CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.

CODE_BRIGHT PROCESS
III.1. CALCULATE
This part deals with the stage of the process that solves the numerical problem. The system
would allow to call the Finite Element program without necessity of leaving from the work
environment. Pressing Calculate the user can see a Process window, and clicking on Start
the solver module runs.

III.2. DATA FILES

If the solver program is required to be run outside GiD enviroment, i.e. in another computer or
the user needs to check the data input for calculations; it is posible to see the data files. In the
work directory there are the followings files:
• Root.dat
• ROOT_GEN.DAT
• ROOT_GRI.DAT
from which the program CODE_BRIGHT reads all the necessary data.
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.2
The name of these two files is composed by the extension .DAT which indicates that these
files contain input data, a suffix (_GEN or _GRI) that follows the ROOT and which indicates
a file with general information and a file with grid information, and a ROOT which is a name
assigned by the user. The ROOT is previously read in a file called ROOT.DAT. For a run
with another problem only this ROOT.DAT file must be changed and the files of the new
problem will be used.

III.3. GENERAL INFORMATION FILE ROOT_GEN.DAT'

Card 1. Problem
Variables: HEAD
Format: (A40): Fixed format
-999: Free format

Card 2. Dimensions and options

Variables: NUMNP, NUMEL, NDIM, IAXISYM, NUMMAT, NHV
Format: (10I5). It is not required if free format is used
NUMNP: Number of nodes
NUMEL: Number of elements
NDIM: Space dimensions (1,2,3)
IAXISYM: Axisymmetric option: 0-no axisymmetry, 1-yes (around y-axis),
• NDIM=2. The principal stresses are: (σr (radial), σy (axial) σθ(circunferential))
• NDIM=1. The principal stresses are: (σr(radial), σθ(circumferential), σz(axial))
NUMMAT: Number of materials
NHV: Number of history variables (depends on the type of mechanical constitutive model
used). This variable is checked internally.
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.3
Card 3. Dimensions and options
Variables: NZ1, NZ2, MFRONTH, NDF, MNVAL, ISOLVE
Format: (10I5). It is not required if free format is used
NZ1: =MXDIFN: maximum difference between connected nodes, this variable is read for
dimensioning purposes. The node numeration of the grid is assumed to have been
optimised in order to reduce the matrix band width. If θ=ε=0 are used in a non-
mechanical problem, then MXDIFN can be 0 because a quasi-explicit approximation
will be used, i.e. only a NDF-diagonal matrix is solved which contains derivatives of the
storage terms. (See below for NZ=NZ1*NZ2).
NZ2: =MBANDT: total band width (geometrical for 1 variable), (MBANDT =
2(MXDIFN+1)-1, the user should provide a value but the code checks this value. So this
entry is redundant.
NZ= Used only for ISOLVE=5. It is the number of nonzero-blocks in the jacobian (i.e. the
NZ1*NZ2: number of nonzeros for NDF=1). This variable is computed as NZ=NZ1*NZ2. Since this
variable is checked internally, if the number of nonzeros is not known a priori, a guess
can be used and the code automatically checks its validity. Otherwise, the required value
is output.
MFRONTH: void
NDF: Number of degrees of freedom per node. For instance a 2-dimension thermomechanical
analysis requires NDF=3.
MNVAL: Maximum number of integration points in an element (default=1). For a two-dimensional
analysis with some (not necessarily all) quadrilateral elements, MNVAL=4. For a three-
dimensional analysis with some (not necessarily all) quadrilateral prism elements,
MNVAL=8.
ISOLVE: solve the system of equations according to different algorithms.
ISOLVE=3: LU decomposition + backsubstitution (NAG subroutines, fonts
available). (recommended option for direct solution).
ISOLVE=5: Sparse storage + CGS (conjugate gradients squared)
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.4
Card 4. Dimension boundary conditions
Variables: NFDTYPE, NFLUXTYPE
Format: (5I5). It is not required if free format is used
NFDTYPE: Number of prescribed force/displacement boundary condition types.
NFDTYPE<=NUMNP because the maximum types that can be defined is limited
by one per node. If IOPTDISPL > 0 then NFDTYPE>= 1.
NFLUXTYPE: Number of flux boundary condition types. NFLUXTYPE<=NUMNP. Boundary
conditions for mass and energy balance problems are grouped in a single type due
to practical reasons. See Cards 17 to 20 for information about the form of
boundary conditions.
Boundary conditions can be applied at all nodes, even in the internal nodes.

Card 5. Options. Unknowns to be calculated.

Variables: IOPTDISPL, IOPTPL, IOPTPG, IOPTTEMP, IOPTXWS
Format: (10I5). It is not required if free format is used
IOPTDISPL: =1, solving for NDIM displacements (ux,uy,uz)
IOPTPL: =1, solving for liquid pressure (Pl) (see IOPTPC)
IOPTPG: =1, solving for gas pressure (Pg)
IOPTTEMP: =1, solving for temperature (T)
IOPTXWS: =2, solving for a solute in liquid phase (c)

Card 6. Other options.

Variables: IOPTXHL, IUPDPOR, IOPTXWG, IOPTXAL, IOPTPC, IOPTHYS, IUPDC
Format: (10I5). It is not required if free format is used
IOPTXHL: =1, halite is soluble in liquid phase. ωlh (the mass fraction of salt in liquid) is
non-zero and considered a dependent variable on temperature. For isothermal
problems this option is not very relevant because solubility has only been
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.5
considered a function of temperature and not on pressure, however IOPTXHL=1
can still be used in order that the liquid phase is considered a saturated brine
instead of pure water. In this case, properties of liquid phase are computed
according to the concentration obtained as a function of TCONS (Card 8)
IUPDPOR: =1, porosity is updated including not only volumetric strain, but also
dissolution/precipitation (see IOPTXHL).
If IUPDPOR=0 and IOPTXHL is non zero a warning message is given because
variations of porosity caused by other than deformation will be neglected.
IUPDPOR=1 only makes sense for IOPTXHL=1.
IOPTXWG: =1, water vapour is NOT permitted even if the problem is non-isothermal and
unsaturated. If IOPTXWG=0, water vapour is permitted and its concentration
computed through psychrometric law, vapour pressure and gases law.
Using IOPTXWG = 1 (i.e. vapour concentration is not computed) is convenient
when the problem is nonisothermal but the whole medium will remain saturated
during the entire simulation.
IOPTXAL: =1, air dissolved is NOT permitted even if the problem is two phase (liquid and
gas) flow. If IOPTXAL=0, air dissolved is permitted and its concentration
computed through Henry's law.
IOPTPC: index to modify some aspects related to capillary pressure, saturation and relative
permeability.
IOPTPC = 0, Sl-element is computed as a function of the capillary pressure Pg-Pl-
element. (Consistent approximation, not recommended).
IOPTPC =-1, Sl -element is computed by averaging Sl -nodal values. krl-element
and krg-element are computed as a function of Sl-element (recommended option).
IOPTPC =-2, krl-element and krg-element are computed by averaging nodal values
of relative permeabilites.
IOPTPC =-3, krl-element and krg-element are computed by averaging nodal
values. Derivatives of relative permeabilities are also averaged.
IOPTPC =-4, krl-element and krg-element are set equal to the maximum nodal
value.
IOPTPC = 1: capillary pressure is used (Pc = Pg-Pl) as state variable instead of Pl.
If IOPTPC is = 1 then it is necessary to use IOPTXAL=1 and IOPTXWG=1, and
IOPTDISPL=0 and IOPTTEMP=0. That is, IOPTPC=1 is only available for two
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.6
phase immiscible fluids.
IOPTHYS: = 1: option for hysteretic behaviour of retention curve
IUPDC: = 1: updated lagrangian method, i.e., co-ordinates are modified after each time
increment is solved. If deformations are very large, some elements may distort. If
distortion is very large the volume of an element may become negative and the
execution would terminate immediately.
Remarks: vapour and air dissolved are considered automatically depending on options in Card
5. However, if for any reason they want not to be considered, then the auxiliary indexes
IOPTXWG=1 or IOPTXAL=1 can be used.

Card 7. Flags. Auxiliary options.

Variables: IFLAG1, IFLAG2, IFLAG3, IFLAG4, IGLAG5
Format: (10I5). It is not required if free format is used
IFLAG1: 0
IFLAG2: 0
IFLAG3: 0
IFLAG4: 0
IFLAG5: 0
These options have been introduced for programming purposes. In general users should not
use them.

Card 8. Constants.
Variables: EPSILON, THETA, PGCONS, TCONS, PLCONS
Format: (6F10.0). It is not required if free format is used
EPSILON: Position of intermediate time tk+ε for matrix evaluation, i.e. the point where the non-
linear functions are computed. (frequent values: 0.5, 1)
THETA: Position of intermediate time tk+θ for vector evaluation, i.e. the point where the
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.7
equation is accomplished. (frequent values: 0.5, 1)
PGCONS: Constant gas phase pressure for solving with IOPTPG=0, otherwise ignored. (frequent
value: 0.1 MPa = atmospheric pressure).
TCONS: Constant temperature for solving with IOPTTEMP=0, otherwise this value is ignored.
PLCONS: Constant liquid phase pressure for solving with IOPTPL=0, otherwise ignored. (if
PLCONS is greater than -1.0 x 1010 then wet conditions are assumed for computing
viscous coefficients in creep laws. (Otherwise the medium is considered dry.)

Card 9. Void.
This line should be left blank.

Card 10. Options.

Variables: IOWIT, INTER, ITERMAX, IOWCONTOURS, ITERMAXS, ITIME,
IMBACKUP, IWRALL, IPOLYFILES
Format: (10I5). It is not required if free format is used
IOWIT: Iteration information is written in file ROOT_GEN.OUT according to:
IOWIT=0, no information about convergence is written. This option should
be used if the user is very confident with the time discretization and not
interested in details at every time step or problems with time increment
reductions. Usually this happens when previous runs have shown that
convergence and time discretization work very well.
IOWIT=1, partial information is written. Time intervals and time-values,
number of iterations, CPU-time values, etc. are written. Convergence
information is only written if time increment reductions take place.
IOWIT=2, all iteration information is written. Convergence information is
written for all iterations and all time increments. This option may result in a
very large file ROOT_GEN.OUT
INTER: Writing results frequency in ROOT_OUT.OUT or in ROOT.FLAVIA.RES. For
instance, if INTER=20 results will be written only every 20 time increments, results
at intermediate points will be lost, except the values at few nodes or elements that
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.8
may be requested in the ROOT_GRI.DAT file (see below).
ITERMAX: Maximum number of iterations per time increment
IOWCONTOURS Option for writing results in files GID post processor.
: IOWCONTOURS=2 then files of nodal values for GiD are generated. These are
ROOT.flavia.dat and ROOT.flavia.res.
IOWCONTOURS=5 or 6 then files for new GiD output (nodal variables at nodes,
Gauss point variables at Gauss points without smoothing) are generated. These are
ROOT.post.msh and ROOT.post.res. If IOWCONTOURS=5, only one Gauss point of
each element is printed (average value). IF IOWCONTOURS=6, all Gauss points are
printed for all elements.
ITERMAXS: Maximum number of iterations for the solver, i.e. for Conjugate Gradients Squared
solution (this variable is only required for ISOLVE=5).
ITIME: 0 No time step prediction
1 Time step prediction according to number of iterations
6 A new time step is predicted from the relative error in variables of the
previous time increment. If the relative error is less than dtol=0.01, time
increment is reduced according to error deviation.
7 The same as 6, but with dtol=0.001.
IMBACKUP: 0 No Backup
1 Backup only for the last time step
2 Backup for all time steps.
IWRALL: 1 Write all information for output
0 Write partial information for output
IPLOYFILES: 1 Write in separated output files (Select variables in output window).
Two files are generated by each variable selected:
ROOT_variable.post.msh and ROOT_variable.post.res
0 If IWRALL=1
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.9
CardGroup 11. Convergence parameters
Variables:
Displacements: DELMXU, FACU, DELFMX, DUMX
(Omit this line if IOPTDISPL=0)
Liquid pressure: DELMXPL, FACPL, DELQWMX, DPLMX
(Omit this line if IOPTPL=0)
Gas pressure: DELMXPG, FACPG, DELQAMX, DPGMX
(Omit this line if IOPTPG=0)
Temperature: DELMXT, FACT, DELQMX, DTMX
(Omit this line if IOPTTEMP=0)
Inclusions conc.: DELMXI, FACI, DELIMX, DIMX
(Omit this line if IOPTXWS=0)
Format: (5F10.0). It is not required if free format is used

Each computed unknown requires a line with its associated parameters. In this way each
equation has different tolerances. If IOPTDISPL=1, only one line with DELMXU, FACU,
DELFMX, DUMX should be read regardless whether the problem is one, two or three
dimensional.

DELMXU: Maximum (absolute) displacement error tolerance (m). When correction of

displacements (displacement difference between two iterations) is lower than
DELMXU, convergence has been achieved.
FACU: Maximum (relative) displacement error tolerance (-).When correction of
displacements (displacement difference between two iterations) divided by
displacement variation during the time interval is lower than FACU, convergence has
been achieved.
These two conditions (DELMXU and FACU should be satisfied simultaneously. If
one of them is not desired, a large value of DELMXU or FACU can be used.
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.10
DELFMX: Maximum nodal force balance error tolerance (MN). If the residual of forces in all
nodes is lower than DELFMX, convergence has been achieved.
DUMX: Maximum displacement correction per iteration (m) (time increment is reduced if
necessary). If correction of displacements (displacement difference between two
iterations) is greater than DUMX then, time increment will be reduced until this
condition is satisfied. For lower values of DUMX the time step used for the
calculations will be small. For larger values of DUMX time step may be larger but
errors will increase and convergence problems may appear.
DELMXPL: Maximum (absolute) liquid pressure error tolerance (Mpa)
FACPL: Maximum (relative) liquid pressure error tolerance (-)
DELQWMX: Maximum nodal water mass balance error tolerance (kg/s)
DPLMX: Maximum liquid pressure correction per iteration (MPa) (time increment is reduced if
necessary)
DELMXPG: Maximum (absolute) gas pressure error tolerance (MPa)
FACPG: Maximum (relative) gas pressure error tolerance (-)
DELQAMX: Maximum nodal air mass balance error tolerance (kg/s)
DPGMX: Maximum gas pressure correction per iteration (MPa) (time increment is reduced if
necessary).
DELMXT: Maximum (absolute) temperature error tolerance (oC)
FACT: Maximum (relative) temperature error tolerance (-)
DELEMX: Maximum nodal energy balance error tolerance (J/s)
DTMX: Maximum temperature correction per iteration (oC) (time increment is reduced if
necessary).
DELMXI: Maximum (absolute) water in inclusion mass fraction error tolerance (-)
FACI: Maximum (relative) water in inclusion mass fraction error tolerance (-)
DELIMX: Maximum nodal inclusions balance error tolerance (kg/s)
DIMX: Maximum mass fraction in solid correction per iteration (-) (time increment is
reduced if necessary)
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.11
Relative error is defined as the ratio between variable correction (δx) and variable increment
(Δx).
Convergence criteria are as follows (only convergence on the equation of energy balance is
illustrated, but the same applies for the other equations):
If (δT < DELMXT + FACT.T) for all nodes, then convergence has been achieved (condition
A). T is the value of the variable temperature.
If (qh < DELEMX) for all nodes (qh represents here the energy balance or residual in a node),
then convergence has been achieved (condition B).
It should be mentioned that convergence in terms of δT and convergence in terms of qh
should be reached simultaneously because the Newton - Raphson is used. For this reason the
program stops the iteration process and looks for another time step when one of the two
conditions (A or B) is achieved. For instance if the user decides that convergence should be
imposed because the residual has reached a tolerance then, DELMXT and FACT should be
set to very low values.
When more than one degree of freedom is solved per node and the last option is used,
convergence in terms of variable or residual should be achieved by all the variables
simultaneously. In other words, it is not possible that the mechanical problem converges by
residual and the thermal converges by the variable.
If (δT > DTMX), time increment will be reduced. This parameter controls the accuracy of the
solution in terms of how large can be the time increments. A low value of DTMX will force
to small time increments when large variations of temperature take place.
Usually, it is difficult to guess the values of the tolerances that should be used in a problem.
The convergence criterion in terms of absolute terms is linked with the unknowns, and hence
it also depends on the range of variation of the variable. In this case the user decides the
degree of accuracy that is needed for each variable. The tolerances in relative terms are
usually larger than the values for absolute.
Finally, the tolerance values for residual convergence are more difficult to guess because 'a
priori' it is difficult to know the values of forces or flows equilibrating at nodes. Again the
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.12
user should reach a compromise between a very strict value or a less severe condition.

Convergence parameters for Conjugate Gradients Squared method of solution (Omit this
CARD if ISOLVE is not equal to 5).
Variables: DXS,DRS,DRSREL
Format: (5F10.0). It is not required if free format is used
This Card is only required for ISOLVE=5.
DXS: Maximum abs. correction for solver (usually a very low value)
DRS: Maximum abs. residual for solver (< min(DELFMX, DELQWMX, DELQAMX, DTMX,
DELIMX)) assuming all them > 0
DRSREL: Maximum relative residual for solver. The solver residual is normalised with the RHS of the
system of equations to be solved.

This group of Cards ends with ' -1' (forma I5).

Card 12. Gravity

Variables: GRAVITY(1), ..., GRAVITY(NDIM)
Format: (3F10.0). It is not required if free format is used
GRAVITY(NDIM): gravity vector (m/s2), usually (0,0,-9.81) for three dimensions, (0,-9.81) for two
dimensions and (-9.81) for one dimension.

The following group of Cards, beginning with time period definition can be repeated several
times to define periods or steps with different material properties and boundary conditions.
For the first step all information should be read and for the subsequent steps only
modifications are required.
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.13
Card 13. Period time variables
Variables: TIMEI, DTIME, TIME1, DTIMEC, TIMEF, FACTTIME
Format: (5F10.0), It is not required if free format is used
TIMEI: Initial time. If TIMEI is not equal to final time of the last increment (TIME), then it
is assumed TIMEI=TIME. Exception is made if TIMEI=0.0, in which case, 0.0 is
kept as a new origin of times.
DTIME: Initial time increment for this time interval. If DTIME=0, last DTIME value is
used or, the first time increment of the calculation, a small value is considered.
TIME1: Time from which an upper bound is prescribed for the time increment. If
TIME1=0, then TIME1 is considered equal to TIMEI (the upper bound is
prescribed during all the time step)
DTIMEC: Upper bound value for the time increment used from TIME1 to TIMEF. If found
equal to zero, no maximum time increment value is prescribed.
TIMEF: Final time.
FACTTIME: Factor for converting seconds (input time units) into another output time units.
(Example: FACTTIME=86400. for output in days).

Time increments during time step [TIMEI1, TIMEF] are adapted by the code according to
flag control ITIME (see Card 10). This may cause inconveniences if the user desires the
results at precisely fixed times (for instance: 6 months, 1 year, 2 year, etc.). Moreover, if
something changes between two runs (e.g. boundary conditions) and any time increment
should be modified, the value of the times in which results are output will not be identical
between the two runs. In this case, it would be difficult to make a comparison of the two
analyses because we would not have the same times for output.
A first way to overcome this inconvenience is to prescribe an upper bound for the time
increment, reflected in the variable DTIMEC. If convergence requires time increments
smaller than DTIMEC, time increment is reduced. But, if convergence is easy and the current
time increment becomes higher than DTIMEC, it is fixed to DTIMEC. Variable TIME1
allows for setting an intermediate time between TIMEI and TIMEF from which the upper
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.14
bound for the increment becomes active, as represented below:

TIME TIME1 TIMEF

Variable DTIME DTIME≤DTIMEC

Another way to set fixed times for output results is to use a sequence of Cards number 13
separated by two (only flow or only mechanical problem) or three (flow and mechanical
problem) lines with '-1' (format I5) indicating that nothing changes in the new time period,
except the time discretization. In this way, results will be output for all TIMEF's, and if the
user is only interested in these fixed times a very large value may be used for INTER (see
Card 10) to avoid output at other times.

Example:
-1 indicates no change in material properties
-1 indicates no change in mechanical boundary conditions
-1 indicates no change in flow boundary conditions
350000. 0.0 0.0 10000. 360000. 86400.
-1 indicates no change in material properties
-1 indicates no change in mechanical boundary conditions
-1 indicates no change in flow boundary conditions
360000. 0.0 0.0 10000. 370000. 86400.
-1 indicates no change in material properties
-1 indicates no change in mechanical boundary conditions
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.15
-1 indicates no change in flow boundary conditions

in this case for the times 350000, 360000 and 370000 the results would be written. Time step
in this case would be lesser or equal than 10000.
It is is possible to define at the beginning of the calculation a step for equilibration of the
initial stress state. This is done by defining a time step starting from a negative value (TIMEI
<0) and ending at 0 (TIMEF = 0). During this step, gravity is applied as a ramp. Greater is
time step (TIMEF – TIMEMAX), smoother is the gravity ramp.

Card 14. Number of material

Variables: IMAT
Format: (I5). It is not required if free format is used
IMAT: index of material (<= NUMMAT)
(if '-1' (format I5) is read, no more materials are read, and hence, parameters will be zero (or
default values when defined) or the value read in a former time period)

Card 15. Number and name of constitutive law

Variables: ICL, TIT, ITYCL
Format: (I5, A20; I5). It is not required if free format is used
ICL: index of constitutive law (if '-1' (format I5) is read, no more constitutive laws are read for this
material). Each process considered needs one or more ICL's.
TIT: text to identify (by the user) the constitutive law (ex: Retention curve), this text will be
reproduced on output only for the user reference but will not be used by the program.
ITYCL: type of constitutive law. For each value of ICL several relationships (different values of
ITYCL) may be available.
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.16
CardGroup 16. Parameters constitutive law
Variables: TIT, PARCL(1,ICL,IMAT)=P1, TIT, PARCL(6,ICL,IMAT)=P6
TIT, PARCL(2,ICL,IMAT)=P2, TIT, PARCL(7,ICL,IMAT)=P7
TIT, PARCL(3,ICL,IMAT)=P3, TIT, PARCL(8,ICL,IMAT)=P8
TIT, PARCL(4,ICL,IMAT)=P4, TIT, PARCL(9,ICL,IMAT)=P9
TIT, PARCL(5,ICL,IMAT)=P5, TIT, PARCL(10,ICL,IMAT)=P10
Format: (A20, F10.0, A20, F10.0) . It is not required if free format is used

TIT: text to identify (by the user) the parameter (ex: Young modulus (E)),
this text will be reproduced on output only for user reference but will
not be used by the program
PARCL(MNP,NCL,NUMMAT): parameters of constitutive laws (MNP=10, NCL is the maximum
number of existing constitutive laws)

The matrix PARCL(MNP,NCL,NUMMAT) contains all information of parameters for the

constitutive laws. A maximum of 10 parameters for each constitutive law is considered. These
parameters are read in 2 columns, i.e., 5 lines are required to read each PARCL as indicated
above. This is represented as:
Text Parameter 1 Value for P1 Text Parameter 6 Value for P6
Text Parameter 2 Value for P2 Text Parameter 7 Value for P7
Text Parameter 3 Value for P3 Text Parameter 8 Value for P8
Text Parameter 4 Value for P4 Text Parameter 9 Value for P9
Text Parameter 5 Value for P5 Text Parameter 10 Value for P10
A20 F10.0 A20 F10.0
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.17
Card 17. Type of Boundary Condition (Mechanical Problem)
Variables: IF
Format: (I5) . It is not required if free format is used
(Omit Card 17 if IOPTDISPL=0)
IF: index of boundary condition (IF <= NFDTYPE)
(if ' -1' (format I5) is read, no more boundary condition types are expected)

CardGroup 18. Force/displacement prescribed

Variables: TIT, FORDISP(1,IF)=FD1, TIT, FORDISP(NPFD/2+1,IF)=FD$,
TIT, FORDISP(2,IF)=FD2, TIT, FORDISP(NPFD/2+2,IF)=FD$,
TIT, FORDISP(3,IF)=FD3, TIT, FORDISP(NPFD/2+3,IF)=FD$,
etc. according to NPFD=2*(NDIM*(NDIM+2)+1).
Format: (A20, F10.0, A20, F10.0) . It is not required if free format is used
(Omit CardGroup 18 if IOPTDISPL=0)

TIT: title for each value

FORDISP(NPFD,NFDTYPE): array containing prescribed forces or prescribed displacements.
NPFD=2*(NDIM*(NDIM+2)+1). This is read by means two columns

TIT for FD1 Value for FD1 TIT for FD$ Value for FD$
TIT for FD2 Value for FD2 TIT for FD$ Value for FD$
TIT for FD3 Value for FD3 TIT for FD$ Value for FD$
TIT for FD4 Value for FD4 TIT for FD$ Value for FD$
... etc. according to NPFD=2*(NDIM*(NDIM+2)+1).
A20 F10.0 A20 F10.0
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.18
For NDIM=3 these columns are composed by:
FD1: x direction force applied fxo FD17 Δfxo obtained as ramp loading during
TIMEI and TIMEF
FD2 y direction force applied fyo FD18 Δfyo obtained as ramp loading during
TIMEI and TIMEF
FD3 z direction force applied fzo FD19 Δfzo obtained as ramp loading during
TIMEI and TIMEF
FD4 displacement rate, first direction u1o FD20
o
FD5 displacement rate, second direction u2 FD21
o
FD6 displacement rate, third direction u3 FD22
FD7 cos(α1), first direction FD23
FD8 cos(β1), first direction FD24
FD9 cos(γ1), first direction FD25
FD10 cos(α2), second direction FD26
FD11 cos(β2), second direction FD27
FD12 cos(γ2), second direction FD28
FD13 cos(α3), third direction FD29
FD14 cos(β3), third direction FD30
FD15 cos(γ3), third direction FD31
FD16 γ FD32 index

For a one dimensional problem the general boundary condition is applied by means a force
computed as:
f x = f xo + γ cos(α 1 )(u10 − u x )Δt
where u1 is the computed displacement along the first direction. Obviously, for a one-
dimensional problem cosα1 can only be equal to zero or one.
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.19
For a two dimensional problem the general boundary condition is applied by means a force
computed as:
f x = f xo + γ cos(α 1 )(u10 − u1 )Δt + γ cos(α 2 )(u 20 − u 2 )Δt
f y = f yo + γ cos(β 1 )(u10 − u1 )Δt + γ cos(β 2 )(u 20 − u 2 )Δt
where:
u1 = u x cos(α 1 ) + u y cos(β 1 )
u 2 = u x cos(α 2 ) + u y cos(β 2 )
A very large value of γ can be used to impose a fixed displacement rate. If γ is insufficiently
large, the prescription of the displacement will be inaccurate. On the contrary, extremely large
values can cause matrix ill conditioning. Each specific problem requires an adjusted value.
If index is equal to 0, the values of forces calculated above are directly incorporated at the
nodal force balance. If index is equal to 1 then, the forces are considered stresses on the
boundary, and therefore the forces to be applied at nodes are internally obtained by the
product with the lateral areas of elements.
For three dimensional problems, for instance, it is possible to prescribe displacement rate for
three different directions, without any other restriction. In this way, any kind of displacement
boundary condition (ex: displacement zero along a direction 45 degrees with respect to the
vertical, etc) can be imposed. For a constant force applied on the boundary, the three
components along x,y,z axes should be given.
This is a loop for IF=1, NFDTYPE. For each IF, I=1, NPFD. This variable is (NPFD=5
NDIM+1) the number of parameters for mechanical boundary condition.
The last Card of this group must be always ' -1' (format I5) regardless of the number of
types read.
This group of Cards (Card 17 and CardGroup 18) (mechanical boundary conditions) only
exists if the mechanical problem is solved. For each time period only the types that change
need to be read.
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.20
Card 19. Type of Boundary Condition. Mass or heat transport problems.
Variables: IF
Format: (I5). It is not required if free format is used
(Omit Card 19 if IOPTPL + IOPTPG + IOPTTEMP = 0)
IF: index of flux boundary condition (<= NFLUXTYPE)
(if ' -1' (format I5) is read, no more boundary condition types are expected.

CardGroup 20. Flux problem boundary condition

Variables: TIT, FLUX(1,IF), TIT, FLUX(21,IF),
TIT, FLUX(2,IF), TIT, FLUX(22,IF),
TIT, FLUX(3,IF), TIT, FLUX(23,IF),
TIT, FLUX(4,IF), TIT, FLUX(24,IF),
...
TIT, FLUX(20,IF), TIT, FLUX(40,IF),
Format: (A20, F10.0, A20, F10.0). It is not required if free format is used
(Omit CardGroup 20 if IOPTPL + IOPTPG + IOPTTEMP =0)

TIT: title for each value (ex: liquid pressure)

FLUX(20,IF): array containing parameters for boundary conditions

TIT for FL1 Value for FL1 TIT for FL1 Value for FL1
TIT for FL2 Value for FL2 TIT for FL2 Value for FL2
... ...
TIT for FL20 Value for FL20 TIT for FL20 Value for FL20
A20 F10.0 A20 F10.0
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.21

FL1 ωgw prescribed mass fraction (kg/kg) FL22

FL2 jg prescribed gas flow rate (kg/s) FL23 increment of jg during

time step (kg/s)
FL3 Pg prescribed gas pressure (MPa) FL24 increment of Pg during
time step (MPa)
FL4 γg (kg/s/MPa) FL25

FL5 βg (kg/s/MPa) FL26

FL6 ρg prescribed gas density (kg/m3) FL27

FL7 ωlh prescribed mass fraction of salt (kg/kg) FL28

FL8 ωla prescribed mass fraction of air (kg/kg) FL29

FL9 jl prescribed liquid flow rate (kg/s) FL30 increment of jl during

time step (kg/s)
FL10 Pl prescribed liquid pressure (MPa) FL31 increment of Pl during
time step (MPa)
FL11 γl (see comments for negative value) FL32

FL12 βl (kg/s/MPa) FL33

FL13 ρl prescribed liquid density (kg/m3) FL34

FL14 je prescribed heat flow rate (J/s) FL35 increment of je during

time step (kg/s)
FL15 T prescribed temperature (C) FL36 increment of T during
time step (ºC)
FL16 γe (J/s/C) FL37
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.22
FL17 λe : positive values: [je=je*exp(-abs(λe)t)] is used FL38
(units 1/s).
λe : negative values: [je=jet-abs(λe)]
FL18 void FL39

FL19 δ: parameter for smoothing curve the seepage FL40

(outflow of water only) boundary condition. For
a positive value a parabolic curve is used; for a
negative value an exponentially decaying curve
is used. δ is the distance from the reference
pressure to the point of change
FL20 index: auxiliary index. FL40
index=+1.0 means that all flow rates are nodal
values
index=-1.0 means that all flow rates are per unit
volume (3-D), area(2-D) or length (1-D) of
medium (internal source or sink)
index=+2.0 means that all flow rates are per unit
area (3-D) or length (2-D) (lateral fluxes).

The boundary condition is incorporated by adding a flux. The mass flux of species i=w as a
component of phase α=g (i.e. the inflow or outflow of vapour) is:

( ) 0⎛ dt ⎞
( ) ⎛⎛ dt ⎞ ⎞
(
j gw = ω gw ⎜ j g0 + Δj g0 ⎟ + ω gw γ g ⎜⎜ ⎜ Pg0 + ΔPg0 ⎟ − Pg ⎟⎟ + β g ⎛⎜ ρ g ω gw
Δt ⎠
0

Δt ⎠ ⎝
) − (ρ ω )⎞⎟⎠
0
g
w
g
⎝ ⎝⎝ ⎠
where the superscript ()o stands for the prescribed values, dt is the current time increment and
Δt the current time step. Terms Δ(.) dt/Δt allow for imposing a linear variation of the variable
(.) during the time step. Mass fraction and density prescribed are only required for inflow
because for outflow the values in the medium are automatically considered.
Positive values of mass flow rate indicate injection to the medium.
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.23
This general form of boundary condition, includes three terms. The first one is the mass
inflow or outflow that takes place when a flow rate is prescribed at a node. The second term is
the mass inflow or outflow that takes place when a phase pressure is prescribed at a node. The
coefficient γ is a leakage coefficient, that is, a constant that allows to prescribe a pressure with
more or less strength. If γ is large pressure will tend to reach the prescribed value. However,
an extremely large value can produce matrix ill conditioning and a lower one can produce
inaccuracy in prescribing the pressure. However it is not difficult to guess adequate values for
a given problem simply by trial. The third term is the mass inflow or outflow that takes place
when species mass fraction is prescribed at a node.
A surface where seepage (only outflow for liquid phase is permitted) is possible has a
boundary condition of prescribed liquid pressure. However, only liquid outflow is permitted.
To recognize this fact, γl must be negative. This negative sign only indicates that nodes with
this kind of boundary condition allow seepage.
Another situation occurs when an internal source or sink should be imposed. In this case it is
preferable to use index = -1.0 and the program automatically considers that the nodal flows
are per unit volume and will be multiplied by the volume associated to the cell centered in the
node.
If there is inflow of gas or liquid phase, it is very important to give values of the following
variables: ωlh, ωgw, ωla, ρl, ρg and T. Otherwise they are assumed zero which is not correct
because they will be far from the equilibrium. If outflow takes place, this is not relevant
because the values of the medium are used.
For energy the boundary condition has the general form:
⎛ dt ⎞ ⎛ dt ⎞
je = ⎜ je0 + Δje0 ⎟ + γ e ⎜ T 0 + ΔT 0 − T ⎟ + E gw ( j gw ) + ...
⎝ Δt ⎠ ⎝ Δt ⎠
in other words, the last terms imply that mass inflow and outflow through the boundary
induces energy transfer.
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.24
In general, this is a loop for IF=1, NFLUXTYPE. For each IF, I=1,NPFLUX.
The last Card of this group must be always ' -1' (format I5).
This group of Cards (Card 19 and CardGroup 20) only exists if any balance (water, air,
energy flow) problem is solved. For each time period only the types that change need to be
read.
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.25
III.4. GEOMETRICAL DESCRIPTION FILE: ROOT_GRI.DAT

Card 1. Grid writing index

Variables: IOWGRI, IOFILE, IFMT
Format: (5I5). It is not required if free format is used
IOWGRI: =1, a ROOTMSH.DAT file is created on output
IOFILE: =1, four (4) names are read in the following four lines for files containing, respectively,
FILE1: nodes (Card 2),
FILE2: connectivities (Card 3),
FILE3: initial conditions (Card 4) and
FILE4: element-wise variables (stresses and porosities) (Card 5).
IFMT: =1, to read connectivities according to old format

CardGroup 2. Node co-ordinates and boundary condition type

Variables: N,COORD(1,N),..., COORD(NDIM,N), IFORDISP(1,N), IFORDISP(2,N),
IFORDISP(3,N), IFLUXTYPE(1,N), IFLUXTYPE(2,N), IFLUXTYPE(3,N), WIDTH(N)
Format: (I5, (NDIM)F10.0, 3I3, 3I3, F10.0). It is not required if free format is used
N: node number
COORD(NDIM,NUMNP): nodal coordinates
IFORDISP(I,NUMNP): integer matrix containing prescribed Force/displacement Boundary
Condition code (0=no boundary condition; IFORDISP(1,12)=17,
node 12 has, as first boundary condition, the Force/displacement
condition numbered 17 in file ROOT_GEN.DAT. Up to 3
force/displacement conditions can be assigned to each node (typically
used for corner nodes).
FLUXTYPE(NUMNP): integer matrix containing prescribed Flux Boundary Condition code
(0 = no boundary condition; FLUXTYPE(2,40)=8, node 40 has, as
second boundary condition, the Flux Condition numbered 8 in file
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.26
ROOT_GEN.DAT. Up to 3 Flux Boundary Conditions can be
assigned to each node (typically used for corner nodes).
WIDTH(NUMNP): initial nodal joint width (it is only necessary if node belongs to a joint
element).

CardGroup 3. Node connectivities, material, element type, ..

Variables: L, MTYPE, LTYPE, KXX(1,L), ..., KXX(MNNEL,L)
Format: ((3+MNNEL)I5). It is not required if free format is used
L: element number
MTYPE(L): material type
LTYPE(L): element type
KXX(MNNEL,L): global conectivities (the maximum number of connectivities is 2
(ndim=1), 6 (ndim=2), and 8 (ndim=3),

Types of elements available:

NDIM=1 LTYPE=1 Segment
NDIM=2 LTYPE=1 Linear triangle: mainly used in flow problems, i.e. when the
mechanical problem is not solved. Linear triangles are not
adequate for incompressible media.
LTYPE=12 Quadratic triangle with 3 integration points. Corner nodes: 1, 2, 3;
side nodes: 4, 5, 6. Integration points: 3.
LTYPE=5 Linear quadrilateral with 4 integ. Points and selective integration
by means the modification of the matrix B (Hughes, 1980). This
allows to avoid locking when the medium is highly
incompressible. (recommended quadrilateral).
NDIM=3 LTYPE=1 Linear tetrahedron
LTYPE=26 Triangular prism with 6 integr. Points
LTYPE=3 Quadrilateral prism element with 8 integ. Points (selective
integration).
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.27
MNNEL is the maximum number of nodes that may have a possible element in the finite
element grid that is used in a problem. With the elements that are implemented at present the
following values are internally assigned to MNNEL: for NDIM=1 is MNNEL=2, for
NDIM=2 is MNNEL=6, and for NDIM=3 is MNNEL=8.

CardGroup 4. Initial values of unknowns

Variables: N, X(1,N), ..., X(NDF, N)
Format: (I5, 10F15.0). It is not required if free format is used
N: Node number
X: Array containing old values of unknowns
Here, the initial values of the unknowns are read and stored as the OLD values to begin time
marching calculations.
In general, the following variables should be read:
n ux uy uz Pl Pg T
I5 F15.0 F15.0 F15.0 F15.0 F15.0 F15.0

CardGroup 5. Initial values of stresses

Variables: L, STRESS(1,L), ..., STRESS(6,L) , HISTVAR(1,L), HISTVAR(2,L)
Format: (I5, 10F15.0). It is not required if free format is used
(Omit if IOPTDISPL = 0)
L: element number
STRESS: array containing the stress tensor at integration points (if the element uses several
integration points, only 1 value per element is read and assumed initially the same in
all integration points)
HISTVAR: Array containing history variables for elastoplastic and viscoplastic models
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.28
CardGroup 6. Other element wise properties.
Variables: L, POROSITY(L), (FK(I,L),I=1,NDIM),
ANISOTPER(1, L), ..., ANISOTPER(NISOT, L), THICKNESS (L),
(FK(I, L), I=NDIM+1,NDIM+3)
Format: (I5, 10F15.0). It is not required if free format is used
L: element number.
POROSITY(L): initial porosity of element L
FK(I,L): element-wise multiplying factor for intrinsic permeability
ANISOTPER(1,L): angle of direction of anisotropy for permeability
ANISOTPER(NISOT,L): (NISOT =1 for NDIM=1 OR 2 ; NISOT =3 for NDIM=3)
THICKNESS (L): (only for segment in 2-D or 3-D, LTYPE=8)
FK(I,L): element-wise multiplying factor for retention curve parameters

Card 7. Time evolution of state or dependent variables at nodes

Variables: NOUTOT, IVOU(1), ..., IVOU(10), INTERNODE
Format: (16I5). It is not required if free format is used
NOUTOT: number of nodes for which time evolution is required
IVOU: Variable required at these nodes. IVOU can range from 1 (first unknown) to NDF
(last unknown), and from NDF+1 (first nodal dependent variable (DEPVARN
vector)) to NDF+NDVN (last nodal dependent variable).
INTERNODE: frequency for output (=1 implies all time steps).

Card 8. Nodes for time evolution

Variables: NODOUT(1), ..., NODOUT(NOUTOT)
Format: (16I5). It is not required if free format is used
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.29
NODOUT(1,..,10): node number of nodes for which time evolution is required. Time evolution is
written at file 'FOR050.DAT' for time steps according to INTERNODE.

Card 9. Piezometric head map

Variables: IWHEAD, NWHEAD
Format: (16I5). It is not required if free format is used
IWHEAD: =1, Piezometric heads are written at file 'FOR060.DAT' or 'FOR061.DAT', depending
whether liquid and/or gas phase is considered. Values for all nodes are written at times
according to INTER frequence
NWHEAD: number of head contours that will be necessary in a plot. This value can be changed
when drawing them
The use of this option is restricted to problems of constant density for liquid and/or gas
phases.

Card 10. Nodal flows

Variables: IWNFLOW
Format: (16I5). It is not required if free format is used
IWNFLOW: =1, Different flow values at boundary nodes are written at file 'FOR070.DAT'.Values
are written at times according to INTER frequence. The nodal flows have units of kg/s
for mass and J/s for energy
=2, the same, but values for all time steps are written
=3, the same, but values for times according to INTERNODE frequence (see Card 7).

Card 11. Time evolution of dependent variables at elements

Variables: LOUT, IELVOUT(1), ..., IELVOUT(10), INTERELEM
Format: (16I5). It is not required if free format is used
LOUT: number of elements for which time evolution is required.
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.30
IELVOUT: Variable required at these elements. IELVOUT can range from 1 to 2 (DEPVARE
vector, i.e. degree of saturation and/or porosity), or, from -1 to -6 (stress vector) and
from -7 to (-7 - nhv/2) (history variables).
INTERELEM: frequency for output (=1 implies all time steps).

Card 12. Element numbers for time evolution of element-wise variables}

Variables: NELOUT(1), ..., NELOUT(LOUT)
Format: (16I5). It is not required if free format is used
NELOUT(10): element number of elements for which time evolution is required. Time evolution is
written in file 'FOR080.DAT' for time steps according to INTERELEMENT
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.31
III.5. SUMMARY-LIST OF CARDS
This section contains the list of Cards with the variables that are read in each one.

File ROOT_GEN.DAT
Card 1. Problem HEAD
Card 2. Dimensions and options NUMNP, NUMEL, NDIM, IAXISYM, NUMMAT, NHV
Card 3. Dimensions and options MXDIFN, MBANDT, MFRONTH, NDF, MNVAL, ISOLVE
Card 4. Dimension boundary NFDTYPE, NFLUXTYPE
conditions
Card 5. Options. Unknowns to IOPTDISPL, IOPTPL, IOPTPG, IOPTTEMP, IOPTXWS
be calculated
Card 6. Other options IOPTXHL, IUPDPOR, IOPTXWG, IOPTXAL, IOPTPC, IOPTHYS,
IUPDC
Card 7. Flags. Auxiliary options IFLAG1, IFLAG2, IFLAG3, IFLAG4, IFLAG5
Card 8. Constants EPSILON, THETA, PGCONS, TCONS, PLCONS
Card 9. Void
Card 10. Options IOWIT, INTER, ITERMAX, IOWCONTOURS, ITERMAXS, ITIME,
IMBACKUP, IWRALL, IPOLYFILES
CardGroup 11. Convergence DELMXU, FACU, DELFMX, DUMX (Omit if IOPTDISPL=0)
parameters
DELMXPL, FACPL, DELQWMX, DPLMX (Omit if IOPTPL=0)
DELMXPG, FACPG, DELQAMX, DPGMX (Omit if IOPTPG=0)
DELMXT, FACT, DELQMX, DTMX (Omit if IOPTTEMP=0)
DELMXI, FACI, DELIMX, DIMX (Omit if IOPTXWS=0)
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.32
DXS,DRS,DRSREL (Omit if ISOLVE not equal 5)
This group ends with -1
Card 12. Gravity GRAVITY(1), ..., GRAVITY(NDIM)
Card 13. Period time variables TIMEI, DTIME, TIME1, DTIMEC, TIMEF, FACTTIME
Card 14. Number of material IMAT
Card 15. Number and name of ICL, TIT, ITYCL
constitutive law
CardGroup 16. Parameters TIT, PARCL(1,ICL,IMAT) TIT, PARCL(6,ICL,IMAT)
constitutive law
TIT, PARCL(2,ICL,IMAT) TIT, PARCL(7,ICL,IMAT)
TIT, PARCL(3,ICL,IMAT) TIT, PARCL(8,ICL,IMAT)
TIT, PARCL(4,ICL,IMAT) TIT, PARCL(9,ICL,IMAT)
TIT, PARCL(5,ICL,IMAT) TIT, PARCL(10,ICL,IMAT)
(group of Cards from IMAT=1 to NUMMAT and for every IMAT value from ICL=1 to NCL (not all ICL are
required) )
This group ends with -1 (ICL loop)
This group ends with -1 (IMAT loop)
Card 17. Type of boundary IF
condition (Mechanical problem)
CardGroup 18. TIT, FORDISP(1,IF)
Force/displacement prescribed
TIT, FORDISP(2,IF)
TIT, FORDISP(...,IF)
(group of Cards from IF=1 to NFDTYPE ) (Omit if IOPTDISPL=0)
This group ends with -1
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.33
Card 19. Type of boundary IF
condition. Mass or heat transport
problems
CardGroup 20. Flux problem TIT, FLUX(1,IF), TIT, FLUX(21,IF)
boundary condition
TIT, FLUX(2,IF), TIT, FLUX(22,IF)
TIT, FLUX(...,IF, TIT, FLUX(...,IF))
TIT, FLUX(20,IF), TIT, FLUX(40,IF)
(group of Cards from IF=1 to NFLUXTYPE ) (Omit if IOPTPL + IOPTPG +IOPTTEMP = 0)
This group ends with –1

(the group of Cards from 13 to 20 can be repeated in order to make a simulation with several
time periods in which the boundary conditions and material properties are not the same. If any
parameter is not read, the value in the previous interval is used. ) (If a '-1' is read with IMAT,
ICL and IF, then no change takes place in material properties and boundary conditions. )
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.34
File ROOT_GRI.DAT
Card 1. Grid writing index IOWGRI, IOFILE, IFMT
CardGroup 2. Node co- N, COORD(1, N), ..., COORD(NDIM, N), IFORDISP(1,N),
ordinates and boundary condition IFORDISP(2,N), IFORDISP(3,N), IFLUXTYPE(1,N),
type IFLUXTYPE(2,N), IFLUXTYPE(3,N), WIDTH(N)
(group of Cards from N=1 to NUMNP)
CardGroup 3. Node L, MTYPE, LTYPE, KXX(1,L),..., KXX(MNNEL,L)
connectivities, material, element
type,...
(group of Cards with L=1 to NUMEL)
CardGroup 4. Initial values of N, XOLD(1,N), ..., XOLD(NDF,N)
unknowns
(group of Cards with N=1 to NUMNP)
CardGroup 5. Initial values of L, STRESSOLD(1, 1, L), ..., STRESSOLD(NSTREC, 1, L)
stresses
(group of Cards with L=1 to NUMEL) (Omit if IOPTDISPL=0)
CardGroup 6. Other element L, POROSITY(L), (FK(I, L), I=1,NDIM), ANISOTPER(1, L), ...,
wise properties ANISOTPER(NISOT, L), THICKNESS (L), (FK(I,L), I=NDIM+1,
NDIM+3)
(group of Cards with L=1 to NUMEL)
Card 7. Time evolution of state NOUTOT, IVOU(1), ..., IVOU(10), INTERNODE
or dependent variables at nodes
Card 8. Nodes for time evolution NODOUT(1), ..., NODOUT(NOUTOT)
Card 9. Piezometric head map IWHEAD, NWHEAD
Card 10. Nodal flows IWNFLOW
CODE_BRIGHT. PROCESS III.35
Card 11. Time evolution of LOUT, IELVOUT(1), ..., IELVOUT(10), INTERELEMENT
dependent variables at elements
Card 12. Element numbers for NELOUT(1), ..., NELOUT(LOUT)
time evolution of element-wise
variables

_________________________________