A Partial Project Report on
“ULTRASONIC RADAR”
Submitted to the
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
DIPLOMA ENGINEERING
in
Computer Engineering Submitted by:
PEERZADA MO ASAD
MANSURI MO ARSH
PATIL KAPIL
SOLANKI MAYANK
Under the Guidance
of
Mr. Nilay Shah
Mr. Ajay Raval
Department Of Computer Engineering
Shree Vasudevbhai and Kantibhai Patel Institute of
Engineering (GTU code -971)
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-2025
Shree Vasudevbhai and Kantibhai Patel Institute of
Engineering
(GTU code -971)
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr./Ms …………………………………………………………..
Enrolment No. ………….…………….…….…….……. of 6th Semester of
Diploma in Computer Engineering of (GTU Code-971) has satisfactorily
completed the term work in course Fundamental of IOT (4360703) for the
academic
…………………… year: EVEN prescribed in the GTU
curriculum.
Term:
Place: …………………..
Date: …………………..
Signature of Course Faculty Head of the Department Principal
ABSTRACT
The Ultrasonic Radar System is a smart detection and ranging project that
utilizes ultrasonic sensors and microcontroller technology to detect and
visualize objects in the surrounding environment. Designed to mimic the
functionality of conventional radar, this system is especially useful in
robotics, obstacle detection, and security applications where real-time
distance monitoring is crucial.
The system works by emitting ultrasonic waves through a transmitter.
When these waves hit an object, they bounce back and are received by a
sensor. The time delay between transmission and reception is processed
by a microcontroller such as Arduino . which then calculates the distance
of the object. This information is graphically displayed, often using a
servo motor to simulate a radar sweep and a visual interface like a serial
monitor
This project promotes enhanced environmental awareness for automated
systems, helps in developing efficient collision avoidance mechanisms,
and provides a foundation for further advancements in autonomous
navigation. Unlike traditional systems, it offers a cost-effective and
scalable solution for both educational and practical applications.
In conclusion, the Ultrasonic Radar System integrates sensor technology
with microcontroller programming to deliver a functional, interactive, and
visually demonstrable radar simulation. It exemplifies how basic
electronics and coding skills can be combined to replicate complex real-
world technologies on a small scale.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a great pleasure to acknowledge those who extended their
support, and contributed time and psychic energy for the
completion of this project work. At the outset, I would like to
thank my project guide Mr. Ajay Raval, who served as sounding
board for both contents and programming work. His valuable
and skillful guidance, assessment and suggestions from time to
time improved the quality of work in all respects. We would like
to take this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude
towards his, for his invaluable contribution in completion of this
Project Stage. We are thankful to Mr. Nilay Shah, Principal of
Shree Vasudevbhai & Kantibhai Institute of Engineering-Kadi. We
are also thankful to Mrs. Kajal Patel, Head of Computer
Department for their timely guidance, inspiration and
administrative support without which our work would not have
been completed. we are also thankful to the all-staff members
of Computer Department Shree Vasudevbhai & Kantibhai
Institute of Engineering-Kadi. Also, we would like to thank my
colleagues and friends who helped us directly and indirectly to
complete this project. Lastly our special thanks to our family
members for their support and co-operation during this Project.
PEERZADA MO ASAD
MANSURI MO ARSH
PATIL KAPIL
SOLANKI MAYANK
INDEX
Topic:
1.INTRODUCTION
2.PROBLEM STATEMENT
3.LITERATURE SURVEY
4.HARDWARE DESGIN
5.SOFTWARE DESIGN
6.. List of Components
7.Advantages
8.. Disadvantages
9. Application
10.Future Scope
11.Conclusion
12.Reference
INTRODUCTION
In many modern applications such as robotics, security systems, and obstacle
detection, understanding the position and distance of surrounding objects is
essential. The Ultrasonic Radar System is designed to address this need by
using ultrasonic technology to detect the presence and location of nearby
objects and visually represent them in a radar-like interface.
This system typically employs an ultrasonic sensor to emit high-frequency
sound waves, which reflect back after hitting an object. The sensor then
receives the reflected signal and calculates the distance based on the time
taken for the echo to return. The radar uses a servo motor to sweep across a
defined angle, collecting distance data at various points and plotting it on a
screen or serial monitor, similar to how a traditional radar scans its
surroundings.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Detecting and avoiding obstacles is a significant challenge in the field of
automation and robotics. Traditional sensors often lack the ability to provide a
directional and visual representation of the surroundings, which can result in
inefficient or delayed responses in dynamic environments. Moreover,
commercial radar systems are usually expensive and complex to implement
for basic applications.
There is a need for a low-cost, easy-to-build solution that can scan the
environment, detect nearby objects, and display their relative position in real-
time. Such a system should work with minimal hardware, provide reliable results,
and be suitable for integration into small-scale autonomous projects or
surveillance setups.
The Ultrasonic Radar System is developed to fulfill this gap by providing a real-
time, graphical, and rotational scanning system using basic components like
ultrasonic sensors, Arduino, and servo motors. It enhances object detection
capabilities in a cost-effective manner, making it suitable for academic, hobbyist,
and entry-level engineering applications.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this project is to develop a microcontroller-based
Ultrasonic Radar System using an ultrasonic sensor and servo
motor to detect and visualize the distance of objects in a
surrounding area. The specific objectives include:
1. To design and develop a real-time radar system that can detect
objects using ultrasonic waves.
2. To calculate the distance of obstacles based on the time-of-
flight of ultrasonic signals.
3. To implement a servo motor mechanism that enables scanning
across a defined angle to simulate radar sweep.
4. To provide a visual representation of detected objects using
serial monitor, LCD, or graphical interface.
5. To enhance situational awareness in automation systems by
detecting objects at various angles and distances.
6. To reduce the complexity and cost of traditional radar systems
by using affordable and readily available components.
7. To create a user-friendly and scalable system suitable for
educational, robotics, and surveillance applications.
LITERATURE SURVEY
Over the years, several research studies and hobbyist projects have explored the
use of ultrasonic sensors for distance measurement and object detection. The
concept of a radar-like scanning system using ultrasonic waves has gained
popularity due to its simplicity, affordability, and effectiveness in small-scale
applications such as robotics and surveillance.
1. Ultrasonic Distance Measurement Systems:
2. Many existing systems utilize ultrasonic sensors to measure the distance
between the sensor and an object. These sensors calculate the time taken for
an emitted sound wave to reflect back after hitting an object. Such systems
are widely used in parking sensors, automation, and obstacle avoidance
robots.
3. Arduino-Based Radar Implementations:
4. Several academic and DIY projects have demonstrated the successful use of
Arduino boards in radar simulations. Typically, these systems use an
ultrasonic sensor mounted on a servo motor to scan a semicircular area. The
sensor data is then visualized using serial output or graphical interfaces like
Processing or MATLAB.
5. Real-Time Object Mapping:
6. More advanced studies show how object data collected from ultrasonic
sensors can be mapped in real-time to visualize object positions. These
systems often aim to replicate the functionality of military or automotive
radar systems at a low cost for educational and experimental purposes.
7. Applications in Robotics and Security:
8. Ultrasonic radar systems are commonly used in mobile robots for obstacle
detection and path planning. In security systems, they are implemented to
detect movement and alert users of intrusions. Their ability to detect objects
in dark or smoky environments makes them superior in certain scenarios
compared to optical sensors.
Despite the development of more advanced technologies like LiDAR and
mmWave sensors, ultrasonic radar systems remain an effective and economical
solution for short-range detection. This project aims to build upon these
concepts by creating a simple, real-time, and cost-effective radar simulation
suitable for learning and experimentation.
SYSTEM DESIGN
HARDWARE DESIGN
CRICUIT DIAGRAM
System components and their
❖ Function
List of Components :
1.ArduinoUno
2. Ultra sonic sensor
3. Servomotor
4.Jumper wires
5.Breadboard
1. Arduino Uno
What is Arduino Uno R3?
Arduino Uno R3 is a microcontroller board used to build electronic projects.
It acts like a small computer that can be programmed to control things like
lights, motors, and sensors.
Key Features:
Microcontroller:
The brain of the board is the ATmega328P chip. It runs the
code youwrite.
Digital Pins:
There are 14 digital input/output pins
These can be used to read sensors or control components like LEDs.
Analog Pins:
6 analog input pins are used to read signals from analog sensors
(e.g., temperature, light sensors).
Power:
You can power it using a USB cable, battery, or power adapter. It
has a 5V and 3.3V output for powering external components.
USB Port: Used to upload code from your computer and also
provide power. Reset Button:
Resets the program running on the board. Built-in LED:
Connected to pin 13, useful for simple tests. How It Works:
You write a program (called a sketch) using the Arduino IDE on
your computer.
You upload it to the board via USB.
The board runs the program and interacts with the physical
world (turning
on LEDs, reading sensors, etc.).
Common Uses:
Home automation
Robotics
DIY electronics project
Learning how to code and understand hardware
Why It’s Popular:
Beginner-friendly
Large community and tutorials
Cheap and open-source
Plug-and-play with many sensors and modules
Ultrasonic Radar
An Ultrasonic Sensor is an electronic device that measures the distance to an object using sound waves. It
is commonly used in robotics, automation, and embedded systems for object detection, distance
measurement, and obstacle avoidance.
Working of the Ultrasonic Sensor:
The ultrasonic sensor works on the principle of echo. It sends out a high-frequency sound wave
(ultrasonic pulse) from the transmitter. When this wave hits an object, it reflects back and is
received by the receiver. The time it takes for the echo to return is used to calculate the distance to
the object using the formula:
Distance = (Time × Speed of Sound) / 2
The division by 2 is because the sound has to travel to the object and come back.
Types of Ultrasonic Sensors:
1. HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor (Most Common Type)
It has two main parts: a transmitter (Trig) and a receiver (Echo).
Widely used with Arduino for short-range detection.
Pin Description (for HC-SR04):
Pin Name Function
VCC Power Supply (+5V)
GND Ground
Trig Trigger Pin (to send signal)
Echo Echo Pin (receives the reflected wave)
Applications:
1. Obstacle Detection in Robots
Helps robots avoid obstacles and navigate environments safely.
2. Distance Measurement Tools
Used in digital distance measurement devices for civil and construction work.
3. Automated Parking Systems
Assists in detecting nearby vehicles or walls in parking sensors.
4. Level Measurement
Used in water tanks or silos to measure the level of contents.
5. Security Systems
Detects movement or presence in alarm systems.
6. Blind Spot Detection
Used in automotive systems to warn about vehicles in blind spots.
Advantages:
1. Non-Contact Measurement
Measures distance without physical contact, reducing wear and contamination.
2. Cost-Effective
Affordable and widely available in the market.
3. Reliable in Low-Light
Works in darkness, unlike optical sensors that depend on light.
4. Simple Integration
Easy to use with microcontrollers like Arduino.
5. Safe Technology
Emits sound waves instead of radiation or lasers, making it safe.
Servo Motor
A Servo Motor is a rotary actuator that allows precise control of angular position. In the Ultrasonic
Radar System, the servo motor is used to rotate the ultrasonic sensor back and forth across a
defined angle (typically 0° to 180°), simulating the sweeping motion of a traditional radar system.
4. Jumper wires
A jumper wire (in any case called jumper, jumper wire, jumper interface,
DuPont wire or connection) is an electrical wire, or assembling of them in a
connection, with a connector or pin at each end (or a portion of the time
without them – basically "tinned"), which is regularly used to interconnect
the fragments of a breadboard or other model or test circuit, inside or with
other equipment or sections, without restricting.
5.Bread Board
Breadboard is a solderless device for brief model wide equipment and test
circuit plans. Most electronic sections in electronic circuits can be
interconnected by installing's their leads or terminals into the openings and
a short time later making relationship through wires where fitting. The
breadboard has bits of metal under the board and partner the openings on
the most noteworthy mark of the board. The metal strips are fanned out as
exhibited under. Note that the top and baselines of openings are related
uniformly and separated in the middle while in an upward direction.
SOFTWARE DESIGN
• Program Code in Arduino software:
// Includes the Servo library
#include <Servo.h>.
// Defines Tirg and Echo pins of the Ultrasonic Sensor
const int trigPin = 10;
const int echoPin =6;
// Variables for the duration and the distance
long duration;
int distance;
Servo myServo; // Creates a servo object for controlling the servo motor
void setup() {
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an Output
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an Input
Serial.begin(9600);
myServo.attach(12); // Defines on which pin is the servo motor attached
}
void loop() {
// rotates the servo motor from 15 to 165 degrees
for(int i=15;i<=165;i++){
myServo.write(i);
delay(30);
distance = calculateDistance();// Calls a function for calculating the distance measured by the Ultrasonic
sensor for each degree
Serial.print(i); // Sends the current degree into the Serial Port
Serial.print(","); // Sends addition character right next to the previous value needed later in the Processing
IDE for indexing
Serial.print(distance); // Sends the distance value into the Serial Port
Serial.print("."); // Sends addition character right next to the previous value needed later in the Processing
IDE for indexing
}
// Repeats the previous lines from 165 to 15 degrees
for(int i=165;i>15;i--){
myServo.write(i);
delay(30);
distance = calculateDistance();
Serial.print(i);
Serial.print(",");
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.print(".");
}
}
// Function for calculating the distance measured by the Ultrasonic sensor
int calculateDistance(){
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
// Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH); // Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel time in
microseconds
distance= duration*0.034/2;
return distance;
}
LIST OF THE COMPONENTS
1. Microcontroller (e.g., Arduino Uno)
➢ Acts as the brain of the system. It processes data from the ultrasonic sensor and controls
the servo motor for scanning.
2. Ultrasonic Sensor (e.g., HC-SR04)
➢ Measures the distance to objects by sending and receiving ultrasonic sound waves.
Provides the core sensing functionality of the radar.
3.Servo Motor (e.g., SG90 or MG90S)
➢ Rotates the ultrasonic sensor between 0° and 180° to simulate radar sweep and detect
objects at various angles.
4.Breadboard
➢ Used for building the circuit without soldering. Helps in easy connections during
prototyping.
5.Jumper Wires
➢ Connects various components on the breadboard and links them to the Arduino board
6.Resistors
➢ May be used in some configurations to limit current or ensure signal stability.
7.Connecting Base / Stand
➢ Holds the sensor and motor in a fixed position for accurate scanning.
8..PC (for programming and visualization)
➢ Used to upload code to the Arduino and optionally display a graphical radar
interface using software like Processing.
ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES, APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE
SCOPE OF THE WHOLE PROJECT
ADVANTAGES:
1. Efficient Object Detection
➢ Accurately detects nearby objects within a defined range using ultrasonic sound waves.
2. Non-Contact Measurement
➢ Detects distance without physical contact, making it ideal for sensitive or hazardous environments.
3. Cost-Effective
➢ Uses low-cost components like Arduino and ultrasonic sensors, making it suitable for students
and hobbyists.
4. Simple Design and Integration
➢ Easy to assemble and program with basic knowledge of electronics and Arduino.
5,Real-Time Scanning
➢ Capable of continuous environmental monitoring with real-time feedback.
6. Safe and Environmentally Friendly
➢ Operates using sound waves rather than harmful radiation or lasers
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Limited Range
➢ Typically effective only up to 4 meters, making it unsuitable for long-distance applications.
2. Affected by Surface and Material
:
➢ Detection accuracy can vary depending on the shape, angle, and material of the target surface (e.g.,
soft or angled surfaces may absorb sound).
3. Environmental Sensitivity
➢ Performance may be impacted by ambient noise, temperature, or humidity conditions.
: 4. Narrow Field of View
➢ Requires a rotating mechanism (servo motor) to cover a wider area, increasing mechanical complexity.
5. Power Limitation
➢ Servo motors and sensors may require a stable: power supply; fluctuations can affect system stability
APPLICATIONS:
1. Robotics and Automation
➢ Used for obstacle detection and avoidance in autonomous robots and
drones.
2. Security and Surveillance Systems
➢ Detects motion and presence in restricted areas, triggering alarms or
alerts.
3. Blind Spot Detection
➢ Applied in vehicles to monitor blind spots and assist in parking or lane
changes.
4. Industrial Equipment Monitoring
➢ Monitors the presence of objects or materials on conveyor belts or
assembly lines.
5. Educational Projects and Demonstrations
➢ Ideal for students and hobbyists to understand the principles of sonar,
radar, and distance measurement.
6.Level Monitoring Systems
➢ Measures fluid or material levels in tanks, silos, and containers
FUTURE SCOPE:
1. Integration with Artificial Intelligence (AI)
➢ Can be enhanced with AI to identify object types and make intelligent navigation decisions.
2. Wireless Connectivity and IoT Integration
➢ Can be connected to mobile apps or cloud platforms for remote monitoring and data logging.
3. Extended Range and Multi-Sensor Arrays
➢ Incorporating multiple ultrasonic sensors or combining with infrared/LiDAR for extended detection range
and accuracy.
4.Graphical Radar Visualization
➢ Future versions may include real-time radar interfaces using Processing, Python, or mobile platforms.
5. Solar or Battery-Powered Systems
➢ Can be adapted for remote outdoor use with renewable power sources.
CONCLUSION AND REFERENCES
The Ultrasonic Radar System effectively demonstrates the use of ultrasonic
technology for real-time object detection and distance measurement. By utilizing
components such as an ultrasonic
: sensor, servo motor, and Arduino
microcontroller, the system successfully scans a surrounding area and identifies
obstacles based on their distance.
This project replicates the functionality of a traditional radar system in a simplified
and cost-effective manner. It is highly beneficial for applications in robotics,
automation, and security. The rotating ultrasonic sensor provides dynamic and
continuous environmental awareness, making it suitable for both educational and
practical purposes.
The integration of sensor technology with embedded system programming
illustrates a strong foundation for future developments in intelligent detection
systems. Overall, this project is a valuable learning tool and a stepping stone
toward more advanced radar and navigation technologies.
REFERENCES:
[1] https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Introduction
[2] https://components101.com/sensors/hc-sr04-ultrasonic-sensor
[3] https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub
[4] https://randomnerdtutorials.com/complete-guide-for-ultrasonic-sensor-hc-sr04/
[5] https://www.instructables.com/Ultrasonic-Radar-With-Servo-Arduino-and-Processing/
[6] https://www.electronicwings.com/nodemcu/hc-sr04-ultrasonic-sensor
[7] https://chat.openai.com – Used ChatGPT by OpenAI for content drafting and project
formatting assistance
