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Experiment 1 VC

The document outlines an experiment for Class XI Physics to measure the diameter of a cylindrical body and the internal dimensions of a calorimeter using Vernier Callipers. It includes the aim, apparatus, theory, procedure, observations, calculations, results, precautions, and potential sources of error. The experiment emphasizes accurate measurement techniques and the importance of significant figures.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
47 views6 pages

Experiment 1 VC

The document outlines an experiment for Class XI Physics to measure the diameter of a cylindrical body and the internal dimensions of a calorimeter using Vernier Callipers. It includes the aim, apparatus, theory, procedure, observations, calculations, results, precautions, and potential sources of error. The experiment emphasizes accurate measurement techniques and the importance of significant figures.

Uploaded by

Tejas Jajodia
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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THE EMERALD HEIGHTS INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

CLASS-XI
SUBJECT- PHYSICS
EXPERIMENT-1
AIM: To measure diameter of a small cylindrical body and to measure internal
diameter and depth of a given calorimeter using Vernier Callipers and hence find its
volume.

APPARATUS: Vernier Calipers, a cylindrical body, calorimeter and a magnifying lens.


DIAGRAM:

Fig.1(a): Vernier Callipers

Fig.1(b): Zero error (i) no zero error (ii) positive zero error (iii) negative zero error

1
THEORY: The difference in the magnitude of one main scale division (M.S.D.) and one
Vernier scale division (V.S.D.) is called the least count of the instrument, as it is the
smallest distance that can be measured using the instrument.
If with the body between the jaws, the zero of Vernier scale lies ahead of ����ℎ division
of main scale, then
�������� ���������� �������������� (��. ��. ��. ) = �� ���� ����
If ����ℎ division of Vernier scale coincides with any division of main scale,
then �������������� ���������� �������������� (��. ��.
��. ) = �� ∗ (��. ��. ) ���� ����
where, L. C. is least count of Vernier calliper.
���������� �������������� = ��. ��. ��. +��. ��. ��.
���� = �� + �� ∗ (��. ��. )
Formulas Used:
(a) ���������� ���������� ���� ��������������
������������������
=��ℎ�� ������������������ ����
��ℎ�� ����������������
���������������� ���� ��ℎ��
�������� ����������
��ℎ��
���������� ������������ ����
���������� ������������������
���� ��ℎ�� ��������������
����������

(b) The volume of a cylindrical (hollow) object like calorimeter, �� = ����2ℎ = ��


(��2)2ℎ
Where, ℎ is its internal depth, �� is its internal diameter and �� is its internal radius
of the calorimeter.

PROCEDURE:
(a) Measuring the diameter of a small spherical or cylindrical
body. 1. Determine the least count of the Vernier calliper.
2. Bring the movable jaw in contact with the fixed jaw and find the zero error.
3. Open the lower jaws, place the cylinder between the jaws and adjust the movable
jaw such that it gently grips the body without any undue pressure.
4. Record the main scale reading just before thee zero mark of the Vernier scale. This
reading (N in cm) is called main scale reading (M.S.R.).
5. Note the number (n) of the Vernier scale division which coincides with some division
of the main scale. Multiple this number with least count of Vernier calliper to get
Vernier scale reading (V.S.R.).
6. Find total reading by adding M.S.R. to V.S.R. and apply zero correction if any. 7.
Repeat the steps 3, 4, 5 and 6 for measuring the diameter at three different places.
8. Take mean of different values of diameter and show that in the result with proper
unit.

[b] Measuring the internal diameter and depth of the given calorimeter to find its
internal volume.
1. Adjust the upper jaws of the Vernier Callipers so as to touch the wall of the beaker
from inside without exerting undue pressure on it. Tighten the screw gently to keep the
Vernier Callipers in this position.
2. Repeat the steps 4-6 as in (a) to obtain the value of internal diameter of the
calorimeter. Do this for two different (angular) positions of the calorimeter.
3. Keep the edge of the main scale of Vernier Callipers, to determine the depth of the
calorimeter, on its peripheral edge. This should be done in such a way that the tip of
the strip is able to go freely inside the beaker along its depth.
4. Keep sliding the moving jaw of the Vernier Callipers until the strip just touches the
bottom of the beaker. Take care that it does so while being perfectly perpendicular to
the bottom surface. Now tighten the screw of the Vernier Callipers.
5. Repeat steps 4 to 6 of part (a) of the experiment to obtain depth of the given beaker.
Take the readings for depth at different positions of the breaker.
6. Record the observations in tabular form with proper units and significant figures.
Apply zero corrections, if required.
7. Find out the mean of the corrected readings of the internal diameter and depth of
the given beaker. Express the result in suitable units and proper significant figures.
OBSERVATIONS:
Determination of least count of the Vernier callipers:
1 �������� ���������� ���������������� (��. ��.��) = 0.1 ����
10 �������������� ���������� ������������������ (��. ��.��. ) =
9 �������� ���������� ����������������
9
1 ��. ��.��. = 10 ��. ��.��.
���������� ���������� ���� ��������������
������������������ (��. ��. ) = 1 M.S.D. −1 V.S.D.
9
��. ��. = 1 ��. ��.��. − 10 ��. ��.��
=110��. ��.�� = 0.1 M.S.D. = 0.1 ∗ 0.1 cm = 0.01 cm
1. Table for the external diameter (D) of the cylindrical body:
S. Main Scale No. of Vernier Vernier Total Reading
No. Reading division/s Scale [��.��.
M.S.R. n Reading = ��. ��.��.
(cm) [��. ��.��. = +��. ��.��.]
�� ∗ ��. ��.] (cm)
(cm)
1 ����=

2 ����=

3 ����=

2a. Table measuring internal diameter ‘d’ of the calorimeter:


S. Main Scale No. of Vernier Vernier Total Reading
No. Reading division/s Scale [��.��.
M.S.R. n Reading = ��. ��.��.
(cm) [��. ��.��. = +��. ��.��.]
�� ∗ ��. ��.] (cm)
(cm)
1 ����=

2 ����=

3 ����=

2b. Table measuring depth ‘h’ of the calorimeter:


S. Main Scale No. of Vernier Vernier Total Reading
No. Reading division/s Scale [��.��.
M.S.R. n Reading = ��. ��.��.
(cm) [��. ��.��. = +��. ��.��.]
�� ∗ ��. ��.] (cm)
(cm)
1 ����=

2 ����=

3 ����=

CALCULATION:
1. Mean diameter of the cylindrical body, �� =�� ��+����+����

��= ⋯ … … … … … … (����)
2 (a). Mean internal diameter of the calorimeter, �� =�� ��+����+����

��= ⋯ … … … . . … (����)
2 (b). Mean depth of the calorimeter, �� =�� ��+����+����

��= ⋯ … … … . . . … . . … (����)
2 (c) Internal volume of the calorimeter, �� = ��(����)���� = ⋯ … … … … … … …
(����)

RESULT:
1. Diameter of the cylindrical body, �� = ⋯ … … … … … … (cm)
2 (a). Internal diameter of the calorimeter, �� = ⋯ … … … . . … (����)
2 (b). Depth of the calorimeter, ℎ = ⋯ … … … . . . … . . … (����)
2 (c) Internal volume of the calorimeter, �� = ⋯ … … … … … … … (��3)

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Motion of Vernier scale on main scale should be made smooth.
2. Note down each observation with correct significant figures and units.
4

3. The body should be gripped between the jaws firmly but gently (without undue
pressure on it from the jaws).
4. Keep the eye directly over the division mark to avoid any error due to parallax.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. Parallax may be there in taking observation.
2. The Vernier scale may be loose on main scale.
3. The graduations on scale may not be correct and clear.
5

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