Networking Protocols

• Network Protocol is a set of rules that are used by the network system to
communicate on the network.
• These are the set of rules or standards that defines the processes, principle and
synchronization of communication and error recovery methods.
• It can be deployed by a hardware, software or combination of both.
There are two types of protocols.
1. Proprietary protocols
2. Standard protocols

Proprietary protocols
• Proprietary protocols are communication protocols designed by a single
organization or individual.
• The ownership of these protocols is entitled to the single organization or to an
individual, which can put restrictions on the use of these protocols.
• The entity may or may not provide the free distribution of the proprietary
protocol.
• Other than the owner, other party or organization cannot make use of
proprietary protocols. For example: skype, AppleTalk,
• Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP).

Standard Protocols
• Standard protocols are protocols which are not bounded to any particular
organization.
• Standard protocols can be used and implemented by the whole industry.
• Standard protocols are not specific to any vendor.
• Standard protocols are developed by the contribution of all the experts from
different organizations. Examples: IP, TCP, UDP etc.

Ports Number
• Ports are virtual pathways on which Internet data flows. You probably know
that data on the Internet is sent to and from IP addresses. What you might not
have known is that all data sent to an IP address is sent on specific ports.
• In other words, ports are numerical identifiers that make it possible for you to
check your email and browse the web at the same time.Technically speaking, this
is possible because browsing the web traffic generally uses port 80, and getting
your email generally uses port 110.

Technical Facts about Ports:

16-bit numbers which can range from 1-65535
h they have to be sent in their
packet header
erally set by the developers of
that application

As a networking student or a professional it is necessary for us to know the

different commonly used networking protocols.
1.Domain Name System (DNS)
2.Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
3.Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
4.Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
5.File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
6.Post Office Protocol (POP)
7.Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
8.Transport Layer Security (TLS)/Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
9.Telnet
10.Secure Shell (SSH)
11.Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
12.User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
13.Internet Protocol (IP)
14.Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Domain Name Service (DNS)
• Domain Name System or DNS is an internet service that translates domain
names into IP addresses. Because domain names are alphabetic, they’re easier to
remember. The Internet however, is really based on IP addresses.
• Every time you use a domain name, a DNS service translates the name into the
corresponding IP address.
• For example, the domain name www.cmsitservices.com might translate to
23.229.193.162.
• The DNS protocol uses port number 53.
• The Domain Name System (DNS) is basically a large database which resides on
various computers and it contains the names and IP addresses of various hosts on
the internet and various domains.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is used to assign IP addresses to hosts or
workstations on the network. Usually a DHCP server on the network performs this
function.
• Basically it “leases” out address for specific times to the various hosts. If a host
does not use a given address for some period of time, that IP address can then be
assigned to another machine by the DHCP server.
• When assignments are made or changed, the DHCP server must update the
information in the DNS server.
• Port 67 for the DHCP server, and port 68 for the DHCP client.
• DHCP server is used to provide information to client such as:

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

• The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for
distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems.
• HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.
HTTP protocol uses port number 80.
• Hypertext is structured text that uses logical link i.e. hyperlinks, between nodes
containing text. HTTP is the protocol to exchange or transfer hypertext.
• It is used to make a request from the client to the web servers that open the
right resource when you click on a link or type a URL in the web browser,
wherever that resource may actually reside.

TFTP
• Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a simple version of FTP that allows a client
to get from or put a file onto a remote host.
• TFTP is a simple protocol for transferring files, implemented on top of the
UDP/IP protocols using well-known port number 69.
• One of its primary uses is in the early stages of booting from a local area
network, because TFTP is very simple to implement.
• TFTP lacks security and most of the advanced features offered by more robust
file transfer protocols such as File Transfer Protocol.
• This protocol sends smaller block of data as compared to FTP without any
authentication access hence it is insecure due to which it is less supported or used
in site

FTP
• The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer
computer files from one host to another host over a TCP-based network, such as
the Internet.
• It uses port number 21.
• FTP is built on server-client architecture and uses separate control and data
connections between the client and the server.
• FTP users may authenticate themselves with a clear-text sign-in protocol,
normally in the form of a username and password, but can connect anonymously
if the server is configured to allow it.

POP
• In computing, the Post Office Protocol (POP) is an application-layer Internet
standard protocol used by local e-mails clients to retrieve e-mail from a remote
server over a TCP/IP connection. It is also known as
incoming address.
• POP has been developed through several versions, with version 3 (POP3) being
the latest one.
• E-mail clients using POP generally connect, retrieve all messages, store them on
the user's PC as new messages, delete them from the server, and then disconnect.
Most POP clients have an option to leave mail on server after the download.
• A POP3 server listens on well-known port 110 or Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) on
well-known TCP port 995.

SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) known as outgoing address is an Internet
standard protocol for electronic mail transmission where mail are send from
client to mail server.
• SMTP is used to send mail; POP3 is used to receive mail. SMTP by default uses
TCP port 25 and when secured by SSL also known as SMTPS uses default port 465.
• Although electronic mail servers and other mail transfer agents use SMTP to
send and receive mail messages, user-level client mail applications typically use
SMTP only for sending messages to a mail server for relaying.

Transport Layer Security (TLS)/Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)

• Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL),
both of which are frequently referred to as 'SSL'. TLS are cryptographic protocols
that are used to enabling secure online datatransfer processes such as surfing the
web sites, downloading from site, sending messages across network, etc.
• Most web sites use TLS for setting secure communication between their servers
and web browsers client. The primary goal of the TLS protocol is to provide
privacy and data integrity between two communicating computer applications.

Telnet
• Telnet is an application layer protocol used on the Internet or local area
network to provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communication
facility using a virtual terminal connection.
• This protocol is used to establish a connection to Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) port number 23.
• Through telnet user can access a remote client machine resources without
being physical present over there.
• In telnet the remote client machine appears as it is a terminal directly attached
to the local network.
• In telnet access you gain a virtual terminal that act as an interface with the
chosen remote client machine.
• Telnet, by default, does not encrypt any data sent over the connection
(including passwords).
Secure Shell (SSH)
• Secure Shell, or SSH, is a cryptographic encrypted network protocol to allow
remote login and other network services to operate securely over an unsecured
network.
• SSH provides a secure channel over an unsecured network in a clientserver
architecture, connecting an SSH client application with an SSH server.
• Common applications include remote command-line login and remote
command execution, but any network service can be secured with SSH.
• The protocol specification distinguishes between two major versions, referred
to as SSH-1 and SSH-2.
• The standard TCP port 22 has been assigned for contacting SSH servers.
• SSH was designed as a replacement for Telnet and for unsecured remote shell
protocols.
• There are many application used for SSH for example: putty, OpenSSH, Chrome
Secure Shell, etc.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

• The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a core protocol of the Internet
protocol suite.
• It originated in the initial network implementation in which it complemented
the Internet Protocol (IP). Therefore, the entire suite is commonly referred to
TCP/IP.
• TCP provides reliable, ordered, and error checked delivery of a stream of octets
between applications running on hosts communicating over an IP network.
• TCP is the protocol that major Internet applications such as the World Wide
Web, email, remote administration and file transfer rely on.
• Applications that do not require reliable data stream service may use the User
Datagram Protocol (UDP), which provides a connectionless datagram service that
emphasizes reduced latency over reliability

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

• The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet
protocol suite.
• UDP uses a simple connectionless transmission model with a minimum of
protocol mechanism.
• It has no handshaking dialogues, and thus exposes the user's program to any
unreliability of the underlying network protocol.
• There is no guarantee of delivery, ordering, or duplicate protection.
• UDP provides checksums for data integrity, and port numbers for addressing
different functions at the source and destination of the datagram.
Internet Protocol (IP)
• IP has the task of delivering packets from the source host to the destination
host solely based on the IP addresses in the packet headers.
• For this purpose, IP defines packet structures that encapsulate the data to be
delivered.
• It also defines addressing methods that are used to label the datagram with
source and destination information.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
• ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol. When you try to ping an IP address
on your local network, say 192.168.1.1, your system has to turn the IP address
192.168.1.1 into a MAC address. This involves using ARP to resolve the address,
hence its name.
• Systems keep an ARP look-up table where they store information about what IP
addresses are associated with what MAC addresses. When trying to send a packet
to an IP address, the system will first consult this table to see if it already knows
the MAC address. If there is a value cached, ARP is not used.