more safe or
with the details of safety.

6. Sending at training Centres : Institutes, seminars, workshops, special

courses etc. utilises external resources for required training.

7. Job instruction training: Useful to train supervisors who in turn train the
employees. Job instruction training (JTT) involves four steps (1) Preparing the
trainee (2) Demonstrating the job (3) Having the trainee performed the job and
(4) Checking frequently the trainee's performance. All new job assignments
should be preceded by on-the-job training. Each step of job safety analysis
(JSA) is explained with hazard, safe procedure and use of safety equipment.
Use of guards and controls are also explained.

8. Programmed instructions : Programmed instructions are given in a book

form. A trainee learns it, answers the question or solves the problem. The
system has mechanism of learning-checking and relearning.

9. Project work : Project writing is given to trainees. They apply their knowledge
to practical situations.

10. Other methods : Job rotation, committed assignments, HRD training,

sensitivity training, creativity training, in-basket training etc. are other specific
methods.

Q-62 Discuss an ideal safety department placed in an organization for effective

functioning and state the function of safety department. (16) 2008
Ans. Safety organisation can be defined as the structure and process by which groups of
people employees) are divided into sections or departments, each section or
department is assigned specific safety function or duty. Authority and responsibility
of everybody is clearly defined and interrelationship between them is specified for the
accomplishment of organizational safely goals.

Hierarchy of Safety Department from the Safety Board to Safety Committee, their
general and scientific functions and their division of responsibilities are described.
This constitutes a Safety Department. Its size and function varies with the size, nature
and type of the factory with varying style of designations. There may or may not be
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Safety Board and may or may not be Safety Director. It may be headed by a Safety
Manager or Chief Safety Officer or Safety Officer or Safety Superintendent, and he
may be directly reportable to the General Manager as a Head of the Safety
Department.

A system of making safety manager reportable to Personnel Manager or Public

Relations Manager of Chief Engineer or Production Manager is not proper and not
desirable as it keeps his status below to them.

By qualification (engineer with special diploma in safety), experience and expectation

of the most important responsibility of health and safety of the whole factory and
surrounding and of manifold functions is status is not at all lower than these officers
and therefore he should be positioned as independent Head of the Safety Department
directly reportable to the top executive of the company.

the Safety Department must be equipped with sufficient staff and assistants to the
Safety Manager or Officer for his many fold functions and for promotional
opportunities of the safety men at lower cadre in this I department.

Section 40B of the Factories Act 1948, creating the post of safety officer

Rule 6: Duties of Safety Officers: The duties of & safety officer shall be to advise
and assist the factory management in the fulfillment of its obligations, statutory, or
otherwise concerning prevention of personal injuries and maintaining a safe working
environment. These duties shall include the following namely:

1. to advise the concerned departments in planning and organising measures

necessary for the effective control of personal injuries;
2. to advise on safety aspects in all job studies, and to carry out detailed job
safely studies of selected jobs;
3. to check and evaluate the effectiveness of the actions taken or proposed to be
taken to prevent personal injuries;
4. to advise die purchasing of stores department in ensuring high quality and
availability of personal protective equipment;
5. to advise on matters relating to carry out plant safety inspection;
6. to carry out plant safety inspection in order to observe the physical conditions
of work and the work practices and procedures followed by workers and to
render advice on measures to be adopted for removing the unsafe physical
conditions and preventing unsafe actions by workers;
7. to render advice on matters related to reporting and investigation of industrial
accidents and diseases;
8. to investigate selected accidents;
9. to investigate the dangerous occurrences reportable under rule 103 of the
Gujarat Factories Rules, 1963 and in the cases of industrial diseases
contracted by any of the workers employed in a factory reportable under rule
104 of the Gujarat Factories Rules, 1963;
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10. to advise on the maintenance of such records, as are necessary relating to

accidents, dangerous occurrences and industrial diseases;
11. to promote setting up of safety committees and act as an adviser and catalyst
to such committee;
12. to organise an association with the concerned departments, campaigns,
competitions, contests and other activities which will develop and maintain in
the interest of the workers in establishing and maintaining safe conditions of
work and procedure;
13. Design and conduct either independently or in collaboration with the training
departments, suitable training and educational programme for the prevention
of personal injuries.

Q-63 Discuss Management role, function, authority, responsibility and power for
accident control. (10) 2012 or
Q- Differentiate between authority, responsibility and power of a manager.(16)
2008
Ans. Managerial Roles :
Mintzberg describes following ten roles for managers:
I. Interpersonal Roles:
1 Figurehead - acts as head, performs legal and social duties
2 Leader - responsible for work unit.
3 Liaison - maintains outside contacts to get favours, feedback, follow up,
information etc.
II. Information Roles :
4 Monitor - seeks and receives information on progress, performance,
environment etc.,
5 Disseminator - passes information
6 Spokesman - sends information outside
III. Decisional Roles :
7 Entrepreneur - improver of the work unit
8 Disturbance handler - responds to pressure, crisis etc. .
9 Resource allocator - allocates resources of men, money, material, market,
machines, methods etc
10 Negotiator - represents management in settlement, agreement, bargaining,
negotiating, hearing grievances and giving opinion etc.

Authority:
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Authority means legal or delegated power or right to a person. Government officials

have powers vested in them by law and therefore they are called 'Government
authorities'. Similarly when a manager is given powers to perform his managerial
roles, by the higher executive, board or the owner, it is said that he has authority to
act, sign etc. e.g. Safety Officer has authority to design or sign safety work permit or
to sign a purchase order of safety equipment.

Authority can be delegated also. It is decentralization of power downward. A safety

officer can delegates his authority to permit some work to safety supervisors.

Authority gives right to a manager, and disobedience of his order injures his right for
which a penalty is possible. The statements of authority are called "authoritative'
which may set an example. It has force of implementation.

Responsibility:

Authority brings responsibility. When authority is given to a manager, he possesses

responsibility i.e. accountability and is answerable for all works, acts and functions
for which authority was given to him. When a safety officer is authorised for all safety
functions, he becomes responsible i.e. liable to give explanation for the success or
failure of all his decisions, works, functions etc. Safety Officer is responsible for
accident prevention work. When supervisor allows working on unguarded machine
and accident takes place, he is responsible for this work of his omission or
negligence. When responsibility is given to us, we must strive to fulfill it by all our
sincere efforts and care.

Power :

Power means ability or capacity to do something, to act, to control, to exercise force

or command etc. Power also comes with authority because authority gives right and
that right gives power. Powerless person cannot do anything. Manager without power
cannot manage things, subordinates do not follow his orders and goals of
management can never be achieved. Therefore, power should be vested by giving
authority to manager. In case of doubt or ambiguity, powers are to be assumed by
the manager to get the work done. Power is to be exercised with due care and
reasonable requirement. Undue use of power may create opposition.

A manager's power may be measured in term of his ability to give order or reward,
individuals, withdraw order or reward etc. Power is an important means to enforce
obedience to the rules, regulations and decisions of the organisation. Its use
(exercise) may affect the behavior of people.

Thus, authority, responsibility and power go side by side and are useful tools for
managers to achieve the organisational goals.

Q-64 Distinction between authority and power

Ans. It can be explained as under :

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No. Authority Power

1 Right to do or command. Ability to do or command.
2 Derived from position in organisation Derived from many sources like
or institution. authority, seniority, knowledge,
competence etc.
3 Flows downward – can be delegated. Flows in all direction – cannot be
delegated.
4 Legitimate – resides in the position. May be illegitimate, extra
constitutional or assumed.
5 Increases as one goes up in May or may not accompany increase
hierarchy. in authority.
6 Right to allocate resources. Ability to control resources.
7 Narrow term- one source or subset of Broad concept – can achieve result
power. when authority fails.
8 Visible from organisation chart. It is Not visible from organisation chart.
institutionalized power.

Q-65 Explain the importance of delegation and decentralization of authority for

improving managerial effectiveness. (16) 2008
Ans Delegation means assigning work to others and giving them authority to do it. It gives
right to decision making in certain defined areas and charging subordinates with
responsibilities for carrying Out those assigned tasks.

Importance of Delegation:

1. Human capacity is limited. By delegation, a manager can distribute his

workload to others and he can concentrate on more important policy matters.
2. It facilitates quick decisions because the authority to decide lies near the point
of action. Subordinate can decide easily and quickly.
3. It enables to obtain specialised knowledge and expertise of subordinates.
4. It improves job satisfaction, motivation and morale of subordinates. It satisfies
their needs of recognition, responsibility and freedom. It prepares a second
line of command which is always useful.
5. It increases interaction, understanding and healthy relationship with
subordinates. It binds group members together.
6. It is an aid to executive development. It facilitates expansion and diversification
of business through a team of competent and experienced workers.
Principles of Delegation:
1. Define functions (job, target, results) before delegation.
2. Delegate authority and power necessary.
3. Parity (balance) of authority and responsibility should be maintained.
4. Responsibility cannot be delegated.
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5. Unity of command i.e. a subordinate should be responsible to one superior

only.
6. Limits of authority of each subordinate should be well defined.
7. Authority level principle i.e. each subordinate should take decision within his
jurisdiction only and matters beyond his scope of authority should be referred
to superior.
8. Scalar principle i.e. chain of authority should go without break from top to
bottom in organisation structure. Each employee should be aware of the
source from which authority and command flow up to him and to whom he
should report his work .and difficulties.

Decentralisation of Authority':Decentralisation is associated with fundamental

principle of democratic management. Centralisation and decentralisation are relative
and opposite terms. Neither 100% centralisation nor decentralisation is desired or
possible. Proper balance between them is required depending on nature and span of
the management.

Difference between Delegation & Decentralisation:

No. Delegation Decentralisation

1 It is a technique of management. It is a philosophy of management.
2 Relationship between superior & Relationship between top
subordinate. management and other department
or divisions.
3 It is essential and useful. It is optional. Management may or
may not disperse authority.
4 Person who delegates, holds control Control is delegated to departmental
over subordinates. heads.
5 It is a process or an act. It is the end result of delegation.
6 Delegation is possible without Decentralisation of not possible
decentralisation. without delegation.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Decentralisation :

No. Advantages Disadvantages

1 Relief a top executives. Difficulties of co-orindate.
2 Motivation of subordinates. Expensive (staff cost).
3 Executive development. Problems of control.
4 Quick decisions. Internal constraints.
5 Effective communication. External constraints e.g. market,
unionism, Govt. policy.
6 Efficient supervision and control. Harmful in emergency.
7 Growth & diversification. Loss in staff service.
8 Development of initiative and Lack of uniformity.
responsibility.
9 Boosts morale. Narrow product lines.
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 Safety Management PDIS - 101

10 Simplifies division of work. Pressure increases on departmental

heads.
11 Development of leadership. Importance and effect of superior are
decreased.
12 Stability and continuity.
13 Flexibility.
14 Develops harmony.
15 Preserves grip on market.

Effective Decentralisation : This requires

1. Proper balance between centralisation&decentralisation.

2. Centralised authority to decide proper decentralisation, co-ordination and to

resolve its problems.

3. Good number of competent managers.

4. Effective and speedy communication.

5. Adequate controls to distribute resources, assign costs, lay down standards

and norms.

6. Willingness of the top management to share authority downward.

Q-66 Use of various standards for safety. Discuss. (8) 2009

Ans.

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