Computing Year 10

Semester 2, 2024
_____________________________________________________________________________

Student name: Đoàn Minh Khôi

Date of Submission: 28/8/2024

Content: Networks and communications

Task 3: Setting up a home network with internet connection

Part 1:
● Modem
● Network Interface Card (NIC)
● Switch
● Router
● Wireless access point
● Firewall
Modem - It connects your home to your Internet Service Provider through a physical link. What it
does is, it converts digital information from your computer into analog signals which can be sent over
phone lines or other communication channels and vice versa. This enables the computer to send
data onto the network and also receive information from the network as well.

A Network Interface Card (NIC) - This is an essential hardware, that provides the connection
between the computer and network. It may work through a wired connection like Ethernet or a
wireless one such as Wi-Fi. The NIC is in charge of managing data transmission: it must see to it
that information passes with ease between the computer and the network. Therefore, this
component plays a key role in making communication possible and sharing data within a given
network.

A switch - This is very important in connecting several IT devices within a Local Area Network
(LAN), such as computers. It does this by smartly directing data packets meant for specific
destination devices, not all devices connected. Such transmission of data is directed and thus helps
optimize network performance by reducing unnecessary traffic and minimizing data collision; thus,
the goal of having an effective and reliable environment is set.

A router - is a special device that connects several packet-switched networks or subnets – for
example, a local computer network (LAN) with the Internet. It controls and operates the actual flow
of data packets between these networks, making information get to where it needs to be. Routers
also possess other features such as a firewall to protect your network and connectivity by providing
Wi-Fi to enhance other equipment to communicate with the internet.
Wireless access point - It connects a wireless device to the wired network infrastructure. Making it
possible for such devices to access network resources and the internet. In other words, a WAP acts
as a bridge between wireless devices and wired networks. Therefore, it allows them to share
information or communicate over a predetermined path. As well as Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
encryption.

Firewall - is an arrangement of assurance that keeps unapproved access to a PC or a whole

system of PCs associated with the Internet. It enables clients to screen and control both
approaching and active system movement dependent on an arrangement of tenets. It will be like an
obstruction between any interior and outside systems. Principle capacities executed by the firewall
are bundle sifting, stateful assessment, intermediary administration, organized address
interpretation (NAT), and logging. Firewalls can be executed as equipment programming, or both.
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Differences between wireless and wired transmission

Wired transmission:
Medium: Uses physical cables such as copper wire, fiber optic cable, or twisted pair.
Data transmission: Usually involves a direct, continuous signal path.
Common uses: Ethernet, phone lines, cable TV.
Wireless transmission:

Wireless transmission:
Medium: Uses electromagnetic waves such as radio waves, microwaves, or infrared signals.
Data transmission: Involves transmitting signals through the air.
Common uses: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular networks, satellite communications

A brief explanation of the differences

Wired transmission uses physical cables to transmit data, ensuring a reliable and stable connection,
while wireless transmission uses electromagnetic waves to transmit data through the air, which
allows flexibility and mobility.

Advantages and disadvantages of wired transmission

Advantages:
Reliability: Less susceptible to interference and signal attenuation.
Speed: Typically faster data transfer rates, especially when using fiber-optic cables.
Security: More secure, as physical access to the cable is required to intercept data.
Disadvantages:
Mobility: Limited by the physical connection, limiting freedom of movement.
Installation: Installation and maintenance can be cumbersome and expensive.
Scalability: Difficult to expand, as adding new equipment requires additional wiring.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Wireless Transmission

Advantages:
Mobility: Allows device movement and flexibility without physical constraints.
Installation: Easier and more cost-effective to set up since no complicated wiring is required.
Scalability: Easily add new devices without additional physical infrastructure.
Disadvantages:
Interference: Susceptible to interference from other wireless devices and physical obstacles.
Security: More susceptible to interception and hacking due to the nature of wireless signal
transmission.
Speed: Typically slower than wired connections, although technological advances are narrowing this
gap.

Stability and speed of wired transmission:

Stability: Wired connections are very stable, less prone to failure, and provide a consistent and
reliable connection.
Speed: Wired networks, especially fiber optic networks, provide higher data transfer rates and lower
latency, which is ideal for real-time applications such as gaming and video conferencing.
Flexible and convenient installation of wireless transmission:
Flexibility: Wireless transmission allows movement within the coverage area, which is ideal for
dynamic environments where devices need to move freely.
Ease of installation: Wireless networks are easier and cheaper to set up, and do not require a lot of
wiring, which is very beneficial in large or complex spaces.Stability and speed of wired transmission:
Stability: Wired connections are very stable, less prone to failure, and provide a consistent and
reliable connection.
Speed: Wired networks, especially fiber optic networks, provide higher data transfer rates and lower
latency, which is ideal for real-time applications such as gaming and video conferencing.
Flexible and convenient installation of wireless transmission:
Flexibility: Wireless transmission allows movement within the coverage area, which is ideal for
dynamic environments where devices need to move freely.
Ease of installation: Wireless networks are easier and cheaper to set up, and do not require a lot of
wiring, which is very beneficial in large or complex spaces.

Wireless transmission is flexible and easy to install:

Flexibility: Wireless transmission allows for movement within the coverage area, which is ideal for
dynamic environments where equipment needs to move freely.
Ease of installation: Wireless networks are easier and more cost-effective to set up because they
do not require extensive wiring, which is advantageous in large or complex spaces.
Compromises:
Stability vs. flexibility: Wired networks offer stable, high-speed connections but are not mobile, while
wireless networks offer freedom of movement but can be affected by interference and signal issues.
Speed vs. ease of installation: Wired networks have speed and reliability but are expensive and
labor-intensive to install, while wireless networks are easier to access and less expensive, but are
generally slower and have higher latency.

Compromises:
Stability vs. flexibility: Wired networks offer stable, high-speed connections but are immobile,
while wireless networks offer freedom of movement but can be affected by interference and signal
issues.
Speed vs. ease of installation: Wired networks offer speed and reliability but are expensive and
labor-intensive to install, while wireless networks are easier to access and less expensive, but are
typically slower and have higher latency.

The choice between wired and wireless transmission depends on the specific requirements for
stability, speed, flexibility, and ease of installation in a particular environment.

Differences between twisted pair and optic fibre transmission

1. Media for transmission
Copper wires twisted together are used in twisted pairs.
Fiber optic: Transmits optical signals using glass or plastic fibers.
2. Data Transfer Speed
A restricted bandwidth, usually up to 1 Gbit/s for Category 5e cables and up to 10 Gbit/s for
Category 6a and higher cables is available with twisted pairs.
Fiber optic: It has a much larger bandwidth and can send data at many terabits per second.
3. Attenuation of signals
Twisted pair: More prone to long-distance electromagnetic interference (EMI) and signal
attenuation.
Fiber optic: Longer transmission lengths are possible without appreciable losses due to lower
signal attenuation and EMI resistance.
4. Cost Twisted pair: Usually less expensive to buy and set up.
Fiber optic: More costly at first because of material and installation expenses.
5. Safety
Twisted Pair: Less secure since it is easier to access.
Optical fiber: Offers more security as it is hard to access covertly.

The advantages and disadvantages of twisted pair

Cost-effective: In general, less expensive to produce and install.
Flexibility: Simpler to manage and implement, especially with structures that are already in place.
Compatible with a large number of current network devices, it is widely utilized.
Drawbacks: Reduced data transfer speeds in comparison to optical fiber due to limited bandwidth.
Greater susceptibility to crosstalk and electromagnetic interference.
Shorter Distance: Because of the increased signal attenuation, this is effective across shorter
distances.
The advantages and disadvantages of optical fiber.

Advantages:
High Bandwidth: Allows for significantly faster data transfer speeds.
Long Distance: Able to send signals without suffering appreciable loss over far greater distances.
Security: Greater security since it is challenging to access without being noticed.
Electromagnetic interference does not impact someone who is immune to it.

Disadvantages:
Cost: Higher upfront costs for installation as well as materials.
Installation: More specialist knowledge and tools are needed for both installation and maintenance.
Fragility: Handled carefully, as it is more delicate than copper wires.

In conclusion, optical fiber is the best option for high-speed, long-distance data transmission,
especially in settings where security and immunity to interference are critical. Twisted pair cables
are good for more affordable, shorter-distance applications where high bandwidth is not essential.

How I would use various transmission media in my network

I use a multitude of transmission mediums on a daily basis as a student. To ensure a steady
connection for my enjoyment, I use Ethernet connections (twisted pair cables) at home to link my TV
to the internet. The fiber optics that serve the high-speed internet I use at school are capable of
swiftly moving massive volumes of data between several locations. I use wireless media to enable
me to study anywhere by connecting to Wi-Fi at the coffee shop or library. My appreciation for the
infrastructure that facilitates my academic life and keeps me connected has grown as a result of my
understanding of these technologies.

Part 2

DIAL-UP
Dial-up is a legacy internet connection technique that links a computer to an Internet Service
Provider (ISP) using a regular phone line. Here's an outline of how it functions, along with some
benefits and drawbacks:

The Operation of Dial-Up:

Linking Procedure: A modem is used with dial-up internet to transform digital data from a computer
into analog signals that may be sent over a phone line. In order to create a connection and allow the
computer to access the Internet, the modem calls a number connected to the Internet Service
Provider (ISP).

Speed: 56 kbps (kilobits per second) is the fastest dial-up connection speed, which is somewhat
sluggish. This is much slower than the newer broadband possibilities.
Use of Phone Line: Dial-up uses the same phone line as your landline, thus while you are connected
to the internet, the line is in use and not accessible for phone calls. To access the internet and make
calls at the same time, you would need a second phone line.

Benefits of Dial-Up
Wide Accessibility: Dial-up is a useful alternative for remote or rural areas since it can be used in
places where more sophisticated internet infrastructure, like broadband or fiber-optic, has not been
constructed.
Economical: When compared to broadband services, dial-up is frequently less expensive, especially
for consumers who don't need high-speed connections and just need basic internet access.
The drawbacks of dial-up
Slow Veloces: Dial-up internet connections are much slower than those of today, with a maximum
speed of 56 kbps. This makes it challenging to stream films, download huge files, or multitask
online.
Restricted Use of Phone Line: Dial-up may be cumbersome and restricting since it requires a phone
line, which prohibits users from placing or receiving calls while online.

Dial-up's significant contribution to the Internet's early years can be seen in the 1990s and early
2000s, when it enabled widespread use of the Internet. In certain places where other internet access
choices are unavailable, dial-up is still used, despite being mostly superseded by faster and more
dependable broadband services. Millions of individuals were first exposed to the internet using dial-
up, a pioneering technology despite its shortcomings.

Satellite
A sort of internet connection known as satellite internet makes use of satellite technology to give
connectivity, particularly in places where conventional wired or wireless infrastructure is not
accessible. Data is transmitted between a satellite in orbit and a dish that is erected at the user's
location for the purpose of working.

The process of connecting to a satellite circling the Earth is called satellite internet connectivity. A
satellite dish is placed at the user's location, commonly on a roof or in a well-lit outdoor area. A
network operations center (NOC) on Earth receives the signal from the dish when a user submits a
request, such as loading a webpage. The NOC then relays the signal to the satellite and links it to
the wider internet. After that, the user receives the data over the same route.
Speed: Although real speeds might vary depending on the provider and package, modern satellite
internet delivers speeds that can be equivalent to broadband, usually ranging from 12 Mbps to 100
Mbps.

Role of Satellite Internet:

Satellite internet plays a vital role in providing internet access to remote, rural, or underserved areas
where other forms of broadband (like cable, DSL, or fiber-optic) are not available. It is also used in
maritime, aviation, and military applications where mobility and wide coverage are essential.

Advantages of Satellite Internet:

 1. Global Coverage: Satellite internet can reach almost any location on Earth, making it ideal
for remote areas, isolated communities, and regions where other internet services are not
feasible.
2. Quick Deployment: Satellite internet can be quickly set up in new or temporary locations,
such as during disaster recovery efforts, construction sites, or mobile operations, without the
need for extensive ground infrastructure.

The main disadvantage of satellite internet:

Latency Issues: Real-time activities like online gaming and video conferencing can be negatively
impacted by satellite internet's greater latency, which is caused by the large distances that data
must travel between the Earth and the satellite.
Weather Sensitivity: Storms, intense rain, or snow might interfere with satellite signals, causing a
brief interruption of service or a decrease in connection quality.

Role in modern connectivity

Satellite internet plays a critical role in modern connectivity by enabling internet access in areas
where other technologies are unable to, thus helping to close the digital divide. With a dependable
connection in difficult settings, it helps a range of industries, including emergency services, oil and
gas, and agriculture. Even with its drawbacks, satellite internet is still an essential tool for keeping
even the most isolated places linked to the outside world.

ADSL
Broadband internet connections such as Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines (ADSL) transfer data
over copper telephone lines that are already in place. ADSL enables higher internet speeds and
concurrent voice conversations on the phone line, in contrast to traditional dial-up.

How ADSL Operates: The connection process for ADSL involves dividing the phone line's
frequency range into distinct channels for data transfer and voice communications. Because data is
carried via higher frequencies, phone service, and the internet may function simultaneously and
unhindered. The user's PC or router is connected to the phone line via ADSL modems.
Asymmetry: The reason ADSL is referred to as "asymmetric" is because it provides faster download
speeds than upload rates, making it ideal for the majority of customers who download more data
than they upload for activities like streaming or surfing.

Role of ADSL:
ADSL's contribution to the early development of broadband internet was noteworthy as it offered
quicker and more dependable internet access than dial-up. Because it made use of the current
phone lines, it was a popular option for consumers, both home and small business, providing an
accessible and reasonably priced means to connect to the internet without requiring additional
infrastructure.

Benefits of ADSL:
Simultaneous Internet and Phone Use: One of ADSL's primary advantages over dial-up is that it lets
users browse the Internet and make calls on the same line at the same time without any
interruptions.
Broad Availability: Since ADSL can be established using the current phone infrastructure, it is
widely available in many places, particularly those where fiber-optic and other more recent
broadband technologies have not yet been introduced.

The disadvantages of ADSL

Distance Sensitivity: The further you are from the central office of the telephone exchange, the
worse your ADSL performance gets. Users may notice noticeably slower speeds and less
dependable connections the further they are from the exchange.
Restricted Upload rates: Due to the asymmetry of ADSL, upload rates are substantially slower
than download speeds. Users who need to upload big files or participate in online gaming or video
conferences may find this to be a drawback.

Function in Modern Connectivity: Although speedier technologies like fiber-optic and VDSL have
completely eclipsed ADSL, the technology is still in use in many places, especially those without
access to more modern infrastructure. As a stepping stone in the development of broadband, ADSL
has given millions of customers a dependable and affordable internet connection. However many
people are switching to newer technologies as the need for faster speeds and more balanced
upload/download performance increases.

ADSL 2+
An improved variant of ADSL, known as ADSL2+ (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 2+), allows
high-speed internet access via copper phone lines currently in use. By raising the data transmission
rates and the maximum distance over which those rates may be sustained, ADSL2+ expands on the
features of ADSL.

How ADSL 2+ Works:

The connection process for ADSL2+ is based on using copper telephone lines that are already in
use for voice conversations, but ADSL2+ uses these lines to transfer digital data at higher
frequencies. This enables customers to utilize the same line for both a phone call and an internet
connection. In order to satisfy the needs of the average user for quicker downloading, the
"asymmetric" component of the speed refers to the fact that download speeds are faster than upload
rates.
Speed: ADSL2+ has a maximum download speed of 24 Mbps and a maximum upload speed of 1.4
Mbps; however, real speeds will vary based on the quality of the phone connection and the user's
distance from the closest phone exchange.

Role of ADSL 2+
The function of ADSL2+: ADSL2+ is essential for delivering broadband internet access, especially in
places without access to more modern networks like fiber-optic or cable internet. It provides
consumers who want a dependable internet connection for tasks like surfing, streaming, and
downloading with an accessible and reasonably priced choice.

Advantages of ADSL 2+
Widespread Availability: ADSL2+ is accessible in many urban and suburban locations without the
need for additional wiring because it makes use of the current telephone infrastructure.
Internet and phone services may be used simultaneously over an ADSL2+ line, allowing customers
to surf the internet, stream media, or download files without interfering with their phone connection.

Disadvantages of ADSL 2+
Distance Sensitivity: As one gets farther away from the phone exchange, ADSL2+ performance
deteriorates. Users who are far from the exchange will notice a decline in connection quality and
speed.
Reduced Velocity In comparison to contemporary alternatives, ADSL2+ offers respectable speeds,
but its utility for high-bandwidth applications such as 4K video streaming or big file transfers is
limited by the fact that it is far slower than contemporary broadband technologies like fiber-optic or
cable internet.

Part of Modern Connectivity: ADSL2+ has been crucial in providing broadband internet access to
a large number of homes and companies, particularly in regions where more cutting-edge
technologies are still unavailable. Even if quicker alternatives are progressively taking its place,
ADSL2+ is nevertheless a useful choice for consumers who want a dependable and reasonably
priced internet connection over current infrastructure. It still acts as a link between more recent high-
speed internet services and older dial-up connections.

CABLE
Using the same coaxial lines used for cable television, cable internet is a broadband service that
provides fast internet access. This technology leverages a dedicated data channel within the cable
network to deliver dependable and high internet connections.

How Cable Internet Works:

Connection Process: A modem is connected to a cable service provider's network via coaxial wires
in order to access cable internet. The infrastructure of the cable provider, which is linked to the wider
internet, is communicated with by the modem. High-speed internet access is made possible by data
being sent to and from the user's device over the cable network.
Speed: Depending on the service package and provider, cable internet normally offers download
speeds between 25 Mbps and 1 Gbps (gigabit per second) as well as upload rates that are
frequently lower than the download speeds.

Function of Cable Internet: Cable internet is essential for giving home and business customers
dependable, high-speed broadband connectivity. Due to its accessibility through the current cable
TV infrastructure, it is extensively utilized in both urban and suburban locations. It provides a quick
and reliable internet experience for a variety of online activities, including as gaming, streaming, and
working from home.

Advantages of Internet by Cable:

High rates: When it comes to high-bandwidth activities like streaming HD and 4K video, online
gaming, and downloading huge files, cable internet delivers quicker rates than DSL and certain
other broadband technologies.
Broad Availability: Cable internet is accessible in many places, even those where alternative
broadband options could be restricted or nonexistent, as it makes use of the coaxial cable
infrastructure currently in place for cable TV.

Cable Internet's disadvantages:

Shared Bandwidth: Users within the same neighborhood or service area share bandwidth in cable
internet systems. This may result in slower speeds when a large number of people are online at
once during peak use hours.
Restricted Upload rates: Users who routinely upload big files, participate in video conferences, or
require high-speed upload capabilities may find that cable internet delivers slower upload rates than
download speeds.

Role in Modern Connectivity: Millions of people have access to high-speed internet thanks to
cable internet, a frequently used broadband service. Its implementation is quite simple and provides
wide coverage because of its connection with the current cable TV infrastructure. Cable continues to
be a popular option for dependable and quick residential and business internet connections, despite
competition from more recent technologies like fiber-optic internet. It strikes a balance between
availability and speed.

WIRELESS
Internet connectivity using wireless technology, as opposed to physical wires, is referred to as
wireless Internet. This can include cellular networks (e.g., 4G, 5G), satellite internet, and Wi-Fi,
among other wireless connection types.

The Operation of Wireless Internet:

Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi uses radio waves that are broadcast by a wireless router or access point to link devices
to the internet. The router transmits a wireless signal that gadgets like laptops, tablets, and
smartphones may connect to, and it is connected to the internet via a physical connection (such as
cable or DSL).
Cellular Networks: Cellular carriers run mobile networks that enable cellular internet access.
Cellular towers, which use radio frequencies for communication, provide a means for devices to
access the internet. This covers 5G and 4G LTE technologies, among others.
Satellite Internet: This kind of wireless internet accesses the internet through satellites. A satellite
in orbit receives communications via a satellite dish at the user's location, and the satellite transmits
data to and from a network operations center on Earth

Function of Wireless Internet: By eliminating the need for physical wires, wireless Internet offers
ubiquitous, flexible, and convenient access to the Internet. It allows for connectivity and mobility
across a variety of platforms and settings, including public areas, residences, workplaces, and
distant sites. Because they provide mobile internet access and improve device communication,
wireless technologies are vital to the upkeep of contemporary lives.

Wireless Internet Advantages:

 Mobility and Convenience: Almost any place in the service region, including residences, cafés,
public hotspots, and even while traveling, may be used to access the internet via wireless internet.
This adaptability allows for the use of several devices without being restricted by cords and
facilitates a mobile lifestyle.
Installation ease: In general, building a wireless network is easier and takes less time than deploying
cable connections. Since there's no need to connect wires around a property or through walls,
setting up and growing the network is simpler.

Wireless Internet Advantages:

Signal Interference: Physical barriers such as walls, interference from other electronic equipment,
and climatic conditions can all have an impact on wireless communications. When compared to
wired connections, this may result in weaker signals and slower speeds.
Security Issues: If wireless networks are not adequately protected, they may be more susceptible
to unwanted access. Users may be exposed to possible security concerns and cyber attacks due to
problems like weak passwords, out-of-date encryption standards, or unprotected public Wi-Fi
networks.

Role in Modern Connectivity:

Wireless internet plays a crucial role in modern connection by providing flexible and easily available
internet options for a range of devices and situations. In addition to facilitating continuous
connectivity in both personal and professional situations, it serves the growing need for mobile
internet access. Wireless internet is still essential to online engagement and digital communication,
despite its difficulties.

ISP
An Internet service provider (ISP) is a company or institution that acts as a middleman between
consumers and the online world by providing services that allow users to access, use, and
participate in Internet activities. ISPs oversee the network infrastructure, offer different connection
kinds—like wireless or broadband—to households and businesses, and make sure data travels to its
intended location by establishing connections with other networks. Along with customer assistance,
they provide basic services including DNS, IP address assignment, email, site hosting, and security.
ISPs are conduits to the internet's immense resources, and in order to effectively route traffic, they
must abide by rules, distribute information, and take part in peering and transit agreements.

Download
Plan ISP Product Name Cost Speed Limit
FiberVNN Home 3
FiberVNN Home VNPT Super 220,000VND/month 100Mbps Unlimited
SuperNet VIETTEL SuperNet 4 350,000VND/month 150Mbps Unlimited
FPT Fiber FPT Super 65 300,000VND/month 65Mbps Unlimited
Internet Fiber SCTV SCTV-VIP 530,000VND/month 200Mbps Unlimited
CMC
GigaNet Telecom Giga Store Plus 550,000VND/month 100Mbps Unlimited
500,000-
NetNam Fiber NetNam NetNam Fiber 1G >1,000,000VND/month 1Gbps Unlimited
Part 3