eZ Dustin | 6 Me
yes & ee ee,
. “poke_on bach Shell
: 2 gnib Banc dle
i TO Dinas he Allee pin ¢ ceed lon with
| ethe help af an_exomple -
tt
| Crrghoto tie Tener frnadeat -fetab
@. Explain elle sien tL Oreste a acwebuel yn dds, petite
Leumatlen £_meunhing —
)rwihat noe mimleuels in Une |, explo Mo Command uted ey
Teancge arr
=.
<
Elaborate’ whale bagic penmitsinnt aire shore a thednn thon
Lowe npfilled
Nate note on FPlable Compand with ty Ty dient option = —— —s Spm oe —s
‘| ~~
|
: \
7 | oo m4
— = t
E> tle the Puspese al che syslern_ dee dtvacton Cina)
a ayaile a neke an cxkacted /nuppentiog Alesse
fut
f z
4
i
fi fxn] 96]
[om [ig 70 94]
isp location «of. the mounting —Paind fox
NN Lemporcoy fie _gystem such, as __hare dis K_1._Hor§ dink or
CD drive - whith }vaditionall a ve been > manually mounbin
ed.
count /dev/magt In J ab be ees
whl tmp 2 ~
ath diucthony ¢anboi Lemporasy — Sil used by thy
ane Systema +
—~
Hl Setimux ¢
Th d. johns th Jinw. we
inthe memory of the eunn. Herne)»
19] prog o- “
This direct i the mounting pain. for__G@ virtual
in Lowen boub _curvent woning. tem Proresse S.
=this _divect, ‘ pe Lnsil the prot Li 2
4 Mount,
Bort
be Tie Sub dive ch and bh. under vars pandains Vaviaby
Be I inPoeen ati fuachi_os__Systerm logfiles and pstmt print
queues
+
1D} Media
This divers contaii dh mount Points Joy remoigdb
media uch as Pope = dis and __ USB ices wrhucd
ore __bypicall Guta - mounted by th Sy shan Exterded £ik System
ith lin Supporting fir
Systero,
very Pexibe 05 tvhich supponic this fle sy
Yay default «
4
tended & they are compiled ina _Kerne) ty |
ar : |
ext d
is a J 4 . ft until
inteduction al ext -
22 _implemenhation hat not changed uch 6 it
was 4ntydure d with dhe. 1.0 Kerne) back in 199.3 +
Siecihle and can handk Iile system upto
78 C478). and suppose to Livin po 1012 hake.
d
= Modern ved hak. an din ext? inshead of -> mipix -
(Jere Jini tab \ ((oene _/eve/ intra) Go)” ahaa)
Run \evel Byrd
O = walk x \ veo.
= Sirale user ode o Lamm v0 -ontwoncl CEN
Aum Not used (User = definate) a
= pu moulds Weer nod a four F)/ Goal
hot used Cure. delinatte) : fae
multi-user mode (with GUT) XWindae X11 <7 eo
Reon, ff Prebd
ts
¥
si 3)
chiconfig _ ~Vis} “a S| |
2 $
> Sat
ro ccd conlausetion al
0 i
Series ‘nm _xutileve). [ Sun “Sane
os os e/a mam! 7 /
Run evele iy Jin Lest aa /o6/a4_/
the _tevry _sunleve) bas bran used to sed the _diflerent
bodes of. Luss
fete aed Cle ee |
xunleve) hos ab coh oo process assotioked ith th
te / weed |
This folder __combinie the delavl wun eval for Bho syebems
lo hen ik Brads. |
Yo wu—easily change de xunleve) by u ing the
te J inibhab + |
t Lob, wing dh subfolders under we.)
¥c0. lid 2d, vedid Hid xcbd fd. |
The sumbex in Lipe divectory nav maeponds to the =
level.
cack ol these diverdosi conta vipis that ve used |
to star [Jand —stoP Fi) sev) Joy Yhnt yuen Level»
Maximary Servi. Gre. Stmrted ched vine).
| sunning +
Jeervice nfs resto
OH yechowts bh Seyvice of nfs +f there is a change
confiquration file- :
J sewice a Lop.
cee ed neo fe ib
is ving:
a
W) sewice nfs chadu:
= show the = cuvverid -haluss of i fe Sexvice
Whether it
= is sunning ok stopped.
ease worl l/s a
Ley) fe used 30 enable thy ies in thy unleve)
Ll for exams
Vv M e d & ;
he shasted allakomatically +
use_the Command _ehitconbig mpd pata add the bpd
Demise ko Yh level of your sever
tio_snily thal _ntpa hasbeen added for yous ally
Yun \eve)¢-
Eallousiag Oe _Yoe ish ol chy. onkis tomenaedl arth diffrent combi
ok ons,-
i ohieonkig :
MN Sho You \he lig of
vices on /alf ‘in diflevend
Yun _\evels fentanoe _$erviet
id||_chi 0 tig level syslog oni
This __command vill am the Servi foe 10g. for r
~1__vunlevel+ . f
| cmconfie --Nish | grep ssyslag +
This Command il _displa. th ee vi obus
£ the lish
dz
W)_chcopliq =—level Syslog on ~*
Thi command ai) Se Jog T
(ec evel f
|
agloe /a2 t
Stl etnborte wha basic Peatnission¢ Ove 4 ho khey a
neztenll popliog to fi & divechasies in —linw
en Pereniss ion. Namber |
geod I. 4 |
waite i 2 5
Execut a
wo Pexeniss = Ga i
a
cuney Feu otter
set _ yee |
mod "2 _"3. 4. Filename
t
Basic, Permissioe _Appies to file __|_ Applied __ to _Pivectavies
head oPen File lish contends of a directa
athe = es |
_ grit ran_chacye_ i ‘embents dol creole and delete Fi
File |
Execute una upan or excat=| change ihe directory |
Ghle file \ =J 9]
24/ ov 2!
j Theyp ar 3 basi Perrassions *
fll read. Peamission R
the _chavacher notation for xead permission is".
find the number notation is Y*
Tous 9 eefission applied for bois files and divechavie Sp
find also applied lov different users suzh _as$_ owner
gymup use of owner and other. + proup users.
—___4}
Write _pevmission i
The _chovatter __nnlotio of write
Permission” is Ww"
x a
Ti_is also applied Sor all) Yhe ase ad__fer a!) the
fies. and alive cloves »
a Brecute Permission: - . ss
Vig equi) in“ aabeute | file
herackty tratation fo xecthe is" x"
And the numb, eolation js "1'-
ZU 9 user yas tobe granted fox pa povmniscia n+ when
re Chavarter polation is — ond phe number nn dation is
v. /bin normal Commands
{5% sufer_comman ds
; \ — = IEE
A) venstat > Cvirtval Memory Status) ‘|
ed mn
Sdobuss
Feiiowsi the oPlinns which ave displayed by hy
ss command &
Tiros » Beets + (hoes)
Cr) l= Te pumbe of pra, wai ting G. phim
CODD tie number of process" ia = deep mance Chtack process), —
1) Memory t=
Csi) * the amnunk- of virtual: memory used»:
(eel the mount of ide) rnemany. d
Coulf3} The arnoun’* of. tieraocy used os buffers .
(oct the amount of -inaskive! mary E
Cocks the amount of ach, eeranry
-_ ii) Seanp &
(si = Amount: of memory ped in from »i disk «
Coo-)_ Amount of memory _susapped oud to dick «
= paces. oe
= Gs] sime “spend running cles cod,
#82 (Sy-)|_* Time. ‘spent vunn ing kerne] > cod
“(i2| swe spent idol :
EL (wor)|| Tide sports citing tor input Jrspe C0) ; Xe
counthive, colt, 6
stent oF
Pa 3
ont (BODE) 24
the details of pact ip
eel nei obese cea 2il|__sav
ee sytem cal) in a text file called _" Straceops bat
line tas sie Lids hi x ad
pauvakion lug -
| Meee ee eee leer ge eg, he
paxtilion nae» a local lume oS a _yemate Li)
i yk ee
qe serond fied is a _oounling oink used — to -access
the Gile _sysdem «
the + dhisd. ae desciibes the. [ile syskem type.
The foth field’ ig the Dae fox any —eaounk —op¥ian you
may mame needs
she Siln fied moor One to determine —_sshethor
dap baa bis file byt
the hirat field fobs the oder = in coke Leck cheers
srs file gyskern
TN _Tab.
sev/ eds mbi/a 13 delowy B
es eS [om] 13]
DM Lipo.) gra / aruioy ennh +
y
& a Cron Files 5-
Gon ig a daman, thal bes ornrnaa xding
a pesel schedule toad user defines. Ba: |
TD) _conke: mn even minut), and cheeks ai) cron Lite
40 Shab jobs need tp be un -a} that _bime-
funn Tiles can be ui
‘Glaglors, je to take (re of eyshern tases
(Tota
Qasically users edi. thre exon Yoo Giles by selling
rom they Tike 3p sun _dukamarkica iy >
user Crontob files are shaved __. in
var / spon) /Cx0n +
They axe mamed —_ofler ‘Ye user they _belDng - 20-
; J
Lsuaern -cvon files Ore shoved in the. fpllowing
ubsd i rect
xa 0: Let.
D-cwon.d
2 cori. daily
3 cxon « bourly
cn. monthly
I cron, weekly aia
PAGE No. / HH
Systemwide shell Conkiguration _Scxipk_— /
This files deterenine the defuil Sontag
System shellg Ond the funetians which ore
everykime ag use: Jouncly a fw shel) +
-ton= | Hoven” seals the falling til ing Stork up.
aaa oll wns ds aa i
Shel)
ll tese/ pple + = i
Fthis file antaing the —_prolile of shell in ushich ue can chang
the hiskow 6h ol the soe a
ery: \T. £ = 1900 « |
We tan Alon change the pats fram where the mands hati
iy xeculed = : l
The path of the” Seem odminishator ag wlll as Standard usey__
fon he changed by “using this file.
3 J
DI Lore L profiled —&
W otss “hited contanal tne. “BS citings of fils and Inldevs ou |
tok fies.
an colows etKing can he.
xumboe ¥! cit, os mentioned in Yhe “file-
~ Lash = prolite $:
bts Ge con charge the _Visxy Size 0S gweld) as
pain be oehty _usevs Re
3} fdisk.
G anis - 0) ‘ hard disk
Follousin:
Hy \
toy
+> Coaenw .
1 (new Par titian)
» Chrimary Partition
Pores tios
(size of
rinks
Chr Permanent run mace] NG is
=]
we / 2 OF 24 /
om LY
Steps 40 conbiguee Yum Sey ver? ————
, Gnllaieng Ove the chaps to cooligune yun —sex¥eX————__
(nigut side)
Dl ven => gerdings > Dige_Serect Path sot of TSO {4
2 veo Re™oval\e devi —> Disc > connect -*
yg Wer - Sroro to root! 4y
DN ca Jame) ty / py Kages
SM vipm wh ain Gees) Se
F Yur dhelps user
Bl wpe = ‘nits Oy tno = dedi tab _K ko __daonlead and
Gl cwahxem —v fant ty / Packog,
Ded fete / urn sepnsad
10} Hao base, xe po eee
stead afte d bine
wl Cynse om
Mome = Yum Cliend
oseurl = Gilet //ennt Hay / package
enabled = 1 3 2
Dy Tor Tus wt\ dans\ au.
ay yum jackal) get src) oe Say)
| © eee
f
3] yusa install nf * RRNTOT ae rod [ree] 2]
Les [iq foe 24 /
SIl Discuss the steps to configuve Key based’ _$9¢ ica ki
the delault authentication me in ‘ re
hosed , which m whey in Server
need to entox Su00, Eth re_connecti
Nou can make use ol key hased _cudhentivabion t- when
gst key hosed audhentication is sed make sure the
public key is available on thy wey ta all user’ ho
need to us login +
whe logged. in___the user __crecsb aan uk hentica ior
request aut i assigned With there private |
Th Outhentication —_¥eq west matched #0 des the public
key of the game user an the bes o Yhat__w
wants }o _authenticak
ali} is matches tn ‘s_allawed to _@nker , if it dao
Mok __the us is__deniec! PAGE Ma,
: om | B/0Y 2
Secwved Inbespal Services.
Ths Vinux there ave inteenet Services which ave of
tuo typ,
a seone) nev (OS =
Stent
Leask. Toten ~ Services!
Secured Internet Sevices $
age lis ured - Shedi Pragrara Yai -encryphs de
chur... dy (he val ding uw Passeo0: ds
carinands® used Sn eet ;
Osh ip addvess 7
sis: Command will as yar Gee the | spassiaaect type —
ol ta exver | cide
“Urcot / fuser
192. u¢. 0. 222 [ one | W/op/ 24 /
dl Syre
Secure File dvarsler —_prntocol winch _vseS _35in_encriypbed
sesuno fos file transfer
SET oo client _proywaro
Seet
mget. WZ 162. 0. 222 192. 16%. 0,220
trp
Px Tradl Potter
eI
sftp jock © 192.168.0222 + /mack/ potter f Aor
/ Des Keot
Dl Lease 5 we Tolecnel Servic eS 6
Tl te :
This Service Shaws ah hel) On inkernet bub th S10
i leash cued, ua dota fackets ds aransmg tte d
be. Co. of Pe, is GS)
Ison yeplacemment foe kelned 0
Qi ep +
(east Seguve File ansfer —prwtoro!)
Th Se ry dosonload and ploads the fie faa
plain tex forma -
Sfp 1s aye veplacement for Lp «
MBmxen i (Remote sher\)
ey
TL on unencrypted —aerhanism fox execubing commands
fn __ernnte Yost - User _Creotion
Geate 9 user 3 ten —syst Sere
She- Useradd A user 2
~ e.g tusexadd aro
Se pelser, mn fill modi vighi
tandaxd user
Useemod _
lege cs mod Sarr
wea
Expain the uses inform atin of fieation Ge.
dilleent — Sreld a wed in tel pa sseoc) +
ie! sername $~ -
h *s login name love di ne few of
te L pa sad
|
dl passuooy d - |
et Ere ry,
Every _usey has a _tinigue ser id i, RedMal ping
Start numbertng local ysev td's ab Soo g
Sewiee nlc veskaxt.
net Ow Sree)
Loe faa sada ca zon / ford > mount _-k afs 192168. 0.%G + /root, Soi
(erm ae Fier] Ce
(nerd PoorPie_ Sl cot > Pirkyeple Jeont [13 a
Me > na
Tyee Rae
Fin te bie
| same 3 i
{oops ont? Chmod 722 apple pineanpl,
Beare PP
7, Brecute
[reason %o|
Rand
1? chmod 222 root / Foi
H
|
i
Emr pare
fe te tient se
Hea eHleent
wer ie
rl
Chmod ute apple — pingo.ppl
‘am fom
ewe bode to
fon kes =
Jen ome TE
odven iS mau.
ve ent! {Ure
Vs eet
sextorls - Uygur window's ’
Del)
ae
: Sornbblka_sevvey Les fos /op/ iy /
SambD. sex Provides uses authentication Vie passanrd
Sambo ‘nos a _Ghiliky ty Panu ~ twinkindd _“dafman bo
_______ |] odtach micrnéa bt domoin Seyvey + :
|: Wren RuEL machine i$ __yunning thin _dcfmon , uw =
Hunts con he used s cube caien bo RHEL machin
File and printer shoving 15. tthe posh atv ee
foe Many samba User!
- following ore the servic (daemons)
Cetin 11D seobd i
Leathenticabion authorization
Site Be print having
Jd
CRmor #8) meahd =
| |+ Resoure bvowsing
Mame rasolution “ service
J,
Fotlosdieg ee ree
ee
>| x Side Clinus)?—
DI] yum install Samba + |
3 swice gm veshark Poke = /veports
3)||_ mdr reports brows cable = y
Ml cd /veport. teahle = ye,
gl cat > v1 cob_y 2 public = yes
= An Kenia)
x
SL chmod 333 vl 2 WY Service Sry __veshavd
All tumod urs vi x2 DO terpam fe out eS
3)|_clamod 322 se Port Wouseradd each [sare user
Qi. chmod us _. /repovhss 1) smbpassad =o macd
0) ee ee
v atone dn the ond of the fle
LT vepowts.]
Comment = vePors folder Shaved T %
fmcem] 24 by
a
“4 Stent side Crindeows) 5 Eee ae oe |
‘ Sun __Sewices. nase ea [8 ge oe
fae ;
18) soo station : .
1) netogon \stort (restart all services.
a 9) neaoyk provi sing Seis 4
fovea I) eaROC, You Bre services)
c
ndow
A) tun Hetty [| s0nodives ob nun machine >
then login bos Wil] appear in which fe Gye $I pposed to
enter _samba-user and saraha pitiword * S| Explain the _paxamekox. Sa.
Explain tke essinns af smb conf Liles ‘
-oxdtt Fol, sing ie the leven? inne spf > Zmbsrnnle [if
I Cotas]
=the —aighaa) Lon
oe i
tonkoins _s@H¥ngs tht apply te
the entie server ond _delauad
tothe others Shaver)-
bs so thot _rnay op Ply
dillerent oinns under this — sessions «
: dh “af the wail geoup tahich shoios
identilication cf the newark: propedie bmw noth
Windbos Computer +
B) srebpassiod while Clete /eamba/ possid) 2
S This option Sh the path to the Jncalédn al tbe samba
passaoxd fire.
Dencryohmassiad = y
=f uw, nected dp odoins System — the presword
hos }ecn teonsmitied in encrypted —_foxmat »
d)_nethinsname - Rul:
2 This is a by which the samba is Kraus,
tothe von dows a purk
2) Server Sv 2g t= Samba Server
2 Ths 6. so os mment team Bin
-on the netusaxkt brows
f) secu, = ussee 2
Btyss is tine level of gecusity applied to ce access:
Dl hoenes 1
IE the next Sessinn ol amnacanf file is hom
—Ty i used to able the Server 4, gi Msers g.viclt
access to here home diver die
7 axe the _o phions ae ction.
G) Commen}& home dixector Commen} }-
ir BT defines the Commend Jing +
fire browsers
| eduritpoble = yo
{aoa means thal. Usey cars rit in that particular dixec tory |
| 8) Create mnacle = 9F2 &
ete debutt file permission foe files created ia bre dicectary.
Q_diveciovy mole = 3a ts F
Jeon ie ndflsuh pechinsion Sue. sxeated ~=diveclany.
d) may ¢onneckions: =
= The numbex specifies the uber af cpaneclian to the Clicak
jude.
J Printers]
= fatto tre dilCerent _pftions of prinke sessions
outs 2 / vas! spaot/-samba 2
athe tnca¥inn “ot the printers Soo) director
b) printable = yest:
v fngilss Be. clith sto. Send: prin» Joh to dhe cpmifiedll
diectony «
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list. Betore that UNS was bovitten ‘9 GPM Book
(ae) pana 7
Coigaion ta Serve —_ Lez leuapar J
MUA. ail tiger Mend [ee erm 2] a
MTA = Mail Transler Aggab. fe ee aa)
MDA =~ Mail Deliver yen is eC. bo Paeiver|
HCP . d
fonci!_ Message fish Jie a _Jedter _‘lgichy ds__to regula |
1 oy + A. bes
BR _hesin WOR ndex and end ith seca ver -
Qetween sendey and receiv thei, ae. many postal worles
soho ene Yaak dhe dade Jedd properly handled. 1
even though Lhe gender ~ and wre: ever: ste >t the Workew
arey poole or essentiq) + [uneXions in Piou: — il
F Falinssine th Slbeer pets Zot te phe
ee _lunction of ‘the “mail sexuer-
Hl moi__Usey Raent Cpa).
Tee we Jo end rai) yo yy Your sess pee)
a Prohkom called as MUA.
i the ne provides an interlace 1 ding ond! onibLing
AVA in email __ messages.
nist fl taro types “ol Mun me avail be thet baw p- [eared
or_ elm those thab have. command L ints face (an make
use of CL yas uth or _e/
h Luocduonality cf oth GUT and ft ae coe her
composi on e-mail _message the MUN geno} i} to MTA.
b aohich _dyansits the _m a4 0c! the _netboork
il maid Taoske Agaett mya) 3.
A mTA is is a Peg sare that nis the mm oye ails
the nehoovk
MTA _toovks —cwithoul the _indexvenbion by the cor
The __Mra ends the inlormation in the —"“To:’ ba tivn of
Ye email message and _dejerming the 1D _adbbess oh bh
7 | 230% 4
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sess
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21: Avansmik the mail othe necewew A
she smceist:s MDA pastel the = message bo ncbhes Pangan
dfs te. MDA
i
3), term bail Dever Adend (pA):
= MDA is also + gelled as LDA (neal Deliver Aponte
7 o
+—thn__reteives the nesta’ fom the TA.
=7i_store Dh new sag in the veceivers mail po:
| ite.
a i 7 Ki
theron ho. raditionaly Known ass pro) -
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aoe
u Divs.
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using TCP LP. nediaork- :
Or E nM -
=
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ropa is fosmed —by appending domain name to host
ee
; aa Oe — ep sort —Gasa7
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+ Undtns tanding the. seomeoddress yesolubion is sinply sled
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: Nriendy —oumbers
ee - group oh urbe ake
stops dobed ayes
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iD) Master _/ primary. [7] main Sener : :
a] Slaw A éecoadar FAD Cack up Copy | ars
) Cache .
Imaster Divs Se. ‘: :
JE aster conlaint oll dhe tnbammatinn —ajoub =the demain ane)
: wpplies__the Information edhe eg. ueshec!
Master ewe i Lisked ae n_aubhdvized Seve x hen
“d cockit the _inlnmation you Sce\Sing tnd
tan__provide in lovmabion »
a: Save /secmndlary = _
= the Slave 6 _winieAded as a backup in cate thy
master 6Brver 3 down Or i$ not available.
= This Sewey contain thi Sam individ asthe _maSter Drov-
ide o_Serjol__numbes which ghouH eb __ matched with the
| slave sever.
3) Caching
=A dee caching Seni does not provide —_jntormnation to
+ outsid, Sourles, £
+4} 8 used Jo provide domain information to __Olhey _ seners
ard torn 2%Ations on the local nebworks
_____+ the the caching Server Yermember$ —_the damian _ pane tat i
+ | been __weancessed _ fre, CYereo' Jens e, #
ie lig ik_speeds up ere
— | rafon which 5 a\veady Stored in, memory.
‘ ||