GEE 18 (Environmental Conservation)

=================================================================================================================
…Let us continue our environmental journey…we are now on our fourth leg…this time
we will explore our energy reserves …how energy is produced and consumed …

Chapter IV: Energy Production and Consumption

 Energy is essential for a wide range of human activities around

the world, yet its use is the dominant source of emissions of CO2
and several other important climate forcing agents.
 In addition to total demand for energy, the type of fuel used and
the end-use equipment affect CO2 emissions.
 The diversity of ways in which energy is supplied and used
provides ample opportunities to reduce energy-related emissions.
 However, achieving reductions can be very difficult, especially
because it involves considerations of human behavior and
preferences; economics; multiple time frames for decision making
and results; and myriad stakeholders.
 The availability of energy has transformed the course of humanity
over the last few centuries.
 Not only have new sources of energy been unlocked – first fossil
fuels, followed by a diversification to nuclear, hydropower and now
other renewable technologies – but also in the quantity we can
produce and consume.
 Conservation is a key factor in a sustainable energy future.
 New designs in housing, office buildings, industrial production,
and transportation can all save huge amounts of energy.
 There’s more than enough solar and wind energy to supply all our
needs.
 Rapid progress in technology has made the cost of these
renewable sources competitive with fossil fuels in many situation.
 But policies that encourage development of clean energy will be
needed, to offset the entrenched position of fossil fuels and
nuclear power.

…This chapter focuses on the quantity of energy we consume…looking at total

energy and electricity consumption…how countries compare when we look at this
per person; and how energy consumption is changing over time…The choices we
make about our energy sources and uses will have a profound effects on our
environment and society…

Learning Objectives: At the end of the unit, students must have:

• described the role and impacts petroleum resources, fossil fuels, nuclear
power and sustainable energy in development and industrialization; and
• debated on the issue of the benefits and the risks of nuclear power
plants.

1
 GEE 18 (Environmental Conservation)
=================================================================================================================
Lesson 1: Energy Resources and Sustainable Energy

…before we start with our lesson proper, let us have a glimpse of a video on Global
Energy Demand (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-RSrviqvAmY).

Sustainable Energy

 Sustainability is defined as “meeting the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
(according to the UN’s Brundtland Commission).
o True sustainability is when everyone, everywhere can meet their basic
needs forever. Sustainable energy is the sustainable provision of
energy that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their needs.
o Technologies that promote sustainable energy include renewable
energy sources, such as hydroelectricity, solar energy, wind energy,
wave power, geothermal energy, and tidal power, and also
technologies designed to improve energy efficiency

Energy Resources

A. Renewable Energy Sources

1. Radiant Solar Energy - Solar heating (passive and active), solar power
plants, photovoltaic cells.

 The total solar energy incident on the surface of the earth averages
about 86,000 terawatts (TW), which is more than 5,000 times the 15
TW of energy currently used by humans (of which roughly 12 TW now
comes from fossil fuels) and more than 100 times larger than the
energy potential of the next largest renewable source, wind energy
(Hermann, 2006).
o Hence, the potential resource of solar energy is essentially
limitless, which has led many to conclude that it is the best
energy resource to rely on in the long run.
o Currently, this resource is exploited on a limited scale—total
installed worldwide solar energy production totaled 15
gigawatts (GW) in 2008,2 or just 0.1 percent of total energy
production, with similar penetration in the United States (EIA,
2009).
o Solar energy can be used to generate electricity and heat water
for domestic use.
o Passive solar heating can be used in direct heating and cooling
of buildings.
 There are two main classes of solar energy technology used
to generate electricity: o concentrating solar power (CSP)
and photovoltaics (PVs).
 CSP technologies use optics (lenses or mirrors) to
concentrate beam radiation, which is the portion of the
solar radiation not scattered by the atmosphere.

2
 GEE 18 (Environmental Conservation)
=================================================================================================================
The radiation energy is converted to high-temperature

heat that can be used to generate electricity or drive
chemical reactions to produce fuels (syngas or
hydrogen).
 CSP technologies require high-quality solar resources,
and this restricts its application in the United States to
the southwest part of the country.
 However, CSP technologies are commercially available
and there are a number of upcoming projects in the
United States, particularly in California.
 The CSP industry estimates 13.4 GW could be deployed
for service by 2015 (WGA, 2006).
 In the short term, incremental design improvements will
drive down costs and reduce uncertainty in performance
predictions How it works?
a. Solar power plants; Steam produced to turn turbine
b. Solar heating; Active and passive systems
c. Photovoltaic cells; “Solar batteries” use special
semiconductors Advantages:
a. Renewable and free
b. High energy yield
c. A very clean source of energy
No air/water pollution during operation
d. Low operating costs
Will pay for themselves over time
Disadvantages
a. Intermittent source; Energy storage issues
b. Low energy density; Requires pretty much land

2. Biomass Energy-Direct: combustion of biomass ; Indirect: chemical

conversion to biofuel

 Biomass energy is the use of living and recently dead biological material as
an energy source.
o Ultimately dependent on the capture of solar energy and conversion
to a chemical (carbohydrate) fuel.
o Theoretically it is a carbon neutral and renewable source of energy.
How it works?
Traditional: forest management, using wood as fuel
Use of biodegradable waste
Examples: manure, crop residue, sewage, municipal solid waste
Recent interest in agricultural production of energy crops
Should be high yield and low maintenance
Examples: corn, sugarcane, switch grass, hemp, willow, palm
oil, rapeseed, and many others
Does not have to be a food crop
Recent interest in bioengineered (GM) plants as fuel sources
Production of a liquid or gaseous biofuel

3
 GEE 18 (Environmental Conservation)
=================================================================================================================
Biogas due to the breakdown of biomass in the absence of O2;
Includes capture of landfill methane
Bioethanol from fermentation, often from corn. Cellulosic
bioethanol is usually from a grass (switch grass)
Biodiesel from rapeseed and other sources

Advantages:
a. Versatile
b. Renewable
c. No net CO2 emissions (ideally)
d. Emits less SO2 and NO2 than fossil fuels Disadvantages:
a. Low energy density/yield
In some cases (eg, corn-derived bioethanol) may yield no net
energy
b. Land conversion
Biodiversity loss
Possible decrease in agricultural food productivity
c. Usual problems associated with intensive agriculture
Nutrient pollution
Soil depletion
Soil erosion
Other water pollution problems
 Bioenergy refers to liquid or solid fuels derived from biological
sources and used for heat, electricity generation, or transportation.
o Electricity generation using biomass is much the same as that
from fossil fuels; it generally involves a steam turbine cycle.
o The key difference is that typical output for a wood-based
biomass power plant is about 50 MW, while conventional coal-
fired plants generally produce anywhere from 100 to 1,500 MW
(NRC, 2009a).
3. Wind Energy
• Energy works through wind turbines that directly generate electricity. It
is quite efficient (not a heat engine).

Advantages
a. High net energy yield
b. Renewable and free
c. Very clean source of energy. No pollution (air or water) during
operation

4
 GEE 18 (Environmental Conservation)
=================================================================================================================
d.
Long operating life
e.
Low operating/maintenance costs
f.
Can be quickly built; not too expensive
g.
Now almost competitive with hydro and fossil fuels
h.
Land can be used for other purposes. Can combine wind and
agricultural farms
Disadvantages
a. Energy storage issues-An intermittent source of energy; need
backup (eg stored energy) for low-wind days; Or must be
connected to the electrical grid
b. Only practical in areas that are windy enough
c. Visual pollution
d. Danger to birds- New (slow turning) designs largely eliminate this
problem
e. Low energy density of wind
f. Must use large areas of land
4. Hydro Energy
Advantages:
• Cheap to operate
• Long life and lower operating costs than all other power plants
• Renewable
• High yield
• Lower energy cost than any other method
• Pretty plentiful
• Some countries depend almost entirely on it
• Not intermittent (if reservoir is large enough)
• Reservoirs have multiple uses
• Flood control, drinking water, aquaculture, recreation
• Less air pollution than fossil fuel combustion

Disadvantages:
• Human population displacement
• More significant breeding ground for disease
• Reduces availability of water downstream
• Ecosystem impacts
• Barriers to migrating fish
 Loss of biodiversity both upstream and downstream
 Coastal erosion
 Reduces nutrient flow (dissolved and particulate)
 Water pollution problems
 Low dissolved oxygen (DO)
 Increased H2S toxicity; other DO-related problems
 Siltation a big problem (also shortens dam life)
 Air pollution
 Actually may be a significant source of GHGs (CH4, N2O, CO2)
 Decommissioning is a big problem

5
 GEE 18 (Environmental Conservation)
=================================================================================================================
 The Size Issue
 Many (most) of the above problems are significantly worse for
larger dams
 However, small dams have shorter lifetimes, less capacity, and
are more intermittent
Hydropower
 Technologies for converting energy from water to electricity include
conventional hydroelectric technologies and emerging hydrokinetic
technologies that can convert ocean tidal currents, wave energy, and
thermal gradients into electricity.
o Conventional hydroelectricity or hydropower, the largest source of
renewable electricity, comes from capturing the energy from
freshwater rivers and converting it to electricity.
o Hydroelectric power supplies about 715,000 megawatts (MW), or
19 percent, of world electricity.
o In the United States, conventional hydropower provides
approximately 7 percent of the nation’s energy (USGS, 2009).
o Hydropower is regionally important, providing about 70 percent of
the energy used in the Pacific Northwest (PNWA, 2009).
 New technologies to generate electricity from ocean water power
include those that can harness energy from currents, ocean waves,
and salinity and thermal gradients.
o There are many pilot-scale projects demonstrating technologies
tapping these sources, but only a few commercial-scale power
operations worldwide at particularly favorable locations.
o In general, there is no single technological design for converting
energy in waves, tides, and currents into electricity.
o For example, approaches for tapping wave energy include floating
and submerged designs that tap the energy in the impacting wave
directly or that use the hydraulic gradient between the top and
bottom of a wave (MMS, 2006).

5. Geothermal Energy

How it works?
a. Geothermal power plants; Use earth’s heat to power steam
turbines
b. Geothermal direct use; Use hot springs and others as heat
source
c. Geothermal heat pumps Advantages:
a. Renewable
b. Easy to exploit in some cases
c. CO2 production less than with fossil fuels
d. High net energy yield Disadvantages:
a. Not available everywhere
b. H2S pollution
c. Produces some water pollution (somewhat similar to mining)

6
 GEE 18 (Environmental Conservation)
=================================================================================================================
 There are three components to the geothermal resource base:
o (1) geothermal heating and cooling, or direct heating and
cooling by surface or near-surface geothermal energy;
o (2) hydrothermal systems involving the production of electricity
using hot water or steam accessible within approximately 3 km
of Earth’s surface; and
o (3) enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) using hydraulic
stimulation to mine the heat stored in low-permeability rocks at
depths down to 10 km and use it to generate electricity.
o Currently, geothermal heating provides approximately 28 GW
of energy (mainly for heating and industrial applications).
o For example, municipalities and smaller communities provide
district heating by circulating the hot water from aquifers
through a distribution pipeline to the points of use
6. Power plants, direct use, heat pumps

7. Ocean Energy

8. Tidal; salinity-driven

The Hydrogen Economy

• The Hydrogen Economy is a hypothetical large-scale system in which
elemental hydrogen (H2) is the primary form of energy storage.
• Fuel cells would be the primary method of conversion of hydrogen to
electrical energy.
• Efficient and clean; scalable; in particular, hydrogen (usually) plays a
central role in transportation.
Potential Advantages
a. Clean, renewable
b. Potentially more reliable (using distributed generation)
Disadvantages
 BUT many roadblocks including potential showstoppers
a. Poses great technological challenges for efficient hydrogen
production, storage, and transport.

• Infrastructure needs
 Production
 Storage
 Delivery

7
 GEE 18 (Environmental Conservation)
=================================================================================================================
 End use

Hydrogen Production
Fossil Fuels
• Steam Reforming of Natural Gas; Combination of methane and steam
produces hydrogen gas;
Carbon monoxide is also produced; The “water gas shift” reaction can
produce further hydrogen from the carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide is
produced too.
• Most economical; main current method; Carbon sequestration one method to
reduce CO2 emission
• Partial Oxidation (POX) of Hydrocarbons; HC partially oxidized to produce
hydrogen and carbon monoxide
• Coal Gasification; Gasified at high temps, then processed;
• Can also be used to get hydrogen from biomass
Electrolysis
Efficiencies 70-85%
Produces highest purity of hydrogen
Currently, the electricity consumed is usually worth more than the
hydrogen produced
Experimental methods
Biological hydrogen production
Direct photolysis
Thermolysis
• Renewable Solar Paths to Hydrogen
Hydrogen Storage
• Large-Scale Stationary Storage; Underground in depleted oil/gas fields,
aquifers, caverns
• Intermediate- and Small-Scale Stationary/Mobile Storage; The focus of most
current research.
• As a liquid o Advantage: higher energy density, cheaper transport
o Disadvantage: economic/energy cost of liquefaction is significant
• As a compressed gas o Probably best short-term method, particularly with
advanced materials to decrease weight
o Advantages; Rapid charging/discharging; Lower costs than liquid
storage o Disadvantages: Low energy density, Probably still
acceptable for motor vehicles safety (esp. public perception)
• Metal hydrides o Hydrogen is absorbed under pressure, released when
heated; Less filling pressure needed; Low energy density, long recharge
time, expensive
o Experimental Methods; Improved hydrides; carbon nanotubes; many
other materials (e.g. conversion to ammonia)

Chemical Batteries
• Chemical batteries are based on reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions,
which are reactions where electron transfer occurs.
o The oxidation half-reaction occurs at the anode.
• Electrons flow from the anode, through an external circuit, and to the
cathode, where the reduction half-reaction occurs.

8
 GEE 18 (Environmental Conservation)
=================================================================================================================
• Chemical batteries are a very efficient method of generating electricity.
o Efficiencies of 80% are regularly achieved; significantly (2-3 times)
more efficient than heat engines.
• Rechargeable batteries can be hooked up to an external source of electricity
to regenerate the redox reactants through electrolysis.
o Rechargeable batteries thus provide a means of storing electricity in
chemical form. They are thus sometimes called storage batteries.

The Alkaline Battery

The Lead Storage Battery

Fuel Cells
• A fuel cell is basically a battery in which the reactants are continually
supplied to the electrodes, and the products are continually removed.
• Much more efficient (2-3 times) than heat engines at generating electricity.
• Most common type of fuel cells based on hydrogen (there are others).
• Fuel cells are scaleable.
o Large ones can power homes or neighborhoods.
o Small ones can be used in appliances.
• Distributed generation is a decentralized power system consisting of
hydrogen generators and fuel cells

A Hydrogen Fuel Cell

9
 GEE 18 (Environmental Conservation)
=================================================================================================================

B. Non- Renewable Energy Source

Fossil Fuels
• Fossil fuels are the energy rich substances formed from the remains of
once-living organisms.
o The three major fossil fuels are coal, oil and natural gas.
• Fossil fuels are made of hydrocarbons, they contain carbon and
hydrogen's.
o Methane is the lightest hydrocarbon.
o A hydrocarbon can only formed in reservoir rock. A reservoir rock
must be porous & permeable.
o Most oil deposits are located underground in tiny holes in
sandstone or limestone.
• Fossil fuel takes hundreds of millions of years to form. Fossil fuels
therefore are considered a nonrenewable resource.
o New resources of energy are needed to replace the decreasing
fossil fuel reserves.
• Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic
decomposition of buried dead organisms.
o The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically
millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650 million years.
o Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include coal,
petroleum and natural gas. Other more commonly used derivatives
of fossil fuels include kerosene and propane.

The Three Major Fossil Fuels

1. Coal
• Coal is a solid fossil fuel formed from plant remains.
o Known deposits of coal (and other fossil fuels) can be obtained using
current technology are called reserves.
• Coal is the most plentiful fossil fuel in the U.S. It’s easy to transport. It
provides lots of energy when burned.
• Like oil and natural gas, coal is a fossil fuel. It started forming over 350
million years ago, through the transformation of organic plant matter.
• Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually
occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams.

10
 GEE 18 (Environmental Conservation)
=================================================================================================================
o The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as
metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature
and pressure.
• Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of
other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
• Coalification is the formation of coal from plant material by the processes
of diagenesis and metamorphism (Also known as bituminization or
carbonification).
o It all starts with a swamp on the edge of a sedimentary basin, such as
a lagoon or a lake. Tectonic activity raises sea levels, covering and
killing vegetation.
o Plant debris accumulates and is buried under layers of mud and sand
in a process known as sedimentation. o This protects the debris from
the air and slows down the decomposition process.
The vegetation grows back, until the next flooding.
o The sedimentary basin gradually sinks under the weight of the
sediments, and the layers of dead plants are subjected to rising
temperatures that gradually “cook” them leading to their
transformation.
• The different stages of sedimentation turn cellulose, the main component
of wood, from peat to lignite (brown coal), then sub-bituminous coal,
followed by bituminous coal and, finally, anthracite. Anthracite has the
highest carbon content.

The Different Types of Coal

• There are several different types of coal. They are ranked according to
their carbon and volatile matter content.
a. Anthracite (hard coal) is 86 to 98% pure carbon and 8 to 3% volatile
matter. It is an excellent fuel that is still used to heat homes.
b. Bituminous coal contains 70 to 86% carbon and 46 to 31% volatile
matter. It is used to make coke, used in metallurgy.
c. Sub-bituminous coal is 70 to 76% carbon and 53 to 42% volatile
matter. It is burned in industrial boilers.
d. Lignite (soft coal) is 65 to 70% carbon and 63 to 53% volatile matter.
It is a lowgrade fuel with a high moisture content that is used in
industrial boilers.
e. Peat consists of partially decomposed vegetation. Technically
speaking, it isn’t coal. It has a carbon content of less than 60% and is
composed entirely of volatile matter.
o A poor fuel that was once used throughout Europe in the form of
dried briquettes for heating, today it is used only in a few
regions, such as Ireland.

2. Oil
• Oil is a thick, liquid fossil fuel, it is formed from remains of small animals,
algae and protists.
• Petroleum is another name for oil.
o Most oil deposits are located underground in tiny holes.
o The United States consumes about one third of all the oil produced
in the world.

11
 GEE 18 (Environmental Conservation)
=================================================================================================================
o Only 3% of the world’s supply is located in this country.

Refining Oil
• When oil is first pumped out of the ground, it is called crude oil.
o A factory where crude oil is separated into fuels and other
products by heating is called a refinery.
o Petrochemicals are compounds that are made from oil used in
plastics, paints, medicines & cosmetics
o By products of crude oil are:
1. other gases- less than 20°C
2. gasoline- 40- 75°C
3. jet fuels- 125- 175°C
4. heating oil- 175- 200°C
5. diesel fuel- 175- 250°C
6. Greases/wax- 275- 325°C
7. Asphalt- more than 350°C

What is petroleum (oil and gas) and how is it formed? How Oil and Gas Deposits
are Formed?
• Deep in the Earth, oil and natural gas are formed from organic matter
from dead plants and animals.
o These hydrocarbons take millions of years to form under very
specific pressure and temperature conditions.
• When a living organism dies, it is generally recycled in one of two ways: -
o It is eaten by predators, scavengers or bacteria.
o Through exposure to ambient air or oxygen-rich water, it oxidizes.
 That means that the hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and
phosphorus contained in the matter combine with oxygen
atoms present in the air.
 The organic matter breaks down into water (H2O), carbon
dioxide (CO2), nitrates, sulfates and phosphates that nourish
new plants.

How Oil and Gas Forms

• At a depth of 2,000 meters, when the temperature reaches 100°C,
kerogen starts to release hydrocarbons. o Between 2,000 and 3,800
meters, it turns into oil. This depth interval is known as the oil window.
• When the source rock sinks further to between 3,800 and 5,000 meters,
production of liquid hydrocarbons peaks.
o The liquids produced become increasingly lighter and gradually
turn into methane gas, the lightest hydrocarbon.
o This depth interval is known as the gas window.
 There are no hydrocarbons below a depth of 8 to 10 kilometers because
they are destroyed by the high temperature.
o The proportion of liquids and gas generated in this way depends
on the type of source rock. o If the organic debris is composed
mostly of animal origin, it will produce more oil than gas.
o If it is composed mainly of plant debris, the source rock will
produce mostly gas.

12
 GEE 18 (Environmental Conservation)
=================================================================================================================
• With an estimated average sedimentation of 50 meters every million
years, it takes 60 million years for dead animals to become liquid
hydrocarbons.
o It is hardly surprising, therefore, that oil is classified as a non-
renewable energy source.
• A hydrocarbon deposit can only form in reservoir rock.
o Hydrocarbon molecules may accumulate in large quantities in this
porous, permeable rock.
o Sedimentary rock is formed of solid particles deposited in seas,
oceans, lakes or lagoons.
o The appearance of the rock is different depending on the size of
these particles: very large grains form rock consisting of gravel,
small grains bond together to form sand, and the smallest grains of
all form clay or mud.
• There are also empty spaces within the rock that determine its porosity.
o The higher the percentage of space within the rock, the more
porous the rock, which can contain large quantities of fluids such
as water, oil or gas.
o Pumice is an example of a porous rock.
 These spaces, or pores, may be connected.
 Their connectivity is known as permeability, which is what
allows fluids to circulate within the rock.
 Not all rock is both permeable and porous. Oil exploration
engineers look for reservoir rocks — also known as
reservoirs — that combine good porosity (large quantities of
hydrocarbons) and good permeability (which makes it easy
to extract these hydrocarbons because they flow unimpeded
inside the rock).
• However, a hydrocarbon deposit will only form if the reservoir rock is
capped by a layer of impermeable rock that prevents the oil or gas from
rising vertically to the surface and forms a closed space that prevents the
oil or gas from rising laterally.
o This cap rock forms a barrier and traps the hydrocarbons. While clay
and crystallized salt (evaporite) layers form the best cap rock, any
rock that is sufficiently impermeable — such as highly compact
carbonates — can serve as a cap rock.

3. Natural Gas
 The third major fossil fuel is natural gas. It is a mixture of methane and other
gases.
Advantages:
1. Provides lots of energy.
2. Lower levels of air pollutants than coal and oil.
3. It’s easy to transport. Disadvantage:
1. Highly flammable.
2. A gas leak can cause a violent explosion & fire.

13
 GEE 18 (Environmental Conservation)
=================================================================================================================

Fossil Fuel Power Generation

 Electrical energy generation using steam turbines involves three energy
conversions:
o extracting thermal energy from the fuel and using it to raise steam; o
converting the thermal energy of the steam into kinetic energy in the
turbine; and o using a rotary generator to convert the turbine's
mechanical energy into electrical energy.

…let’s move on with our next lesson…

Lesson 2: Nuclear Power

• Nuclear power is an established technology that could meet a significant

portion of the world’s energy needs.
o France obtains roughly 78 percent of its electricity from nuclear
sources and Japan obtains 27 percent (EIA, 2007).
o About 20 percent of U.S. electricity comes from nuclear reactors,
by far the largest source of GHG-free energy (EIA, 2009).
o The reliability of U.S. reactors has increased dramatically over the
past several decades, but no nuclear power plants had been
ordered for over 30 years, largely because of high costs, uncertain
markets, and public opposition.
o Improved availability and upgrades have kept nuclear power’s
share of generation constant at 20 percent despite the growth of
other generation technologies.
o A nuclear revival has been initiated recently, largely because of
concerns over limiting the magnitude of climate change.
o The U.S. government is providing loan guarantees for the first set
of plants now being planned to compensate for uncertainties in
costs and regulation.
o If these plants are successful in coming online at reasonable cost,
their numbers could grow rapidly.

14
 GEE 18 (Environmental Conservation)
=================================================================================================================
• While nuclear power does not emit GHGs, there are other serious concerns
associated with its production, including radioactive wastes (especially long-
term storage of certain isotopes), safety, and security concerns related to
the proliferation of nuclear.
o Total generation of electricity from nuclear power in the United
States is greater than in France or Japan.

…given the concepts on energy production and consumption, we now have a broader
outlook on how energy is produced…its uses…as well as its effects when
used to the environment…understanding the concepts on energy production and
consumption will help us develop a keener mindset on energy utilization…on what kind
of energy resource has a positive environmental impact when used…

Learning Task

 Post your personal opinion or reaction about nuclear power plant being
built and operated in the country in a forum.
o Are you in favor or not that nuclear power plant will be built and
operated in our country? Is it beneficial for our country? for the
country’s environment?
Explain your answer in 2 or 3 sentences.

15