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Introduction to
Computer Graphics

By:
Ms.Kanika Handa
Assistant Professor in Computer Science Engineering
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 Topics to be Covered
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I. Defination
II.History
III.Basic Terminology
IV.Key areas of Computer
Graphics

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 Computer Graphics
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• Graphics are defined as any sketch or a

drawing or a special network that pictorially
represents some meaningful information .
• Computer Graphics is used where a set of
images needs to be manipulated or the
creation of the image in the form of pixels and
is drawn on the computer.
• The basic is the <graphics.h> header file in
Turbo-C, Unity for advanced and even
OpenGL can be used for its Implementation. 3 3
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What is Computer Graphics?
It is the creation and manipulation of graphic images
b y m e a n s o f a c o m p u t e r.
Computer graphics started as a technique to enhance the
display of information generated by a computer.

This ability to interpret and represent numerical data in

pictures has significantly increased the computer ’s ability to
present information to the user in a clear and understandable
form.

Large amount of data are rapidly converted into bar charts, pie
charts, and graphs. 4 4
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Why computer graphics used?

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Types of Computer Graphics

Raster Graphics

Vector Graphics

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• In raster, graphics pixels are used for an image to be drawn. It is also known as a bitmap image in
which a sequence of images is into smaller pixels. Basically, a bitmap indicates a large number of
pixels together.
• Bitmapped graphics are much more common
• Often they are called raster graphics
• When you create a bitmapped graphic you are basically creating a bunch of colored dots
• The bitmapped graphic is stored as an array of dots, or pixels
• Each pixel gets assigned a specific color
• The more pixels you have, the more detailed the image can be – Imagine only have one pixel, all
you get is a dot

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Graphics
Exaggerated Example of a Bitmap Image

Some common bitmap graphics

programs are:
• -Photoshop
• – Paint Shop Pro
• – GIMP
• – Photo-Paint
• – Graphic Converter

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Pros and Cons of Raster Images
Pros:
 Works best for print materials and digital photographs
 Ability to edit images
 Ideal for projects that use complex color blending
 More shareable and accessible on different design programs
 Easier to view online and available in more common file formats
Cons:
 Can be a relatively large file format
 Not easily scalable with a pixelated format

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Vector Graphics
 In vector graphics, mathematical formulae are used to draw
different types of shapes, lines, objects, and so on .

 Instead of using pixels to describe the image, it describes the

image using shapes – Circles – Lines – Curves

 The programs used with vector graphics are drawing programs •

 Some of these programs include:
– Corel Draw
– Adobe Illustrator
– Acrobat
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Pros and Cons of Raster Images
Pros:
• Works best for digital printing and smaller designs
• Works best for scalable shapes and solid colors
• Can be compressed without loss of quality
• Smaller file size
• Easy to raster
Cons:
• Not as easily shareable or accessible as raster images
• Not ideal for photography

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Bitmap vs. Vector Images
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 Applications of Computer
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 Computer graphics user interfaces (GUIs) − A graphic, mouse-oriented

paradigm which allows the user to interact with a computer.

 Business presentation graphics − "A picture is worth a thousand words".

 Cartography − Drawing maps.

 Weather Maps − Real-time mapping, symbolic representations.

 Satellite Imaging − Geodesic images.

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Basic Concept of Computer Graphics
 Pixels
A digital camera uses pixel elements (also known as a pixel) to capture
images. More number of pixels makes the better resolution of that image .

Formula to calculate megapixel of a camera:

 Refresh Rate
The refresh rate of a display is the number of times per second that the
image refreshes on the screen. For example, a 60Hz display will
update the screen 60 times per second.
The refresh rate determines how smoothly motion appears on your
screen.
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Aspect ratio
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Aspect ratio is the ratio between height and width of an image. A colon is used to separate two numbers.
Different images on different screens have a different ratio.
Common aspect ratio is as follows:
1.33:1, 1.37:1, 1.43:1, 1.50:1, 1.56:1, 1.66:1, 1.75:1, 1.78:1, 1.85:1, 2.00:1, e.t.c

 Pixel Resolution
In pixel resolution, the term resolution refers to the total number of pixels in a digital image. If an image has
M rows and N columns then a resolution is defined as M X N. The quality of the image depends on the pixel
resolution.

 BPP
BPP or bits per pixel is used to denote the number of bits per pixel and the number depends on the depth of
color or BPP.

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Computer Graphics

• Photo Enhancement − Sharpening blurred photos.

• Medical imaging − MRIs, CAT scans, etc. - Non-invasive internal examination.

• Engineering drawings − mechanical, electrical, civil, etc. - Replacing the

blueprints of the past.

• Architecture − Construction plans, exterior sketches - replacing the blueprints

and hand drawings of the past.

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Applications titleComputer
style Graphics

• Art − Computers provide a new medium for artists.

• Entertainment − Movies and games.

• Simulation and modeling − Replacing physical modeling

and enactments

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Thank You

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