MOBILE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

ASSIGNMENT-1

1. What is Android?
✓ Definition: Android is an open-source operating system primarily used for
mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets.
✓ Developer: It was developed by Android Inc., which was acquired by
Google in 2005.
✓ Architecture: Android's architecture consists of a Linux kernel, hardware
abstraction layer (HAL), Android runtime, libraries, and the application
framework.
✓ Applications: It supports a wide range of applications that users can
download and install from the Google Play Store or other sources, enabling
various functionalities like communication, entertainment, and productivity.

2. What is the Open Handset Alliance (OHA)?

✓ Definition: The Open Handset Alliance (OHA) is a consortium of
technology and mobile companies that collaborate to develop and promote
open standards for mobile devices.
✓ Formation: The OHA was formed in November 2007, with the goal of
creating a unified and open platform for mobile devices.
✓ Key Initiative: The primary project of the OHA is the Android operating
system, which they aim to enhance and support through collective
development and innovation.
✓ Members: The alliance includes major technology companies such as
Google, Samsung, HTC, and Intel, among others, who contribute resources
and expertise to advance mobile technology.
3. What are the primary tools required for Android application development?

For Android application development, the primary tools required are:

1. Android Studio: The official Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

for Android development. It provides a comprehensive suite of tools for
coding, debugging, and testing applications, along with an advanced layout
editor and a robust emulator.
2. Java/Kotlin: Programming languages used for Android development. Java
has been traditionally used, while Kotlin is now the preferred language due
to its modern features and concise syntax.
3. Android SDK (Software Development Kit): A collection of tools and
libraries necessary for developing Android applications. It includes APIs
for various Android features, tools for building and debugging, and
emulators for testing.
4. Gradle: A build automation tool that helps manage project dependencies,
compile code, and create APK files for distribution. It works seamlessly
with Android Studio for project management.

4. What are the main components of Android Architecture?

The main components of Android architecture are the following:-
1. Applications
2. Application Framework
3. Android Runtime
4. Platform Libraries
5. Linux Kernel
1. Applications: These are the apps you use on your Android device, like games,
social media, and tools. They are built to provide specific functions and user
experiences.

Example: WhatsApp (a messaging app) and Instagram (a social media app)

are popular applications you can download and use on Android devices.

2. Application Framework: This is the set of tools and libraries that help
developers create apps. It includes features for managing user interfaces,
handling data, and running background tasks, making it easier to build apps.

Example: The Activity class, which allows developers to create different

screens in their apps. When you switch from one screen to another in an app,
you’re navigating between activities.

3. Android Runtime (ART): This is where Android apps run. ART helps apps
perform better by converting code into a format that the device can understand
quickly. It makes apps run faster and use less memory.

Example: When you open an app like Spotify, ART runs the app's code,
ensuring it plays music smoothly and responds quickly to your commands.

4. Platform Libraries: These are collections of ready-made code that developers

can use in their apps. They provide important functions like graphics, sound,
and database access, so developers don’t have to start from scratch.

Example: The SQLite library, which helps apps store and manage data locally,
like saving your favorite songs or user preferences in an app.

5. Linux Kernel: This is the core part of Android that manages the device’s
hardware, like the processor and memory. It ensures everything runs smoothly
and securely, acting as a bridge between the hardware and the software.

Example: It manages hardware tasks, like controlling the camera when you
take a photo with the Camera app. The kernel ensures that the app can access
the camera hardware properly.
 ASSIGNMENT-2

1. Define an android operating system and list three key functions it performs.

An Android operating system is a mobile OS based on the Linux kernel, designed

for touchscreen devices like smartphones and tablets. It allows users to interact with
their devices and provides a platform for app development.

Three Key Functions of Android OS:

1. Application Management: Handles the installation and execution of apps. For

example, when you download and open WhatsApp, Android manages its
installation and ensures it runs smoothly.
2. Resource Management: Manages hardware resources like CPU and memory
to optimize performance and battery life. For instance, Android adjusts
background processes to extend battery life while you use your device.
3. User Interface Management: Provides a customizable interface with touch
gestures, notifications, and widgets. For example, you can add weather widgets
to your home screen and receive real-time updates.

2. What is the purpose of the Java Development Kit (JDK) in Java programming?

The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a comprehensive software development

environment used for developing Java applications. Its purpose includes the
following key aspects:

1. Compiler: The JDK includes the Java Compiler (javac), which translates Java
source code (.java files) into bytecode (.class files). This bytecode can be
executed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), making it essential for building
Java applications.
2. Development Tools: The JDK provides a set of tools for developers, such as
debuggers, profilers, and documentation generators. These tools help in
writing, testing, and optimizing Java code effectively.
3. Standard Libraries: It includes a rich set of pre-built libraries (Java Standard
Edition API) that provide common functionalities, such as data structures,
networking, and graphical user interfaces. This allows developers to leverage
existing code for rapid application development.
4. Runtime Environment: While the JDK is primarily for development, it also
includes the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), which is necessary for running
 Java applications. This ensures that developers can both create and test their
applications in a consistent environment.

3. Explain the role of the Android SDK in Android app development.

The Android SDK (Software Development Kit) is a collection of tools, libraries,
and documentation that developers use to create Android applications. It provides
essential resources such as APIs for accessing device features, development tools for
building and testing apps, and sample code to help streamline the development
process.

✓ Development Tools: The SDK includes tools like compilers and

emulators that help developers build, test, and debug their apps. These
tools make the development process easier and faster.
✓ APIs and Libraries: It provides ready-made code (APIs and libraries)
that lets developers access device features like the camera, GPS, and
sensors. This helps in creating feature-rich applications without starting
from scratch.
✓ Documentation and Samples: The SDK comes with guides and
example code, which help developers learn how to use different features.
This support makes it easier to understand how to build apps effectively.
✓ Compatibility Management: It helps manage different Android
versions and device types, ensuring that apps work well on various
devices. This allows developers to reach a wider audience.
4. What is Android Studio, and why is it important for Android app development?

Android Studio is the official Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for

Android app development. It provides a user-friendly interface and a suite of tools
that help developers create, test, and debug Android applications.

Importance of Android Studio:

1. Comprehensive Development Tools: Android Studio includes everything

developer’s need, such as code editors, emulators, and debugging tools. This
makes it easy to write and test code all in one place.
 2. Code Assistance: It offers features like auto-completion, error checking, and
suggestions, which help developers, write code more efficiently and with fewer
mistakes.
3. User Interface Design: Android Studio has a visual layout editor that allows
developers to design app interfaces using drag-and-drop features. This makes it
easier to create attractive and functional layouts.
4. Integration with SDK: It seamlessly integrates with the Android SDK,
allowing developers to access the latest libraries and APIs. This ensures that
apps can utilize the newest features and maintain compatibility across different
devices.

ASSIGNMENT-3

1. Describe the function of a Toggle Button in Android. How does it differ from a
standard Button?

A Toggle Button in Android is a special type of button that allows users to switch
between two states: on and off. When you tap the button, it changes its appearance to
show which state it’s in. This is useful for settings like turning Wi-Fi on or off.

Differences from a Standard Button:

Example:

• Toggle Button: A button that lets you turn on/off a flashlight. When the flashlight is
on, the button might be colored yellow; when off, it could be gray.
• Standard Button: A button that says "Submit" to send a form when clicked, without
any on/off state.
2. What is the purpose of a Radio Group in Android UI design?

A Radio Group in Android UI design is used to group multiple radio buttons

together, allowing users to select one option from a set. The main purpose is to
ensure that only one button in the group can be selected at a time, making it clear that
the choices are mutually exclusive.

Key Points:

1. Single Selection: Users can only choose one option at a time. If they select a
new option, the previously selected one automatically gets deselected.
2. Logical Grouping: It organizes related options visually, making it easier for
users to understand the choices available.
3. Simplified UI: It keeps the interface clean and straightforward, especially
when there are several options.

Example: Select Your Subject?

<RadioGroup
android:id="@+id/rgFruits"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content">

<RadioButton
android:id="@+id/rbApple"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="DBMS" />
 <RadioButton
android:id="@+id/rbBanana"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="C/c++ Programming" />

<RadioButton
android:id="@+id/rbMango"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Data Structures" />
<RadioButton
android:id="@+id/rbMango"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Algorithms" />

</RadioGroup>

3. How does a Check Box differ from a Radio Button in Android?

In Android, Check Box and Radio Button are both UI components used to select
options, but they work differently:

1. Check Box:
o Allows selecting multiple options at once.
o Each box works independently.
o For example, in a pizza order app, you can check multiple toppings like
cheese, olives, and peppers.
2. Radio Button:
o Allows selecting only one option from a group.
o Typically used when the user needs to choose a single option out of
many.
o For example, selecting your gender in a form (male or female).

So, Check Box is for multiple selections, and Radio Button is for a single selection.
4. Explain the role of a Progress Bar in Android applications.

In Android applications, a Progress Bar shows the progress of a task or operation. It

helps users understand how much of the task is completed and how long it might take
to finish. There are two types of progress bars:

1. Determinate Progress Bar:

o Shows the exact percentage of completion.
o For example, downloading a file might show 50% complete.
2. Indeterminate Progress Bar:
o Does not show the exact progress, but indicates that a task is ongoing.
o For example, when loading a web page, a spinning circle might appear.

Here’s a simple XML code for a Progress Bar in an Android app:

<ProgressBar
android:id="@+id/progressBar"
style="?android:attr/progressBarStyleHorizontal"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:progress="50"
android:max="100"
android:layout_gravity="center"/>
 ASSIGNMENT-4

1. Explain the role of the Android Application Framework in the Android system
architecture.
➢ Definition:

• The Android Application Framework is a set of APIs and tools that

allow developers to build applications for the Android operating system.

➢ Key Components:

• The framework consists of several key components that work together to

enable app development.

➢ Main Components:

• Activities: These are the screens of an app. Each activity represents a

single user interface.
• Services: These run in the background and perform long-running tasks
without a user interface, like playing music.
• Content Providers: They manage app data and allow data sharing
between different apps. For example, accessing contacts from the phone.
• Broadcast Receivers: These listen for system-wide broadcast
announcements, such as battery low warnings or incoming messages.

➢ Resource Management:

• The framework allows developers to access resources (like images,

strings, and layouts) through a structured system, helping to keep app
files organized.

➢ Security and Permissions:

• The framework manages app permissions, ensuring that apps can only
access what they are allowed to, protecting user data and privacy.

2. What is the purpose of the Dalvik Virtual Machine in Android, and how does it
differ from ART?
✓ Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM):

Dalvik is the virtual machine used by Android to run applications. It converts Java
bytecode into a format that Android devices can execute, allowing apps to run
efficiently on mobile devices.

✓ Android Runtime (ART):

ART is the successor to Dalvik and improves app performance by compiling code
ahead of time when the app is installed. This results in faster app launches and
better memory management compared to Dalvik.

Purpose of Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM):

1. Execution Environment: DVM allows Android apps (written in Java) to run

on Android devices by converting Java bytecode into a format that can be
executed on the device.
2. Memory Efficiency: It optimizes memory usage by using a smaller footprint
compared to standard Java VMs, which is important for mobile devices with
limited resources.
3. Multi-threading Support: DVM supports multiple threads, allowing apps to
perform tasks simultaneously, improving performance and user experience.
4. Cross-Device Compatibility: It enables applications to run on various
Android devices, regardless of their hardware differences.

The differences between Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) and Android Runtime
(ART):
 ASSIGNMENT-5

1. What is MIT App Inventor and how does it facilitate the creation of Android
applications?

MIT App Inventor:( Developed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology)

Definition: MIT App Inventor is a web-based platform that allows users to create
Android applications through a visual, drag-and-drop interface, making app
development accessible to beginners and those without programming experience.

✓ Visual Programming Interface: MIT App Inventor uses a drag-and-drop interface,

allowing users to build Android apps without needing to write complex code. This
makes app development accessible to beginners.
✓ Component-Based Design: Users can create apps by selecting and configuring
various components (like buttons, text boxes, and sensors) from a library, making it
easy to design functional interfaces.
✓ Real-Time Testing: App Inventor allows users to test their apps on an Android
device in real time, so they can see changes immediately and make adjustments on
the go.
✓ Educational Focus: It’s designed as an educational tool, helping students and non-
programmers learn the basics of programming and app development while
encouraging creativity.

2. What are the primary components used for web browsing in MIT App Inventor, and
what are their basic functions?

1. Web Viewer:

• Function: Displays web pages within the app. Users can navigate to different
URLs and interact with web content like a regular browser.

2. Web:
 • Function: Allows the app to make HTTP requests to web servers. This
component can be used to fetch data from APIs or retrieve content from the
internet.

3. Label:

• Function: Used to display text on the screen, which can be useful for showing
information fetched from the web or guiding users about the browsing experience.

4. Button:

• Function: Triggers actions like loading a new web page or refreshing content
when clicked. This helps users interact with the app and navigate web content
easily.