smu<eTIJTIIB

JFIBOOJNSTJRUCTJION·

fig 57

']
BÓOKLET
 1
STRUCTURE
RECONSTRUCTION

,
,
....
\ .... (. CONTENTS
1\
•I \

' l
Preface
I ntroduction
2 Classifications of folded structures
2. 1 clossification in lerms of dimension
2.2 classification in lerms of fold sequences
2.3 classification in terms ofcrease pattern
3 The principies of superimpo!lition
4 The effect of addition of creoso<sl on a folded 2D
origami structure to the original crease pattern of
that structure
5 The concept of 'e rease wi<lth'
Guidelines for reconstruction of 2D origomi structures
d 6
7 Exemples of2D origami structu re reconstruction
8 Cresse patterns with unknown crease sign
9 3D origami structure.

. - J)(QQf"

t\
 STRUCTURE RECON STRUC TION

Introductioo
Suppose someone gives you a folded structure (origami model), for example, a
fish <fig. l). You unfold it and what remains is a WTinkled paper with some
creases or folding tines Uig.2). Is it possible that you can construct the original
structure, lhe fish, again?

fig 1 fig 2

This is Lhe subject 1 am going to lalk obout in this hooklet, struclure

reconstruction. AL once you will know lhat lhis is quite a complicaled subject.
So. bcíore we slarL to reconstruct lhe fish. we will investigale some of lhe
principies of origami to see whcther there ore any clues.

We hegin by t he classification of fol<lc<l st1·uctures.

2 Clnssj(ications offolded structures

As you will soon not.ice. some types of struclure cannot be reconstructed by
lookin~ at lhe creases alone. With some clussification, we can clarify lhe whole
picturc because we can know different special reatures or properties of \'Orious
type11 ofstructure.
 Two impor tant pointa we have to bear in mind at lirat. ~ moat 3-D origami etruct uree that
we fold are actual ly m ixturee of 3-0
(i) Every etruct ure can be an interm ediate etep
oíother etructu ree. For and 2-D origami etruct uree (fig.4), thie
examp le, íí we get the fiah in lig. l, we can add severa! íolding etepa on it eo undoubtedly givee ua some cluee.
interm ediate etep
that it becomee another liah; then the lieh in fig 1 is the (9.4.3)
ed liah. So etructu ree exiet that are mixtur ee of difTere nt
of the newly produc nationa of
difTere nt proper tiee, i.e. combi
types of origam i atruct ure, and have Also, there exist 3-D origam i
variou e typee. structu res that have crease s folded 1
maximally. though not to 180º in e• 1
1
(ii) On juet looking at the cresse patter n, it is very
difficult to determ ine at fig.5), beca use the angle of the ereases
become. Some '~ -- --.,., ,.-\:- ---- -
once what type/combination of types of struct ure it will are fixed, the chance s of . , .,,.,,,
, \
.
t of immat ure ""-::.'
guidel ines exist, but I have to say that this is still a subjec reconstruction are greate r. .,,,.' - - - - -.,,"""1' -•-·- · - ·
unders tandin g. ., ,,,,. .,,. '
fig 4
2. 1 Classificatioo io terms of dimeosioo
the final resulta 2.2 CJassjficatjon io terma of fold seauence
2. 1.1 1 dimensional (1-D) origami struct ures • folding of tines,
in
are siso tines. 2.2.1 Struct ures exist in which lhe fold sequen ce is unimp ortant
steps can actual ly be folded in
res). Ali constr ucting them; some ofthe
2. 1.2 2 dimensional (2-01orii;iami slructu res (or ílatten ed structu differe nt order e.g. the Blinlz base.
creuse s are either folde<l ISO" or unlil ílaltcn ed.
crossed crease s
Those cresse s are not usuall y crossing one anolhe r. With
The fish in fig. 1 is un exemple. ete them simult sneous ly or one cresse has to be folded
cither we have to compl
before anothe r.
because paper has a
/\ctual ly, if we use poper lo fold, ali struct ures will be 3-0
on im11gimiry plone, e.g. on a necess arily hove
lhickn ess. However, if we <lo lhe folding in 1lo_wever, sLruct ures having uncro1<sed cresse s do noL
ler, then the sarne slrucl ures will be 2-D. ortant fold sequcn ces. One fuctor we have to consid er is Lhe spolia l
compu un1mp
rclatio nship oft.he crease s.
not necess arily
2. 1.3 3 dimen sional (3-0) origam i struct ures. The creoses are
or until ílutten ed (i.e. one or more crease (s) have a cresse / ~
folded 180° Consid er fig5
theyha ve ~ ~
angle not equal to 0°)
b idenLical -== === === =,-
recons truct any 3-D
The significance of this classificalion is LhaL we can never a fig 6 crease
i struct ure wiLh any degree of certain ty. This is becaus e the cresse s in patler ns
origam
made. For examp le, if
Lhe paper do not show Lhe extenl to which lhe fold was
makin g on angle 60° to Lhe origin al
we fold a paper so that lhe folded paper is
unfold thot, whot is lert behind is justa cresse.
paper I fi g.3) ond Lhen if crense a is folded lirst

D
We do not know wheLh er the crease angle of t he
fig 3

folded struct ure be 60° or 80°

is a range of
if creasc h is folded lirst
fig 7

hy 11,oking ot the cresse alone. What we can recons truct fig8

creose s open. Of course , s photo . ·-· ···- - - - -
strudu res which vary like a s peclru m as the reconstruction.
,,,,-
structu re will greatly increo se the certain ly of
of the origin al
 ctlng
2 .2.2 Structu ree exiat in which the fold aequence ia import ant in conatru 3 The princjpleo ohuperjmposition
them, i.e. they have to be conatru cted step by step and the order
cannot be changed. There are 4 typee as followa:- We now tur~ to some principies o(origami. ln a creaee pattem
we can see a
k of difTere~t creasee . An unders tanding of the relation ahípe in ditrere nt
networ
2.2.2.1 Structu ree exiat that can be conatru cted one way only. crease pattern e w11l help ue to unders tand some princip ies for
reconatructiona.
is
2.2.2.2 Structu ree exist that can be conatru cted in di!Terent waye. This Two of these principies follow:-
difTerent from 2.2.1. ln 2.2.l., structu res can be constru cted by
s
difTerent fold eequencee but they are ali within one way. Wherea 3. 1 O~ a restric ~d plane, when a cre~se ie_crossed by anothe r crease,
the fold
nt
here, structu ree may be constru cted by difTerent waye, i.e. differe w1U become unn~turaJ or stress mducm g. The fold will become natura l again
uaed and within each way there may be only one d in ..eign or crease
cre88ea may be V.:hen ~ne ?pprop r1ate part of the crossed portion is reverse
possible fold sequence. One exemp le is the bird base. d1rec~1on (1e, mounta in to valley or vice versa), or 1 or more approp
riate crease(s)
place crossmg the interse cting point is (are) added.
2.2.2.3 Structu res exist in which not ali the cresses folded are stiH in
linal structu re, i.e. some creases are used for precrea sing or to
in the
re. They are signific ant in reconst ruction
make an interm ediate structu
are
becaus e we have to know which cresses in the creaee pattern 3.2 This does not apply to the case when the interse cting point of
a system of
which are not. Ali cresses that are
used in the final structu re and cresses , which is natura l, is crossed by anothe r cresse.
persist
not special ly used to produc e interm ediate structu ree should
in the final etructu re. (3.4.3) ln these principies:•
are still
2.2.2.4 lt follows thot structurei,4 <-xist in which ali lhe cresses folded 'Unres~ricted plane' means a plune not interfe red/hin dered by
any restrai nt
folded in the final structu re. eg, a p1ece of paper, and con be moved and folded freely. 1
1
1
'Natura l' means the crease(s) on the paper can be folded 1
9
ures (OSFP} withou t bending/stressing/distorting/teoring of the orea fig
2.2.3 Structu res exist thot require one or more 1-sLeo-foiding-proced ure. olher thon the crease(s). To illuslra te, t he fold in lig.9 is
i.e. 1 step to fold several creases atone time, eg the sinkin g proced unnatu ral because when the plane is folded the area marked )(

These usually require pre-cre asing. 'x' is also bent.

fig. 10 is unnatu ral
Th~ natural ness of a fold may difTer when the plane difTers, eg,
while fig. 11, 12 are natural .
2.3 Classification ia terms ofcrease oatlern
e someti mes we
no other structu res, No~e that un_notura l folds can exist in origami structu res becaus
2.3.1 Structu res exist that have unique creose pallern s. i.e. mduce stress or bendin g in some areas. The conditi on 'unrest ricted
those structu res. dehber_ately
when opened , have the sarne creose paUern of plane' 1s needed becaus e restrict ion affocts nntural ness.

2.3.2 Structu res exist thut have common creose pottern s.

An exemple is on section 5. Durin)( recon:;truction ofsuch structu
additional clues tsee section 51 nre nt•l)ded to disting uish them.
res
lig 10
,·-'
'1 1
f,gll,1 2 6 .... __ .,,,

in my orlic/e 'Aspects
paper ond ( • the ter~1t 'nat11ral' is used to reploce tire term 'proboble' used
2.4 There are olso other origomi feuture1<, such ns stretch ing or cutting s, we will o( No'-c~11.11g_a nd Anolyt ic Origam i ' BO 126 pp 1-15 in arder lo ouoid confusi on wilh
ng. As they cannot be derivt>d simply from crease patlern probob dity in mathem atics.
wet mouldi
ruction ofmod els
not conside r them. ln this book we will only consider reconst •• ,çee seclion 4 for defi.11ition of.çign.J
that consist of flat planes.
5
 op making mn natural
3.3 Explenatioo of 12doci12leo np making mo natural
no making mp natural
When a creaae ia croaaed by another, there are 4 possibilitiea, namely: mp mak.ing no natural
mountai n crosaing mountai n; mountai n croasing valley; valley croaaing mo making np natural
mountai n and valley crossing valley. However, as mountai n ia equivale nt to mn mak.ingop natural
valley, and vice versa, when looking at the opposite aide of the plane, there
are actually only 2 possibili ties. Namely, creases crossed by cresses of lhe From fig. 16 we know that either mnp or nop are natural. We can see that
the
opposite direction, and cresses crossed by cresses of the sarne direction . addition of o (to mnp) or m (to nop) does not alter the naturalnesa of the fold.
Consider the first case, fig 13, when the mountai n line is crossed by the
valley line. However, although fig.15 is natural, the addition of a creaae to it altera it's
naturaln ess. i.e.
j
[I ] ---)}> lff i
oorb
------r- -- - -

fig 13

When the valley fold is made, the mountai n line a is opposed by the valley
line h I now bis valley because we are looking at the opposite side of the plane.
he
So. c•1t hcr I hc direclion oí a or h havc Lo be rrversed in rJrcler that a fold con unnaturn l natural
bis revcri<c<l is <lctermined hy whether a or h is to
madc on a-b. Whethcr a or Fig. 18 Fig.19
he moved. On lhe sarne fig., if lhe <lirection is Lo fold upward and si<le a is held
stahlc. lhcn lhe direction ofb will hc rcversed and vice versa. So, the principie 3.1 does not hold, accordin g to principie 3.2.
( ',ms1der t hc .-.econcl case fig. 14. The naturaln ess of a !!ystem of folds are multifactorial, e.g lhe position,
distribut íon and direclíon of lhe fold.

3.4 App(jcatjon ofthe wiociple ofsuperjmposjtjon

with a
3.4 .1 Analysis of cresse pattern by breuking il uown. To illustrote we slart
. bird base fig.20.
Now e is opposed by d. 0y lhe sume rcnsoning, either e or d has to be reversed

Fig. lf> & L6 show how and exlrn ueose can muke the fo lding naturnl in these
two ca:1cs. Note that it has lo poss lhrough Lhe mtersecting point.

''
fig I f> lig 1(j '' ' fig 17
-- - ' -'~--- - -
' 1
----- . \.-·-·-·
1 ' ' fig 20
'
\
m
1
n 'o From lhe principies of superimp osition, we can break lhe bird base down:-
Now c11nsider fig. L7. This il< a prclimin nry fuld, obviou~ly natural. We can see
h,1w :l tn•ascs cun mokl' lhe following natural.
 4 The e(fect ofthe eddjtjon ofcree.se(sl on e fotded 2-P origamj structure to the
oriiioeJ creese pettern o{ thet structure
'.
Consider a folded structure: when an additional íold ia made upon it, the
+ ;
creaee pattern (i.e. the crease pattern when the structure is opened) is also
changed, usually in a more complex way. Are there any simple rules that
i
I .- .... govern the changing oí the crease pattern when creases are made?
1 _,,,,,..'

ln order to investigate this, an oblique fold is made upon difTerently twice-

~ folded rectangles of paper.
li
, ?\, 1
/

'
' /
/
/
/ 1 '' \
/

/
/ /
1 '' 1 /

fig 21
'
, '
/
>,
' .
+ -·-· -·-·!-. ---·-·
1
/
1 ''1/ lig23
/ / i r
/
/ ''
:~ ~ ',
'1'.
'.
Note how lhe direction.s of Lhe en<l portion of n and pare reversed when they
are crossed. Because it is the side, nol lhe centre of the paper to be folded. it is
l
/
/
1 '
lhe direction of the end porlion, not the central portion, of r. and p to be ' 1 / \
'
reversed. ' .--l, / 1
1 ' ·, fig 24
1 !
So, we know that the bird base is actually lhe preliminary fold plus 4 sinkings
ofthe ílaps (fig.22), or the prcliminary fold plus two pelai folds. •

'
fig 22
r -
fig 26

3.4.2 lt can be used to determine the fold sequence (6.2l.

3.4.3 ,\s the reconstructed structures usually <lo not consist of unnatural/stress
From t h,·,-,. d ::n::·:1:11s. wc cnn ;.ee t hnt an oblique crease produces a zig zag
inducing e reases, if the crcuse patterns contain some unnatural crease sy!'lems,
crN1s,• pat1.. rn lo the originul cn•u~e pattern.
!'Orne creascs oflhese syslems will nol be used in the final structures. Those
creases are used for constructing intermediales or precreasing. However. the
absence of unnatural e rease systems does not necessarily mean that there a re Two general poinls can be made.
no 'excess' creases, also, unnatural creases can exist in the reconstructe<l The <lirection or sign* of Lhe crense I i.e. mountain or valleyl is changed after
\ i)
struclures. Lhe crease has passed through nn existing (vertical, in lhese cases) crease,
irrespective Lo Lhe di rection of the exísling crease. tThis is in accordance with
• (oro diogonol vulley {o/d p/11s six si11hi11gs - see -/ S Smith ·111. Proise o{the Bird
Lhe principie ofsuperimposition.)
Base, IJOS Boohlet 22, p 18)
9
8
(ii) The relation of the oblique creaee to the exieting crea~e ~e juet the oppoeite An explanation of the above observations is not d ifficult. Coneider a eimple
(mirror image) with that of the oppoeite eide of the ex1etmg creaee. 1-fold etructure. When an additional creaee is mede, the pattern ofthe
s uperficial layer is duplicated in the deep layer in the overlapped area
• We arbitrarily define the sign to be the direction ofthe fold ofthe erease. A (i.e. with the sarne pat tern and the sarne sign). When the fold ie opened up
mountain fold made on the side ofthe plane facing be negative and the ualley fold be agai n, the oppoeite face ofthe dee p layer becomee facing us, thus the cresse
positive. pattern of that side becomes t he mirror image with the oppoeite eign.
1
,
·1 .. _...... ·-+
/. c::4J._+
~ fig27
1
1

A crease on a 3-folded rectangle also s hows similar results.

/ / With similar reasoning, this can be applied to multi pie laye red structures with
/
/
1 /
/ ' fig 28 different crease patterns.
/ ' 1 /
/ Thus a sim pie rule can be stated. Note that l his is only applicable to
't/ lwo-dime nsional origami.

like side. like s ign. with like pattern;

The ·creus-e paLlern' produced is not ne.:essarily continuous. 1~ is conti nuous unlike side, un like ~ign. wilh unlike paltern.
only when the crease tou.:hcs the e xisling creuses or boundanes. As lhe figure
ll's meaning is. ifa crease is made upon a mul tiple layered slructure, lhe sign of

-
helow shows:

/
,/ /
/. ,1' ',,
1 '

. '
1
1
/
/
•✓

. /
fig 29
lhe crc1-1se a nd l he crease pnttern are d uplicated nn the layers facing Lhe sarne
direction, as can be noled when lhe slruclure is npene<l. l l is only applicable to two
dimen!'ional origami because a crease cannot be nrnde ac ross lhe ~tructure such
,/ // / that all layers follow that crease. thus the crease cannot be exactly duplicated
,
/ ' ' 1• /
/ ,/ /
/
1
'' 'y / t hrough lhe layers, which is one im portant assumplion of this rule.
,/
/
/ 1 ' , 1./
1 T wo exarnples to s how how the ru le is
1
used.
ln lhe figure below, a crense is ma<le upon a mor~ complicuted str u~tur~. The
result is a zig zag crease paUern with it's mirror_1mag_e (wtlh oppo~1.te s ign l on (A ) Cons ider lhe structure shown,
lhe opposite side of the horizontal crt-ase. The nurror 1mage only occurs to t he fig 32. and an oblique creasc is
extent ofthe overlapping urea or lht- struct11re. made upon it. lf it has lhe
-, - - - - - . 1 -- - -,,- ,."1,,..._
' - - -7 original crease paltern s hown
1 / 1 ' in fig 33, whal will be the new d
'
'· ' 1. , / /
/ "' .:rt-ase pall ern.

1n fig 34, • denotes the lop ílnp,

[ 1
-- - ·-· 7 ----r·-· ' denotes t he m id<lle ílap and o
.:orresponds to lhe opposile ~i<le
------- .. ___ _ --- • .\
fig 33

/
,,f lhe bottom ílap of lhe slru.:tu re.
/
/ / A-. o is foci ng opposite to • in t he
fig 30
/
/ ' ·' 1 /
/ ~trudure <un like sidel, lhe udded
' /

10 11
 problema.
ílap of the The
basea.and
rrows show th e re1a t1onsh1p
thos • • between the crease on t he top
e creases on the paper when extended.
cresse pattern formed by the crease
will be mirror image of that cresse d
with the reflecting tine being the
folding line connecting the t wo
/
1
ílaps (a). ./
--- • - -- -~- - .
With similar reasoning, the cresse
pattern can now be progressively o
• - · - . _ -·)- .
1
--o..
fig 34
/
.
. f
fig 37
established, as the following t wo
figures show.
Note that the cresse pattern ofthe
upper right corner is actually the
mirror image ofthe cresse pattern ofthe triangular !lap with cresse (c) /'
7\
in between. / fig 38
1
...... 1/
, '
.,--✓.\ .f-r
/'

,
- •
- !, / 'V
\ b 1 .
1 - -- . - .
---->----. o. plane re1a t·1onship with sigo of posi tion of erease
fig 36 betwecn plane belween af crense
o fíg 35
1 o l top ílnp)
I
ab unlike + m_irror _image of crease between a f
Tubular prcsentution with a m between
crease re a 1ons IP
,;1 e rn1rror with • ef unlike + m_irror_ image of crease between a f
irnages between w1th f m betwee n
image pairs

. o a like side cb like dupl~cation of crease between a ,-.

º'.". m1rr_or image of crease between a b
- b
"1th b m between
oppos ile of •

o
.. a unlike side tbeyond d) de like duplication of crease between a,-.
or_. m1r~or image of crease between e f
like side 1c and d) with e m between
wilh part of' e
+ unlike side
tover\apped) cd unlike + m_irror image of crease between a f
w1th b e in between
N.B. Likt·" are mounluins, unltkcs a re vallcys. or mirror _image of crease beiween e b
1 BlCon:ai<ler the preliminnry bnse. What would lhe effect if a crease is made and d e w1th d and c in betw
• . een
acro:;s il Lhe top. iit the boUom? llig.J7 l W1th alterations mude duelo the clw11 t'd • • •
when lhe structure is o~ned TI • lg spat,al r~lat.wnshrp ofthe two planes
r · te resu Is are slwwn rn fig.3B.

Thc <lingrams over lhe page help you to visualise the wny to solve lhe 13

12
 lt can be seen that because the preliminary base is symmetrical along the axis
b e, ao the crease pattern on one side is actually the mirror image of that on 1 1 1
the other side with opposite sign. 1 1
1 1 1 fig42
1 • crease
The significance of these principies is that they can be used to determine the .... - - - 1- - - _L. - - -1 · - . - pallern
fold sequences (6.1) 1 1 of case 2

1 1

As shown in case l and 2, lhe folded square can be formed in various ways
5. The concept of 'e rease width' from lhe reclangle. But diíferent directions and sequences of folding produce
squares with difTerent structures. (Oifferent cross-sections along the Jong axis
Consider lhe following exam pies:- of the rectangle). From the above exsmples, different squsres hsve different
1 cresse patterns.
However, different structures csn siso hsve identical cresse pstterns. The
following example shows:
Case 3 fig·-
43-- - - - - r -- - - - ,
1
1
1
1
1
1
'
1
fig 39 cross seclion al A
1
1 1 1
1 1 • cross ~ccLion crease pnlt.ern i<ll'ntical
fig 40 1 aL C Ç with Case l tlig 40)
1 1 • e.
crease >-· - · - · i - - - --+·-·-·+ - -
pattern of
case l 1
1
i Then, is t hcre a ny other clue that enables us to identify the correct sequence?
Yes, lhe crease wid t h.
' 1

The crease wi<lth is defined as lhe number of layers that lhe crease emhraces
in 2-0 origami struclure. Suppose lhe width of a crense is 4, that means inside
1 h_e crease lhcre are 4 la.v ers oí paper. C'ross-secLicms of some examples oí crense

-·-·-·---) w1dth 4 are :-:huwn. \Fig.4 4)

1
'-4
~)~)~
1

~~>
If I hese overlap i n
~nme nreas wit hin the
fi!! 41 Ca!<e 2 crease.
cross scction al Il fig44

,.____, Because of Lhe thickncss of t he pnper, n 'width' uf the erease is usually left
hehind when a slructure is unfolded nn<l crcnses of larger widlhs usually
14 15
 enclose creasee of smaller widths. It is this that provides the clue for the lt is important to point out that Lhe absence of exact mirrar image pairs on
retracing of the sequence. two sides of a crease does not necessarily preclude that that crease should be
folded first. It is because during the folding of a structure, the creases made
Coming back to the last exemple, because the cross-sections of the structures in the underlying layers do not necessarily have to follow those on the top
are difTerent, when opened to the rectangle again there will be difTerent layer. Actually the cresses made in various layers can be quite independent.
distributions of cresse width. So the distribution of cresse width actually helps However, as some creases may still be duplicated in various layers, the
determining the structure of the folded object. presence of some forms of incomplete mirror image pairs can also be an
important clue for reconstruction. So, in simple words, if we encounter some
As difTerent structures have different cross-sections at least in one plane, they crease patterns that contain mirrar imuge pairs. do consider l he creases
must have difTerent cresse patterns and distribution of crease width belween to be folded first.
combinations. So the combination is actually specific for a structure. As it is
s pecilic, the certainty of reconstruction when the information incresse width
distribution is used is great. The application of cresse widlh in reconstruction
.. Anothe r point to be noled is that because thc size of d ifferent. portions may
be d ifferent, even the underlying layers a re fo lded exactly wit h lhe creases
is found in section 6.4. of lhe top layer, t he crease palterns of the underlying layers will not be exact
mirror images or duplications ofthat top layer. The following example will
•
6 Guideiines for rcconstructioo of2-D ori(lowi structures
These are just guidelines and are nol exhaustive.
"'i}s ED " . - ~ / ; - "•"

llecuu1-e thc porl ion B i., laq.:Pr. thl· creus <! "h1ch c xtcml.~ to lhE' ed ge of t.he
lt is possible for someone lo ma ke a crease on nn orignmi structure just for pnper, is also la rger, so it is noLan E':rncl niirror irnnge. 1lowever. some
t he sake of making a crease, rather tha n Lo fold lhe paper. Also, lhe sarne propC>rlies of Lhe m1rror inwge Atill exist. name ly L a = L b or, e he Lhe ungle
crense may he of one s ign 1direct11,n1 ui one slage of folding and of the opposite bisector of the e reases H, h. So we cnn re;.latc t he guideline in even si mpler
>-ign at an~ther st11ge. i.e. t he cn>ase can he re-used and folded in both le rms: angle hisec;tors nfcr(',1,-1•s 11f1111like ,.:ig-n to hc folde<l first.
clirections. So one hn:- to he ver~· careful when using the m.

6.2 1-'rom the principie ofsuperimposit111n l!'l•ction :i1, when a crease is crossed
6.1 From l he principies outlined al section 4. whe n s crease pntlern is folded by anothcr, one part ofthe cren;se is rever:Sed afier t he creose is foldcd. So if
across a folded structure, 1he crense pallern is duplicated on ali Lhe layers. Lhere exists a crossing of crcases. t ht> one haqng- thc reversed parl is usually
nnd will nppear to be t he duplicale ,,r mirror image with opposite s igns on l he first creased formed. At lir,-t glnncc this conLradicts (6 U. /\ctually, Lhis
various portions of lhe unfolded pnper. divided by the original creases of that is noL so hecause we are anal_ys ing t he problr m from different pers pectivcs.
structure. Whethe r lhe crease pattern is a duplicate ofa mirra r image Consider fig 46: accordin{! to 6. 1. e rease u is to be folded first.
depends on the orientation •>f lhut portion of puper in the folded structure,
1
uccording to the rule
1
like side. like ~ign, like patlern
unlike ,;ide, unlike si!{n, unlike paltern
.. lig 46
1
----~----,.
So, whenever wc can i<lentify Lhe presfc'nce of mirror inwge pnirs on Lhe
exlcnded crease pallern, it is likely Lha t the creases helween t he m s hould
be folded first.

i\ con,llurv oí t he nbove is I hat. when we a re Lhinkini,: whethcr a particular

.:re11se s h~uld be folded first. we can lry lol<ling that crease. lf it nppears l hat
1hcre is a harmony of crense patterns betwee n the folded edge and the rest
of 1he paper, it is likely t hat crec1se shou ld be folded first.
lig 47
16 17
 When opened, a cresse pattern identical to fig 46 is formed. However, ifwe although cresse bis wider than cresse c, practically no di!Terence can be
view the problem a,i addition of cresses (6.2) detected when the creSBes are opened. So it is impossible for ue to reconstruct
this structure by relying on creSBe wid th. (see 7.1 for exemple of application)
1
1
+ · - • -•·- · - GI._ := .... - • - ·1-. - . - 6.5 The following rule, though not in direcl relation to reconstruction, is very
fig48 useful l7.4 region 1)

'
On crease b (the crease thst exists firstJ, when cresse a is sdded Considcr fig.5 l.
(superimposedJ, the top part of bis reversed in sign (direction) and the sarne
final crease pattern is formed.

ln short, 6.1 is to determine the naLUral fold sequences, 6.2 is to determine the
order of crease interaction/superimposition. 6.2 is to break down the crease
pattern into sim pie patterns so that the whole picture can be more
comprehensible (pattern analysisl.

'l.
6.3 Creases that are joined from une edge of t he paper to the other edge are likely
lo be folded lirst. This is b11scd on an flssumpt inn that, when Lhe first cresse Suppose crease a is crn>'<sed hy n numher of creases b,c,d,e ....
is made, it is made from onc e<lge of t he paper to t he other :,o as to be natural.
To carry this a step further, whcre therc i,c; no 'edge to edg-e' crease, or t he edge ,r 1. b.c.d.e, .... are anglc hiscctnr>'< nf a
lo üdge crcase is not folded fin;t,it is likely thal severa! crea.c;es are ui:,cd to 2 ;1djuccnt segments of H are in opp11site ~ign, i.e. a change
uhtain a stable strudure. 1n other words, that struclure is initiated by a of s ign nfter crossing a crease
one-step-folding procedure. Onc exumple is lhe box pleating base. :i ,spalial relationship of h.c,d,e, ... 1tre such that a 2-0

j struct.ure can be formed after folding those e reases

lhen crcuse u will be overlopped to a straight crease aíler
folding of creases b,c,d,e
64 As mentioned before, the dislribution of crease width is important for
reconst ruction. The creases with higger widths should embrace the creases The proof is not difficult. We will u:'e Lhe nbove example and consider one
with smaller wid ths. With this, the order of different layers can be established. angle bisector b only. Whcn b is foldcd, the I wo segmenls of a adjacent to b
Difficulties occur when determining the crease width when t.he creases are not ovcrlap t :.bis lhe angle bisector). If e is considered, lhe segments adjacent
closely packcd together, i.c., lhe c1·e.1scs do not extend to lhe width they should lrJ e also overlap when e is folded. The same reasoning 11pplies to ai! other
h.1ve. Fig 49 :;hows ;rn l'lWmplc in cro,s,; ;;eclion. cre11st'S. So, ai! creasc scgments of a overlap when creoses b.c,d.e,.. a re folded.
This rulc• is an extension lo 6.1.

fig 49

The crcase widt h a, allhough (•mhracing s ix layc rs of paper, has virtually no

widlh. Fortunately the spatial relalionship difference hetween crease a and fi.6 1n :l.:2.:i I introduccd Lhe tcrm one•slcp-folding procC'dure tOSFP ). Here we try
,,thcr crca,;cs nlrcady hclped us to recom:trucl l he struclure. Ncverthelcss. in ln fim! ~ome clues for identifying such OSFP's.
t he following cxample,
fi.6. l Thc usual crease palterns are those with crcnses lhat cannot be folded
~ e i ndcpcndC'nlly. The folding of one e rease neccssarily causes other_ ereaseis)
!,
fig 50 t lJ fold ,1,c; wcll in order to produce a stable, unstressed s tructure, 1.e. they

18 19
 have to be folded simultaneously. Many ofthese structures are 3-D 6.7 Another anatytjc method for creaae pattern
structurea.
This looks at the crease pattern consieting of a network with multiple foci.
6.6.2 The presence of equally spaced creases or equal angles between cresses Each focua haB it's own creases radiating out, joining other foci, as fig 53
may be the occurrence of 0SFP beca use:- shows.
/
6.6.2. l Many common 0SFP, like squashing, notching, sinking, peta( folds,
reverse folds, crimps usually produce symmelrical cresse systems.
'
'
./ ' ' /
/

~
6.6.2.2 0 isplacement of structure, e.g. a ílap, onother 0SFP, invo(ves different
'f
part.s ofthe paper. The displacements belween the new creases and
t he old creoses in these parts are the sarne, thus producing equally fig 53
1
s paced cresses or angles between the creases. Fig.52 illustrates this
effect, then the part A is displaced, new creases are formed. The 1
angles between the new and old creases, 8 and <f' are the sarne. ~ - .7'
/ ./
Note that 6.6.2 is nota necessary condition.
/ ' ' '
/ The method consists of analysing each focus, or each group of foci individually
'
''
1
1 /
/
'' I
/ so as to visualise the function. or contribution of ooch focus/group of foci to Lhe
'' 1
1 /
/
/ .....
.....
.......
'' /s
/"-/
/ wholo slructure. The steps Lo fold each focus o re determinou nnd the folding
st>4uence of the whole slrucLure is determined by a con~idcration of Lhe fnci all
' 1
......
"
~.,, I / 1ogether {example on 7.4).

~r-----·
, ,
---
/

" ' 'f--- ---- ----

1 /
~
...... /

As compared with 6.2, this method is more suitnble for crease patlerns having
vorious parts or regions whereas the last method is more suitohle for crcase
pallerns Lhat are more complicotcd as a whole nnd cannot he sopornlod
spatially. ln more sophisticated terms, sim ilor lo electrical circuits. Lhis method
is analysing the crease pattern in series. The readeris advised to selecL Lhe
1 method according Lo e rease pattern or Lo combine Lhe two methods if necessary.
1 1

6.8 /\s mentioned preciously, 'every s tructure is also an intermediate of oLher

structures'. This applies to both 3-0 and 2-0 sLructures. 0 ne of Lhe many
implica~ions of this statement is that Lhe folding steps of origami are not_
neccssarily complicating the structure. lt can make Lhe structure more s1mple.
\
This oxplnins why mnny s imple orii.rami models necd li! lot of steps to fold: /\
:;tructure can actuallv 11ndergo a series of stcps und fi nally go bnck lo piam
pnper! \i.e. il has un<lcrgone a 'foldi ng circle'l. This can be seen when the .
s tructure has two or more folding methods. 1n nrnny cases, one of the folding
fig :12 methods involves an 0SFP and lhe other method can establish Lhe sarne
structure bypassing thaL 0SfP: t hey involve more crea~es usually. e.g. the
6.6.3 When cre:1ses Me joinod logether like a network rath<>r tha n cro1<Ring each bird b11se can he formed by nn 0SFP using precreasing ond it can be folded
111hcr it i,; likely lhut an 0SFP is involved, e.g. lhe rnbbit ear, Lhe box ple1:1Ling by other ways.
creuse or ol her examples in 7.;l.2.
The converse of this slntement i~ nlso true: evory structure can be viewed
6.6.4 These cl11cs mny not hc oxhuustive. The relalion hetwcon 0SFP and 3-D as the beginning of other structures lsee 7.4 region 3J.
origami sl.ructure will be shown in 9.4.1.
20 21
 Here, creasea a, b, e, and d are angle bisectors of creases ef, fg, gh, hi
7 Examo!es or2.p oriiamj slructure reconstrucljon respectively , and creaaes e, r, g, h, i are in alternat signa. So it is reasonable
that a, b, e, d are folded first (6 . 1), as they are not crossed and are not
7.1 We start with the crease patterns used in section 5 with individual creases
interfering with one another, 80 it ia po88ible that they can be folded at the
labelled. ln (i) the creases f, b, g and creases a, e, d are mirror image pair11 sarne time, or in difTerent orders (2.2.1). However, a problem existe as creasea
with opposite signs, so crease e should be folded first (guideline 6.1).
d, h, i are partia! mirror images of creases b, f, g and are of opposite signa, so
should crease e be folded before creases b and d?

An examinatio n of the erease widths solved the problem (6.4). lf lhe width of
crease d is greater lhan that of crease b, then crease d should cover crease b
-·-...·- and so crease e should be folded first. lf the width of cresse d is the sarne as
lhal ofb, then cresses e, f, g, h, i can be folded at the sarne time.

( i) (ii)
fig 54 7.3 Now we will try to reconstruct the fis h s hown at lhe beginning ofthe book (fig.!).
The crease pattern is labelled tlig.66)
Crease e and crease d; creose f and crease gare mirror image pairs with
The obvious mirrar image pairs with opposite signs are of three groups:-
opposite sign so creases a and b should lhen be folded (6 . 1.)

F'inall.v. creases e f g d s hould he íolded. l Not~ thol they hnve AdecreAsing

order of creose width. The crN1.:;es will be nAmcd in lhis order).
f'reases 10 and 45, across creascs 40, 11
Creases 25 nnd 5, across creoscs 20.31
1n (ii) e reases o, b. e and creoses e, f, gore mirror imAge pairs with opposile
Creases 45 and 46, across crcases 44.47
s ign so creose d should be folded first. l lowever, crease a, e and creases e, g
f'reas<'S 25 and 26, ucross crl•Oses '..!4,27
are nlso mirror inwge pairs with opposile signs, soa problem exista• to fold
Creases :i2 and 34. ncross crenscs 7.3:3
d first orlo fold b and f firs t (6. 1).
('reases 37 und 39, ocross creoscs 8,:38
(°;reases 12 and 14, ncross aeoses 2, l :3
lt is the dis tribution of crease widths that help in solving this prohlcm 16.4). Creases 17 and 19, across creoses :i, 18
lf creAse bis wider than crease f, then crease b should embrace crease f and
creose d should be folded first. lf lhe widths of b ond f ore the sarne. then
crease b and creose fshould be folded first.
fig !36

7.2 This re-uses lhe example in fig 36.

As lhey are of different orcns n f thc pullcrn, we can dcol with t hem separately.

7 .3. l. Fi rs t foid creoses 40, 11 and 20.31 16. 1) fi!I' 57 IO\'erleaíl

.. - .. - :__..
...
- . -
1
'
-,L._ .
7.:i.2 lfcreases 44, 47 and 24,27 are lo be folded, this involves other creuses as well
108FP. 6.6. 1)
,. ,,
1 Note thut t he crease p,,tterns are juinC'd to a foci l6.6.3J fig 58.

(fig 32) Fig 55 7 :i.3. Now, creases 2. 13; ~. 18; 7,33; li.:38 are fi>lded . Simih1r t.o 7 3.2. other creases
<ns murked l are also nceded to he fulded in onJcr to obtuin a ílaltencd
s tructure. This time lhe creases nre joined lo n central focus 16.6.3).
2)
22
 Thie is to show that quite complicated structuree can be reconetructed. It i11
7.4 also designed to show the analytic method mentioned before and many other
technique11 as well. The etructure can be divided into 4 regiona and each region
ie analyeed in turn.

...._
..... ...._

fig 57 fig 58
...._
...._ ---
-. .,,,,. - .,,..-r-,<Í"""-
- - -.,,,,.=;-
:t.
I
/
/
I
/
/ /
/ /
fig 61

fig 59 fig 60

7.3.4 Now the patterns a re obvious, 2 OSPF (one at the back) (6.6.3) fig 59
Re~:ion l
ln region l, as creases b, e, d are mirror
images of creases g, f, e wilh opposite signs,
7 .3.5 So, the fis h! fig 1, 60. so crease a s hou ld be folded first (6 .1).

Now, as f is the angle bisector of e and g,

where e and gare in opposite signs, so
creases cf should be folded (6.1 L
fig 62

24
fig 64
fig63
25
Note that now cresses b, e, g, d overlap, as predicted by the rule in guideline 6.5. So Crease I joining 2 edges oí the paper and is the bisector oí cresses m, r; n, i; o, s; q,a;
finaUy creases b, e, g, d are íolded. so should be folded first. Cresses i, s and n, o are unnatural so either cresses i, n or
creases o, s do not exist in the final structure.
Reiioo 2
However, after folding crease 1, it is the creases i, n that join the two edges of the
structure. so creases i, n should be folded before creases o, s and it is cresses o, s
that persist. i li is here that lhe significance of the statement 'every structure can be
viewed as the beginning of another structure' can be visualised, section 6.8).

Reíioo 4
h
·J
-·- /
J I
/

I
/
/ fig 65 fig 66 fig 67
fig 71
Creases h. i, k are unnatural according to the principies of superimposition, so it is
likely that one of the cresses does not exist in the final structure. AB cresse j is lhe
angle bisector of cresses h, k, so that part of lhe crease i cannot existing l he final Cren~es v and w are unnnlural.
struclure as it draws paper in the region hj and causes stress in the region jk. lf crea~c r i~ the unf!le bisector of creases u. "·
t his is t rue it implies that the other part of i (outside Lhe region hk) is to be first. ('rease t is the ungle bisector of ue,1s "~ v, e.
The cresses h, j, k can be folded at lhe sarne time, note that they are not crossed.
N,it much infnrmation can he nhtaim'd in lhis re>ginn. pe rhnps furLher information
Region 3 can he gained further on.

fig 69
Having unalysed eac h region, let us cons ider Lhe structure as a whole.
·-
--- The crcase order of cach region. nf course. has Lo he consistent with o( he r regions.
This prov1dcs mutual confirmation nnd inf'ormalion lo ;;ome sleps that cannot be
-- deti:,rmine>d in lhe regional anulyi'is.

,\,; cre>a:a;e 1 is t he 0111,v crc-ase joininJl two l•d,:,,,, anti i1 i~ nlso lhe aease to be folded
tir5L in rl'1sion :!. so 1 :-<hould be foldcd first. 111ia~rant u,·Nlcan.

fig 68

26 27
 .,,.
/f-:. ....
/..
. 1 \
I ' '
lv \
1
/
/
Jt is now discovered that creasee
v, e, f a re overlapping and connecting
two edges of the paper, so should be folded
next (this is another illustration of the rule in guideline 6.3).

Rotate
and turn
over.

Now, crease i, n anda, q are joining two edges and are Lhe cresses to be folded firet
in the regional analysis, so they can now be folded. To illustrate, let ue fold creases
i, n first.

fig 76

1t is a bit difficult here!

i) Creases u and tare joining two edges.

/ iil s persists in the final structure, so the structure should be folded soas
/ to form s.

iiiJ s can only be formed by rotating Lhe ílap vi, so crease t should be folded.
As L ti = Luv tby measurementl, so crease u is auLomatically
folded when crease tis formed soas to release the stress ofthe ílap vi.

1n view of these, ílap vi is rotated by folding the creases t and v simultaneously

lOSFP 6.<,.2.2)

fig 74
Now creases a, q are folded.
/
/ 28 29
 fig 77

(i) As cresse v is unfolded during the folding of n, cresses w , vare unnatural, so

cresse w should persist and be folded. Crease w overlaps creasee b, e, g, d eo
they are likely to be folded together.
ii) There is no overlapping cresse on ílap ut. However, by measurement,
Lwu = Lrs (Lwu should be slightly larger when the thickness ofthe paper is
considered) so cresses w, b, e, g, d ond cresses r, s should be folded together
(OSFP, 6.6.2.2.)

[] [] L] [] [J [iJ
---

l -- --
- -- 1'

- - -·:
- --

------
- -,

;_ - -

- n n n
: --- LJ LJ w
D D[]
END

The result should be consistent with the distribution of cresse width. The order
of crease widths w, b, e, g, d can be used as a final check.
30
□ [Jíl[J[J[J
31
8 Crea:ie patterna wjth unknown crea:ie oiiD 9 3-D ociitoroi otructure
lf we only have the creaee pattern and we don't know the eign of 9.1 One ofthe probleme ofatructure reconetruction ie that we cannot determine
whether the original etructure ehould be 3-D or 2-D juet by

[D
the creasee (mountain or valley), is it poeeible to reconetruct the
original etructure'? The anewer is, we can conetruct a group o( w:::-:--~--~ looking at the creaee pattern.
poesible etructure.
Even with one ofthe eimplest crease patterna as in fig 84.
---------1
lig84

We can answer thie problem by considering a relatively simple

crease pattern, fig 80.
fig80
fig 79 D fig85
It can have a 2-D etructure, fig 85, anda range of 3-D structuree

( m = f f • r e • 2 • ;n f i g L fig8ti

9.2 One way to deal with this problem is to assume the original etructure to be
2-0, and modify the reconstructed structure (i.e. change it to 3-0) to see
whether a more reasonable or meaningful structure can be formed. The
following example (fig 87) illustrates this method.
_,..
,t- '·•• "' ,..·/
Fig 81 shows the possible combinations of crease signs. Note that for the sake of 1
Mirror image pairs with opposite signs (6.1) >:-,i ~. \ ,,, .,,.. _,.. /
simplicity, only the valley cresses are shown (the others are mountain creases).
';, ''1 \
/
cresses 16. 1O. 7 and 2,3,4 across cresses 1,5 . .,,... ·,i /

EEB= □
So cresses 16 and 17 across e reases 15, 18 ,q '-. 1 ,s. .li·_,.. /
creases 7 and 8 across creases 6, 9 i- :::- - - * ·, /
.......... q. ' .~ / 1

fig 82 They are in difTerent regions, so any of

(! .
'/-... . .....
"'' ' •\ /
them can be folded first (2.2.1) / , • 'X:
The back of the paper is assumed to be the sarne as the front, so in this way, the
followmg creases are assumed to be identical. 9.2. l Now, cresses 1, 5 are folded (fig tl8J .
./, /
/
/ \'
\.
'..... '
.._ --......
I / \ "-. ..._-...
I / ~ \ ,. ,1 ....._

''
EJ [3 EJ □
/ \
./ / / \
/ / \
~ \

fig 83 fig 87

Now we know that even simple crease patterns can produce many combinations of
e rease signs, i.e. may possible crease patterns, if the signs are unknown. Some of
lhe patterns cannot form a slructure and so can be eliminated and some patterns
can produce more than one possible structure. Note that the presence ofunnatural fig 88
.:rease patterns does not necessarily mean that such patterns cannot produce a 5
structure, as some creases con be used for precreasing \3.4.3)

32 33
 1
The relationahlp betwMn 8 .,, 8 4P can be founc.. - -- - - -- - - -- - ---,
using knowledge of 3-D trigonometry . • ' !
~ A pyramid can be conatructed to show their
' ; i,~.
'z,
,_,, . A
D relationshlp. rc{~ - - - - - - - - -
} ....ir( ~
s 1
fig 89 1
1
B 1
1b
....l. ....

'-.l
\4
\
\
'' fig 90
fig 92
p
9.2.2 Cresses 6, 7, 15, 18 are folded as they are nota straight crease, other cresses
are needed to be folded as well (OSFP 6.6.1). This crestes a perpendicula r ílap. 9
9.2.3 The olher cresses are completed. Note lhat cresses 19, 20 are not folded in the
Here opqr is a rectangle.
final struclure (2.2.2.3). A bird like structure. fig 90 is formed. lt seems more
reasonable to ílup the wings down at on angle soa 3-D origami structure is formed. cos q, = l2Q
We have cos 8 = rg
rs ps

and tan 8=~ tanq, • ~

rq pq
9.3 However, the above method is not
always possible because 3-0
.:reases may be used in the so sq = rq lan 8 = pq lan q,
middle ofthe fold sequences.
So we have to know something and l'.!2 = .tan...rl!
ubout the interactions of 3-0 pq tan ff
cresses. Here in fig 91, a crease
.[Q
with an angle of q, (i.e. angle
between ílap A and the paper) :.,..,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___.. now tanq,=~ =~=~= 1'.SL--= tanq, =1lln...sQ.
ro ro ro cos ll pq cos a tan 0 cos fl sin 0
meets another cresse b with an
angle 0, at an angle of 90° (angle fig 91
between a and b) .JMl.
similarly tan 8 = a12 = -'2U = ...m..._ = ....JliL_ = tan 8 = an..!t
op op op cos q, rq cos q, tan q, coa q, si n q,
Let x be a line on flap A that is ovcrlapping flap 8 . Assume it is ílap B lhat is
bent. A mountain cresse y on ílap 13 anda valley crease z between flap A and
ílap B will be simultaneously formed tOSFP>
1 While 21p - 360° • 90° - ll • q,
Let q, be the angle between y and b 1also be the angle between x and b on the
1p = 135°-el...±...!Q_l
folded structure)
1 2
and tt be lhe angle between x anda \y and s on the folded structure) 1
und •I' be the angle between z and x or y ( they ore equal bccause on the folded So the angles between the creases (r. o • •111 are ali related to the cresse angles ff, lfl
structure x a nd y are overlapping). that meana the angles between the cresses in the crease pattern change in relation
to the change in the crease angles.
So when the paper is opened agai n, the followi ng cresse pattern is formed t fig 92).
35
34
1f the crease angies are reduced, then the end of(fig 93)
the spectrum, 2-D origamic stru.cture, fig 93, fig 97
will result. crease ang.le y > crease angle x
but crease x embraces cresse y
i.e. q,- oº
9.4.3 Many so called 3-D origami structures are sctually a mixture or 2-D and 3-D
when limite are <p - O structures, i.e. they have lsyers overlapping together. ln those areas, the
principies of 2-D origami apply. So, in a crease pattern, if we can identify areas
then .t..anJ1 = l fig 94 where principies of 2-D origami apply, e.g. mirror image paira of crease patterns
sin q> with opposite signs, these are likely to be creases for the 2-D structure. This is
not an absolute rule because such patterns can be created by precreasing or
unused creases. Moreover, although the principies for 2-D origami do not
and liW.Jll = l apply to 3-D origami, the crease patterns can be coincident.
sin 8 '
:. tana = l1 1
8 = 45°
'

~- -A,,.
94.4 Allowance should be made for the 3-D effect. The creases on a 2-D crease
patlern will be interacting on a 3-D (rather than ílat) struct ure. There will be
1 /4;1
tanq,1- l q, =45° / 1 corresponding changes in lhe orientation and spatial relationship of cresses.
11, = 135° - 45° = 90° 1 To illuslrate, t he 'mirror image pairs of cresses of opposite signs' may be ve ry
far away in the crease pattern, but are brought together when the structure is
fol<led to 3-D. This also huppens in 2-D orignmi, but the changes are different.

So. the crease pattern is as in fig 94 tOSFP). 9.4.5 Try to idcntify Lhe 'locking systcm' U!-ed in 3-D origami.
This con easily be verified by folding.
9.5 Example for 3-D origami structure reconstruction - fig 98.

9.!i. \ Fin,t wc t ry to identify fentu res for 2-U origami.

Mirror image pni rs of e reases with opposite s igns 16. l >

Crea::-es 27.23,35 and :l0.:H ,24 across e reases 29.28, 19
9.4 Other notable reatures of 3-D origami strucLures Creases 24 and 25 -=J across e reases 20,32
crenses 7 nnd 2 across crease 1
9.4. l As shown in the last section, when a crease is made across a 3-D crease, a ereases 5 und 1O across erease 6
crease pattern wi t h a mirror image of opposile s ign l6. l ) connot be duplicated ereases 26 and :rn across crease 34
lhrough the layers. I nstead, a nelwork of creases requiring OSFP is formed. This ereases 14 a nd ;-15 across crease 18
can be visualised as t he step needed to stabilize t he 'stress' caused by the crease
made.

9.4.2 The crease widlh of a 3-D crcase is an unrelioble guide for how many layers it
embraces.

fig 95

The angle of a 3-D crease, if known, can be used s imilar to lhe crease widlh 1

in 2-D origami, i.e. creases with a large ongle embrace creases with a small angel if ' 1

those c reases are very close together. : :•..,": ~ ~(~ - - ~--~ : - ' \ ~ ! - --

..:~-: - - ~ !......, -:::"- , - ~-·

fig 96 ., ., , , '10 ,.

fig 98 fig 99
Huwcver, this is not always true if the creoses are not close toget her.
J7
36
 The first peir of imeges, beca use there are 3 paire of cresses on each side, it is
safe to assume that this is a crease pettern for a 2-D origami structure, So
cresses 29,28 19 aré folded. This causes olher creases to be folded as well
(OSFP 9.4.1). Immediately a 3-D structure is formed - fig 99.

9.5.2 lt is then reasonable to fold crease 18 and bring the image pair across 14,35
together. Another OSFP involving creases 11,2 <9.4. ll - fig 100.

fig 100 fig 10 l

\'

',i
'u, l ,,.. ..-, ~
-- ··--~--·
' --
.. "'?,,,. ,...
' - , 1,,, .; • - - • \ - -~ - • _:~ . -

9.!i.:l \V(.' t ry lo complete th is reg-inn heíurc g-oing- to oi her arens. A prnh lcm exists
with crenses 27 and :.rn. i.c. whf.'tlwr uc.i~e 27 s hould be lockcd bchind creose
IH or not. Crense width compuri~on rnn help. l lowc\'f.'r. if crense 27 is locked
hehind creose 18. a locking sys lcm will he form ed, so it is a g-ood nssumption
tlwt this i1< lhe case t9.4.51 - fig 101.

9.5.4 Now we turn to nnother mirror

image pair, creascs 33 anel 26.

Crcase 34 is folded and th is

in\'11h·cs o nother OSFP -
fil,l 102 t9.4. l >

fi g 102

9.5.:i ,\ n,,thl'I' mirr or imn~e pflir. cr,,n:;;cs 11>.5.

\\'lwn cn•;i:ie 6 is foldl•d, ;mol hcr OSFI'
d ) 4. l) - líg 103.
i.jft
. /;
✓
,::, /
-~'~

1 / ------'
_____.,.:
. :,, fig 103

38
 Ol1fFll B OS ~

l. Notes on the History of Origami - John S Smith

2. Notes on Origami & Mathematics - John S Smith
3. 11.istory of the British Origam.i SOciety & Paperfolding in
Britain - David Lister
4. An Origami Instruction Language - John S Smith
5. Teaching Origami - John S ~ith
6 . Geometric Division - Mick Guy
7. Chess Sets of Martin Wall, Max Hulme & Neal Elias
- Mick Guy & Dave Venables
8. Napkin Folds - John Cunliffe
9. Origami & Magic - Ray Bolt
10. Neal Elias: Selected Works (1964-1973) - Dave Venables
11 . Flexagons - Paul Jackson
12. Martin Wall: Early Works (1970-1979) - Martin Wall
13. Orikata - Thoki Yenn
14. Pureland Origami - John S Smith
15. Max Hulme: selecr:ed Works (1973-1979) - Dave Venables
16. Eighteen of my Fôperfolds - Paul Jackson
17. Origami Games - Mick Guy & Paul Jackson
18. Philip Shen: Sdected Geometric Paperfolds - Paul Jackson
19. /lnthony O'Hare: Creations - Daniel Mason
20. Origami Chriscmas Tree Dccorations - Paul Jackson
21 . nic Silver R,~ctangle - John Cunliffe
22. ln Prnise of the Bird Base - John S Smith
23. Index, ll0S ~~gazines 1-100 - John Cwlliffe
24 . Indcx, ll0S r-..gazines 101-120 - John Cunliffe
25 . Envelope & Letter Folcling - John Cunliffe
26. Animal Ori~ami - Edwin Corrie
27. Origami by Jcff Beynon
28. Origar.ú To Begin With - Gl,.oyneth Radcliffe
29. Pureland Origami 2 - John S Smith
30. Paper People & Other Pointcrs - David Petty
31 . More 'Igami by Jeff Beynon
32. Patterns in Paper - John S Smith
33. Animal Origami 2 - F.dvin Corrie
J4. Neal Elias• s Miscellaneous Folds - Ed.ited by
Dave Venables
35. Neal Elias's MiscellAneous Folds 2 - Edited by
Dave Venables
36. Neal Elias's Faces & Busts - Edited by Dave Venables
37. Jef Ori' 3 - Jeff Beynon
99 . Ten Simple Paperfolds : Origami for Beginners - Paul Jackson

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