1.
MEASUREMENT OF NUMERICAL APERTURE (NA)
AIM:
To determine Numerical Aperture of the optical fibre.
EQUIPMENT:
CONNECTION DIAGRAMS:
PROCEDURE :
W
NA =
√ 4 L2+W 2
CALCULATIONS:
RESULT :-
2. ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT
AIM:
To study variable and fixed attenuators and to calculate the attenuation pro-
vided by these attenuators.
EQUIPMENT:
1. Regulated klystron power supply -1 No
2. Reflex klystron with mount and cooling fan -1 No
3. Isolator -1 No
4. Variable attenuator -2 No
5. Fixed Attenuator – 1 No
6. Frequency meter. -1 No
7. Slotted Line section -1 No
8. Tunable probe -1 No
9. Waveguide detector mount with detector -1 No
10. VSWR meter - 1 No
11. Waveguide stands and accessories
BENCH SET-UP:
THEORY:
The attenuator is a two port bi-directional device which attenuates some power
when inserted into the transmission line.
* Attenuation A(dB)= 10 log [P1/P2]
Where, P1 =Power absorbed by load without attenuator in the line.
P2 = Power absorbed by load with attenuator in the line.
PROCEDURE:
For Insertion loss/ Attenuation measurement
1. Assemble the equipment as shown in setup.
2. Fire the reflex klystron by considering all the proper conditions.
3. Tune the detector mount for maximum deflection on VSWR meter [detector
mount’s
output should be connected to VSWR meter]
4. Set any reference level on the VSWR meter with the help of variable attenuator and
gain
control knob of VSWR meter, Let it be P1.
5. Carefully disconnect the detector mount from the slotted line without disturbing any
position of the setup. Place the test Variable attenuator to the slotted line and detector
mount to other port of test variable attenuator.
6. Keep the micrometer reading of test attenuator to Zero and record the reading of
VSWR
meter let it be P2. Then the Insertion Loss of the test attenuator will be (P1- P2) dB.
7. Now change the micrometer reading and record the VSWR meter reading in table.
Find
out attenuation value for different position of micrometer reading and plot the graph.
CALCULATIONS:
S.No Micro Meter Reading (Length of Attenuation (P1-P2) mW
Attenuation)
8. Remove the variable attenuator connected to detector and replace it with a fixed at-
tenuator and calculate the output power P2.
The attenuation provided by fixed attenuator is given as,
A=P1-P2
GRAPH:
For Variable Attenuator:
Plot the graph between length of attenuation and output power .
RESULT: The attenuation for fixed and variable attenuators is determined.
3.GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
AIM:
To study Gunn oscillator as a source of microwave power
EQUIPMENT:
1. Gunn oscillator -1 No
2. Gunn power supply - 1 No
3. PIN modulator - 1 No
4. Ferrite isolator - 1 No
5. Frequency meter - 1 No
6. Variable Attenuator - 1 No
7. Detector with tunable mount - 1 No
8. VSWR meter - 1 No
9. Cables and accessories
BENCH SET-UP:
PROCEDURE:
1. Set the equipment as shown in figure, taking due care for biasing PIN and Gunn
diodes.
2. Initially set variable attenuator for minimum attenuation.
3. Keep the control knobs for gunn power supply as below
Meter switch - OFF
Gunn bias Knob - Fully anti-clock wise
PIN bias Knob - Fully anti clock wise
PIN mod Frequency - Any position
4. Set the Gunn oscillator micrometer tuning screw at suitable frequency say 9 GHz.
Adjust attenuator for suitable power level.
5. Switch On the Gunn power supply.
Voltage- Current (V-I) Characteristics:
1. Turn the meter switch of Gunn Power supply to Voltage position.
2. Measure the Gunn diode current corresponding to various voltages controlled by
Gunn
bias knob through the panel meter and meter switch. Do not exceed the bias voltage
above 10 volts. Note the values in table.
3. Plot the voltage and current readings on the graph sheet that must be as shown in fig
4. Measure the threshold voltage which corresponds to maximum current.
NOTE: Do not keep Gunn bias knob position at threshold for more than 8- 10 sec-
onds. Reading should be obtained as fast as possible. Otherwise, due to excessive
heating, Gunn diode may burn.
CALCULATIONS:
S.No Gunn Volatge (in volts) Current (in mA)
Fig: V-I Characteristics of Gunn Diode
RESULT:
The characteristics of Gunn diode are observed and plotted.
4. DIRECTIONAL COUPLER CHARACTERISTICS
AIM:
To calculate the coupling parameters of a multi-hole directional coupler.
EQUIPMENT:
1. Regulated klystron power supply - 1 No
2. Reflex klystron oscillator with mount and cooling fan -1 No
3. Isolator -1 No
4. Variable attenuator -1 No
5. Frequency meter -1 No
6. Waveguide detector mount with detector -1 No
7. VSWR meter -1 No
8. Matched Terminations - 1 No
9. Multi- hole Directional Coupler - 1 No
10. Slotted section - 1 No
11. Waveguide stands and accessories
BENCH SET-UP:
PROCEDURE:
1) Assemble the set up as shown in figure by connecting mount detector initially in-
stead of Directional Coupler.
2) By taking care about Reflex klystron, energize reflex klystron to obtain maximum
power in the VSWR meter.
3)Adjust variable attenuator for reasonable power level say 30db. Record the power
level.
This is power level at the output of the slotted section and hence it is the input
power, Pi to the Directional Coupler in the set up
4) Carefully remove the detector set up and insert the Directional Coupler as in the set
up
with port 3 terminated with matched load.
5) Determine power at port 2 in decibels by noting the change in the output level on
the
indicating meter, Let it be P2.
6) Interchange the positions of the detector set up and matched load and determine
power in db by noting the change in output power level (with reference to level in step
3) at port 3, Let it be P3.
7) Reverse the directional coupler by matched terminating port 1 and note down the
power in coupled port as P4.
8) Calculate the input and output powers at all the ports.
9) Calculate the Coupling factor, Isolation and Directivity.
10) By using the standard scattering matrix of a Directional Coupler, verify the scat-
tering
parameters theoretically and compare both practical and theoretical values.
CALCULATIONS:
P1= dB
P2= dB
P3= dB
P4= dB
Coupling Factor, (P1-P3)= dB
Directivity, (P3-P4)= dB
Isolation, (P1-P4)= dB
Insertion Loss, (P1-P2)= dB
Scattering matrix,
RESULT:
Coupling parameters of a directional coupler are obtained and calculated.
5. SCATTERING PARAMETERS OF CIRCULATOR
AIM:
To verify the scattering parameters of Circulator.
EQUIPMENT:
1. Regulated klystron power supply - 1 No
2. Reflex klystron with mount and cooling fan -1 No
3. Isolator -1 No
4. Variable attenuator -1 No
5. Frequency meter -1 No
6. Waveguide detector mount with detector -1 No
7. VSWR meter -1 No
8. Matched Termination - 1 No
9. Circulator - 1 No
10. Slotted section - 1 No
11. Waveguide stands and accessories
BENCH SET-UP:
PROCEDURE:
1) Assemble the set up as shown in fig. 1 by connecting mount detector ini-
tially instead of Circulator.
2) By taking care about Reflex klystron, energize reflex klystron to obtain max-
imum power in the VSWR meter.
3) Adjust variable attenuator for reasonable power level say 30db. Record the
power level. This is power level at the output of the slotted section and hence it
is the input power, Pi to the Circulator in the set up
4) Carefully remove the detector set up and insert the circulator as in the set up
with port 3 terminated with matched load.
5) Determine power at port 2 in decibels by noting the change in the output
level on the indicating meter, Let it be P2 .
6) Interchange the positions of the detector set up and matched load and deter-
mine
power in db by noting the change in output power level(with reference to level
in step 3) at port 3, Let it be P3
7) Repeat steps 4 to 7 for port 2 and port 3 also.
8) Calculate the Coupling factor, Isolation using the formulas:
Isolation, i-j = 10 log 10 (Pj /Pi)
Coupling coefficient = 10 log (Pi/Pj)
Where, Pi= power delivered from port i
Pj= power detected at jth arm
10) Calculate all the input and output powers at all the ports .
11) By using the standard scattering matrix of a circulator, verify the scattering
parameters theoretically and compare both practical and theoretical values.
12) Determine the frequency of the exciting wave using frequency meter.
CALCULATIONS:
Scattering matrix,
RESULT:
The scattering matrix for a three port circulator is determined.
6. INTENSITY MODULATION OF LASER OUTPUT
THROUGH AN OPTICAL FIBER
AIM:
To study and obtain intensity modulation of analog and digital input signals,
transmit it over a fibre optic cable and demodulate the same at the receiver and to get
back the original signal
EQUIPMENT:
CONNECTION DIAGRAMS:
For Analog Input Signal
For Digital Input Signal
PROCEDURE:
For Analog Signal as input:
For Digital Signal as input:
CALCULATIONS:
ANALOG SIGNAL:
DIGITAL SIGNAL:
RESULT:
Intensity modulation of analog and digital signal are obtained observed and noted.
7.REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS
AIM:
To study the mode Characteristics of a Reflex klystron tube and to calculate the
electronic tuning range (ETR).
EQUIPMENT:
1. Regulated klystron power supply - 1 No
2. Reflex klystron with mount and cooling fan -1 No
3. Isolator -1 No
4. Variable attenuator -1 No
5. Frequency meter/wave meter -1 No
6. Waveguide detector mount with detector -1 No
7. CRO or micro ammeter -1 No
8. Waveguide stands and accessories
BENCH SET-UP:
PROCEDURE:
1) Assemble the equipment as shown in figure with VSWR meter as indicating
meter.
2) Set the variable attenuator at the minimum position.
3) Set the MOD switch of klystron power supply to CW position, Beam
Voltage control knob to fully anti clock wise and reflector voltage control
knob to fully clock wise and the meter switch to OFF position.
4) Rotate the knob of frequency meter at one side fully.
5) ON the klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan for the klystron
tube.
6) Put the meter switch to beam voltage position and rotate the beam voltage
knob clockwise slowly up to 300V meter reading , and observe beam current
on the meter by changing meter switch to Beam current position.
“The beam current should not increase more than 30 mA”
7) Change the repeller voltage slowly and watch on the VSWR meter for
maximum deflection in the meter. If no deflection is obtained, change the range
of meter.
8) Tune the plunger of klystron mount for the maximum output.
9) Rotate the knob of frequency meter slowly and stop at that position, when
there is less output on meter. Read directly the frequency between two
horizontal line and vertical marker.
10) Change the repeller voltage and read the Power and frequency for each
repeller voltage and plot the graph between frequency and voltage, Power and
voltage.
CALCULATIONS:
MODEL 1:
S.N Repeller Voltage (in MicroAmmeter Frequency Meter
o volts) reading in µA (α reading (in GHz)
power)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
MODEL 2:
S.N Repeller Voltage (in MicroAmmeter Frequency Meter
o volts) reading in µA (α reading (in GHz)
power)
1
2
3
4
5
MODEL 3:
S.N Repeller Voltage (in MicroAmmeter Frequency Meter
o volts) reading in µA (α reading (in GHz)
power)
1
2
3
MODEL GRAPH:
Fig: Typical mode curves for a reflex klystron
Electronic Tuning Range: The frequency band from one end of the mode
to another is called electronic tuning range. It can be calculated, from the graph
of VR versus frequency. The formula for electronic tuning range is given as
ETR= dVR/ df
RESULT:
1. Mode charts for Reflex Klystron are drawn.
2. The Electronic tuning range is calculated.
8.VSWR MEASUREMENT
AIM:
To determine standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient.
EQUIPMENT:
1. Regulated klystron power supply - 1 No
2. Reflex klystron oscillator with mount and cooling fan -1 No
3. Isolator -1 No
4. Variable attenuator -1 No
5. Frequency meter -1 No
6. Waveguide detector mount with detector -1 No
7. VSWR meter -1 No
8. Matched Terminations - 1 No
9. Movable Short
10. Slotted section - 1 No
11. Waveguide stands and accessories
BENCH SET-UP:
PROCEDURE:
For VSWR measurement
1. Assemble the equipment as shown in setup .
2. Fire the reflex klystron by considering all the proper conditions.
3. With load end open circuited, energize the RF source for square wave
modulation.
4. Adjust the VSWR meter power level to give maximum reading of 1dB on
decibel scale, with the probe carriage also set a maximum of VSWR pattern.
5. Move the carriage probe and record the SWR readings at points 0.5cm apart
along the line.
6. Repeat the above steps for short termination and matched load and record the
SWR readings.
CALCULATIONS:
Open Circuit:
SWR1=
SWR2=
SWR3=
SWR for open circuit=Average of above three SWR’s
Short Circuit:
SWR1=
SWR2=
SWR3=
SWR for short circuit=Average of above three SWR’s
Matched Load:
SWR1=
SWR2=
SWR3=
SWR for Matched load=Average of above three SWR’s
RESULT:
The standing wave patterns for open circuit, short circuit and matched load are
plotted.
9. SCATTERING PARAMETERS OF MAGIC TEE
AIM:
To verify the scattering parameters of Magic Tee.
EQUIPMENT:
1. Regulated klystron power supply - 1 No
2. Reflex klystron with mount and cooling fan -1 No
3. Isolator -1 No
4. Variable attenuator -1 No
5. Frequency meter -1 No
6. Waveguide detector mount with detector -1 No
7. VSWR meter -1 No
8. Matched Terminations - 2 No
9. Magic Tee- 1 No
10. Slotted section - 1 No
11. Waveguide stands and accessories
BENCH SET-UP:
PROCEDURE:
1) Assemble the set up as shown in figure by connecting detector mount
initially instead of Magic tee.
2) By taking care about Reflex klystron, energize reflex klystron to obtain
maximum power in the VSWR meter.
3) Adjust variable attenuator for reasonable power level say 30db. Record the
power level. This is power level at the output of the slotted section and hence it
is the input power, Pi to the magic tee in the set up
4) Carefully remove the detector set up and insert the magic tee as in the set up
with port 3 and 4 terminated in matched loads.
5) Determine power at port 2 in decibels by noting the change in the output
level on the indicating meter, Let it be P2 .
6) Interchange the positions of the detector set up and matched load and
determine power in db by noting the change in output power level(with
reference to level in step 3) at port 3, Let it be P3.
7) Interchange the positions of the detector set up and matched load and
determine power in db by noting the change in output power level (with
reference to level in step 3) at port 4, let it be P4.
8) Repeat steps 4 to 7 for port 2, port 3 and port 4.
9) Calculate all the input and output powers at all the ports .
10) By using the standard scattering matrix of a magic tee, verify the scattering
parameters.
CALCULATIONS:
Scattering matrix,
RESULT:
The scattering matrix for magic tee is determined.
10.CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER DIODE
AIM:
The aim of this experiment is to study the characteristics of LASER diode.
i. To plot LASER optical output power versus LASER diode
forward current (P0 Vs IF)
ii. To plot Monitor photo diode current versus LASER optical output
power ( IM Vs P0)
EQUIPMENT:
1. ST2506 trainer kit (TX and RX)
2. Optical Fibre cable
3. Digital Multimeters (DMM)- 2 No.s
4. Connecting wires
CONNECTION DIAGRAMS:
Setup 1
Setup 2
PROCEDURE:
P0 Vs IF :
Table of readings:
SI.NO VL(MV) IL=VL/RL(100Ω) Po(db) Po(dbm)=Fo/10dbm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
RESULT:
The result of laser diode is studied.
11.IMPEDANCE AND FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT
AIM:
To determine impedance of unknown load and frequency of standing wave.
EQUIPMENT:
1. Regulated klystron power supply - 1 No.
2. Reflex klystron with mount and cooling fan -1 No.
3. Isolator -1 No.
4. Variable attenuator -1 No.
5. Frequency meter -1 No.
7. VSWR meter -1 No.
8. Movable Short -1 No.
9. Slotted section - 1 No
10. Tunable Probe with detector -1 No.
10. Waveguide stands and accessories
BENCH SET-UP:
PROCEDURE
1. Assemble the components as per the setup.
2. The frequency of the excited wave is found by adjusting the frequency meter for a dip in
the output meter. Thereafter detune the frequency meter slightly.
4. The VSWR is found for the given load, by measuring Vmax and Vmin.
5. With load - end short circuited, two successive minimas (d1 and d2) are found out by
moving the probe carriage along the slotted waveguide line.
6. With load-end terminated with the given load, the first minima(x) is noted.
7. The given load is replaced with short-circuit, the second minima(y) is noted down.
8. Next the shift is found depending on whether it is towards the load or source.
9. The impedance of the unknown load is found using smith chart and verified using formula.
CALCULATIONS:
Impedance, ZTE =
Practical Frequency, f =
RESULT:
The impedance of unknown load and frequency of standing wave is determined.
