Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)

ISSN: 2458-9403
Vol. 4 Issue 4, April - 2017

Design And Simulation Of Amplitude

Modulation Network For Analog Communication
Systems
1 2
Assistant prof. Dr.Haitham K.Ali, Jihan S. Abdoljabar
Sulaimani polytechnic university Sulaimani polytechnic university
Technical college of engineering, Sulaimani, Technic of engineering, Sulaimani, Kurdistan
Kurdistan Region, Iraq Region,
([email protected] ) +964-7703606127 ([email protected]) +964- 07702206886

Abstract—With the increasing demand in consideration in amplitude modulation is to describe

communication, a tremendous technological the depth of modulation i.e. the extent to which the
transformation during the last two decades has amplitude of carrier wave is changed by the signal.
provided a potential growth in the area of digital This is described by a factor called modulation factor
communication and lot of newer applications and which may be defined as under: The ratio of change
technologies are coming up every day due to of amplitude of carrier wave to the amplitude of
these reasons. Restricting over self to the domain normal carrier wave is called the Modulation factor.
of modulation techniques a brief overview and There are basically three types of analog modulation
design over an analog modulation technique has schemes the amplitude modulation, the Frequency
been provided in this article through extensive modulation and the phase modulation schemes which
literature survey in a tabular manner enabling to have in turn lot of class[1]. In case of the Amplitude
analyze and establish the superiority at a glance Modulation there are several derivatives and it is
of a specific modulation technique for a particular evident from the comparative the Single Side Band
application. At this paper the design of AM Suppressed Carrier (SSS-SC) has smaller bandwidth
modulation network was designed and it is be better than other AM schemes but practically, VSB
consist of three important units which are the proves to be a much better candidate then the other
Audio signal oscillator, the RF signal oscillator amplitude modulation techniques.The Amplitude
and the AM modulator (Multiplier). The total modulated signals require nonlinear amplifiers which
system was connected together and the output generate spurious out-of-band spectral components
was measured at each part of the system and the which are filtered out with a great difficulty. Frequency
output Am wave of the total system was 100% the Modulation proves to be better in comparison to
same as the wave of the ideal AM wave moreover amplitude modulation and phase modulation, and the
the output at each part was measured and the derivative of frequency modulation, narrow band FM
results were acceptable comparing with the ideal (NBFM) is usually employed to overcome above
results . These blocks were designed using mentioned problems in the communication system.
multisim software (version12). The major limitation of the analog modulation systems
for communicating over long channels is that once
Keywords—AM modulation, mutism software, noise has been introduced at any place along the
Multiplier, RF signal channel, then it is carried out till the end. Because the
analog modulation system (AM, FM and PM ) are
extremely sensitive to the noise present at the
I. Introduction receiver end in contrast to this if a digital signal is
Amplitude modulation (AM) is a technique modulated and transmitted the received signal is far
used in electronic communication, most less sensitive to receiver.[2]
commonly for transmitting information via a II. Application of AM modulator
radio carrier wave. The AM works by varying
the strength of the transmitted signal in relation 1. Amplitude modulation sound, so called swish
to the information being sent. For example, changes sound, is generally contained in wind turbine noise
in the signal strength can be used to reflect the (WTN) and it causes serious annoyance in the areas
sounds to be reproduced by a speaker, or to around wind farms. Therefore, the methods to assess
specify the light intensity of television pixels. the characteristics of this kind of sound should be
Contrast this with frequency modulation, also investigated in both viewpoints, physically and
commonly used for sound transmissions, in psycho-acoustically. Regarding the former problem, a
which the frequency is varied.An important practical method to evaluate the magnitude of the AM

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ISSN: 2458-9403
Vol. 4 Issue 4, April - 2017

using common acoustic measurement instrumentation 4. Recovery and analysis of the 1st harmonic
is proposed in this paper. That is, the sound pressure signals in tunable diode laser spectroscopy (TDLS)
level difference between the levels measured by using with wavelength modulation (WM) are limited by the
FAST and SLOW dynamic characteristics of a sound presence of a high background signal upon which the
level meter is calculated for the measurement time small gas signals are superimposed. This high
interval under investigation and then the cumulative background signal is a result of direct modulation of
distribution function of the level difference is the source laser power and is referred to as the
calculated. From the result, the value of 90% range is residual amplitude modulation (RAM) signal. This
obtained as an indicator for assessing the AM. paper presents further details of a recently reported
Statistical data evaluated by using this indicator for technique to optically remove the RAM and an
AM sounds contained in actual WTNs were obtained analytical model that enables the use of the phasor
through the field measurements performed nationwide decomposition (PD) method with it to extract the
across Japan. [3] absolute gas absorption lineshape from the recovered
1st harmonic signals. The PD method is important as
2. Results of two channel simultaneous audio
it provides a calibration-free technique for gas
recordings outdoors in the free field and inside a
concentration measurements. A major benefit of RAM
bedroom are presented from the Leonards Hill wind
nulling is that signal amplification can be increased
farm that has two Repower 2MW MM82 wind turbines.
without equipment saturation due to the background
The analysis demonstrates the dynamic effects of
RAM, resulting in improved signal resolution and
amplitude modulation on attenuation of sound
system sensitivity. A comparison of experimental
between the two measurement locations and shows
measurements of the 1650.96nm absorption line of
how outdoor to indoor attenuation is compromised at
methane (CH4) with lineshapes derived from HITRAN
particular room resonant modes. Different
data illustrates and validates the use of the PD
measurement approaches are discussed with the
method with the new RAM nulling procedure. This
conclusion that a 10Hz sampling rate of sound level is
advancement is useful for industrial applications
insufficient to accurately determine peak to trough
where stand-alone and calibration-free
amplitude modulations. Infrasound measurements are
instrumentation is required.{ Tunable diode laser
also presented to show that amplitude modulation is
spectroscopy with wavelength modulation: Elimination
also observable below 20Hz and that low frequency
of residual amplitude modulation in a phasor
infrasound may also be considered to be amplitude
decomposition approach.[6]
modulation. [4]
III. SIMULATION AND DESIGN OF AM BLOCKS
3. This application proposes a data hiding scheme
In order to design the AM modulator we need to
for amplitude-modulation (AM) radio broadcasting
build three important parts which represent by: the
systems. The method of digital audio watermarking
Audio signal oscillator, the RF signal oscillator and the
based on cochlear delay (CD) that we previously
AM modulator (Multiplier) as shown in figure (1).
proposed is employed in this scheme to construct a
data hiding scheme in the AM domain. We investigate
the feasibility of applying the method of CD-based
inaudible watermarking to send inaudible additional
messages in AM signals. The proposed scheme
modulates a carrier signal with both original and
watermarked signals as lower and upper sidebands
by using the novel double-modulation and then
transmits the modulated signal to the receivers.
Particular receivers in the proposed scheme
demodulate the received signals to get both original
and watermarked signals by using the double-
demodulation and then extract messages from the
watermarked signal and the original signal using CD-
based watermarking. The results we obtained from
computer simulations revealed that the proposed Figure (1): AM Block Diagram
scheme can transmit messages as watermarks in AM
signals and then correctly extract the messages from
observed AM signals. The results also indicated that A. Analog Multiplier Design
the sound quality of the demodulated signals could be An analog multiplier is a device having two input
kept high not only with the proposed scheme but also ports and an output port. The signal at the output is
in traditional AM radio systems. This means that the the product of the two input signals. If both input and
proposed scheme has the possibility of acting as a output signals are voltages, the transfer characteristic
hidden-message transmitter as well as having low- is the product of the two input voltages divided by a
level compatibility with AM radio systems. The scaling factor K. The multiplier block diagram is shown
proposed scheme could be applied in emergency alert in figure (2)
systems and high utility AM radio services. [5]

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 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
ISSN: 2458-9403
Vol. 4 Issue 4, April - 2017

The output of the block is

𝑉𝑥
Va = - VT ln( + 1) . (2)
𝑅₁𝐼𝑠

Where Is reverse saturation current

VT Temperature Voltage (26mv for 27 co)
Let R1 = 1MΩ and Is = 1µA So R1 IS = 1V
Va = - VT ln( 𝑉𝑥 + 1) . (3)
Figure (2): Multiplier block diagram  Design of Block number two
The electronic circuit of this block is shown in
1
figure (5)
The output of the block is Vout = ( Vx . Vy ) . (1)
k

Where: 𝑉𝑥: is the first multiplier input voltage

𝑉𝑦: is the second multiplier input voltage
𝐾 : Scale factor
The design of the multiplier required some
operation amplifiers applications such as the summing
amplifier, the inverting amplifier, and the logarithmic
amplifier (linear or natural). The block diagram of the
designed multiplier is shown in figure (3)

Figure (5): Electronic circuit of block number two

The output of this block is
𝑉𝑦
Vb = - VT ln( + 1) . (4)
𝑅₆𝐼𝑠

Let R6=1MΩ and Is = 1µA So, R6 Is = 1V

Vb = - VT ln( 𝑉𝑦 + 1) . (5)
 Design of Block number three :
The electronic circuit of this block is shown in
figure (6)

Figure (3): Multiplier design

The following steps represent the designed circuit

for each block which is found in figure (3)
 Design of Block Number One
The electronic circuit of the block diagram number
one is shown in figure (4) Figure (6) :Electronic circuit of block number three
The output voltage (Vd) is given by the following
equation
𝑅₄ 𝑅₄
Vd = - VT . 𝑉𝑎 − . 𝑉𝑏 . (6)
𝑅₂ 𝑅₃

Let R4 = R2 = R3 =1KΩ
So the output will be Vd = - (Va+Vb) . (7)
Substituting the equation of Va and Vb in equation
(7)
Figure (4): Electronic circuit of block number one Vd = - { -VT ln(𝑉𝑥 + 1) − VTln(𝑉𝑦 + 1) }

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ISSN: 2458-9403
Vol. 4 Issue 4, April - 2017

Vd = VT ln[ (𝑉𝑥 + 1)(𝑉𝑦 + 1)]

Vd =VT ln[𝑉𝑥 + 𝑉𝑦 + 𝑉𝑥. 𝑉𝑦 + 1] . (8)

 Design of Block number four

The designed circuit of the block is given by the
following figure (7)

Figure (9): Electronic circuit of block number six

The output signal Vf of this block is given by the
following equation
𝑅₁₁
Vf = - . ( Vc ) . (13)
𝑅₁₀

Let R₁₁ = R₁₀ =1KΩ, So

Figure (7): Electronic circuit of block number four Vf = - Vc .(14)
𝑉𝐷
The output (Ve) of this block is Ve = - R5 Is 𝑒 𝑉𝑇 . (9) Substuting the equation of Vc in equation (14), the
output is
Let RS = 1kΩ and Is = 1mA and substituting the
equation of Vd in equation (9), so Vf = - [ - (Vx+Vy) ]
𝑉𝑇 .ln[𝑉𝑥+𝑉𝑦+𝑉𝑥.𝑉𝑦+1] Vf = Vx+Vy . (15)
Ve = - (𝑒 𝑉𝑇 − 1)
 Design of Block number seven
Ve = - [𝑉𝑥 + 𝑉𝑦 + 𝑉𝑥. 𝑉𝑦 + 1 − 1]
The electronic circuit of this block is given by the
Ve = - [𝑉𝑥 + 𝑉𝑦 + 𝑉𝑥. 𝑉𝑦] .(10) following figure (10)
 Design of Block number Five
The designed circuit of this block is shown in figure
(8) . The output of this block (Vc) is given by
𝑅₉ 𝑅₉
Vc = - 𝑉𝑥 − 𝑉𝑦 . (11)
𝑅₇ 𝑅₈

Figure (10): Electronic circuit of block number

seven
The output signal (Vout) is given by
𝑅₁₄ 𝑅₁₄
Vout = - Vf - Ve ….(16)
𝑅₁₃ 𝑅₁₂

Figure (8): Electronic circuit of block number five Let R₁₄ = R₁₂ = R₁₃ = 1KΩ , and substituting the
Let R9 = R7 = R8 =1KΩ, so the output is equation Ve and Vf in equation (16), the output will
be
Vc = - (Vx + Vy) . (12)
 Design of Block number six Vout = - ( Vx + Vy ) – [ - (Vx + Vy + Vx.Vy ) ]

The circuit design of this block is shown in figure = - Vx – Vy + Vx + Vy + Vx.Vy

(9)
Vout = Vx . Vy …. (17)

The total electronic circuit of AM modulator is given

by the following figure (11).There are two tests in

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 Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
ISSN: 2458-9403
Vol. 4 Issue 4, April - 2017

order to check the performance of the multiplier

circuit, first is the DC test and second AC test
D1

R8
R9
1.0kΩ
1.0kΩ
XFG1 R1

1.0kΩ
Va R6 D3
Vd
1.0kΩ Ve
R7

1.0kΩ

Vx
D2

XFG2
R2

1.0kΩ Vb Figure (12) AC test

Vy R10
B. Design of RF oscillator Block
1.0kΩ
R5
R13
The general block diagram of oscillator is given by
1.0kΩ R11
1.0kΩ
the following figure (13)
R3 1.0kΩ Vout
Vc R14
1.0kΩ Vf R12
R4 1.0kΩ
1.0kΩ
1.0kΩ

Figure (11): Multiplier circuit

It’s important to make a test to ensure the results
so there are two tests one of them is adding a DC
input voltage and the output results was shown in Figure (13): General block diagram of oscillator
table(1). Where A is the gain of amplifier and B is the
feedback factor of feedback network .The feedback
Input (X) Input (Y) Output factor is defined by
𝑉𝑓
100 mV 10 mV 0.993 mV β= .(18)
𝑉𝑜
100 mV 100 mV 9.983 mV
There are some of RF oscillators; one of them is
100 mV 250 mV 24.963 mV
colpitts circuit by using operational amplifier. The
100 mV 500 mV 49.919 mV colpitts oscillate is shown in figure (14)
100 mV 2V 199.404 mV
1V 1V 0.998 V
1V 2V 1.998 V
2V 2V 3.987 V

2.5 V 2.5 V 6.223 V

3V 2V 5.974 V

Figure (14): Colpitts oscillator circuit

Table (1): DC test of Multiplier Vf
β= from the above circuit Vf = −I ZC₂ Vo = I Z∁₁
Another test had been done when the two inputs Vo

are sinusoidal with different frequencies, the output, Substituting the values of Vf and Vo in equation
shown in figure (12) (18)
1
−I ZC₂ j WC₂ C₁ C₁
β= = 1 =− = ∟180o .(19)
I ZC₁ C₂ C₂
jWC₁

The oscillator frequency of this circuit can be found

by the following equation
1
f= . (20)
2π√LCeq

Where L is the inductor value Ceq is the equivalent

𝐶₁𝐶₂
capacitor value And , Ceq =
𝐶₁+𝐶₂

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ISSN: 2458-9403
Vol. 4 Issue 4, April - 2017
𝑅₁
The amplifier gain is given by AV = −
𝑅₂
𝑅₁
AV = ∟180o . (21)
𝑅₂

The condition of oscillation is

/ β / . /AV/ ≥1 . (22)
1
So, /AV/ ≥ . (23)
/β/

Substituting the equation (19) in equation (23) Figure (16): RF_oscillator output waveform
1
/AV/ ≥ C₁  Design of audio netowrk
𝐶₂

𝐶₂
There are some of audio oscillators; one of them is
/AV/ ≥ . (24) Wein bridge oscillator circuit. The audio circuit is
𝐶₁
shown in figure (17)
Substituting the equation (21) in equation (24)
𝑅₁ 𝐶₂
≥
𝑅₂ 𝐶₁
𝐶₂
R₁ ≥ . R₂ (25)
𝐶₁
C₂
So, the minimum value of R₁ = . R₂
C₁

Let the carrier frequency (oscillator frequency)

equal to (410KHz) and (L =30mH) from the equation
(20)
1
f=
2π√LCeq

1 Figure (17): Wein bridge oscillator circuit

410000 =
2𝜋√30∗10−6 𝐶𝑒𝑞
The analysis of the Wein bridge circuit result in
1
410000 * 2𝜋 * √30 ∗ 10−6 = R₄ R₁ C₂
√𝐶𝑒𝑞 ≥ + . (26)
R₃ R₂ C₁
1 1
√Ceq = =
14109.91 And the frequency of oscillation is given
410000 ∗ 2π ∗ √30∗10−6
1
Ceq = 5.02nF ⋍ 5nFSo, f=
2π√R₁C₁R₂C₂
. (27)
C1=10 nf and C2=10 nf if R₁=R₂=R and C₁=C₂=C
C₂
From equation (4.25) R₁ ≥ . R₂ (it is the so,
R₄
≥2
C₁
R₃
required condition for oscillation) Supposing that
1
(R₂ =300Ω and R₁ =82kΩ) and f = .(28)
2𝜋𝑅𝐶
 Simulation of RF oscillator circuit Let the audio frequency (oscillator frequency )
The design circuit of RF block is shown in figure equal to (10KHz) and (R=4KΩ)
(15); the test of this circuit is done From the equation (28 )
1
10000 =
2𝜋∗4000∗𝐶

C ⋍ 4nf
R₄
The condition of oscillation is ≥2
R₃

So R₄ =200kΩ; and R₃ =100kΩ

 Simulation of audio oscillator circuit
Figure (15): RF_ oscillator circuit The designed circuit of we in bridge oscillator is
given by figure (17)
After testing, the output waveform of the colpitts
oscillator is given by figure (16)

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ISSN: 2458-9403
Vol. 4 Issue 4, April - 2017

The testing of the above circuit will be applied in

order to find the modulation index for different values
of amplitudes.
 Modulation index
The AM modulation index is the measure of the
amplitude variation surrounding an unmodulated
carrier as with other modulation indices , in AM this
quantity (also called modulation depth ) indicates how
much the modulation varies around its orginal level
.For AM it relates to variations in carrier amplitude and
is defined as
Vmax−Vmin
Modulation index (µ) =
Vmax+Vmin
Am
µ= . (29)
Ac
Figure (18): Wein bridge oscillator circuit
After testing, the output waveform of the Wein
where: Am message amplitude
bridge oscillator is given by the figure (19).
Ac is carrier amplitude
Depth of modulation (M %) = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 ∗
100% . (30)
The theoretical and partial test of design is shown
in tables (2) and (3).
Table (2): Theoretical test of design

Figure (19): Wein bridge oscillator output wave

form
The total sending of AM block and simulation can
be shown in figure (20) which represents the total AM
block system

Figure (20): The Total design of AM system block

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Vol. 4 Issue 4, April - 2017

Table (3): Practical test of design Conclusion:

AM is a kind of analog modulation and it is
composed of several parts the most important parts
are (modulator unit), (RF unit) and (audio unit) .In this
project all these three parts were designed by using
(operational amplifier) and and simulated by the
program (Multisim version 12).The essential designed
parts were examined to know the output waveform for
every part to ensure that the design is compatible with
the required conditions. After that the three parts were
built in one system which represents the final design
of AM system. The AM system was tested by entering
signals which represents carrier signal and message
signal with different amplitudes and at frequencies
taken from the design of audio circuit and RF circuit,
we noticed that the the output waveform was identical
with the standards and after that the modulating index
was calculated as a multiple case at multiple cases.
References:
The samples of the output waveforms with respect
the modulation index is shown in figures (21) ,(22) and 1. MD. Ruhul Amin, Study of Amplitude Modulation
(23) (AM) and calculation of modulation index and SNR
using Matlab. Paper published at 26 MAY 2010.
2. D.K.Sharma , A. Mishra& Rajiv Saxena,
ANALOG & DIGITAL MODULATIONTECHNIQUES,
Ujjain Engineering College, Ujjain, MP Madhav
Institute of Technology & Science, Gwalior,
MP,Jaypee Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Guna, Mp 2008.
3. . Akinori Fukushima, , Kazuhiro Yamamoto,
Hideo Uchida
Study on the amplitude modulation of wind turbine
Figure (21): The output waveform at modulation noise: September 2013
index (µ) = 0.4915 4. W Les Huson, Huson & Associates Pty
.AMPLITUDE MODULATION CASE STUDY AT THE
LEONARDS HILL WIND FARM, VICTORIA,
AUSTRALIA , AM Conference Cardiff 20 March 2014.
5. Nhut Minh Ngo, Masashi Unoki, and Ryota
Miyauchi, Data Hiding Scheme for Amplitude
Modulation Radio Broadcasting Systems, Japan
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 1-1
Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa,2013.
6. A. L. Chakraborty, W. Johnstone, M.
Lengden, G. Stewart, K. Duffin ,Journal: Sensors and
Fgure
Actuators B-chemical - SENSOR ACTUATOR B-
(22): The output waveform at modulation index (µ) =
CHEM , vol. 150, no. 1, pp. 367-375, 2010
0.9956

Figure (23): The output waveform at modulation

index (µ) =1.4725

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