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EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER

THE PERFORMANCE OF
EARTH DAMS
DURING EARTHQUAKES c
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is 7 H. BOLTON SEED
es ) FAIZ |. MAKDISI |
PEDRO DE ALBA

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A report on research sponsored by :

the National Science Foundation

= COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
| UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - Berkeley, California
For sale by the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, U. S. Department of Commerce,
Springfield, Virginia 22161.

See back of report for up to date listing of

EERC reports.
 EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER

THE PERFORMANCE OF EARTH DAMS DURING EARTHQUAKES

by

H. Bolton Seed

Faiz I. Makdisi

Pedro De Alba

Report No. UCB/EERC-77/20

August 1977

A report on research sponsored by

the National Science Foundation

College of Engineering

University of California

Berkeley, California
 THE PERFORMANCE OF EARTH DAMS DURING EARTHQUAKES

by
2
H. Bolton eed Faiz I. Makdisi , and Pedro De Alba?

Introduction

The study of the behavior of dams and embankments under conditions

of earthquake loading has been the subject of much study during the past

decade. As a result major advances have been achieved in understanding the

nature of soils under cyclic loading and in the development of analytical

tools for the study of the dynamic response of embankments to earthquake

loading. This progress has led to the development of dynamic analysis pro-

cedures for evaluating the stability of embankments during earthquakes.

It was not, however, until the near catastrophic failure of the Lower

San Fernando Dam during the 1971 earthquake that the attention of regulatory

agencies and the design profession was seriously directed towards re-

evaluating existing conventional design tools and attempting to adopt the

more recently developed dynamic analysis procedures for evaluating seismic

stability. Since then, many dams have been studied using dynamic analysis

techniques.

It should be emphasized, however, that in any rational approach to the

design of embankments against earthquakes, in addition to the proper use

and understanding of the material properties and behavior during seismic

loading, and in addition to the proper use of analytical procedures to

PProteseor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.

2 : : ; :
Project Engineer, Woodward-Clyde Consultants, San Francisco, Calif.
3 Spay : : : : :
Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, University of New Hampshire.
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estimate the dynamic response, considerable insight and judgment are

required; this can only be gained through an intimate knowledge of the

strengths and limitations of the analysis and testing procedures themselves

and by studying the behavior of similar embankments during actual earth-

quake loading conditions. Accordingly the purpose of the present paper

is to summarize available information concerning the behavior of dams sub-

jected to strong earthquake shaking. A similar survey was presented by

Ambraseys (1960); the present paper is intended to complement this initial

review by presenting further details concerning embankment construction

materials and procedures and performance records in earthquakes during the

past 17 years.

A review of information on embankment dam performance shows that most

of the available data has resulted from studies of earth dam performance in

6 major earthquakes:

1. San Francisco earthquake of 1906.

2. The Ojika (Japan) earthquake of 1947.

3. The Fallon (Nevada) earthquake of 1954.

4. The Kern County (California) earthquake of 1952.

5. The Tokachi-Oki (Japan) earthquake of 1967.

and 6. The San Fernando (California) earthquake of 1971.

However, useful information on individual embankments has occasionally

resulted from other earthquakes. It is hoped that the salient features of

observed embankment performance during these various events can be summarized

in the following pages and appropriate conclusions drawn to aid the design

engineer in making more meaningful evaluations of the data provided by

analytical design procedures.

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Performance of Embankment Dams in the 1906 San Francisco (California) Earthquake

At the time of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, which resulted from

rupture along some 270 miles of the San Andreas fault, a significant number

of earth dams had already been constructed in California and were subjected

to strong shaking during the earthquake. Surveys show that 33 dams, ranging

in height from 15 to 140 ft were located within 37 miles of the fault; the

relative locations of these dams and the fault are shown in Fig. l.

For each of these dams, data were collected on the following features:

(1) Date of construction.

(2) Distance from the fault and the probable maximum acceleration in

rock at the site.

(3) Geometric configuration of the embankment, i.e., height, slopes

and depth of foundation.

(4) Method of construction (where available).

(5) Types of soils comprising the embankment and foundation.

(6) Extent of damage due to shaking,

A concise summary of this information is presented in Table 1. Estimates

of the maximum accelerations developed in rock at the various dam sites

were estimated on the basis of acceleration attenuation curves developed

for the Western United States (Schnabel and Seed, 1972).

The close proximity of many of these dams to the fault on which this

major earthquake occurred is emphasized by the data summary in Table 2.

Here the dams are divided into four groups and it is readily apparent that

almost half (16) were located within 5 miles of the causative fault of

what many people consider to be one of the strongest earthquakes in the

known history of the United States.

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 For an earthquake of magnitude about 8-1/4, it is estimated that these

dams experienced base accelerations in rock of more than 0.6g at predominant

periods of the order of 0.4 seconds, and durations of significant shaking of

about 60 seconds. Considering the severity of such levels of shaking, and

the fact that the natural periods of the embankments in question (median

height 60') are not very different from the predominant period of the ground

motion, one might expect substantial damage to have occurred. Yet the

majority of the embankments survived the shaking without any significant

damage at all. This behavior is in marked contrast to the behavior of the

Upper and Lower San Fernando Dams in the earthquake of 1971, the behavior of

a number of Japanese dams in the Tokachi-Oki earthquake of 1968 and the

behavior of the Sheffield Dam in the Santa Barbara, California, earthquake

of 1925. It is of interest, therefore, to explore the possible reasons for

the excellent performance record in the San Francisco earthquake.

Three major factors are considered to contribute to the stability and

performance of an embankment during an earthquake:

1) Section geometry (Upstream and downstream slopes),

2) Construction method and compaction procedure,

3) Type of embankment and foundation material.

Thus the data available on the 33 dams considered should be examined

in the light of the above factors to determine if one or more of them was

common to most embankments and might therefore serve to explain their

excellent performance.

(1) Section Geometry:

Table 3 shows values of upstream and downstream slopes for 26 of the

33 embankments studied. Values of upstream slopes ranged between 1.3:1 and

3-1/2:1 and those for downstream slopes ranged between 1.3:1 and 3:1.
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 Table 2: LOCATION OF DAMS RELATIVE TO SAN ANDREAS FAULT (1906)

Distance from Fault No. of Dams Estimated Max. Accn. in Rock

- miles -g

Over 2 6 0.75 to 0.8

ls 5 10 026 to 0,75

12 - 20 7 0.35 to 0.45

20 - 37 10 O25 eto, 0:35

Table 3; EMBANKMENT SLOPES FOR DAMS AFFECTED BY 1906 EARTHQUAKE

Name of Dam Upstream Slope Downstream Slope

San Andreas 3-1/2:1 3:1

Upper Crystal Springs 2:1 & 3-1/4:1 Papal ley) Sip Waar
Old San Andreas
Lake Ranch 2-3/4:1 2-1/2:1
Lower Howell 2a) 1-1/2:1
Upper Howell 2:1 Papal
Burlingame 2-1/2:1 2:1
Crocker 2-1/2:1 2
Emerald Lake #1 Ales 3p | reais!
Pilarcitos 271/2:1 2:1
Notre Dame
Bear Gulch 331 2932
Lagunita 3:1 7 eat
Belvedere 3:1 Preis
Univ. Mound N, Basin 3:1 & 1+1/2:1 2:1
Lagunitas 2-1/2:1 2:1
Cowell
Estates 2:1 2:1
Piedmont Pash Jia
Berryman 3:1
Lake Temescal Jol /23) & 3:1 2:1
Chabot 2:1 3:1 (with berm)
Summit 2:1 ark
Lake Ralphine
Pacific Grove ar1/2:1 231
Port Costa
Forest Lake a3) 2:1
Lake Chabot 331 2a
Lake Herman syaat 2:1
Lower St. Helena 2:1 2:1 (berm) 2:1
Upper St. Helena 2:1 Vegi
Lake Camille
Lake Frey esiirol 2 7

Table 4: EXTENT OF DAMAGE, 1906 SAN FRANCISCO EARTHQUAKE

Est. Max. Accn.

Dam Height in Rock Damage

San Andreas 97 0.8g Minor long and transverse cracks

Upper Crystal Springs 75 0.8qg Minor longitudinal cracks

Lower Howell 38 0.8g 5 ft breach due to ruptured outlet pipe

Upper Howell 38 0.8g Some cracks and settlement

Piedmont 52 0,35g Minor cracks and settlement

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 From an examination of Table 3 and from a comparison of the locations

of the various embankments (the intensity of shaking they experienced and

the resulting damage) and their corresponding slopes, there does not appear

to be any correlation between the slopes of the embankments and their stability

or performance during the’ earthquake. While the San Andreas Dam with slopes

of 3 and 3-1/2:1, which was almost intercepted by the fault, suffered minor

cracking, Pilarcitos Dam with similar height, construction procedure, foun-

dation characteristics, and within 1.7 miles of the fault, but with slopes

of 2-1/2 and 2:1 escaped without any damage.

Another example is Emerald Lake Dam with slopes of 1.3:1 and located

within 1.5 miles of the fault, which escaped with no damage, in contrast to

Piedmont Dam which is of similar height, at a distance of 18 miles from the

fault, but with slopes of 2:1, and which suffered some cracking and crest

settlement.

(2) Construction Procedure:

Unfortunately, not enough information is available on the construction

procedures employed for the dams studied to permit a detailed comparative

study of the effects of this factor; however, data are available on 12 dams

and may be broken down as follows:

2 dams were compacted in 10" layers using 3-ton rollers

3 dams were compacted by teams and wagons ~

5 dams were compacted by moving livestock

2 dams were probably rolled in layers

From the information above and on the basis of the standard practice

for that period, the general method of construction for these dams could be

described as:
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moving live-stock, and at times light-weight rollers;

- water was used sometimes for wetting the soil, but moisture control

methods did not exist at the time.

It seems unlikely, in view of modern construction techniques, that such

methods would consistently result in dense compact material; accordingly

the construction procedure does not serve to explain the excellent perfor-

mance of the dams under the severe loading conditions to which they were

subjected.

(3) Embankment and Foundation Material:

Table 1 provides a description of embankment material for the 33 dams

considered. Most of the embankments consisted of clays of low to medium

plasticity, while a few contained in addition some clayey sands.

The embankments were divided into three groups according to the type

of soil of which they were constructed. Table 5 shows the dams forming the

three groups and a definition of the type of soil in each group.

It may be seen from Table 5 that 31 of the 33 embankments consist of

predominantly clayey soils or of mixed sandy clays and clayey sands, with

only 2 being comprised partly of sandy soils.

A similar grouping was made for the foundation materials of the dams

as shown in Table 6. In this case it was found that all of the embankments

were underlain by bedrock, clayey soils, or very dense sand foundations.

(4) Overall Assessment of Performance:

Out of the 33 dams shaken by the earthquake, only 5 of the embankments

were reported to have experienced any form of damage. Table 4 summarizes

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Table 5: CLASSIFICATION OF DAMS ACCORDING TO TYPE OF EMRANKMENT MATERIAL

Predominantly Mixed Clays Predominantly

i
Clay to Clayey Sanda” sands*

Lake Ranch San Andreas Univ. Mound N. Basin*

Burlingame Upper Crystal Springs Piedmont**

Crocker Lower Howell

Emerald Lake #1 Upper Howell

Pilarcitos Cowell
Notre Dame Chabot

Bear Gulch Pacific Grove

Lagunita Forest Lake
Belvedere
Lagunitas
Estates

Berryman

Lake Temescal

Old San Andreas

Summit
Lake Ralphine

Port Costa

Lake Chabot

Lake Herman
Upper St. Helena

Lower St. Helena

Lake Camile
Lake Frey

1 ; :
"Predominantly Clay”: greater portion of the material encountered consists of,
for example, sandy clays, silty clays, lean clays.
7 es A
"Mixed Sands and Clays": material encountered consists of approximately equal
portions of say, sandy clay and clayey sand.
3 , ; F 7
“Predominantly Sands": greater portion of the material encountered consists of,
for example, clayey sand or silty sand.
*
Reservoir totally lined concrete.
xe
Reservoir filled only few months before earthquake--fill probably not saturated.

Table 6: CLASSIFICATION OF DAMS ACCORDING TO TYPE OF FOUNDATION MATERIAL

2

Predom. Mixed Clays Predominantly

Bedrock Clay and Sands Sands
ss
O00) OOOO

Lake Ranch San Andreas Lagunita University Mound N. Basin

Lower Howell Old San Andreas Estates

Upper Howell Burlingame Piedmont

Notre Dame Crocker Pacific Grove

Bear Gulch Pilarcitos

Lake Temescal Lagunitas

Upper St. Helena Berryman

Lower St. Helena Chabot

Lake Frey Summit

Lake Camille Lake Chabot
Lake Herman
Cowell
Upper Crystal Springs

Emerald Lake #1
Belvedere

Lake Ralphine
Port Costa

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the extent of this damage, together with information on the heights of the

embankments and the estimated maximum accelerations developed in rock.

Except in the case of one dam, Lower Howell, where a breach formed due to

water escaping from a ruptured outlet pipe, damage to the other four was

restricted to minor cracks and settlement and all embankments remained

operational without any need for repairs; this in spite of the fact that

the fault passed through the Upper Crystal Springs Dam and within 100 ft of

the abutments of the San Andreas, Upper Howell and Lower Howell Dams. The

behavior of the Upper Crystal Springs Dam was not considered of particular

significance, however, since it had water at equal heights on both sides

and was used only as a causeway at the time of the earthquake.

Thus the remarkable fact emerges that 32 dams were shaken severely by

an 8-1/4 magnitude earthquake without sustaining any significant damage.

It has been determined that the inclination of the slopes did not offer

any added feature for stability; nor did their method of construction pro-

vide any added advantage; in fact, construction procedures can be considered

less than adequate by today's standards of compaction procedures.

The one feature found common to most of the dams is the clayey nature

of the embankment material and foundation soils. Most of the embankments

consisted of clayey soils of low to medium plasticity, and considering the

wide variation in their slopes and the uncontrolled and probably sub-

standard methods of compaction employed in constructing them, it seems

reasonable to conclude that the behavior of the clayey soils was the major

factor contributing to their stability.

Two embankments, however, (University Mound and Piedmont) were found

to consist predominantly of sandy material. Located at distances of 5 and

18 miles from the fault, their adequate performance does not conform with
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 12

the expected behavior of relatively loose saturated sands under conditions

of strong shaking. Accordingly these two embankments were examined more

closely to determine the reasons contributing to their stability. In the

following paragraphs a description of the characteristics of the two embank-

ments is presented along with the reasons for their adequate behavior.

University Mound North Basin:

Located about 5 miles from the fault, this dam has a height of 24 feet

with upstream slopes of 3:1 and 1-1/2:1 and a downstream slope of 2:1. The

embankment consists of predominantly silty sand (a product of the Colma

formation) and some clayey gravels and clayey sands (a product of the

Franciscan formation).

Its foundation is the Colma formation which consists of dense to very

dense silty sand of the Pleistocene age.

The inside walls and the floor of the reservoir are lined with rein-

forced concrete to make it water tight. This condition would seem to

eliminate the possibility of the embankment being saturated and would thus

serve to explain its adequate behavior. The water table was encountered

recently at a depth of 25 feet into the foundation (in the month of October);

during the winter season the water table would still be within the foundation

zone, which as mentioned earlier consists of very dense material and as

such presents no problems of instability.

It thus appears that the dry condition of the embankment and the dense-

ness of the foundation material were primarily responsible for the adequate

behavior of the dam during the earthquake.

Piedmont Reservoir:

Located at approximately 18 miles from the zone of energy release,

this dam has a height of 50 feet and upstream and downstream slopes of 2:1.
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The embankment consists of predominantly medium dense (non-plastic) silty

sand and clayey sands and some sandstone fragments. The material was spread

in thin layers, watered, and compacted by rollers. The average dry density

of the embankment material was of the order of 115 pcf with a water content

of 17%, and a relative compaction of approximately 97% based on standard

AASHO maximum densities. The foundation material consisted of a layer of

residual soil consisting of medium dense clayey sand and some sandy clays,

underlain by a layer of "weathered overburden" consisting of very stiff

sandy clays and dense clayey sands with dry densities between 112 and 116

pcf and water content values of 17 to 19%.

One very important factor is the fact that the dam was completed in

1905 and the reservoir filled for the first time only a few months before

the earthquake (Ambraseys, 1960). In addition, the upstream ‘face was lined

with 6" thick reinforced concrete slabs with the construction joints sealed

with asphalt. Considering also the impervious nature of the dense silty

and clayey sand embankment, it again seems unlikely that any sizeable portion

of the embankment would be in a saturated condition during the earthquake.

The possibility ofthe foundation being saturated does exist, however,

especially since the floor of the reservoir is not lined. But considering

the confining pressures due to the total weight of the embankment, and the

denseness and the clayey content of the foundation soils, the foundation is~

not expected to cause any problems of instability.

Thus the behavior of the University Mound North Basin and Piedmont

embankments seems quite reasonable due to the following two reasons:

1) The embankments were not saturated, and thus the potential for

liquefaction and strength loss did not exist,

= oath Bee ache
 14

2) The foundation material seems to be strong enough to preclude any

possibility of failure resulting in instability of the embankment.

In all other cases, it seems likely that the clayey nature of the construction

materials, which generally exhibit little tendency for strength loss during

shaking, was responsible for the excellent performance of the embankments.

Performance of Embankment Dams in the 1939 Ojika (Japan) Earthquake

The Ojika earthquake of 1939 was a magnitude 6.6 event which occurred

in the northwestern portion of Honshu, Japan, causing estimated acceleration

intensities in the zone of severe damage of the order of 0.3 to 0.4g.

A substantial number of low embankment dams forming reservoirs for

irrigation purposes were damaged during the earthquake. As a result, a

comprehensive survey (Akiba and Semba, 1941) was undertaken to investigate

the damage to these embankments. A total of 74 embankments were severely

damaged, of which 12 failed completely. Detailed surveys were made of 58

of the damaged embankments together with 12 which suffered no significant

damage due to the shaking. The heights of the embankments ranged between

5 and 60 feet, but there was no apparent correlation between the height of

an embankment and the extent of damage it experienced. Similarly although

embankment construction records were found for 31 of the embankments

investigated, no relationship between damage pattern and construction pro-

cedures could be determined. ‘

Table 7 shows a breakdown of the number of embankments associated with

different types of damage. It shows that slope failures and cracks (bulging

being considered as a mild slope failure) were causes of damage in at least

80% of the embankments, with the type of damage being undetermined for most

of the others due to the fact that they suffered complete failure. The

grain size distributions for the embankment materials comprising the 12

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Table 7: OJIKA EARTHQUAKE - RESERVOIR DAMAGE*

Statistics on slope failures and crack development

Upstream slope failure =

Downstream slope failure

Both upstream and downstream slope failure

Undetermined due to complete failure

Undetermined (others)

Cracking and bulding

Bulging only

Cracking only (primarily vertical) 8}

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*
After Akiba and Semba (1941)

Table 8: DAMAGE TO DAMS IN OJIKA EARTHQUAKE 1939*

Grain Size Distribution for Dams Suffering Complete Failure

Dam No. >O.1 mm 0.01 to 0.1 mm <O.01 mm Notes

ab 85 NS) O

2 84 15 lt

3 82 15
4 66 18
5 72 24
6 72 12
U UY aS
8 92 5
9 81 6
10 34 38 Failure in poorly
compacted material
Yea 14 59
over outlet conduit

ne 36 31 Failure of conduit
leading to piping

*
After Akiba and Semba (1941)
: = Pate wT! i :
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 16

embankments which failed completely is shown in Table 8. As may be seen

from the data in this table, 9 of these 12 embankments were constructed

primarily of sands. For the three failures occurring in embankments con-

structed of clayey sands, two of the failures were found to be due to a

washout of poorly compacted soil over recently repaired outlet conduits

while the third was due to rupture of an outlet conduit which led to piping.

Of particular interest are the main conclusions reported by the

authors of this study (Akiba and Semba, 1941) as follows:

1. There were very few cases of dam failures during the earthquake

shaking. Most of the failures occurred either a few hours or

up to 24 hours after the earthquake.

2. The majority of the damaged and failed embankments consisted

of sandy soils; no complete failure occurred in embankments

constructed of clay soils.

3. Even at short distances from the epicenter, there were no

complete failures among the embankments built of clayey soils;

however, at peminte epicentral distances, there was a heavy

concentration of completely failed embankments composed of

sandy soils.

This experience provides further evidence of the vastly superior stability

of embankments constructed of clay soils under strong seismic loading

conditions. It also suggests that the critical period for an embankment

dam subjected to embankment shaking is not only the period of shaking itself

but also a period of hours following an earthquake, possibly because piping

may occur through cracks induced by the earthquake motions or slope failures

may result from pore pressure re-distribution.

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Performance of Embankment Dams in the 1952 Kern County (California) Earthquake

The embankments shaken by this earthquake provide a comparison between

the behavior of rolled fill embankments of clayey material and the compara-

tively poorer performance of hydraulic fill dams of sandy material. The

earthquake registered 7.6 on the Richter magnitude scale and shook the better

part of Kern County and the northern part of Los Angeles County. Seven

embankments, ranging in height between 20 and 190 feet were located within

50 miles of the epicenter where the shaking intensity ranged from very

strong to moderate; some damage occurred however at one dam (South Haiwee)

at a distance of 95 miles from the zone of energy release. Table 9 shows

the heights of the affected embankments, their distance from the fault,

the estimated base accelerations, the type of embankment material and con-

struction procedure, and a summary of the reported damage.

As can be seen from Table 9, of the three hydraulic fill sandy

embankments, two suffered longitudinal cracking with one (Dry Canyon)

developing cracks indicative of a potentially incipient sliding condition.

The estimated shaking intensities at these two embankments were approximately

0.12g and 0.04g. In contrast, three rolled fill embankments of compacted

sandy clays subjected to estimated accelerations ranging between 0.06g and

0.12g, suffered no significant damage.

Fairmont Dan, however, which is also a hydraulic sand fill embankment ~

located about 36 miles from the fault, was shaken by estimated accelerations

of the order of 0.18g and suffered no significant damage.

The settlements reported in the Buena Vista embankment were due to

cavities caused by leaching of gypsiferous beds in the foundation (Esmiol,

1965), and thus were not considered representative of the behavior of the

embankment.
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 18

Again in this case there was no correlation between the heights

and slopes of the embankments and their performance during the earthquake.

However, the consistent pattern of behavior observed in the previous cases

was also netted in this earthquake; namely, that embankments of compacted

clayey material at relatively short distances from the epicenter faired

much better than embankments of sandy material at larger distances from

the fault and at much lower shaking intensities.

Performance of Embankment Dams in the 1954 Fallon (Nevada) Earthquake

Two earthquakes with magnitudes about 6.7 occurred near Fallon, Nevada

on July 6 and August 23, 1954, producing local ground motions of Modified

Mercalli Intensity VIII to IX, corresponding to peak ground accelerations

of the order of 0.25 to 0.4g in the near-epicentral region (Trifunac and

Brady, 1976).

Damage to water supply facilities and embankment dams in the area is

reported by Ambraseys (1960): "Extensive damage was caused to canal and

drainage facilities of the Newlands Project. Culverts collapsed and

longitudinal cracking and sloughing occurred in many places along both

drainage channels and irrigation canal embankments. Canal levees settled

from 1 to 3 ft and the bottoms of canals were raised by 1 to 2 ft. In one

case the bottom of a drainage ditch was raised by 6 ft.....At the Wildlife

Area, the East Canal was severely damaged for about 2 miles and 200 yds were

completely destroyed. West of Fallon a 40 ft portion of embankment, about

20 ft high failed completely..."

Damage to embankment dams was reported by Ambraseys (1960) as follows:

Lahoutan Dam

"The foundation material (for this dam) consists of seamy broken sand-

stone and shale of varying degrees of hardness. The overburden, composed

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 20

of sandy clay and gravel, was removed and the dam was built on mudstone

and stiff clay." The dam was located about 30 miles from the epicenter of

the earthquakes, where peak ground accelerations may be expected to be about

0.15g, and apparently sustained no damage from either shock.

Coleman Dam

"This is a composite concrete-earth diversion structure and it is

located one mile north-west of Fallon. Reports indicate that the structure

was destroyed during the earthquake. This structure failed because of dis-

placement and cracking of the earth-fill abutments, which in turn permitted

water to erode around the concrete portion, causing it to partially overturn,

crack and settle. The earth abutments were completely washed out."

Rogers Dam

"This dam was reported to have failed during the August 23rd earthquake

in Fallon. No details were found but it appears that the structure, like

Coleman Dam, was composed of a central concrete spillway with two earth-fill

embankments. It was situated 3 miles north-east of Lovelock in Nevada. The

southeast part of the dam composed of earth-fill gave way and a portion of

the concrete structure was broken off and turned around into the spilling

basis."

Performance of Embankment Dams in the 1968 Tokachi-Oki (Japan) Earthquake ~-

This earthquake, with magnitude 7.8, caused extensive damage to

embankments in the Aomori Prefecture in the northern tip of the main island

of Honshu, Japan. The shaking intensity in the damaged area had peak

accelerations of the order of 0.15 to 0.2g. Most of the embankments were

small earth structures used for irrigation purposes with heights ranging

between 15 and 60 feet. The embankment material consisted mostly of loose

volcanic sand characterized by low values of standard penetration resistance

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constructed on foundation materials of a similar nature. A study of the

damage to these embankments was reported by Moriya (1974). Table 10 shows

a statistical summary of the type of damage observed in the 93 embankments

investigated. It shows that sliding in the upstream and downstream slopes

(or both) was the reported cause of damage in at least 50% of the embank-

ments under 30 feet in height, and in 75% of the embankments over 30 feet

in height. In 12% of the cases the sliding resulted in complete failure

of the embankment. The slopes, in embankments under 30 feet ranged between

1:1.5 for the downstream face and 1:2.5 for the upstream face, while those

for embankments over 30 feet ranged between 1:2.5 and 1:3.5 for the down-

stream and upstream sides respectively. There was no observed correlation

between the slopes of the embankments and their performance during the

earthquake. Most of the embankments were of homogeneous section; however,

some were constructed with an impervious clay central core and it was noted

that "sliding of the downstream slope did not occur in center-core dams

with good water-tightness."

It seems likely from the above summary that slope failures in these

embankments, as with those of the Ojika 1939 earthquake, can be attributed

primarily to the phenomenon of liquefaction and/or strength loss associated

with cyclic loading effects in loose saturated sands, leading to sliding

and slumping mostly in the upstream slope and in some cases to complete

failure of the embankment.

Performance of Embankment Dams in the 1971 San Fernando (California) Earthquake

A large number of earth dams in the County of Los Angeles were shaken

by the 1971 San Fernando earthquake which registered a magnitude of 6.6 on

the Richter scale. Within a 25-mile radius around the epicentral region

(see Figure 2) some 44 dams, ranging in height between 30 and 190 feet, were

subjected to peak accelerations of the order of 0.2 to 0.7g.

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 22

1971
M-6.6
EPICENTRAL
REGION
San Gobriel Mountains

Miles

@ Dom location

Fig. de DAMS LOCATED WITHIN 25 MILES OF THE EPICENTRAL REGION -

SAN FERNANDO 1971 EARTHQUAKE.
 23

The available information on these embankments in terms of their

height, type, distance from fault, estimated base acceleration, and their

performance during the earthquake is shown in Table 11. Of the 44 embank-

ments listed in Table 11, 13 were non-operational (empty reservoir) during

the earthquake and one was not saturated, so that only 30 of the embankments

May be considered representative of fully operational dams. Of these

operational embankments, 25 consisted of rolled fill dams of compacted

clayey materials, and 5 were hydraulic sand fill dams. Whereas there was

no damage observed in any of the 25 rolled fill embankments, two of the 5

hydraulic fill dams (Upper and Lower San Fernando dams) suffered sub-

stantial damage and major slides (Seed et al, 1973). The intensity of

shaking at these two embankments was of the order of 0.5 to 0.6g. The

shaking was of sufficient intensity and duration to induce large pore

pressures in the saturated sandy embankments resulting in liquefaction and

loss of strength. In the case of the Lower Dan the extent of the liquefied

zone resulted in a major slide on the upstream side. In the Upper Dam,

however, the result was a slide movement of 5 feet in the downstream direction

and a crest settlement of 3 feet. The behavior of the Lower San Fernando

Dam was typical of failures observed in the sandy embankments of the

Ojika and Tokachi-Oki earthquakes in Japan.

However, the remaining 3 hydraulic fill embankments (Fairmont, Lower

Franklin, and Silver Lake), all subjected to estimated maximum accelera-

tion levels of the order of 0.2g performed adequately and suffered no

significant damage. A summary of the performance of hydraulic fill dams

with reference to the accelerations developed is presented in Table 12.

The contrasting behavior between rolled fill embankments and

hydraulic fill embankments during this earthquake is essentially the same

as that observed during the Kern County earthquake.

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24

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Oo eS Chabot Dam — shell

Lower Franklin Dam -shell

fe) Os Fairmont Dam —shell

Lower San Fernando Dam - shell

O hm Upper San Fernando Dam - shell

dg,
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Cyclic
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| S 6 10 30 60 100 300 600

Number of Cycles Required to Cause Cyclic Liquefaction and + 5% Strain

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Ambient Consolidation Pressure - kg per sq.cm.
FIG. 3. CYCLIC LOADING CHARACTERISTICS OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FOR FIVE DAMS
WITH KNOWN PERFORMANCE DURING STRONG EARTHQUAKE SHAKING (See Table 13).
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 BH

On the basis of the behavior of these embankments, it seems reasonable

to conclude that hydraulic fill embankments generally are more susceptible

to damage and failure than rolled fill embankments when subjected to earth-

quake shaking. This in no way indicates, however, that all hydraulic fill

dams are inherently unstable; on the contrary, the performance record of

the Fairmont, Lower Franklin and Silver Lake Dams shows that dams of this

type can withstand shaking intensities of the order of 0.2g with no signifi-

cant damage. At the same time the performance of a wide variety of rolled

earth dams in this earthquake clearly shows that reasonably well-built

structures of this type can withstand the shaking of a magnitude 6.5 earth-

quake, even in regions where the peak acceleration ranges from 0.2 to 0.5g,

without significant damage.

The majority of the embankments consisted of clayey soils of medium to

low plasticity. Thus their performance can be considered as confirmation of

the excellent performance of embankments constructed of clayey soils in the

1906 and other earthquakes.

Quantitative data relating the material characteristics and the earth-

quake performance of hydraulic fill and wagon rolled earth fill dams in the

San Francisco (1906) and San Fernando (1971) earthquakes is presented in

Fig. 3 and Table 13. In general the three basic embankments parameters

likely to have a major influence on the performance of a dam with reasonably_

full reservoir during an earthquake are:

1. The geometry of the dam; except in special circumstances, this

is usually quite similar for most older dams.

2. The stiffness of the soils comprising the dam which influences

the stresses induced by the earthquake. In the case of dams
constructed of cohesionless soils, this may be approximately
designated by the soil parameter (Ky) ax in the equation for
the shear modulus is
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 28

. Red 2
G = 1000 K, om ) psf

where G is the shear modulus of the soil and o_' is the mean
effective principal stress. In a general way, the stiffer the
material comprising the dam, the higher will be the stresses
induced in it by any given earthquake motion.

3. The resistance of the soils comprising the shell of the dam

to pore pressure build-up and strain development under cyclic
loading conditions. This may be represented by data of the
type shown in Fig. 3.

The results of cyclic load rests at a standard confining pressure of

1 kg per sq cm, and the corresponding values of ase for 5 dams with

sandy shell materials whose performance is known (see Table 13) during

specific earthquakes is shown in Fig. 3. The possible performance of other

dams of the same general type (sand shells with central clay core) can often

be evaluated from this data by direct comparison of material characteristics

and prior prototype performance.

Performance of Embankment Dams in Other Earthquakes

While the performance of embankment dams in the six earthquakes

described previously each provide data on the behavior of multiple structures

in the same event, there are a number of other cases of known dam performance
=

which merit the attention of the design engineer:

1. Mexico Earthquake, 1915

Failure of the Volcano Lake Dike is reported to have occurred during

an earthquake in Mexico in 1915, probably as a result of liquefaction of

loose foundation soils.

2. Kanto Earthquake (Japan), 1923

During the Kanto earthquake of 1923 (with a magnitude of 8.2) damage

developed in three earth dams located at some distance from the epicenter
 onimeehelt biome
w tein arena be he

- iM = ie -
c Lz f Bal a pee ad
 29

where the maximum ground accelerations were estimated to be of the order

of 0.3g. Reported damage is as follows (Moriya, 1974):

Ono Dam: This dam was constructed in 1912; many fissures 2" to 10"

wide developed along the crest of the dam ranging from 100

to 180 ft in length and extending to a depth of about 35 ft.

One fissure was 70 ft deep. In addition, two local slides

occurred on the downstream side of the dam.

Lower Murayama Dam: This was a rolled fill dam with a puddle clay

core; longitudinal cracks developed along the crest

accompanied by outwards movement of the downstream slope.

The downstream berm settled about 4 ft and moved downstream

about 6 ft with a heaving of 2 ft near the downstream toe.

Upper Murayama Dam: This dam was under construction at the time of

the earthquake but a deep longitudinal crack about 1" wide

formed in the completed portion of the embankment.

3. Santa Barbara (California) Earthquake, 1925

This earthquake reportedly had its epicenter about 7 miles northwest

of the Sheffield Dam site and has been assigned a magnitude of 6.3. Reliable

observers report that the shaking in the area of the dam had an intensity of

about IX on the Rossi-Forrel scale which would correspond roughly to a sani

acceleration of the order of 0.05 to 0.10g. However, an earthquake of :

Magnitude 6.3 occurring at a distance of 7 miles is likely to produce ground

accelerations substantially higher than these values.

The shaking produced a complete failure of the dam, reports indicating

that sliding occurred near the base of the embankment causing a section of

the dam about 300 ft in length to move bodily downstream as much as 100 ft,

breaking up as it did so.

wes a
Or i
kg
aieim caw gale

rf stadia and ¢
 30

The embankment, about 720 ft long and having a maximum height of 25 ft

was composed of silty sand and sandy silt but the upstream slope was faced

with a 4-ft thick clay blanket which was extended as much at 10 ft down into

the foundation to serve as a cut-off. The foundation soil consisted mainly

of silty sand and sandy silt containing some cobbles. The upper 2 ft was

somewhat looser than the underlying soil, having a relative density of the

order of about 40 percent and it was apparently in this layer that the sliding

occurred, since there was no formal stripping of this upper layer prior to

construction. Examination after the failure indicated that there was no

leakage of water through the upstream core but that seepage around and under-

neath the cut-off had saturated the foundation soils and the lower part of

the main structure. At the time of the failure, the depth of water in the

reservoir was about 15 to 18 ft (Seed et al, 1967).

4. Chile Earthquake, 1943

A strong earthquake (Magnitude 8.3) Breer a number of dams in Chile

in the earthquake of April 6, 1943. One of these, the Cogoti dam was sub-

jected to shaking of intensity IX on the Rossi-Forrel scale corresponding

to a peak acceleration of the order of 0.lg.

The dam was constructed of dumped rockfill with a laminated concrete

facing on the upstream slope which served as the sole impervious element of

the embankment. As a result of the earthquake, the crest of the enbankmenes

settled 15 inches and these were minor rock slides on the downstream slope.

Overall damage to the structure, however, was insignificant.

5. El Centro Earthquake, 1940

Failure is known to have occurred in several dykes and canal banks

during this earthquake (Ross, 1968), which had a magnitude of about 6.6.
 3
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rs
whe
-
=- or
» a

- CP, Va4 cola

~ ms
-~ 7-5)
 on

Ground accelerations in the area of damage are estimated to be of the order

of 0.2 to 0.5g and failure was apparently due to liquefaction of foundation

SOS

6. Russian Earthquakes

Several hydraulic fill dams in Russia have been subjected to earthquake

motions ranging from about 0.10g to 0.17g with little or no damage (Ambraseys,

1960). Data on the particular dams involved and their performance are

summarized in Table 14.

7. Nankai Earthquake (Japan), 1946

During this earthquake, (Magnitude ~ 8.1), approximately 50 dams con-

structed between 760 and 1944 with heights ranging from 50 to 130 ft were

subjected to ground motions with peak accelerations estimated to range from

0.08g to 0.25g with no reports of damage.

8. Fukui Earthquake (Japan), 1948

Failure occurred in the Hosorogi embankment located in an area where

the maximum ground acceleration was estimated to be about 0.45g. The embank-

ment was constructed of silty clay on a foundation of soft organic silt.

Failure was apparently due to lateral spreading and settlement of the

embankment into the foundation soil (Ambraseys, 1960).

9. Hebgen Lake Earthquake, 1959

The Hebgen Lake earthquake (Magnitude ~ 7.6) of August 17, 1959,

occurred on a fault located only a few hundred feet from the Hebgen Dam,

a compacted earth fill structure constructed on foundation soil with depths

ranging from 10 to 90 ft and provided with a central concrete core

wall extending through the dam and foundation soils to the underlying rock.

The fault ran parallel to the reservoir and fault movements were essentially
ered
Dy
 32

vertical, resulting in a lowering of the dam and reservoir of about 10 ft

due to tectonic movements and a corresponding rise in ground level on the

upthrown side of the fault.

Ground shaking in the vicinity of the dam was undoubtedly very strong

and it produced the following effects on the dam: (1) settlement of the

crest of the dam relative to the underlying rock; the maximum settlement was

about 4 ft on the downstream side and 6 ft on the uvstream side of the crest;

(2) several cracks, the largest being about 3 inches wide in the concrete

core wall; (3) severe longitudinal and some transverse cracking, with crack

widths varying from 3 inches to 12 inches on the upstream and downstream

sides of the crest; (4) some leakage near the abutment contact in the general

vicinity of the core-wall cracks; this leakage stopped when the badly cracked

spillway were sealed; (5) a number of waves in the reservoir which caused

the crest to be overtopped at least four times for periods of about 10 minutes;

the depth of water flowing over the crest was estimated at about 3 ft during

the second of these overflows; (6) a number of landslides around the edges

of the reservoir and (7) a massive rock-slide, estimated at about 50 million

tons of rock which dammed up the river about 7 miles downstream and created a

lake which backed up to the downstream toe of the dam.

Concerning this behavior, J. L. Sherard (1966) who visited the site

immediately after the earthquake, and later made a detailed appraisal of the

effects, reports as follows: "One does not have to reflect very long on the

events which occurred before concluding that an extremely fortunate array of

conditions prevented a complete failure--and with such a large reservoir, the

failure would have been a disaster even in that sparsely populated area."

Fortunately the dam was constructed of a slightly cohesive well-graded

sand and gravel which resisted erosion and the development of high pore
 a
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Bee ae Te
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 33

pressures during the earthquake shaking. Never-the-less, slumping on the

upstream side amounted to about 7 percent of the height of the dam at some

sections (Seed, 1968).

10. Kita-Muto Earthquake (Japan), 1961

This earthquake with magnitude 7 occurred with its epicenter about

20 kms from the Miboro Dam, a large rockfill structure 131 m high with a

sloping upstream core, an upstream slope of 1 on 2.5 and downstream slope

of 1 on 1.75. Ground motions in the rocky terrain in the area of the

epicenter are said to have been of short period and violent; the shaking

produced several large landslides and a great amount of falling rock

(Okamoto, 1973).

Accelerations in the vicinity of the Miboro Dam are estimated to be

within the range 0.lg to 0.25g but the only effects on the dam were a

settlement of 3 cm and a horizontal displacement of 5 cm at the crest.

ll. Alaska Earthquake, 1964

Failure occurred in the embankment of a private dam near Anchorage in

the Alaska earthquake of 1964. The dam had a homogeneous section, about

20 ft high but no construction records are available. Ground accelerations

in the area are estimated to have been about 0.15g (Seed, 1968).

Overall Summary ~

It is apparent from the reports presented in the previous pages that

earth dams have fared both well and poorly when subjected to earthquake

ground motions. An attempt to summarize all of the available data is

presented in Tables 15, 16, and 17. Table 15 lists known failures and

damages to earth dams due to earthquakes in the United States; Table 16

lists failures and damages to earth dams due to earthquakes in Japan; and
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 36

Table 17: DAMS KNOWN TO HAVE ADEQUATE PERFORMANCE DURING EARTHQUAKES

Rockfill Miboro Dam, Japan (420' high) - no damage from M = 7

@ 10 km producing ape On Gre

Cogoti Dam - concrete faced rockfill, 275' high;

ae = 0.25 to 0.5g; 15" crest settlement; some
sliding on downstream face @ 1 on 1.8.

Clay Dams 31 earth dams of clay, sandy clay or clayey sand had
negligible damage at shaking levels of 0.25 to 0.8g in
San Francisco earthquake (1906). At least 12 irrigation
dams constructed of clay soils were undamaged at shaking
levels of 0.4 to 0.5g in Ojika earthquake (1948); sand
dams had failures at lower shaking levels.

Rolled earth dams 25 rolled earth fill dams with shaking levels ranging
from 0.2 to 0.4g had no damage in San Fernando earth-
quake (1971).

Hydraulic fill dams 3 hydraulic fill dams had no damage at shaking levels of
about 0.2g in San Fernando earthquake (1971). 3 hydrau-
lic fill dams in Russia had no failures at shaking levels
of 0.10 to 0.17g approx. 2 hydraulic fill dams had minor
damage at shaking levels of 0.12 to 0.18g in Kern County
earthquake (1952).

Miscellaneous dams 50 dams built between 760 and 1944 with heights ranging
from 50 to 130 ft had no damage at shaking levels of
0.08 to 0.25g in Nankai earthquake in Japan (1944). ~
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 a7

Table 17 lists the many cases where no failures or damage have occurred

during major earthquakes in the United States, Japan, South America, and

Russia.

A careful review of the experience presented in these tables would

seem to lead to the following conclusions:

1. Hydraulic fii1 dams have been found to be vulnerable to failures under

unfavorable conditions and one of the particular unfavorable conditions

is the shaking produced by strong earthquakes.

2. Many hydraulic fill dams, however, have performed well for many years

and when they are built with reasonable slopes on good foundations they

can survive moderately strong shaking--say up to about 0.2g from Mag-

nitude 6-1/2 to 7 earthquakes with no harmfull effects.

3. Virtually any well-built dam can withstand moderate earthquake shaking,

say with peak accelerations of about 0.2g and more, with no detrimental

effects.

4. Dams constructed of clay soils on clay or rock foundations have withstood

extremely strong shaking ranging from 0.35 to 0.8g from a magnitude

8-1/4 parrranake with no apparent damage.

Sis Two rockfill dams have withstood strong shaking with no significant

damage and if the rockfill is kept dry by means of a concrete facing

they should be able to withstand extremely strong shaking with only ~

small deformations.

6. Since there is ample field evidence that well-built dams can withstand

moderate shaking with peak accelerations up to at least 0.2g with no

harmful effects, we should not waste our time and money analyzing this

type of problem--rather we should concentrate our efforts on those dams

likely to present problems either because of strong shaking or because

they incorporate large bodies of cohesionless materials (usually sands)

 38

which, if saturated, may lose most of their strength during earthquake

shaking and thereby lead to undesirable movements.

8. For dams constructed of saturated cohesionless soils and subjected to

strong shaking, a primary cause of damage or failure is the build-up of

pore water pressures

in the embankment and the possible loss of strength

which may accrue as a result of these pore pressures. Great caution is

required in attempting to predict this type of failure by psuedo-static

analyses, and dynamic analysis techniques seem to provide a more reliable

basis for evaluating field performance.

A knowledge of field performance data of this type can provide a valuable

supplement to analytical studies in the final assessment of the seismic

stability of an earth dam and in some cases can eliminate entirely the need

for analytical studies. In fact such knowledge of past performance, combined

with guidance provided by dynamic analyses when appropriate, and the appli-

cation of good judgment are the tools required to reach final decisions on

the seismic stability of dams at the present time; with the aid of such infor-

mation, it should indeed be possible to provide a higher degree of safety of

dams against the damaging effects of earthquakes than ever before possible.

Acknowledgment

The study presented in the preceding pages was conducted under the

sponsorship of the National Science Foundation (Grant No. ENV 75-21875) and

the State of California Department of Water Resources. Considerable support

was also provided by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. The

support provided by all of these organizations is gratefully acknowledged.

Special thanks are also due to Professor Akiba who provided the authors

with a Japanese report on the damage to dams in the Ojika earthquake and to

Kenji Mori who translated this report.

Again”

- .

Ye wear si beter
 39

References

Akiba, M. and Semba, H. (1941) "The Earthquake and Its Influence on

Reservoirs in Akita Prefecture," Journal of the Agricultural Engineering
Society, Japan, Vol. 13, No. 1, March.

Ambraseys, N. N. (1960) "On the Seismic Behavior of Earth Dams," Proceedings

of the Second World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Japan, 1960,
Vole PP. S531—354)

Esmiol, E. E. (1965):"Rational Earthquake Design Criteria for Earth Dams,"

United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Office of
Chief Engineer, Denver.

Moriya, M. (1974) "Damages Caused to Small Earthfill Dams for Irrigation

in Armori Prefecture by Tokachi Offshore Earthquake," Report prepared for
the Committee on Lessons from Incidents of Dam Failures, International
Commission on Large Dams.

Okamoto, S. (1973) "Introduction to Earthquake Engineering," University of

Tokyo Press, Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

Ross, G. A. (1968) "Case Studies of Soil Stability Problems Resulting from

Earthquakes," Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of
California, Berkeley.

Schnabel, P. B. and Seed, H. B. (1972) “Accelerations in Rock for Earth-

quakes in the Western United States," Earthquake Engineering Research
Center, Report No. EERC 72-2, University of California, Berkeley, July.

Seed, H. B. (1968) "Earthquake-Resistant Design of Earth Dams," Canadian

Geotechnical Journal, Vol. IV, No. l.

Seed, H. B., Lee, K. L., and Idriss, I. M. (1969) “An Analysis of the
Sheffield Dam Failure," Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division,
ASCE, Vol. 95, No. SM6, Proc. Paper 6906, November, pp. 1453-1490.

Seod mi mee mee Ke lorTss al. M.,) anasMakaisi, ee (1973) .vAnalysas or

the Slides in the San Fernando Dams during the Earthquake of February 9, 1971,"
Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Report No. EERC 73-2, University of ~
California, Berkeley, June.

Trifunac, M. D. and Brady, A. G. (1976) "On the Correlation of Seismic

Intensity Scales with Peaks of Recorded Strong Ground Motion," Bulletin of
the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 65, No. 1, February.
oh he | & a ee bess oe
3
qe se! at bot
’ ae
 EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS

EERC 67-1 "Feasibility Study Large-Scale Earthquake Simulator

Facility," by J. Penzien, J. G. Bouwkamp, R. W. Clough
and D. Rea - 1967 (PB 187 905)

EERC 68-1 Unassigned

EERC 68-2 "Inelastic Behavior of Beam-to-Column Subassemblages

Under Repeated Loading," by V. V. Bertero - 1968
(PB 184 888)

EERC 68-3 "A Graphical Method for Solving the Wave Reflection-
Refraction Problem," by H. D. McNiven and Y. Mengi
1968 (PB 187 943)

EERC 68-4 "Dynamic Properties of McKinley School Buildings," by

D. Rea, J. G. Bouwkamp and R. W. Clough - 1968
(PB 187 902)

EERC 68-5 "Characteristics of Rock Motions During Earthquakes,"

by H. B. Seed, I. M. Idriss and F. W. Kiefer - 1968
(PB 188 338)

EERC 69-1 “Earthquake Engineering Research at Berkeley," - 1969

(PB 187 906)

EERC 69-2 "Nonlinear Seismic Response of Earth. Structures," by

M. Dibaj and J. Penzien - 1969 (PB 187 904)

EERC 69-3 "Probabilistic Study of the Behavior of Structures

During Earthquakes," by P. Ruiz and J. Penzien - 1969
(PB 187 886)

EERC 69-4 "Numerical Solution of Boundary Value Problems in

Structural Mechanics by Reduction to an Initial Value
Formulation," by N. Distefano and J. Schujman - 1969
(PB 187 942)

EERC 69-5 "Dynamic Programming and the Solution of the Biharmonic

Equation," by N. Distefano - 1969 (PB 187 941)

Note: Numbers in parenthesis are Accession Numbers assigned by the

National Technical Information Service. Copies of these reports may
be ordered from the National Technical Information Service, 5285
Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia, 22161. Accession Numbers
should be quoted on orders for the reports (PB --- --- ) and remittance
must accompany each order. (Foreign orders, add $2.50 extra for
mailing charges.) Those reports without this information listed are
not yet available from NTIS. Upon request, EERC will mail inquirers
this information when it becomes available to us.
 Pa? OS) wae 2 7ia
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U hres ; iA ; ¢
é aa
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;

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no y

a} on i Fe al a”
ie a Cae ” ine “)
eZ ‘2
: .
. F ' ' ie gi? ry dc nid A is A —_— 4;
| , the fs
t + .

Re eg Ae aoe TORR, eae oem ‘soled -

= ORs” eee ee
ee Be Mh SR
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b ze -
ve 2 ~ z
5 bf tens Rt, fee
= ¥ * oy eS od ao =r ae ca!

eae 2
= Bh) Rie ¢- Perr i ee Erokiemeiet 7

; _ ‘ase ( + ’ : i) ime festrtny ;

CORA SET MN Soot eerales

ie a:

i”
pet : i
get Ae
Py ga
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omra
ee aah ae
sig

“a t termes « teil

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EERC 69-6 "Stochastic Analysis of Offshore Tower Structures,"
by A. K. Malhotra and J. Penzien - 1969 (PB 187 903)

EERC "Rock Motion Accelerograms for High Magnitude

Earthquakes," by H. B. Seed and I. M. Idriss - 1969
(PB 187 940)

EERC 69-8 "Structural Dynamics Testing Facilities at the

University of California, Berkeley," by R. M. Stephen,
J. G. Bouwkamp, R. W. Clough and J. Penzien - 1969
(2BeLSo eiie))

EERC "Seismic Response of Soil Deposits Underlain by

Sloping Rock Boundaries," by H. Dezfulian and
H. B. Seed — 1969 (PB 189 114)

EERC 69=20 "Dynamic Stress Analysis of Axisymmetric Structures

under Arbitrary Loading," by S. Ghosh and E. L.
Wilson - 1969 (PB 189 026)

EERC Shehaalal "Seismic Behavior of Multistory Frames Designed by

Different Philosophies," by J. C. Anderson and
V. V. Bertero - 1969 (PB 190 662)

EERC 6912 "Stiffness Degradation of Reinforcing Concrete

Structures Subjected to Reversed Actions," by
V. V. Bertero, B. Bresler and H. Ming Liao - 1969
(PB 202 942)

EERC 69-13 "Response of Non-Uniform Soil Deposits to Travel

Seismic Waves," by H. Dezfulian and H. B. Seed - 1969
(PB 191 023)

EERC 69-14 "Damping Capacity of a Model Steel Structure," by

D. Rea, R. W. Clough and J. G. Bouwkamp - 1969
(PB 190 663)

EERC 69 =e "Influence of Local Soil Conditions on Building

Damage Potential during Earthquakes," by H. B. Seed
and I. M:. Idriss - 1969 (PB 191 036)

EERC 69-16 "The Behavior of Sands under Seismic Loading

Conditions. by MM. L. Silver and H. B= Seed — 1969
(AD 714 982)

EERC "Rarthquake Response of Concrete Gravity Dams," by

A. K. Chopra - 1970 (AD 709 640)

EERC 10=2 "Relationships between Soil Conditions and Building

Damage in the Caracas Earthquake of July 29, 1967," by
H. B. Seed, I. M. Idriss and H. Dezfulian - 1970
(PB 195 762)
EERC JO=3 "Cyclic Loading of Full Size Steel Connections," by
E. P. Popov and R. M. Stephen - 1970 (PB 213 545)

EERC 70-4 "Seismic Analysis of the Charaima Building,

Caraballeda, Venezuela," by Subcommittee of the
SEAONC Research Committee: V. V. Bertero, P. F.
Fratessa, S. A. Mahin, J. H. Sexton, A. C. Scordelis,
E. L. Wilson, L. A. Wyllie, H. B. Seed and J. Penzien,
Chairman - 1970 (PB 201 455)

EERC "A Computer Program for Earthquake Analysis of Dams,"

by A. K. Chopra and P. Chakrabarti - 1970 (AD 723 994)

EERC 70-6 "The Propagation of Love Waves across Non-Horizontally

Layered Structures," by J. Lysmer and L. A. Drake -
1970 (PB 197 896)

EERC “Influence of Base Rock Characteristics on Ground

Response," by J. Lysmer, H. B. Seed and P. B.
Schnabel - 1970 (PB 197 897)

EERC “Applicability of Laboratory Test Procedures for

Measuring Soil Liquefaction Characteristics under
Cyclic Loading," by H. B. Seed and W. H. Peacock -
1970 (PB 198 016)

EERC 7O=9 "A Simplified Procedure for Evaluating Soil

Liquefaction Potential," by H. B. Seed and I. M.
iicbaieic; < IUS}7A@) {Gzbe) IUS)e} (lols)

EERC 70-10 "Soil Moduli and Damping Factors for Dynamic Response
Analysis," by H. B. Seed and I. M. Idriss - 1970
(PB 197 869)

EERC atl "Koyna Earthquake and the Performance of Koyna Dam,"

by A. K. Chopra and P. Chakrabarti - 1971 (AD 731 496)

EERC "Preliminary In-Situ Measurements of Anelastic

Absorption in Soils Using a Prototype Earthquake
Simulator," by R. D. Borcherdt and P. W. Rodgers —
1971 (PB 201 454)

EERC TSS) "Static and Dynamic Analysis of Inelastic Frame

Structures," by F. L. Porter and G. H. Powell - 1971
(PB 210 135)

EERC 71-4 "Research Needs in Limit Design of Reinforced Concrete

Structures," by V. V. Bertero - 1971 (PB 202 943)

EERC qi=5 "Dynamic Behavior of a High-Rise Diagonally Braced

Steel Building," by D. Rea, A. A. Shah and J. G.
Bouwkamp - 1971 (PB 203 584)
EERC “Dynamic Stress Analysis of Porous Elastic Solids
Saturated with Compressible Fluids," by J. Ghaboussi
and E. L. Wilson - 1971 (PB 211 396)

EERC Wek 7 "Inelastic Behavior of Steel Beam-to-Column

Subassemblages," by H. Krawinkler, V. V. Bertero
and E. P. Popov - 1971 (PB 211 335)

EERC US} "Modification of Seismograph Records for Effects of

Local Soil Conditions," by P. Schnabel, H. B. Seed
and J. Lysmer - 1971 (PB 214 450)

EERC Uae "Static and Earthquake Analysis of Three Dimensional

Frame and Shear Wall Buildings," by E. L. Wilson and
H. H. Dovey - 1972 (PB 212 904)

EERC 7 2—2 "Accelerations in Rock for Earthquakes in the Western

United States," by P. B. Schnabel and H. B. Seed -
T9725 (PBY 213) 100)

EERC YAS “Elastic-Plastic Earthquake Response of Soil-Building

Systems," by T. Minami - 1972 (PB 214 868)

EERC "Stochastic Inelastic Response of Offshore Towers to

Strong Motion Earthquakes," by M. K. Kaul - 1972
(PES2T5" 71 3)

EERC VSS: "Cyclic Behavior of Three Reinforced Concrete

Flexural Members with High Shear," by E. P. Popov,
Vv. V. Bertero and H. Krawinkler - 1972 (PB 214 555)

EERC 72-6 "Earthquake Response of Gravity Dams Including

Reservoir Interaction Effects," by P. Chakrabarti and
A. K. Chopra — 1972 (AD 762 330)

EERC Ua "Dynamic Properties on Pine Flat Dam," by D. Rea,

Cc. Y. Liaw and A. K. Chopra — 1972 (AD 763 928)

EERC 72-8 "Three Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems," by

E. L. Wilson and H. H. Dovey - 1972 (PB 222 438)

EERC YESS, "Rate of Loading Effects on Uncracked and Repaired

Reinforced Concrete Members," by S. Mahin, V. V.
Bertero, D. Rea and M. Atalay - 1972 (PB 224 520)

EERC FPSO, "Computer Program for Static and Dynamic Analysis of

Linear Structural Systems," by E. L. Wilson,
K.-J. Bathe, J. E. Peterson and H. H. Dovey - 1972
(PB 220 437)
 i Ae | hes Tales
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MES ED EHS
EERC 72-11 "Literature Survey - Seismic Effects on Highway
Bridges," by T. Iwasaki, J. Penzien and R. W. Clough -
LO72= (PBY 215 76))3)

EERC 72-12 “SHAKE-A Computer Program for Earthquake Response

Analysis of Horizontally Layered Sites," by P. B.
Schnabel and J. Lysmer - 1972 (PB 220 207)

EERC 73-1 "Optimal Seismic Design of Multistory Frames," by

V. V. Bertero and H. Kamil - 1973

EERC 73-2 "Analysis of the Slides in the San Fernando Dams

during the Earthquake of February 9, 1971," by
H. B. Seed, K. L. Lee, I. M. Idriss and F. Makdisi -
LOTS CP Bu22oe 402)

EERC 73-3 "Computer Aided Ultimate Load Design of Unbraced

Multistory Steel Frames," by M. B. El-Hafez and
G. H. Powell —- 1973 (PB 248 315)A09

EERC 73-4 "Experimental Investigation into the Seismic

Behavior of Critical Regions of Reinforced Concrete
Components as Influenced by Moment and Shear," by
M. Celebi and J. Penzien —- 1973 (PB 215 884) AO9

EERC 73-5 "Hysteretic Behavior of Epoxy-Repaired Reinforced

Concrete Beams," by M. Celebi and J. Penzien - 1973 (PB 239 568) A03

EERC 73-6 "General Purpose Computer Program for Inelastic

Dynamic Response of Plane Structures," by A. Kanaan
and G. H. Powell - 1973 (PB 221 260) AO8

EERC 73-7 "A Computer Program for Earthquake Analysis of

Gravity Dams Including Reservoir Interaction," by
P. Chakrabarti and A. K. Chopra - 1973 (AD 766 271)A04

EERC 73-8 "Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam-—Column

Subassemblages under Cyclic Loads," by O. Kustu and
J. G. Bouwkamp - 1973 (PB 246 117)A12

EERC 73-9 "Earthquake Analysis of Structure-Foundation Systems,"

by A. K. Vaish and A. K. Chopra - 1973 (AD 766 272)A07

EERC 73-10 "Deconvolution of Seismic Response for Linear

Systems," by R. B. Reimer - 1973 (PB 227 179) A08

EERC 73-11 "SAP IV: A Structural Analysis Program for Static and
Dynamic Response of Linear Systems," by K.-J. Bathe,
E. L. Wilson and F. E. Peterson - 1973 (PB 221 967) AO9

EERC 73-12 "Analytical Investigations of the Seismic Response of

Long, Multiple Span Highway Bridges," by W. S. Tseng
and J. Penzien - 1973 (PB 227 816) Al0O
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EERC Ws—a3 "Earthquake Analysis of Multi-Story Buildings
Including Foundation Interaction," by A. K. Chopra
and J. A. Gutierrez - 1973 (PB 222 970) A03

EERC 73-14 "ADAP: A Computer Program for Static and Dynamic

Analysis of Arch Dams," by R. W. Clough, J. M.
Raphael and S. Majtahedi - 1973 (PB 223 763) A09

EERC oS “Cyclic Plastic Analysis of Structural Steel Joints,"

by R. B. Pinkney and R. W. Clough - 1973 (PB 226 843)a08

EERC VS=16 "QUAD-4: A Computer Program for Evaluating the

Seismic Response of Soil Structures by Variable
Damping Finite Element Procedures," by I. M. Idriss,
J. Lysmer, R. Hwang and H. B. Seed - 1973 (PB 229 424)A05

EERC YS) "Dynamic Behavior of a Multi-Story Pyramid Shaped

Building," by R. M. Stephen and J. G. Bouwkamp - 1973 (PB 240 718) A06

EERC J3=18 "Effect of Different Types of Reinforcing on Seismic

Behavior of Short Concrete Columns," by V. V.
Bertero, J. Hollings, O. Kustu, R. M. Stephen and
J. G. Bouwkamp - 1973

EERC YEU) "Olive View Medical Center Material Studies,

Phase I," by B. Bresier and V. V. Bertero - 1973
(PB 235 986) A06

EERC WS PLD, "Linear and Nonlinear Seismic Analysis Computer

Programs for Long Multiple-Span Highway Bridges,"
by W. S. Tseng and J. Penzien - 1973

EERC WB=21 "Constitutive Models for Cyclic Plastic Deformation

of Engineering Materials," by J. M. Kelly and
P. P. Gillis - 1973 (PB 226 024)A03

EERC a= 22 "DRAIN - 2D User's Guide," by G. H. Powell - 1973

(PB 227 016) AO5

USPS) "Earthquake Engineering at Berkeley - 1973" - 1973

(PB 226 033)A11

EERC 73-24 Unassigned

EERC v3=25 "Earthquake Response of Axisymmetric Tower Structures

Surrounded by Water," by C. Y. Liaw and A. K. Chopra -
1973 (AD 773 052)A09

EERC U3=26 "Investigation of the Failures of the Olive View

Stairtowers during the San Fernando Earthquake and
Their Implications in Seismic Design," by V. V.
Bertero and R. G. Collins - 1973 (PB 235 106) Al3
EERC W3—297 "Further Studies on Seismic Behavior of Steel Beam-
Column Subassemblages," by V. V. Bertero,
H. Krawinkler and E. P. Popov - 1973 (PB 234 172)A06

EERC 74-1 “Seismic Risk Analysis," by C. S. Oliveira - 1974

(PB 235 920) a06

EERC 74-2 "Settlement and Liquefaction of Sands under

Multi-Directional Shaking," by R. Pyke, C. K. Chan
and H. B. Seed —- 1974

EERC 74-3 "Optimum Design of Earthquake Resistant Shear

Buildings," by D. Ray, K. S. Pister and A. K. Chopra -
1974 (PB 231 172) a06

EERC 74-4 “LUSH - A Computer Program for Complex Response

Analysis of Soil-Structure Systems," by J. Lysmer,
T. Udaka, H. B. Seed and R. Hwang - 1974 (PB 236 796) AO5

EERC 74-5 "Sensitivity Analysis for Hysteretic Dynamic Systems:

Applications to Earthquake Engineering," by D. Ray -
1974 (PB 233 213) A06

EERC 74-6 "Soil-Structure Interaction Analyses for Evaluating

Seismic Response," by H. B. Seed, J. Lysmer and
R. Hwang - 1974 (PB 236 519) AO4

EERC 74-7 Unassigned

EERC 74-8 "Shaking Table Tests of a Steel Frame - A Progress

Report," by R. W. Clough and D. Tang - 1974 (PB 240 869)A03

EERC 74-9 "Hysteretic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Flexural

Members with Special Web Reinforcement," by V. V.
Bertero, E. P. Popov and T. Y. Wang - 1974
(PB 236 797) AO7

EERC 74-10 “Applications of Reliability-Based, Global Cost

Optimization to Design of Earthquake Resistant
Structures," by E. Vitiello and K. S. Pister - 1974
(PB 237 231) A06

EERC 74-11 "Liquefaction of Gravelly Soils under Cyclic Loading

Conditions," by R. T. Wong, H. B. Seed and C. K. Chan -
1974 (PB 242 042)A03

EERC 74-12 "Site-Dependent Spectra for Earthquake-Resistant

Design," by H. B. Seed, C. Ugas and J. Lysmer - 1974
(PB 240 953)A03
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EERC 74-13 "Earthquake Simulator Study of a Reinforced Concrete
Frame," by P. Hidalgo and R. W. Clough - 1974
(PB 241 944) a13

EERC 74-14 "Nonlinear Earthquake Response of Concrete Gravity Dams,"

by N. Pal - 1974 (AD/A006583) A06

EERC 74-15 "Modeling and Identification in Nonlinear Structural

Dynamics, I - One Degree of Freedom Models," by
N. Distefano and A. Rath - 1974 (PB 241 548) ao6

EERC /5= "Determination of Seismic Design Criteria for the

Dumbarton Bridge Replacement Structure, Vol. I:
Description, Theory and Analytical Modeling of Bridge
and Parameters," by F. Baron and S.-H. Pang - 1975
(PB 259 407)A15

EERC 75=2 "Determination of Seismic Design Criteria for the

Dumbarton Bridge Replacement Structure, Vol. 2:
Numerical Studies and Establishment of Seismic
Design Criteria," by F. Baron and S.-H. Pang - 1975
(PB 259 408)All (For set of EERC 75-1 & 75-2 (PB 259 406)).

EERC 15=3 "Seismic Risk Analysis for a Site and a Metropolitan

Area," by C. S. Oliveira - 1975 (pB 248 134)A09

EERC 75-4 "Analytical Investigations of Seismic Response of

Short, Single or Multiple-Span Highway Bridges," by
Ma-chi Chen and J. Penzien - 1975 (PB 241 454) Ao9

EERC 15=5 "An Evaluation of Some Methods for Predicting Seismic

Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Buildings," by Stephen
A. Mahin and V. V. Bertero - 1975(PB 246 306)A16

EERC 715-6 "Earthquake Simulator Study of a Steel Frame Structure,

Vol. I: Experimental Results," by R. W. Clough and
David T. Tang - 1975 (PB 243 981) A13

EERC 75-7 "Dynamic Properties of San Bernardino Intake Tower," by

Dixon Rea, C.-Y. Liaw, and Anil K. Chopra - 1975 ‘
(AD/A008406)
AO5

EERC 75-8 “Seismic Studies of the Articulation for the Dumbarton

Bridge Replacement Structure, Vol. I: Description,
Theory and Analytical Modeling of Bridge Components,"
by F. Baron and R. E. Hamati - 1975 (PB 251 539)A07

EERC 15=9 "Seismic Studies of the Articulation for the Dumbarton

Bridge Replacement Structure, Vol. 2: Numerical Studies
of Steel and Concrete Girder Alternates," by F. Baron and
R. E. Hamati - 1975 (PB 251 540)A10
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EERC 75-10 "Static and Dynamic Analysis of Nonlinear Structures,"
by Digambar P. Mondkar and Graham H. Powell - 1975
(PB 242 434) A08

EERC Postal "Hysteretic Behavior of Steel Columns," by E. P. Popov,

V. V. Bertero and S. Chandramouli - 1975 (PB 252 365)Al1l

EERC pe male? “Earthquake Engineering Research Center Library Printed

Catalog ia 1975, (PB.243 714 )\A2Z6

EERC USS IS "Three Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems,"

Extended Version, by E. L. Wilson, J. P. Hollings and
H. H. Dovey - 1975 (PB 243 989) AO7

EERC 75-14 "Determination of Soil Liquefaction Characteristics by

Large-Scale Laboratory Tests," by Pedro De Alba, Clarence
K. Chan and H. Bolton Seed - 1975 (NUREG 0027) A08

EERC (5S "A Literature Survey - Compressive, Tensile, Bond and

Shear Strength of Masonry," by Ronald L. Mayes and
Ray W. Clough - 1975 (PB 246 292)A10

EERC WSS "Hysteretic Behavior of Ductile Moment Resisting Reinforced

Concrete Frame Components," by V. V. Bertero and
E. P. Popov - 1975 (PB 246 388)A05

EERC YSU "Relationships Between Maximum Acceleration, Maximum

Velocity, Distance from Source, Local Site Conditions
for Moderately Strong Earthquakes," by H. Bolton Seed,
Ramesh Murarka, John Lysmer and I. M. Idriss - 1975
(PB 248 172) A03

EERC 75-18 "The Effects of Method of Sample Preparation on the Cyclic

Stress-Strain Behavior of Sands," by J. Paul Mulilis,
Clarence K. Chan and H. Bolton Seed - 1975

EERC 15-19 "The Seismic Behavior of Critical Regions of Reinforced

Concrete Components as Influenced by Moment, Shear and
Axial Force," by B. Atalay and J. Penzien - 1975(PB258 842)A11

EERC 15=20 "Dynamic Properties of an Eleven Story Masonry Building,"

by R. M. Stephen, J. P. Hollings, J. G. Bouwkamp and =
D. Jurukovski - 1975 (PB 246 945)A04

EERC 75-21 "State-of-the-Art in Seismic Shear Strength of Masonry -

An Evaluation and Review," by Ronald L. Mayes and
Ray W. Clough - 1975 (PB 249 040)A07

EERC Tos 22 "Frequency Dependencies Stiffness Matrices for Viscoelastic

Half-Plane Foundations," by Anil K. Chopra, P. Chakrabarti
and Gautam Dasgupta - 1975 (PB 248 121)A07

EERC 15-23 "Hysteretic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Framed Walls,"

by T. Y. Wong, V. V. Bertero and E. P. Popov - 1975
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EERC 75-24 "Testing Facility for Subassemblages of Frame-Wall
Structural Systems," by V. V. Bertero, E. P. Popov and
T. Endo - 1975

EERC 75-25 "Influence of Seismic History of the Liquefaction

Characteristics of Sands," by H. Bolton Seed, Kenji Mori
and Clarence K. Chan - 1975

EERC 75-26 "The Generation and Dissipation of Pore Water Pressures

during Soil Liquefaction," by H. Bolton Seed, Phillippe
P. Martin and John Lysmer - 1975 (PB 252 648)A03

EERC 75-27 "Identification of Research Needs for Improving a Seismic

Design of Building Structures," by V. V. Bertero - 1975
(PB 248 136) A05
EERC 75-28 "Evaluation of Soil Liquefaction Potential during Earth-
quakes," by H. Bolton Seed, I. Arango and Clarence K. Chan
1975 (NUREG 0026)A13

EERC 75-29 "Representation of Irregular Stress Time Histories by

Equivalent Uniform Stress Series in Liquefaction Analyses,"
by H. Bolton Seed, I. M. Idriss, F. Makdisi and N. Banerjee
USS (EB 25276 35) A0S

EERC 75-30 “FLUSH - A Computer Program for Approximate 3-D Analysis

of Soil-Structure Interaction Problems," by J. Lysmer,
T. Udaka, C.-F. Tsai and H. B. Seed - 1975 (PB 259 332)A07

EERC 75-31 “ALUSH - A Computer Program for Seismic Response Analysis

of Axisymmetric Soil-Structure Systems," by E. Berger,
J. Lysmer and H. B. Seed - 1975

EERC 75-32 "TRIP and TRAVEL - Computer Programs for Soil-Structure

Interaction Analysis with Horizontally Travelling Waves,"
by T. Udaka, J. Lysmer and H. B. Seed - 1975

EERC 75-33 "Predicting the Performance of Structures in Regions of

High Seismicity," by Joseph Penzien - 1975 (PB 248 130)A03

EERC 75-34 "Efficient Finite Element Analysis of Seismic Structure -

Soil - Direction," by J. Lysmer, H. Bolton Seed, T. Udaka,
R. N. Hwang and C.-F. Tsai - 1975 (PB 253 570)A03

EERC 75-35 "The Dynamic Behavior of a First Story Girder of a Three-

Story Steel Frame Subjected to Earthquake Loading," by
Ray W. Clough and Lap-Yan Li - 1975 (PB 248 841)A05

EERC 75-36 "Earthquake Simulator Study of a Steel Frame Structure,

Volume II - Analytical Results," by David T. Tang - 1975
(PB 252 926)A10
EERC 75-37 "ANSR-I General Purpose Computer Program for Analysis of
Non-Linear Structure Response," by Digambar P. Mondkar
and Graham H. Powell - 1975 (PB 252 386)A08
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EERC 75-38 "Nonlinear Response Spectra for Probabilistic Seismic

Design and Damage Assessment of Reinforced Concrete
Structures," by Masaya Murakami and Joseph Penzien - 1975
(PB 259 530) A05
EERC 75-39 "Study of a Method of Feasible Directions for Optimal
Elastic Design of Framed Structures Subjected to Earthquake
Loading," by N. D. Walker and K. S. Pister - 1975(PB 257 781) A06

EERC 75-40 "An Alternative Representation of the Elastic-Viscoelastic

Analogy," by Gautam Dasgupta and Jerome L. Sackman - 1975
(PB 252 173)A03
EERC 75-41 "Effect of Multi-Directional Shaking on Liquefaction of
Sands," by H. Bolton Seed, Robert Pyke and Geoffrey R.
Martin - 1975 (PB 258 781)A03

EERC 76-1 "Strength and Ductility Evaluation of Existing Low-Rise

Reinforced Concrete Buildings - Screening Method," by
Tsuneo Okada and Boris Bresler - 1976 (PB 257 906)A11

EERC 76-2 "Experimental and Analytical Studies on the Hysteretic

Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Rectangular and T-Beams,"
by Shao-Yeh Marshall Ma, Egor P. Popov and Vitelmo V.
Bertero - 1976 (PB 257 906)A11

EERC 76-3 "Dynamic Behavior of a Multistory Triangular-Shaped

Building," by J. Petrovski, R. M. Stephen, E. Gartenbaum
and J. G. Bouwkamp - 1976

EERC 76-4 "Earthquake Induced Deformations of Earth Dams," by Norman

Serff and H. Bolton Seed - 1976

EERC 76-5 "Analysis and Design of Tube-Type Tall Building Structures,"

by H. de Clercq and G. H. Powell - 1976 (PB 252 220)A10

EERC 76-6 "Time and Frequency Domain Analysis of Three-Dimensional

Ground Motions, San Fernando Earthquake," by Tetsuo Kubo
and Joseph Penzien - 1976(PB 260 556)A11

EERC 76-7 "Expected Performance of Uniform Building Code Design Masonry

Structures," by R. L. Mayes, Y. Omote, S. W. Chen and
R. W. Clough -— 1976

EERC 76-8 "Cyclic Shear Tests on Concrete Masonry Piers, Part I -

Test Results," by R. L. Mayes, Y. Omote and R. W. Clough
1976 (PB 264 424)A06

EERC 76-9 "A Substructure Method for Earthquake Analysis of Structure -

Soil Interaction," by Jorge Alberto Gutierrez and Anil kK.
Chopra - 1976 (PB 257 783) A08

EERC 76-10 "Stabilization of Potentially Liquefiable Sand Deposits

using Gravel Drain Systems," by H. Bolton Seed and John R.
Booker - 1976 (PB 258 820)A04
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 12

EERC 76-11 "Influence of Design and Analysis Assumptions on Computed

Inelastic Response of Moderately Tall Frames," by
G. H. Powell and D. G. Row - 1976

EERC USANA "Sensitivity Analysis for Hysteretic Dynamic Systems:

Theory and Applications," by D. Ray, K. S. Pister and
E. Polak - 1976 (PB 262 859)A04

EERC (6-13 “Coupled Lateral Torsional Response of Buildings to Ground

Shaking," by Christopher L. Kan and Anil K. Chopra - 1976
(PB 257 907) A09
EERC 76-14 “Seismic Analyses of the Banco de America," by V. V. Bertero,
S. A. Mahin and J. A. Hollings - 1976

76=1'5 "Reinforced Concrete Frame 2: Seismic Testing and

Analytical Correlation," by Ray W. Clough and Jawahar Gidwani
1976 (PB 261 323) AO8

EERC 76-16 "Cyclic Shear Tests on Masonry Piers, Part II - Analyses of

Test Results," by R. L. Mayes, Y. Omote and R. W. Clough
1976

EERC (6=27 "Structural Steel Bracing Systems: Behavior Under Cyclic

Loading," by E. P. Popov, K. Takanashi and C. W. Roeder
1976 (PB 260 715) AOS

EERC gene “Experimental Model Studies on Seismic Response of High

Curved Overcrossings," by David Williams and William G.
Godden - 1976

EERC USL "Effects of Non-Uniform Seismic Disturbances on the Dumbarton

Bridge Replacement Structure," by Frank Baron and Raymond E.
Hamati - 1976

EERC 76-20 "Investigation of the Inelastic Characteristics of a Single

Story Steel Structure using System Identification and Shaking
Table Experiments," by Vernon C. Matzen and Hugh D. McNiven
1976 (PB 258 453) AO7

EERC 76—211: "Capacity of Columns with Splice Imperfections," by E. P. Popov,

R. M. Stephen and R. Philbrick - 1976 (PB 260 378) A04 -

EERC 16-22 "Response of the Olive View Hospital Main Building during the
San Fernando Earthquake," by Stephen A. Mahin, Robert Collins,
Anil K. Chopra and Vitelmo V. Bertero - 1976

EERC 16=23 "A Study on the Major Factors Influencing the Strength of
Masonry Prisms," by N. M. Mostaghel, R. L. Mayes, R. W. Clough
and S. W. Chen - 1976

EERC 76-24 "GADFLEA - A Computer Program for the Analysis of Pore

Pressure Generation and Dissipation during Cyclic or Earthquake
Loading," by J. R. Booker, M. S. Rahman and H. Bolton Seed
1976 (PB 263 947)A04
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 53

EERC 76-25 "Rehabilitation of an Existing Building: A Case Study,"

by B. Bresler and J. Axley - 1976

EERC 76-26 “Correlative Investigations on Theoretical and Experimental

Dynamic Behavior of a Model Bridge Structure," by
Kazuhiko Kawashima and Joseph Penzien - 1976 (pp 263 388)Al1l1

EERC 76-27 “Earthquake Response of Coupled Shear Wall Buildings," by

Thirawat Srichatrapimuk - 1976 (PB 262 899)A03

EERC 76-28 "Tensile Capacity of Partial Penetration Welds," by Egor P.

Popov and Roy M. Stephen - 1976 (PB 262 899)A03

EERC 76-29 "Analysis and Design of Numerical Integration Methods in

Structural Dynamics," by Hans M. Hilber - 1976 (PB 264 410)A06

EERC 76-30 "Contribution of a Floor System to the Dynamic Characteristics

of Reinforced Concrete Buildings," by L. J. Edgar and
V. V. Bertero - 1976

EERC 76-31 "The Effects of Seismic Disturbances on the Golden Gate

Bridge," by Frank Baron, Metin Arikan and Raymond E. Hamati
1976

EERC 76-32 "Infilled Frames in Earthquake Resistant Construction," by

R. E, Klinger and V. V. Bertero - 1976 (PB 265 892)Ai3

UCB/EERC-77/01 "PLUSH - A Computer Program for Probabilistic Finite Element

Analysis of Seismic Soil-Structure Interaction," by Miguel
P. Romo-Organista, John Lysmer and H. Bolton Seed - 1977

UCB/EERC-77/02 "Soil-Structure Interaction Effects at the Humboldt Bay

Power Plant in the Ferndale Earthquake of June 7, 1975,"
by Julio E. Valera, H. Bolton Seed, C. F. Tsai and
J. Lysmer - 1977

UCB/EERC-77/03 "Influence of Sample Disturbance on Sand Response to Cyclic

Loading," by Kenji Mori, H. Bolton Seed and Clarence K.
Chan - 1977 (PB 267 352)A04 F

UCB/EERC-77/04 "Seismological Studies of Strong Motion Records," by

J. Shoja-Taheri - 1977 (PB 269 655)A10

UCB/EERC~-77/05 "Testing Facility for Coupled-Shear Walls," by L. Li-Hyung,

V. V. Bertero and E. P. Popov - 1977

UCB/EERC-77/06 "Developing Methodologies for Evaluating the Earthquake

Safety of Existing Burldings,” No, ] = B. Bresler;) No. 2 =
T. Okada and D. Zisling; No. 3 - T. Okada and B. Bresler;
No. 4 - V. V. Bertero and B. Bresler - 1977 (PB 267 354)A08

UCB/EERC- 77/07 "A Literature Survey - Transverse Strength of Masonry Walls,"

by Y. Omote, R. L. Mayes, S. W. Chen and R. W. Clough - 1977
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 14

UCB/EERC-77/08 “DRAIN-TABS - A Computer Program for Inelastic Earthquake

Response of Three Dimensional Buildings," by R. Guendelman-
Israel and G. H. Powell - 1977

UCB/EERC-77/09 "“SUBWALL - A Special Purpose Finite Element Computer

Program for Practical Elastic Analysis and Design of
Structural Walls with Substructure Option," by D. Q. Le,
H. Petersson and E. P. Popov - 1977

UCB/EERC-77/10 "Experimental Evaluation of Seismic Design Methods for

Broad Cylindrical Tanks," by D. P. Clough - 1977

UCB/EERC-77/11 "Earthquake Engineering at Berkeley - 1976."

UCB/EERC-77/12 "Automated Design of Earthquake Resistant Multistory Steel

Building Frames," by N. D. Walker, Jr. - 1977

UCB /EERC- 77/13 "Concrete Confined by Rectangular Hoops Subjected to

Axial Loads," by D. Zallnas, V. V. Bertero and E. P.
Popov - 1977

UCB/EERC-77/14 "Seismic Strain Induced in the Ground During Earthquakes,"

by Y. Sugimura - 1977

UCB/EERC-77/15 "Bond Deterioration under Generalized Loading," by V. V.

Bertero, E. P. Popov and S. Viwathanatepa - 1977

UCB/EERC-77/16 "Computer Aided Optimum Design of Ductile Reinforced

Concrete Moment Resisting Frames," by S. W. Zagajeski
and V. V. Bertero - 1977

UCB/EERC-77/17 "Earthquake Simulation Testing of a Stepping Frame with

Energy-Absorbing Devices," by J. M. Kelly and D. F.
Tsztoo - 1977

UCB/EERC-77/18 "Inelastic Behavior of Eccentrically Braced Steel Frames

under Cyclic Loadings," by C. W. Roeder and E. P. Popov
- 1977

UCB/EERC-77/19 "A Simplified Procedure for Estimating Earthquake-Induced

Deformations in Dams and Embankments," by F. I. Makdisi
and H. Bolton Seed - 1977

UCB/EERC-77/20 "The Performance of Earth Dams during Earthquakes," by

H. Bolton Seed, F. I. Makdisi and P. DeAlba - 1977
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