Example: 6

4y 2 Think
Solve −7 = y
3 5 1. “An equation is multiplied or divided by
Solution:
a non zero number on either side.” Will there be
(Rearranging the like terms) any change in the solution?
4y 2y
− =7 2. “An equation is multiplied or divided by two
3 5
20 y − 6 y different numbers on either side”. What will
=7 happen to the equation?
15
14 y = 7 × 15
7 × 15
y=
14
15
y=
2

Exercise 2.1
1. Fill in the blanks:

(i) The value of x in the equation x + 5 = 12 is --------------------.

(ii) The value of y in the equation y − 9 = ( −5) + 7 is --------------------.

(iii) The value of m in the equation 8m=56 is--------------------.

2p
(iv) The value of p in the equation = 10 is --------------------.
3
(v) The linear equation in one variable has -------------------- solution.

2. Say True or False.

(i) The shifting of a number from one side of an equation to other is called transposition.
(ii) Linear equation in one variable has only one variable with power 2.

3. Match the following :

x
(a) = 10 (i) x = 4
2
(b) 20= 6x – 4 (ii) x = 1
(c) 2x – 5 = 3 – x (iii) x = 20
8
(d) 7x – 4 – 8x = 20 (iv) x =
3
(e) 4 − x = −7 (v) x = –24
11 11
(A) (i),(ii), (iv) ,(iii),(v) (B) (iii), (iv) , (i) ,(ii), (v)
(C) (iii),(i) ,(iv), (v), (ii) (D) (iii) , (i) , (v) ,(iv) ,(ii)

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 Example: 11
A mother is five times as old as her daughter. After 2 years, the mother will be four times
as old as her daughter. What are their present ages?
Solution:
Age / Person Now After 2 years
Daughter x x +2
Mother 5x 5 x +2
Given condition: After two years, Mother’s age = 4 times of Daughter's age
5 x +2 = 4 ( x +2)
5 x +2 = 4 x +8
5 x − 4x = 8 − 2
x=6
Hence daughter’s present age = 6 years;
and mother’s present age = 5 x = 5 × 6 = 30 years
Example: 12
The denominator of a fraction is 3 more than its numerator. If 2 is added to the numerator
5
and 9 is added to the denominator, the fraction becomes . Find the original fraction.
6
Solution:
x
Let the original fraction be .
y
Given that y = x + 3. (Denominator = Numerator + 3).
x x+2 5
Therefore, the fraction can be written as . As per the given condition, =
x+3 ( x + 3) + 9 6
By cross multiplication, 6( x +2) = 5 ( x +3+9)
6 x +12 = 5( x +12)
6 x +12 = 5 x +60
6 x − 5 x = 60 − 12
x = 60 − 12
x = 48.
x 48 48
Therefore, the original fraction is = = .
x+3 48 + 3 51
Example: 13
The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 8. If 18 is added to the value of the number,
its digits get reversed. Find the number.
Solution:
Let the two digit number be xy (i.e., ten’s digit is x, ones digit is y)
Its value can be expressed as 10 x + y.
Given, x + y = 8 which gives y = 8 − x
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 Exercise 2.2
1. Fill in the blanks:
(i) The solution of the equation ax+b=0 is_______.
(ii) If a and b are positive integers then the solution of the equation ax=b has to be
always_______.
(iii) One-sixth of a number when subtracted from the number itself gives 25. The number
is_______.
(iv) If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2:3:4 then the difference between the greatest
and the smallest angle is _______.
(v) In an equation a + b = 23. The value of a is 14 then the value of b is_______.
2. Say True or False
(i) “Sum of a number and two times that number is 48” can be written as y+2y=48
(ii) 5(3x+2) = 3(5x−7) is a linear equation in one variable.
(iii) x = 25 is the solution of one third of a number is less than 10 the original number.
3. One number is seven times another. If their difference is 18, find the numbers.
4. The sum of three consecutive odd numbers is 75. Which is the largest among them?
1
5. The length of a rectangle is of its breadth. If its perimeter is 64m, then find the length
3
and breadth of the rectangle.
6. A total of 90 currency notes, consisting only of ₹5 and ₹10 denominations, amount to
₹500. Find the number of notes in each denomination.
7. At present, Thenmozhi’s age is 5 years more than that of Murali’s age. Five years ago, the
ratio of Thenmozhi’s age to Murali’s age was 3:2. Find their present ages.
8. A number consists of two digits whose sum is 9. If 27 is subtracted from the original
number, its digits are interchanged. Find the original number.
9. The denominator of a fraction exceeds its numerator by 8. If the numerator is increased
3
by 17 and the denominator is decreased by 1, we get . Find the original fraction.
2
10. If a train runs at 60 km/hr it reaches its destination late by 15 minutes. But, if it runs at
85 kmph it is late by only 4 minutes . Find the distance to be covered by the train.
Objective Type Questions
11) Sum of a number and its half is 30 then the number is______.
(a) 15 (b) 20 (c) 25 (d) 40
12) The exterior angle of a triangle is 120° and one of its interior opposite angle 58°, then the
other opposite interior angle is________.
(a) 62° (b) 72° (c) 78° (d) 68°
13) What sum of money will earn `500 as simple interest in 1 year at 5% per annum?
(a) 50000 b) 30000 (c) 10000 (d) 5000
14) The product of LCM and HCF of two numbers is 24. If one of the number is 6, then the
other number is ________.
(a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8
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Unit 2.indd 40 01-08-2019 11:19:52

 AB 2 + AC 2 = BC × DB + BC × DC
Note
= BC × (DB + DC )
= BC × BC If AB 2 + AC 2 = BC 2 then,
∴ ⇒ AB 2 + AC 2 = BC 2 and AB 2 = BC 2 − AC 2 and AC 2 = BC 2 − AB 2
Hence the proof of the theorem.

3.3 Converse of Pythagoras theorem

If in a triangle, the square on the greatest side is equal to the sum of squares on the other
two sides, then the triangle is right angled triangle.
Example:
In the triangle ABC, 60 61
AB + AC 2 = 112 + 602 = 3721 = 612 = BC 2
2

Hence, ∆ ABC is a right angled triangle.

11

(i) There are special sets of numbers a, b and c that makes the Pythagorean
relationship true and these sets of special numbers are called Pythagorean
triplets. Example: (3, 4, 5) is a Pythagorean triplet.
(ii) Let k be any positive integer greater than 1 and (a, b, c) be a Pythagorean triplet, then
(ka, kb, kc) is also a Pythagorean triplet.
Examples: k (3,4,5) (5,12,13)
2k (6,8,10) (10,24,26)
3k (9,12,15) (15,36,39)
4k (12,16,20) (20,48,52)
So, it is clear that we can have infinitely many Pythagorean triplets just by multiplying
any Pythagorean triplet by k.

Try these
Check whether the following are Pythagorean triplets.
i) 57,176,185 ii) 264, 265, 23 iii) 8, 41,40

We shall now see a few examples on the use of Pythagoras theorem in problems.
Example: 1
In the figure, AB ⊥ AC
a) What type of ∆ is ABC?
b) What are AB and AC of the ∆ ABC ?
c) What is CB called as ?
d) If AC = AB then, what is the measure of ∠ B and ∠C ?

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 Solution
a) ∆ ABC is right angled as AB ⊥ AC at A.
b) AB and AC are legs of ∆ ABC .
c) CB is called as the hypotenuse.
90
d) ∠ B + ∠ C = 90 and equal angles are opposite to equal sides. Hence, ∠ B = ∠ C =

= 45
2
Example: 2
Can a right triangle have sides that measure 5cm, 12cm and 13cm?
Solution:
Take a = 5 , b = 12 and c = 13
Now, a 2 + b2 = 52 + 122 = 25 + 144 = 169 = 132 = c 2
By the converse of Pythagoras theorem, the triangle with given measures is a right angled
triangle.

Example: 3
A 20-feet ladder leans against a wall at height of 16 feet from the ground. How far is the
base of the ladder from the wall?
Solution:
The ladder, wall and the ground form a right triangle with the
ladder as the hypotenuse. From the figure, by Pythagoras theorem,
202 = 162 + x 2
⇒ 400 = 256 + x 2
⇒ x 2 = 400 − 256 = 144 = 122
⇒ x = 12 feet
Therefore, the base (foot) of the ladder is 12 feet away from the wall.

Activity-1
(iii) We can construct sets of Pythagorean triplets as follows.
Let m and n be any two positive integers (m > n):
(a, b, c) is a Pythagorean triple if a = m 2 − n 2 , b = 2mn and c = m 2 + n 2 (Think, why?)
Complete the table.

m n a = m2 − n2 b = 2mn c = m2 + n2 Pythagorean triplet

2 1 ___ ___ ___ ______
3 2 ___ ___ ___ ______
4 1 15 8 17 (15, 8, 17)
7 2 45 28 53 (45, 28, 53)

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 Example: 4
Find LM, MN, LN and also the area of ∆ LON.
Solution:
From ∆ LMO, by Pythagoras theorem,
LM 2 = OL2 − OM 2
⇒ LM 2 = 132 − 122 = 169 − 144 = 25 = 52

∴ LM = 5 units
From ∆ NMO, by Pythagoras theorem,
MN 2 = ON 2 − OM 2
= 152 − 122 = 225 − 144 = 81 = 92

∴ MN = 9 units
Hence, LN = LM + MN = 5 + 9 = 14 units
1
Area of ∆ LON = × base × height
2
1
= × LN × OM
2
1
= × 14 × 12
2
= 84 square units.
Example: 5
A junction where two roads intersect at right angles is as shown in the
figure. Find AC if AB = 8 m and BC = 15 m.
Solution:
Now ∆ ABC is right angled.
Therefore, by Pythagoras theorem,
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
⇒ AC 2 = 82 + 152 = 64 + 225 = 289
AC 2 = 17 2
⇒ AC = 17m.
Therefore, the length of the diagonal of the two intersecting roads is 17 m.
Example: 6
Find the area of a rectangular plot of land shown in the figure.
Solution:
Here, the hypotenuse is 29 m. One side of the right triangle is 20 m. let the other side be ‘l’ m
Therefore, by Pythagoras theorem,

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 l 2 = 292 − 202 = 841 − 400 = 441 = 212
∴ l = 21m
Therefore, the area rectangular plot of land = l × b square units.
= 20 × 21 = 210 m 2 .

3.4 The Altitude –on –Hypotenuse theorem (without proof )

Here, the hypotenuse of a right angle triangle is taken as its base.
Draw an altitude to it (as given in the figure). We will have two more,
smaller right triangles. Isn’t it? Now, all these three triangles are similar!
Aren’t they? (check!) We now state the theorem.

Theorem:
If an altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of an right angled triangle, then

(i) The two triangles are similar to the given triangle and also to each other.

That is, ∆ PRQ  ∆ PSR  ∆ RSQ

2
(ii) h = xy
(iii) p2 = yr and q 2 = xr , where r = x+y

Note
It is to be noted that iii) is just one formula or relationship and not two formulae.
It can be remembered as
(side of big triangle)2 = (part of hypotenuse next to side) × (whole of the hypotenuse)

Example: 7
∆ ABC is equilateral and CD of the right triangle BCD is 8cm.
Find the side of the equilateral ∆ ABC and also BD.
A
Solution:
As ∆ ABC is equilateral from the figure, AB=BC=AC= (x−2)cm. (x–2) cm
∴ From ∆ BCD, by Pythagoras theorem
B C
BD 2 = BC 2 + CD 2
⇒ (x + 2)2 = (x − 2)2 + 82
(x+2) cm 8 cm
x 2 + 4 x + 4 = x 2 − 4 x + 4 + 82
⇒ 8 x = 82
D
⇒ x = 8 cm
∴ The side of the equilateral ∆ ABC = 6 cm and BD =10cm.

Chapter 3 8th Standard Mathematics 64

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 Example: 8
From the figure, find x and y and verify ∆ ABC is a right angled triangle.
Solution:
Now, by altitude-on-hypotenuse theorem, x
AB = AD × AC gives,

26
2

102 = x × 26
100 50
⇒x = = units and
26 13
BC 2 = CD × AC gives,

242 = y × 26 Activity-2
576 288 Find all integer-sided
⇒y= = units and
26 13 right angled triangles with
In ∆ ABC, AB 2 + BC 2 = 102 + 242 = 676 = 262 = AC 2 . hypotenuse 85.
Therefore, ∆ ABC is a right angled triangle.

Exercise 3.1
1. Fill in the blanks:
(i) If in a ∆ PQR, PR 2 = PQ 2 + QR 2 , then the right angle of ∆ PQR is at the vertex ________.
(ii) If ' l ' and ‘m’ are the legs and ' n ' is the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle
then, l 2 = ________.
(iii) If the sides of a triangle are in the ratio 5:12:13 then, it is ________.
(iv) If a perpendicular is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle, then each of the
three pairs of triangles formed are ________.
(v) In the figure, BE 2 = TE × _____.

2. Say True or False.

(i) 8, 15, 17 is a Pythagorean triplet.
(ii) In a right angled triangle, the hypotenuse is the greatest side.
(iii) One of the legs of a right angled triangle PQR having ∠ R = 90 is PQ.
(iv) The hypotenuse of a right angled triangle whose sides are 9 and 40 is 49.
(v) Pythagoras theorem is true for all types of triangles.
3. Check whether given sides are the sides of right-angled triangles, using Pythagoras theorem.
(i) 8,15,17 (ii) 12,13,15 (iii) 30,40,50 (iv) 9,40,41 (v) 24,45,51

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 4. Find the unknown side in the following triangles.
(i) (ii)
(i) (i) (ii) (ii) (iii)
R R (iii) R (iii)

30 30 30
Q XQ Q X X
x x
34 x 34 34
9 9 9 z 36 z 36 z 36
y y y

Y Y Z Y Z Z

40 39 39 39
40 40 P P P

5. A
 n isosceles triangle has equal sides each 13cm and a base 24cm in length.
Find its height. P

6. In the figure, find PR and QR. 7

x+1

24 inches

18 inches
Q x R

?
7. Th
 e length and breadth of the screen of an LED-TV are 24 inches
and 18 inches. Find the length of its diagonal.

8. Find the distance between the helicopter and the ship.

9. From the figure,

(i) If TA=3cm and OT =6cm, find TG.

10. If RQ = 15cm and RP = 20cm, find PQ, PS and SQ.

Objective Type Questions

G

11. If ∆ GUT is isosceles and right angled, then ∠TUG is ________.

(a) 30º (b) 40º (c) 45º (d) 55º
U T

12. Th
 e hypotenuse of a right angled triangle of sides 12cm and 16cm is __________.
(a) 28cm (b) 20cm (c) 24cm (d) 21cm

13. The area of a rectangle of length 21cm and diagonal 29cm is __________cm2.
(a) 609 (b) 580 (c) 420 (d) 210

14. I f the square of the hypotenuse of an isosceles right triangle is 50cm2, the length of each
side is ____________.
(a) 25cm (b) 5cm (c) 10cm (d) 20cm

15. Th
 e sides of a right angled triangle are in the ratio 5:12:13 and its perimeter is 120 units
then, the sides are ______________.
(a) 25, 36, 59 (b) 10,24,26 (c) 36, 39, 45 (d) 20,48,52

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 Exercise 3.2
Miscellaneous Practice Problems

1. The sides of a triangle are 1.2cm, 3.5cm and 3.7cm. Is this triangle a right triangle?
If so, which side is the hypotenuse?
2. Rithika buys an LED TV which has a 25 inches screen. If its height is 7 inches, how wide
is the screen? Her TV cabinet is 20 inches wide. Will the TV fit into the cabinet? Why?
3. Find the length of the support cable required to support the tower with the floor.

20 ft

x
15 ft

4. A ramp is constructed in a hospital as shown. Find the length of the ramp.

l
7 ft

24 ft

5. In the figure, find MT and AH. H

60 80

M A T

Challenging problems
6. Mayan travelled 28 km due north and then 21 km due east. What is the least distance that
he could have travelled from his starting point?
7. If ∆ APK is an isosceles right angled triangle, right angled at K. Prove that AP 2 = 2 AK 2 .
8. The diagonals of the rhombus is 12cm and 16cm. Find its perimeter.
(Hint: the diagonals of rhombus bisect each other at right angles).
9. In the figure, find AR.
ft
25
15 ft

17
ft

10. ∆ ABC is a right angled triangle in which ∠ A = 90° and AM ⊥ BC. Prove that
AB × AC . Also if AB=30cm and AC=40cm, find AM.
AM = A
BC

B M C

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Unit 3.indd 67 31-07-2019 19:51:29

 8. 4% 9. 1 1 years 10. ₹10,875 11. 700cm 12. ₹0.50 13. ₹ 54
2

14. 5% 15. ₹ 16000 16. (c) 6 17. (b) 1 year 18. (b) ₹ 12500

19. (a) ₹2000 20. (d) ₹2500

Exercise 1.4
Miscellaneous Practice Problems

2
1. T3, 93 % 2. ₹38163 3. 20% 4. ₹15000 5. 2 2 % loss
3 9

6. ₹8000 7. ₹ 104

Challenging Problems

8. 100 9. 20 % 10. 100% 11. 30% 12. ₹ 331

ALGEBRA
Exercise 2.1
1. (i) x = 7 (ii) y = 11 (iii) m = 7 (iv) p = 15 (v) One

2. (i) True (ii) False 3. (c) (iii),(i), (iv), (v), (ii)

4. (i) x = 11 (ii) y = 1 (iii) x = −1 5. (i) x = −4 (ii) p = −1 (iii) x = −11

−4

6. (i) x = −2 (ii) m = −4

Exercise 2.2
b
1. (i). x = − (ii) Positive (iii) x = 30 (iv) 40° (v) b=9
a

2. (i) True (ii) False (iii) False 3. 3, 21 4. 27

5. l = 8 cm, 7. Murali’s age is 15 years old, 9. 13

6. (80,10) notes 8. 63
b = 24 cm Thenmozhi’s age is 20 years old 21

10. 64.6km 11. (b) 20 12. (a) 62 13. (c) 10000 14. (c) 4

101 Answers

Answers.indd 101 01-08-2019 12:24:57

 Exercise 2.3
1. (i) Origin (0,0) (ii) negative (iii) y-axis (iv) zero (v) X-Coordinate
2. (i) True (ii) True (iii) False

Exercise 2.4
1. (i) Origin (ii) (4,-4) (iii) x-axis 1cm=3 units, y-axis 1cm=25 units
2. (i) True (ii) False

Exercise 2.5
Miscellaneous Practice Problems

1. x = 20 2. 60°, 40°, 80° 3. y=11 units p=133 units 4. 116°, 64°

Challenging Problems
6. 7,8,9 7. 54 8. 12 pencils

GEOMETRY
Exercise 3.1
1. (i) Q (ii) n 2 − m 2 (iii) a right angled triangle (iv)similar (v) EN
2. (i) True (ii) True (iii) False (iv) False (v) False
3. (i) Yes (ii) No (iii) Yes (iv) Yes (v) yes
4 (i) x = 41 (ii) y = 16 (iii) z = 15 5. 5cm 6. 25, 24
7. 30 inches 8. 170m 9. (i) 12cm 10. 25cm, 16cm, 9cm
11. (c) 45° 12. (b) 20cm 13. (c) 420cm 14. (b) 5cm 15.(d) 20, 48, 52

Exercise 3.2
Miscellaneous Practice Problems

1. Yes, the side of length 3.7 cm is the hypotenuse.

2. 24 inches No. 3. 25 ft 4. 25 ft 5. 100, 48

Challenging Problems

6. 35 km 8. 40cm 9. 28 ft 10. 24cm

Answers 102

Answers.indd 102 01-08-2019 12:25:06