Electromagnetics - Fall 2023
Chapter 9: Maxwell’s Equations
The following subjects will be discussed
• Faraday’s Law of Induction.
• Maxwell’s Equations.
Faraday’s Law
Faraday’s Law
Magnetic flux is the number of magnetic field lines crossing a given surface.
Flux equals the surface
integral of the field over 𝐵
𝜙 = # 𝐵 % 𝑑𝐴
the given surface.
If there is a change in the linkage in the
wire (circuit) with respect to time, in any
way, an emf will be generated within the
wire (circuit)
𝑑𝜙 Faraday’s Law Of
𝐸𝑚𝑓 = − induction
𝑑𝑡
Ways to change linkage in time: (1) 𝐵 changing with time.
(2) Area changes with time
(3) Circuit is moving
(4) Combinations of the above.
Induced Electric Field
Let’s find a direct relation between the change in magnetic field and the
corresponding induced electric field.
For a time-varying magnetic field, we can write
𝑑𝜙
𝐸𝑚𝑓 = −
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝐵
𝐸𝑚𝑓 = − = −) + 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
We know that
𝑉 = − ) 𝐸 + 𝑑𝑙 𝐸𝑚𝑓 = / 𝐸 + 𝑑𝑙
So, we have
𝑑𝜙 𝑑𝐵
/ 𝐸 + 𝑑𝑙 = − = −) + 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Note:
𝜕𝐵
The electric field is generated even ∇×𝐸 = −
in the absence of a circuit! 𝜕𝑡
Case (1): Transformational EMF
A conducting wire (circuit) with N turns is stationary inside a region of uniform and
time-varying magnetic field. There is a change in flux linking the circuit with time.
𝜙(𝑡) = 𝑁 ) 𝐵(𝑡) + 𝑑𝐴 𝐵(t)
𝑑𝜙 (𝑡)
𝐸𝑚𝑓 = −
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐵(𝑡)
𝐸𝑚𝑓 = −𝑁 ) + 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡
Induced
The magnitude of the EMF can be found Magnetic 𝐼
field
using the above equation (without the minus Induced
sign). The polarity of the EMF (or direction current
of induced current in the circuit) can be
found using Lenz’s law.
Case (2): Motional EMF
A conducting rod is moved inside a region of constant magnetic field.
Change in flux is not involved here. However, magnetic and electric forces are applied
to the charges within the conductor
At equilibrium,
𝐹⃑! = 𝐹⃑"
𝑞𝐸 = 𝑞(𝑣×𝐵)
⃑
𝐸𝑚𝑓 = ) 𝐸 + 𝑑𝑙 = )(𝑣×𝐵)
⃑ + 𝑑𝑙
For constant velocity and uniform magnetic field,
𝐸𝑚𝑓 = 𝑣𝐵𝑙
Case (2): Motional EMF
A conducting rod is moved inside a region of constant magnetic field.
Change in flux is not involved here. However, magnetic and electric forces are applied
to the charges within the conductor
For constant angular velocity and uniform
magnetic field,
𝐸𝑚𝑓 = 𝑣𝐵𝑙
_
𝑑 𝐸𝑚𝑓 = 𝑣𝐵(𝑑𝑟)
𝑣 = 𝜔𝑟
"
+
𝐸𝑚𝑓 = ) 𝜔𝐵 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
!
1
𝐸𝑚𝑓 = 𝜔𝐵𝑙#
2
Case (3): Transformational and Motional
EMF
A part of the circuit is moved inside a region of time-varying magnetic field.
This case can be solved by adding the change in flux linking the circuit, and motional
consideration.
𝑑𝐵 𝑡
𝐸𝑚𝑓 = − ) + 𝑑𝐴 + )(𝑣×𝐵)
⃑ + 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝑡
𝐹⃑!
In this case
𝐹⃑"
𝜕𝐵
∇×𝐸 = − + ∇ × (𝑣×𝐵)
⃑
𝜕𝑡
Note that it is also possible to write
the total time-varying flux, taking
into account the moving part, and
then using Current direction is such that it opposes
𝑑𝜙 (𝑡)
𝐸𝑚𝑓 = −
𝑑𝑡 the change in linkage!
Lenz’s Law
Q&A
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