ELE 103 lesson1 Zonal Cavity or Average Illumination Method

Light-part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is

perceived by our eyes.
Einitial – illumination when the installation is new
Emaintained - average or maintained illumination
Basic Parameters Used in Lighting N – number of lamps
Cu – coefficient of utilization
Luminous flux- Flux refers to the amount of light
Df – depreciation or maintenance factor
emitted by a light source, while luminous efficiency
Φ – lumen output per lamp
measures a lamp's economic efficiency by
A – surface area illuminated
comparing the luminous flux to the electrical power
consumed.
Lesson 2
Luminous intensity- Luminous intensity measures
light emitted in a specific direction, useful for Lighting Branch Circuit Design Calculation
directive lighting like reflectors.
Lighting loads can be categorized as follows:
Illuminance-is the luminous flux per area,
General lighting Sign and outline lighting
diminishing with distance according to the inverse
Show-window lighting Track lighting
square law.
Luminance-a key lighting parameter, defines Note: Each lighting load is computed separately
surface brightness and relies on reflectance, and then combined to determine the total lighting
including finish and color effects. load.

General Lighting Branch Circuit-are those outlets

intended for general use for fixed-in-place
luminaires (lighting fixtures). They are only used for
lighting for the normal use of the occupants and its
intensity should be adequate for any type of work
performed in the area.

Calculation Method:
Determining the general lighting load as per NEC

Point by Point Method (Three-dimensional will be based on the load per area method as
plane) follows:
d^2 = sqrt (x^2 + y^2 + z^2)
cosθ = z / d  The NEC introduces minimum general
Ep = I / d^2 cosθ lighting loads (in VA/ ft^2) for various types
of
 buildings in Table 220.12
The general lighting load is calculated by
multiplying the floor area (in ft^2) of a
building by its unit load (in VA/ ft^2) derived
from the above table.
 If the load is continuous (as in Most
commercial structures), the calculated load
is multiplied by 1.25 (the inverse of 80%) to
 determine the circuit requirements. 2. An individual branch circuit shall be permitted to
supply any load (any number of outlets) for which it
is rated.
How to calculate the floor area? Section 210.23(A)(2) permits a 15- or 20-ampere
 The floor area for each floor shall be branch circuit supplying lighting outlets to also
calculated from the outside dimensions of supply utilization equipment fastened in place, such
the building, dwelling unit, or other area as appliances or an air conditioner. Under the
involved. conditions specified in this requirement, the
 For dwelling units, the calculated floor area utilization equipment load must not exceed 50 % of
shall not include open porches, garages, or the branch-circuit ampere rating (7.5 amperes on a
unused or unfinished spaces not adaptable 15-ampere circuit and 10 amperes on a 20-ampere
circuit).
Show-window Lighting Branch Circuit

for future use (like some attics, cellars, and Show Window: Any window used or designed to be
crawl spaces). used for the display of goods or advertising
material, whether it is fully or partly enclosed or
Notes for Table 220.12 entirely open at the rear and whether or not it has a
 The unit values herein are based on platform raised higher than the street floor level.
minimum load conditions and 100 percent The Show-window lighting branch circuits are often
power factor (i.e. Load in VA = Load in used in commercial buildings.
Watt) and may not provide sufficient lighting Design calculations for show window load
for the installation contemplated. Under any A. Determination of number of receptacles need
conditions, don’t use values less than that for a show window:
specified in table 220.12, there are no As per section 210.62, At least one receptacle
exceptions. outlet shall be installed within 450 mm (18 in.) of
 The general lighting load unit values the top of a show window for each 3.7 linear m (12
specified in table 220.12 includes the linear ft) or major fraction thereof of show window
following loads: area measured horizontally at its maximum width.
1. All general-use receptacle outlets of 20-ampere Notes to section 210.62:
rating or less, including receptacles connected to To reduce the use of extension cords and floor
bathroom branch circuits receptacles which may cause physical injury, the
2. The outdoor receptacle outlets required receptacle outlet(s) installed within 18 in.
3. General-use receptacle Outlets used in of the top of the show window. 2- Meaning of (12
Basements, Garages, and Accessory Buildings. linear ft) or major fraction is as follows:
4. Wall lighting outlet used in Habitable Rooms, • If we have a show window with total length = 12
5. Wall lighting outlets used in hallways, stairways, feet then, we will need one receptacle,
attached garages, and detached garages, • If we have shown window with total length = 13
6. Wall lighting outlet used in Storage or Equipment feet (> 12) = 12 +1 then, we will need (2)
Spaces (like attics, under-floor spaces, utility receptacles
rooms, and basements), • If we have shown window with total length = 5 feet
7. Wall lighting outlet used in Guest Rooms or (<12) then, we will need one receptacle.
Guest Suites In hotels, motels, or similar • If we have shown window with total length = 25
occupancies. feet (> 12) = 2 x 12 +1 then, we will need (3)
 The NEC method and table 220.12 are receptacles
applied for any Additions to Existing B. Determination of show window load:
Installations for both dwelling and non- As per Sections 220.14(G) and 220.43(A), two
dwelling installations. options are permitted for the load calculations for
 Energy saving–type calculations (which branch circuits serving show windows:
used to reduce the connected lighting load Option#1:
and actual power consumption) are not If the receptacle(s) required according to 210.62
permitted to be used to determine the supplies the show window lighting load, then the
minimum calculated lighting load if they show window lighting load = 180 volt-amperes x
produce loads less than the load calculated number of receptacles
according to 220.12. Option#2:
If the receptacle(s) required according to 210.62
Determination of maximum permissible number don’t supplies the show window lighting load, then
of lighting fixtures on a general lighting branch the show window lighting load = 200 volt-amperes x
circuit show-window length (in feet) as shown in below
image. And in this case: The show window total
Rules to be applied are as follows:
load = load of receptacles + load of lighting = (180
Section 210.23 states that:
VA X number of receptacles) + (200 VA x show-
1. In no case shall the load exceed the branch-
circuit ampere rating.
window length (in feet) Sign and outline lighting shall be continuous loads
and must be multiplied by 1.25 for the purposes of
feeder and protection calculations.
Track Lighting As per section 600.6, each sign and outline lighting
From NEC section 410.2 the definition for track unit must be controlled by an externally operable
lighting is as follows: Lighting track is a and dedicated disconnecting means (switch or
manufactured assembly designed to support and circuit breaker) that opens all ungrounded
energize luminaires (lighting fixtures) that are Conductors simultaneously as shown.
capable of being readily re-positioned on the track. Lesson 3
Its length can be altered by addition or subtraction
of sections of track. Receptacle Branch Circuit Design and
Track lighting is often used in commercial buildings Calculation
for accent lighting. Receptacle-is a contact device installed at the
outlet for the connection of an attachment plug.
Design calculations for Track Lighting Load
As per NEC section 220.43(B), an additional load of Receptacle Outlet: An outlet where one or more
150 volt-amperes shall be included for every 600 receptacles are installed
mm (2 ft) of lighting track or fraction thereof.
Attachment Plug: A device that, by insertion in a
receptacle, establishes a connection between the
Design calculations steps:
conductors of the attached flexible cord and the
Step#1: Determine the total length of track lighting,
conductors connected permanently to the
Step#2: Divide the total length of the track by two,
receptacle
Step#3: If, there is a faction, Round up the faction
to one, Receptacle Branch Circuit Ratings and
Step#4: Multiply the result from step#2 or 3(if there Permissible Loads
is a faction) by 150 volt-amperes to get the total A. 15- and 20-Ampere Branch Circuits
track load. 15- and 20-Ampere Branch Circuits shall be permitted to
supply:
Sign and Outline Lighting 1. Only lighting units: this case explained before in
previous article
An arrangement of incandescent lamps, electric-
2. Only utilization equipment: with condition that the
discharge lighting or other electrically powered light combined load for all utilization equipment
source to outline or call attention to certain features must not exceed the branch circuit rating.
such as the shape of a building or the decoration of 3. Combination of both: in the case the permissible
a window. rating of the utilization equipment will depend on its type
as follows
Sign and outline lighting illumination systems
include, but are not limited to:  If it is not fastened-in-place, it can have a rating
of up to 80 % of the branch circuit rating as in
 cold cathode neon tubing, TABLE 210.21(B)(2).
 high-intensity discharge lamps (HID),  If it is fastened-in-place, other than luminaires, it
 fluorescent or incandescent lamps, shall not exceed 50 % of the branch-circuit
 light-emitting diodes (LEDs), ampere rating.
 electroluminescent and inductance lighting

Design calculations for Sign and Outline B. 30-Ampere Branch Circuits

lighting: A 30-ampere branch circuit shall be permitted to
A. Number of required sign and outline branch supply utilization equipment in any occupancy. A
circuits rating of any one cord-and-plug-connected
As per section 600.5 (A), At least one dedicated utilization equipment shall not exceed 80 percent of
sign and outline branch circuit must be provided for the branch-circuit ampere rating.
each commercial Space at each entrance of a
commercial building / occupancy accessible to C. 40 and 50-Ampere Branch Circuits
pedestrians. A 40 or 50-ampere branch circuit shall be permitted
to supply cooking appliances that are fastened in
B. Load Value for sign and outline lighting place in any occupancy.
As per NEC section 220.14 (F), Sign and outline
lighting outlets shall be calculated at a minimum The Maximum Allowable Number of
Load of 1200 volt-amperes for each required Receptacles on a Branch Circuit
branch circuit specified in 600.5(A).
Note: Section 220.14(F) assigns 1200 volt-amperes
as a minimum circuit load for the signs and outline
lighting branch circuit, but If the actual load for a
sign and outline lighting unit is known to be larger
than 1200 VA, then the actual load is used for
calculation purposes.
As per NEC section 220.14(I), receptacle outlets serve home entertainment.
load shown shall be calculated at not less than: Rule#4: floor Receptacles
>180 volt-amperes for each single receptacle, Receptacle outlets in floors shall not be counted as
>180 volt-amperes for each multiple receptacle part of the required number of receptacle outlets
(duplex or triplex) on one yoke, unless located within 450 mm (18 in.) of the wall.
>90 volt- amperes per receptacle for multiple Rule#5: kitchen and dining areas counters
receptacles (four or more). receptacles other than that used for small
appliances
To calculate the Maximum allowable number of
receptacles on a branch circuit, make the following Receptacle outlets installed to serve kitchen or
steps: dining area counters (for small appliances) cannot
Step#1: Determine the maximum circuit power by also be used as general-use receptacles for an
Multiply the branch circuit voltage and amperage. adjacent wall space and in this case general-use
Step#2: Then divide by 180 volt-amperes. receptacle branch circuits must be added to serve
such locations.
The result from Step#2 = the Max. Allowable single, Rule#6: receptacles not under main rule
duplex, or triplex receptacles or a combination of The following receptacles can't be used as general-
them on a branch circuit. use receptacles (rule#1 will not apply for it):
>A receptacle that is Part of a luminaire or
Receptacle Branch Circuit Calculations in
appliance, or
Dwelling Buildings
>A receptacle that is controlled by a wall switch, or
In the broad sense, receptacle in dwelling units >A receptacle that is Located within cabinets or
may serve one of the following loads: cupboards, or
1. General-use receptacle loads, >A receptacle that is located more than 1.7 m (5.5
2. Small appliance loads, ft) above the floor.
3. Laundry load, Rule#7: hallways
4. Fastened-in-place appliance loads, As per NEC section 210.52(H), In dwelling units,
5. Cloth dryer load, hallways of 3.0 m (10 ft) or more in length shall
6. Household cooking appliances load, have at least one receptacle outlet. The hallway
7. Heating and air conditioning loads, length shall be considered the length along the
8. Motor loads centrelines of the hallway without

General-Use Receptacle Loads Rule#8: foyers

4.1.1 Locations of General-Use Receptacle As per NEC section 210.52(I), Foyers that are not
Loads part of a hallway in accordance with 210.52(H) and
The locations of general-use receptacle loads as that have an area that is greater than 5.6 m2 (60
per NEC section 210.52 is controlled by eleven (11) ft2) shall have a receptacle(s) located in each wall
as follows: space 900 mm (3 ft) or more in width and unbroken
Rule#1: Main rule by doorways, floor-to-ceiling windows, and similar
Receptacles shall be installed such that no point openings.
measured horizontally along the floor line of any
Rule#9: Bathroom
wall space is more than 1.8 m (6 ft) from a
As per NEC Section 210.52(D), in dwelling units, at
receptacle outlet.
least one receptacle outlet shall be installed in
The wall space is a wall unbroken along the floor
bathrooms in one of the following locations:
line by doorways, fireplaces, archways, and similar
1.Within 900 mm (3 ft) (36 inch) of the outside edge
openings and may include two or more walls of a
of each basin.
room (around corners), as illustrated in Exhibit
2. on the side or face of the basin cabinet not more
210.27. The Minimum length for a wall space is 2 ft.
than 300 mm (12 in.) below the basin countertop.
Rule#2: electric baseboard heaters built-in
Special cases for Rule#9 are as follows:
receptacle
1. If there is more than one basin, a receptacle
If there is a permanently installed electric
outlet is required adjacent to each basin location.
baseboard heaters (longer than 12 ft.) equipped
2. If the basins are in proximity, one receptacle
with factory-installed receptacle outlets or outlets
outlet installed between the two basins can be used
provided as a separate assembly by the
to satisfy this requirement as shown in below image
manufacturer shall be permitted as the required
(top).
outlet or outlets for the wall space utilized by such
permanently installed heaters (see image below) .
Such receptacle outlets shall not be connected to
the heater circuits.
Rule#3: Receptacle designed for intended use
Receptacle designed for intended utilization
equipment or practical room use may be placed in
corners, may be grouped, or may be placed in a
convenient location. For example, receptacles in a
living room and family room that are intended to
Rule#10: Outdoors breakfast room, dining room, or similar area of a
dwelling unit which serve portable appliances used
As per NEC section 210.52(E), Outdoor receptacle
at a kitchen counter, such as toasters, coffee
outlets shall be installed in accordance with the
makers, skillets, mixers, and the like and after
following:
applying exceptions made by rules#6.
1- for One-Family and Two-Family Dwellings
For a one family dwelling and each unit of a two- Rule#3: Receptacle Outlets Served by Small-
family dwelling that is at ground level, at least one Appliance Branch Circuits
receptacle outlet accessible while standing at grade The following receptacle outlets are permitted to be
level and located not more than 2.0 m (6.5 ft) above served by small appliance branch circuits:
grade shall be installed at the front and at the back 1. All wall and floor receptacle outlets covered by
of each dwelling. 210.52(A) after applying exceptions made by
2- for Multi-family Dwellings rules#6,
For each dwelling unit of a multifamily dwelling 2. All countertop outlets covered by 210.52(C),
where the dwelling unit is located at grade level and 3. Receptacle outlets for refrigeration equipment
provided with individual exterior entrance/ egress, (see Rule#4).
at least one receptacle outlet accessible from grade 4. Electric clock in any of the areas specified in
level and not more than 2.0 m (6.5 ft) above grade Rule#2,
shall be installed. 5. Supplemental equipment and lighting on gas-
3- for Balconies, Decks, and Porches fired ranges, ovens, or counter-mounted cooking
Balconies, decks, and porches that are accessible units.
from inside the dwelling unit and having an overall The small appliance branch circuits are not
area of 20 ft2 or more must have at least one permitted to serve any other outlets, such as might
receptacle outlet installed within its perimeter. This be connected to exhaust hoods or fans, disposals,
receptacle shall not be located more than 2.0 m or dishwashers.
(6.5 ft) above the balcony, deck, or porch surface. Rule#4: Receptacle Outlet for Refrigeration
Rule#11: Basements, Garages, and Accessory Equipment
Buildings The receptacle outlet for refrigeration equipment
located in a kitchen or similar area shall be
As per NEC section 210.52(G), For a one-family
permitted to be supplied from one of the following
dwelling, the following provisions shall apply:
circuits:
At least one receptacle outlet, in addition to those
1. 20-A small appliance branch circuit,
for specific equipment (Laundry for example), shall
2. An individual branch circuit rated 15 amperes or
be installed in each basement, in each attached
greater especially, when the receptacle outlet for
garage, and in each detached garage or accessory
the refrigerator is located so that it cannot be used
building with electric power. Where a portion of the
to serve countertop surfaces
basement is finished into one or more habitable
rooms, each separate unfinished portion shall have Rule# 5: Distribution of Small-Appliance Branch
a receptacle outlet installed in accordance with this Circuits
section. Small-appliance branch circuits must supply the
required receptacles by rule#3 in the following way:
Calculation of General-use Receptacle Loads
The counter area receptacle outlets in the kitchen
A. For Feeder and Service Calculation are required to be supplied by minimum two small-
As mentioned before in previous article- for one- appliance branch circuits.
family, two-family, and multifamily dwellings and in The wall receptacle outlets in the kitchen and dining
guest rooms or guest suites of hotels and motels, room are permitted to be supplied by one or both
the general lighting load unit values specified in small-appliance branch circuits that supply the
table 220.12 (which was 3VA/ft^2) will include the counter area.
following receptacle loads: If there are many kitchens in same dwelling unit, no
1. All general-use receptacle outlets of 20-ampere small-appliance branch circuit shall serve more
rating or less, including receptacles connected to than one Kitchen.
Bathroom Branch Circuits,
Rule#6: Floor Receptacles
So, no additional load calculation is required for
Receptacle outlets in floors shall not be counted as
general-use receptacle loads i.e. general use
part of the required number of general-purpose
receptacle loads (after applying the general lighting
receptacle outlets unless located within 450 mm
load unit value from table 220.12) = Zero.
(18 in.) of the wall. Otherwise, these floor
4.2.1 Rules Controlling Small-Appliance receptacles will be counted as part of the small
Rule#1: Number of Small-Appliance Branch appliance branch circuits.
Circuits
In each dwelling unit, two or more 20-ampere Rule#7: kitchen and dining areas counters
small-appliance branch circuits shall be provided. receptacles other than that used for small
Rule#2: Areas Served by Small-Appliance appliances
Branch Circuits Receptacle outlets installed to serve kitchen or
All receptacle outlets in the kitchen, pantry, dining area counters (for small appliances) cannot
also be used as general-use receptacles for an
adjacent wall space and in this case general-use
receptacle branch circuits must be added to serve
such locations.

Rule#8: general-purpose Switched receptacles

Switched receptacles supplied from general-
purpose 15-ampere branch circuits are permitted to
be in kitchens, pantries, breakfast rooms, and
similar areas.

4.2.2 Calculation of Small Appliance Branch

Circuit Load
A. For Feeder and Service Calculation
Purposes:
As per NEC section 220.52(A), in each dwelling
unit, the load shall be calculated at 1500 VA for
each 2-wire small-appliance branch circuit. this load
will be added for other loads to perform the feeder
and service calculations.