UPSC CSE

01
Overview & Theories of International
Relations
International
Relations
By- Prachi Ma’am

International Relations (IR) is a field of political science that studies the

interactions between the various actors in international politics, including states, Key Points:
international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and
multinational corporations. It encompasses a wide range of issues such as • State-Centrism: Countries are the most important players in
diplomacy, conflict resolution, trade, international law, and human rights. international relations.
• Anarchy: There's no world government, so each country has to look
Theories of International Relations out for itself.
Realism • Power Politics: Countries seek power to ensure their safety and to
Definition: Realism is a theory that focuses on the idea that countries get what they want.
(states) are always competing for power and security. Realists believe • Rational Actors: Countries make decisions logically to maximize
that each country acts mainly to protect itself and pursue its own their benefits.
interests. • Security Dilemma: When one country builds up its military, other
countries feel threatened and do the same, leading to an arms race.
 Liberalism

Example: Definition: Liberalism is a theory that emphasizes the potential for

The Cold War (1947-1991) countries to work together and cooperate. Liberals believe that
• During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union were in a international organizations, trade, and spreading democracy can lead
constant power struggle. to a more peaceful and stable world.
• Both sides built up huge military arsenals, including nuclear weapons, to
protect themselves and gain an advantage.
• This competition for power and security is a classic example of realism. Key Points:
• Cooperation: Countries can achieve more by working together.
• International Institutions: Organizations like the United Nations
help countries cooperate and solve problems.
• Economic Interdependence: When countries trade and do
business together, they are less likely to fight.
• Democratic Peace Theory: Democracies are less likely to go to
war with each other.

Example: The European Union (EU) Constructivism

• The EU was created to help European countries cooperate economically
and politically. Definition: Constructivism is a theory that focuses on the idea that the
• Member countries trade freely with each other and work together on various
way countries act is influenced by their identities, cultures, and the
issues, which helps maintain peace in Europe.
interactions they have with each other. Constructivists believe that
these social factors shape the interests and actions of countries.
Key Points:
Example: The End of the Cold War
• The Cold War ended not just because of economic or military reasons,
• Social Constructivism: International relations are shaped by social but also because of changes in ideas and identities.
interactions and shared ideas. • Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced new ideas like openness
• Identity and Norms: Countries' behaviors are influenced by their (glasnost) and restructuring (perestroika), which helped to end the
identities and cultural norms. conflict and improve relations with the West.
• Importance of Ideas: Ideas and beliefs play a crucial role in
shaping international relations.
• Change and Transformation: International relations can change
when ideas and norms change.

Key Concepts in International Relations Power

Sovereignty Definition: Power in international relations refers to the ability of a

state or non-state actor to influence others and achieve its objectives.
Definition: Sovereignty is the principle that states have supreme Power can be exercised through various means, including military
authority within their own territories and are free from external force, economic strength, diplomatic influence, and cultural appeal (soft
interference in their domestic affairs. power).

R2P: Responsibility to Protect challenges traditional notions of Example :The United States is often cited as a powerful state due to its
sovereignty. R2P holds that the international community has a duty to significant military capabilities, strong economy, influential culture, and
intervene in cases of mass atrocities, such as genocide or crimes extensive diplomatic network.
against humanity, even if it means breaching state sovereignty. Example :Cold War
 Soft Power: The concept of soft power, introduced by Joseph Nye,
emphasizes the ability to attract and co-opt rather than coerce.
Countries like Japan and Germany, post-World War II, have utilized
soft power effectively through cultural diplomacy, economic success,
and international cooperation.

Diplomacy
National Interest
Definition: Diplomacy is the practice of conducting negotiations and
Definition: National interest refers to the goals and objectives that a managing relations between states. It involves dialogue, negotiation,
state seeks to achieve in the international arena. These goals often and communication to resolve conflicts, form alliances, and achieve
include ensuring national security, promoting economic prosperity, and foreign policy objectives without resorting to force.
advancing specific ideological or cultural values.
Example: India's active participation in multilateral organizations like
Example 1: The Act East Policy the United Nations, BRICS, G20, and the Shanghai Cooperation
Example 2: China's Belt and Road Initiative Organization (SCO) showcases its diplomatic efforts to influence global
governance and promote its national interests.
 Characteristics of Track II Diplomacy:
Track II diplomacy: It refers to informal, unofficial interactions between
private citizens, non-governmental organizations, and academics from • Informal
different countries aimed at building relationships and resolving • Non-Binding
conflicts. This form of diplomacy complements official government • Flexible
efforts (Track I diplomacy). • Confidential

Example :The Neemrana Initiative is a notable example of Track II

diplomacy between India and Pakistan. Launched in 1991, it brought
together former diplomats, retired military officers, academics, and
journalists from both countries to discuss contentious issues and
explore ways to improve bilateral relations.

International Law
Limitation: The effectiveness of international law often depends on the
Definition: International law comprises a set of rules and principles willingness of states to comply and enforce rulings. Cases like the
that govern the interactions between states and other international South China Sea dispute, where China rejected the Permanent Court
actors. It covers various areas, including human rights, trade, the of Arbitration's ruling in favor of the Philippines, illustrate the limitations
environment, and conflict resolution. of international legal mechanisms.

Example :The Geneva Conventions are a set of international treaties

established to protect people who are not participating in hostilities,
such as civilians, medical personnel, and prisoners of war, during times
of armed conflict.
Globalization

02
Definition: Globalization is the process through which the world is
becoming increasingly interconnected economically, culturally, and
politically. It involves the movement of goods, services, capital, people,
and ideas across borders.

Example: Global supply chain, where products are designed in one Key Principles of India's Foreign Policy
country, manufactured in another, and sold worldwide, such as the Non-Alignment, Panchsheel, Strategic Autonomy,
production of Apple iPhones. Nuclear policy
Example: The 2008 global financial crisis demonstrated how
interconnected the world's economies had become. The collapse of
Lehman Brothers in the U.S. triggered a worldwide economic downturn,
highlighting the risks and interdependencies inherent in globalization.

Non-Alignment Movement (NAM)

Origin and Historical Context:

• The Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) emerged during the Cold War era as
an alliance of developing nations seeking to avoid alignment with either the
Western bloc (led by the United States) or the Eastern bloc (led by the
Soviet Union).
• The roots of NAM can be traced back to the Bandung Conference held in
Indonesia in 1955, where leaders from 29 countries gathered to discuss
peace, security, and economic development independent of the major power
blocs​​.
Formation:
• NAM was officially established in 1961 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, at the first
Non-Aligned Summit Conference. The conference was attended by India's Role in NAM:
representatives from 25 countries, including notable leaders like Josip Broz • India played a pivotal role in the formation and sustenance of NAM. As one
Tito of Yugoslavia, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, of the founding members, India, under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru,
Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, and Sukarno of Indonesia. championed the cause of non-alignment to maintain strategic autonomy in
• These leaders are considered the founding fathers of NAM. its foreign policy.
• India's commitment to NAM principles continued through various
Key Principles: administrations, adapting to changing global dynamics while maintaining the
• NAM is guided by the principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and core ideals of non-alignment.
territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, mutual non-interference in
domestic affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence.
• These principles were later encapsulated in the 'Ten Principles of Bandung,'
which laid the groundwork for NAM's ideology and objectives.

Examples and Impact:

Challenges and Criticisms:
Treaty of Friendship with Russia (1971): Reflecting its non-aligned
stance, India managed to balance relations with both superpowers. • NAM has faced criticisms for its perceived lack of effectiveness and
This treaty with the Soviet Union was a strategic move during the Indo- coherence, especially after the Cold War.
Pak war. • The absence of a permanent secretariat and formal institutional structure
has been cited as a hindrance to its operational efficiency.
• Moreover, the diverse political and economic interests of its member states
Strategic Autonomy: In contemporary geopolitics, India continues to
pose challenges to unified action and decision-making.
follow the principle of strategic autonomy, exemplified by its stance in
multilateral forums like the United Nations and its engagement in
groups like BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).
Panchsheel Agreement: Foundations of India's Foreign
Policy

Historical Context:

The Panchsheel Agreement, also known as the Five Principles of Peaceful

Coexistence, was a foundational doctrine for India's foreign policy, established
in the early 1950s. It was signed on April 29, 1954, by Indian Prime Minister
Jawaharlal Nehru and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai. This agreement focused on
regulating relations between the two countries, particularly concerning the Tibet
region of China .

The Five Principles

1) Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and

sovereignty:
This principle underscores the importance of recognizing and respecting each
nation's geographical and political boundaries, thus maintaining their sovereign
status.

2) Mutual non-aggression:
This principle ensures that neither country will use military force or threats
against the other, promoting peaceful coexistence.
 4) Equality and mutual benefit:
This principal advocates for fairness and equality in bilateral relations, ensuring Impact and Implementation
that both nations benefit from cooperation and agreements.
Influence on Non-Alignment:
5) Peaceful coexistence: The principles of Panchsheel significantly influenced India's stance during the
This principle promotes living together in peace and harmony, regardless of Cold War, promoting non-alignment and independence from the influence of
differences in political and social systems. the two superpowers (the USA and the USSR) .

Regional Relations:
These principles have been pivotal in shaping India's relations with its
neighbours. For example, the Indo-China Peace and Tranquillity Agreement
(1993) and subsequent Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) were based on
similar principles to maintain peace along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) .

International Standing:
Challenges and Criticisms
India's advocacy for the Panchsheel principles has reinforced its image as a
proponent of peaceful coexistence and has been instrumental in its role in Sino-Indian War (1962):
various international forums such as the United Nations and the Non-Aligned The border conflict between India and China in 1962 was a significant setback
Movement (NAM). to the Panchsheel principles, particularly mutual respect for territorial integrity
and peaceful coexistence. The war exposed the fragility of these principles
when confronted with geopolitical tensions .
Continued Border Disputes:
Strengthening Strategic Partnerships:
Ongoing border issues and occasional skirmishes along the India-China border
have highlighted the difficulties in fully adhering to the Panchsheel principles. The Indo-US Nuclear Deal (2008)
These tensions have necessitated additional CBMs and diplomatic efforts to The Indo-US Nuclear Deal, formally known as the "123 Agreement," marked a
maintain peace . significant shift in international nuclear policy and India's strategic relations with
the United States. Signed on October 10, 2008, the deal ended India's nuclear
Conclusion isolation and opened the door for nuclear trade and cooperation between India
The Panchsheel Agreement remains a cornerstone of India's foreign policy, and the international community. This agreement was pivotal because it
reflecting its commitment to peaceful coexistence, mutual respect, and non- allowed India, a non-signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), to
interference. While the practical application of these principles has faced engage in civilian nuclear trade while maintaining its strategic nuclear program.
challenges, especially in the context of India-China relations, they continue to
guide India's diplomatic engagements and its approach to international
relations . The enduring relevance of the Panchsheel principles underscores
their foundational role in shaping a foreign policy that aspires towards peace
and mutual benefit.

India and Russia

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, both nations continued their strategic India's Nuclear Policy
cooperation, marked by the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation in January
1993 and the establishment of a Strategic Partnership in 2000.
• India's nuclear policy has evolved significantly since it conducted its first
Defense Cooperation nuclear test in 1974 under the codename "Smiling Buddha."
• This test marked India's entry into the league of nuclear-capable states,
• Russia accounts for 58% of India's total arms imports, followed by Israel
despite not being a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
(15%) and the USA (12%). Russia is one of the few countries willing to share
• India conducted further tests in 1998, known as Operation Shakti, which
strategic technology with India. The S-400 defense system deal highlights
established it as a nuclear weapons state.
India's desire to maintain strategic autonomy.
• The partnership includes joint development projects such as the BrahMos
missile system, Tactical Transport Aircraft, and Sukhoi Su-30 aircraft .
• The annual tri-service exercise, INDRA, exemplifies the strong military
cooperation between the two nations .
 Credible Minimum Deterrence:
Key Components of India's Nuclear Policy India's nuclear doctrine emphasizes maintaining a credible minimum deterrent
to ensure national security. This involves having a sufficient number of nuclear
weapons to deter adversaries from contemplating a nuclear attack.
No First Use (NFU) Doctrine:
India adopted the NFU policy in January 2003, committing to not use nuclear Nuclear Triad:
weapons unless first attacked by an adversary using nuclear weapons. This India has developed a nuclear triad capability, which includes land-based
policy aims to demonstrate India's commitment to nuclear restraint and ballistic missiles, aircraft-delivered nuclear weapons, and submarine-launched
responsible stewardship of its nuclear arsenal. ballistic missiles (SLBMs). This triad ensures second-strike capability and
strengthens deterrence.

Non-Signatory to NPT and CTBT:

India has consistently refused to sign the NPT and the Comprehensive
Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), arguing that these treaties are discriminatory.

Global Nuclear Disarmament:

Despite not being a signatory to the NPT, India has consistently advocated for
global nuclear disarmament. It supports the complete elimination of nuclear
weapons within a specified timeframe and has participated in various
international forums to promote this agenda.
 UPSC CSE

International
Relations – Class 2
By- Prachi Ma’am

3.1
India and its Neighbors
Indo-Pak Relations
 Wars and Conflicts:

• First Indo-Pak War (1947-48): Shortly after independence, the two

countries fought over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, resulting in
the establishment of the Line of Control (LoC).

• Second Indo-Pak War (1965): Triggered by disputes over Kashmir, this

conflict saw significant military engagements but ended with a ceasefire
brokered by the Soviet Union and the United States.

• Bangladesh Liberation War (1971): The conflict led to the creation of

Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan). India supported the Bengali nationalist
movement, leading to another war with Pakistan. The Shimla Agreement
followed, which emphasized peaceful resolution of issues and respect for the
LoC.

Key Issues in Indo-Pak Relations

• Sir Creek Dispute:
A 96 km strip of water in the Rann of Kutch, Sir Creek is another unresolved
Kashmir Dispute:
issue, with both countries claiming the area based on different interpretations of
colonial-era documents.
• Terrorism and Cross-Border Infiltration: 2001 Indian Parliament attack,
the 2008 Mumbai attacks, and the 2016 Pathankot and Uri attacks
• Indus Water Treaty:
Pakistan, on the other hand, denies these allegations and accuses India of
Despite the conflicts, the Indus Water Treaty, brokered by the World Bank in
fomenting insurgency in its Balochistan province.
1960, remains a significant example of cooperation. It governs the use of
waters from the Indus River system, although occasional disputes over water
• Siachen Glacier Conflict:
usage arise.
The highest battlefield in the world, Siachen remains a point of military standoff.
Both nations claim the glacier, leading to a continuous deployment of troops in
harsh conditions.
 • Economic Relations:
In 2021, India's exports to Pakistan were valued at $535 million, primarily
consisting of pharmaceutical products, sugar, and chemicals.

• International Mediation:
While Pakistan has occasionally sought international mediation on the Kashmir
issue, India maintains that all issues should be resolved bilaterally in
accordance with the Shimla Agreement and the Lahore Declaration. This
stance limits third-party involvement and emphasizes direct negotiations.

• Kartarpur Corridor:
In a rare instance of cooperation, the Kartarpur Corridor was
inaugurated in 2019, allowing Indian Sikh pilgrims to visit the holy site
of Gurdwara Darbar Sahib in Pakistan without a visa.

3.2
India and its Neighbors
Indo-China Relations
 Key Events and Conflicts

• Colonial Period: 1. Sino-Indian War (1962):

The relationship saw minimal conflict during
the colonial era, with both nations focusing on • Territorial Disputes: Disagreements over
their struggles against colonial powers. the Aksai Chin region in the west and
However, the demarcation of borders was not Arunachal Pradesh in the east.
a priority, leading to future disputes. • Dalai Lama's Asylum: In 1959, India
granted asylum to the Dalai Lama, who
• Post-Independence Period: fled Tibet following a failed uprising
India and China established diplomatic against Chinese rule, further straining
relations in 1950. Initial relations were relations.
friendly, marked by the Hindi-Chini Bhai-Bhai • Outcome: The war ended on November
sentiment. However, territorial disputes soon 21, 1962, with China declaring a unilateral
surfaced, leading to deteriorating relations. ceasefire and withdrawing to pre-war
positions in the eastern sector but
retaining control over Aksai Chin.

2. 1967 Nathu La and Cho La Clashes: 4. Doklam Standoff (2017):

• Nathu La: In September 1967, clashes erupted at Nathu La in • Strategic Importance: The Doklam
Sikkim, resulting in heavy casualties on both sides. plateau, claimed by both Bhutan and
• Cho La: In October 1967, another skirmish occurred at Cho China, is strategically important for
La, where Indian forces successfully repelled Chinese troops. India due to its proximity to the Siliguri
Corridor.
3. Sumdorong Chu Standoff (1986-87): • Military Confrontation: In June 2017,
The standoff occurred in Arunachal Pradesh, with China Indian troops intervened to stop
establishing a military post in the Sumdorong Chu Valley. Chinese road construction in the
• Military Buildup: Both countries deployed troops, leading to a disputed area.
tense standoff. • Resolution: Both sides agreed to
• Resolution: Diplomatic negotiations and high-level talks led to disengage and return to the status quo,
de-escalation without armed conflict. following diplomatic negotiations.
5. Galwan Valley Clash (2020):
Tensions escalated along the Line of Economic Ties
Actual Control (LAC) in Ladakh, with
multiple standoffs and aggressive Trade Relations: Despite political tensions, China
posturing. remains one of India's largest trading partners.
• Incident: On June 15, 2020, a violent Bilateral trade reached $125 billion in 2021,
clash occurred in the Galwan Valley, though India faces a significant trade deficit.
resulting in casualties on both sides.
This was the first deadly confrontation India's major imports include electrical and
since 1975. mechanical machinery, intermediate goods,
• Aftermath: Both countries increased pharmaceuticals, and auto components. Exports
military deployments and to China, primarily raw commodities like ores,
infrastructure development along the cotton, and seafood, increased by over 50% in the
LAC. last two years .

Climate Change:
Investment: Chinese investments Both nations support the principle of Common
in India's technology and startup but Differentiated Responsibilities and cooperate
sectors have been substantial, in international forums to combat climate change
though recent tensions have led .
to increased scrutiny and
regulatory measures. Technology:
• Application Ban: India has banned over 200
Hydropower Projects: Chinese apps, including TikTok and WeChat,
Both countries engage in citing security concerns. This move reflects
hydropower cooperation, although the broader scrutiny and tightening of
tensions remain over water regulations on Chinese technology
sharing, particularly concerning companies.
Chinese dams on the
Brahmaputra River, affecting • 5G Trials: Chinese firms are excluded from
India's Northeast . participating in India's 5G network trials due to
security concerns .
Strategic and Security Concerns

• Border Infrastructure: Both countries are

enhancing infrastructure along the LAC, leading
3.3
to frequent standoffs. India has strengthened
border infrastructure, such as the Darbuk-Shyok-
Daulat Beg Oldi road, enhancing connectivity but India and its Neighbors
provoking Chinese objections.
Nepal-India Relations
• Strategic Alliances: India's engagement with
the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD)
involving the US, Japan, and Australia, is seen
as a counterbalance to China's regional
influence.

Key Aspects of Nepal-India Relations

India and Nepal share deep-rooted Economic Ties:
historical, cultural, religious, and
geographic ties. Trade: India is Nepal's largest trade partner, accounting
These relations are often described for over two-thirds of its merchandise trade. Nepal has
as "Roti-Beti ka Sambandh," reflecting consistently maintained a trade surplus with India. The
the familial and social connections trade balance ratio increased significantly from 40% in
between the two nations. 2002-2003 to 80% in 2018-2019.
The relationship is framed by the
1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Investment: Indian firms dominate foreign direct
Friendship, which established a investment in Nepal, making up 40% of total approved
foundation for cooperation and mutual investments. Approximately 150 Indian ventures
benefit. operate in Nepal, contributing to its economic
development.
Political Relations:
Border Disputes: Despite the strong ties, border disputes have
The 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship occasionally strained relations. The Kalapani dispute intensified
• It forms the bedrock of political relations, providing for open when Nepal released a new political map claiming the region,
borders and national treatment for each other's citizens. which is also claimed by India.
• This treaty established a close bilateral relationship, allowing
for free movement of people and goods and providing for Social and Cultural Ties:
cooperation in defense and foreign policy matters. • People-to-People Contacts: The social fabric of the two
• Nepalese citizens avail facilities and opportunities on par nations is interwoven with familial ties and cross-border
with Indian citizens in accordance with the provisions of the marriages. The open border facilitates free movement and
Treaty. Nearly 8 million Nepalese citizens live and work in enhances these connections.
India.
Trade and Transit Treaties: • Cultural Heritage: Both countries share a rich Hindu and
• Various trade and transit treaties facilitate Nepal's access to Buddhist heritage. Initiatives such as the twinning of cities
the sea through Indian ports, crucial for a landlocked country strengthen cultural bonds.
like Nepal.

Water Resources and Hydropower Cooperation:

Nepal's rivers are vital for the Ganges river basin. Bilateral mechanisms
address water resources and hydropower cooperation. The Arun III
project by the Sutlej Jal Vidyut Nigam, expected to generate 900 MW,
exemplifies such cooperation. Nepal imports electricity from India to
address its power shortages.

Defense and Security:

• Military Cooperation: The annual Indo-Nepal Battalion-level

Joint Military Exercise "Surya Kiran" and recruitment of Gorkhas
into the Indian Army highlight defense cooperation. India also
assists in the modernization of the Nepalese Army by providing
training and equipment.
• Security Issues: The open border poses security challenges,
including trafficking, terrorism, and smuggling..
 Recent Developments
Disaster Management and Connectivity:

Disaster Relief: India provided significant assistance Blockade and Nationalism:

during the 2015 Nepal earthquake, including National The 2015 unofficial blockade by India, triggered by unrest among Nepal's
Disaster Response Force (NDRF) teams and a post- Madhesi community, severely impacted Nepal's economy.
earthquake reconstruction package of $1 billion.
Geopolitical Dynamics:
Infrastructure Projects: India supports the development
of border infrastructure, including roads in the Terai China's Influence: Nepal's growing ties with China, including participation in
region, cross-border rail links, and Integrated Check the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and increased Chinese investments, pose a
Posts (ICPs) at Birgunj and Biratnagar. These projects strategic challenge for India. The "Himalayan Quadrilateral" involving China,
aim to enhance connectivity and facilitate trade. Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nepal exemplifies this shift.

India and Bangladesh share a profound history of socio-cultural, economic, and

3.4 political ties. This relationship is deeply rooted in their shared history, language,
culture, and mutual interests.

Key milestones:
• Liberation War of 1971: India played a crucial role in Bangladesh's struggle
India and its Neighbors for independence from Pakistan. Following the victory, India was the first
country to recognize Bangladesh as an independent nation.
India-Bangladesh Relations
• 1972 Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Peace: This treaty laid the
foundation for long-term cooperation and mutual support between the two
nations.
 Key Agreements and Treaties
• Land Boundary Agreement (LBA)
2015: This agreement resolved the
long-standing border disputes by
exchanging enclaves and simplifying
the complex boundary, which stretches
4,096.7 km.

• Trade and Connectivity Agreements:

Multiple agreements have been signed
to enhance trade and connectivity,
including the use of Chattogram and
Mongla ports, the BBIN Motor Vehicles
Agreement, and various railway link
restorations.

Bilateral Trade:
• Bilateral trade between India and Bangladesh reached $18.2 billion in 2022,
Connectivity Projects:
with Bangladesh being India's largest trading partner in South Asia.
• India-Bangladesh Friendship Bridge: The construction of the Maitree
• Major Indian exports to Bangladesh include petroleum, cotton yarn, and
Bridge over the Feni River enhances connectivity between Tripura in India
wheat.
and Chattogram in Bangladesh, facilitating easier and faster movement of
• Efforts are ongoing to balance trade and explore new areas of economic
goods and people.
cooperation, such as pharmaceuticals, textiles, and IT services.

Investment: • Railway Links: Restoration of rail links, such as the Haldibari-Chilahati

• India has invested over $3 billion in Bangladesh, focusing route, which was operational before 1965, boosts trade and travel between
on infrastructure, energy, and IT sectors. Notable projects the two countries. Other important rail projects include the Akhaura-Agartala
include investments in power plants, IT parks, and special rail link.
economic zones.
• Bangladesh has also invested around $1 billion in India,
emphasizing mutual economic growth and cooperation.
 Counter-terrorism:
• India and Bangladesh collaborate closely on security matters, including
combating terrorism and managing border security through mechanisms like
the Coordinated Border Management Plan (CBMP).
• Maitree Super Thermal Power Project: This 1320 MW coal-
fired power plant in Rampal, Bangladesh, is a joint venture
Border Management:
between India's NTPC and Bangladesh Power Development
• Enhanced cooperation in border management includes joint patrols, better
Board (BPDB), aimed at meeting the growing energy needs of
fencing, and the construction of Integrated Check Posts (ICPs).
Bangladesh.
Cultural Exchanges:
• India-Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline: This pipeline will • Joint celebrations of historical events, cultural festivals, and literary
transport diesel from Numaligarh in India to Parbatipur in exchanges strengthen the cultural bonds between the two nations.
Bangladesh, enhancing energy security and cooperation.
COVID-19 Pandemic:
• India supplied vaccines and medical aid to Bangladesh, reflecting their
strong health cooperation during the pandemic.
Rohingya Crisis:
• India has provided humanitarian aid to
Bangladesh to support the Rohingya refugees,
demonstrating solidarity and regional
cooperation. 3.5
• Both countries work together in international
forums to address the crisis and seek durable
solutions.
India and its Neighbors
Geostrategic Shifts:
• The increasing influence of China in India-Sri Lanka Relations
Bangladesh's infrastructure projects and arms
imports poses strategic challenges for India.
Cooperation in areas like nuclear technology,
artificial intelligence, and modern farming
methods is seen as a counterbalance to China's
influence.

• India and Sri Lanka have a Key Events and Agreements

long-standing relationship
characterized by deep • Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord (1987):
historical, cultural, Signed by Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi
religious, and linguistic ties and Sri Lankan President J.R. Jayewardene,
dating back over 2,500 the accord aimed to resolve the Sri Lankan
years. civil war and devolve power to the Tamil
• The relationship has been minority.
influenced by the colonial
history, post-independence • Free Trade Agreement (2000): This
developments, and agreement marked the first free trade
contemporary geopolitical agreement for both countries, aiming to boost
dynamics. bilateral trade and economic cooperation.
 Investment:
Economic and Trade Cooperation:
• Indian Investments: India's Foreign
• Bilateral Trade: In 2021, India was Sri Lanka's largest Direct Investment (FDI) in Sri Lanka
trading partner with a bilateral merchandise trade of stands at over USD 2.2 billion, with major
USD 5.45 billion. investments in sectors like petroleum
• India's exports to Sri Lanka include petroleum products, retail, tourism, manufacturing, real estate,
automobiles, and iron and steel, while Sri Lanka exports telecommunications, and banking.
textiles, tea, and spices to India.
• Colombo Port Projects: India is involved
• Currency Swap: To stabilize Sri Lanka’s economy post- in developing the West Container
COVID-19, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) provided a Terminal at Colombo Port in collaboration
USD 400 million currency swap facility. with Japan, aimed at countering Chinese
influence in the region.

Port Development:

• Kankesanthurai Port: India’s investment in the rehabilitation of the

Connectivity Projects: Kankesanthurai Harbour.
• Trincomalee Oil Tank Farm: The joint development of the Trincomalee oil
• Port Development: Sri Lanka's tank farm has strategic importance for both countries.
transshipment ports like Colombo and
Hambantota handle significant cargo bound Development Assistance:
for India, enhancing maritime connectivity.
• Community Development Projects: India has funded
• Palk Strait Bridge: Proposed infrastructure numerous high-impact community development projects,
project to improve connectivity between the including housing for internally displaced Tamils and
two countries. healthcare infrastructure.
• Emergency Assistance: During Sri Lanka's financial
crisis, India extended a USD 4 billion emergency
assistance package.
 Medical Cooperation:
Energy Cooperation:
• COVID-19 Assistance: India provided 500,000 doses of the COVID-
• Renewable Energy: Both nations are exploring cooperation in renewable 19 vaccine to Sri Lanka under the Vaccine Maitri initiative.
energy projects, including solar and wind energy, to enhance energy security • Hospital Projects: India has assisted in setting up hospitals in Sri
and sustainability. Lanka, including the 1990 Suwaseriya Emergency Ambulance Service.

Defense and Security Cooperation: Cultural and Educational Cooperation:

• Military Exercises: Annual joint military exercise 'Mitra Shakti' and naval • Cultural Exchange: The 1977 Cultural Cooperation Agreement
exercise 'SLINEX' strengthen defense cooperation. facilitates cultural exchanges. The Swami Vivekananda Cultural Centre
in Colombo plays a pivotal role in promoting cultural ties.
• Maritime Security: Trilateral maritime security cooperation with the • Educational Scholarships: India provides scholarships to Sri Lankan
Maldives enhances surveillance, anti-piracy operations, and maritime students for undergraduate and research studies. Additionally, Sri
pollution control. Lanka is a partner in the Nalanda University project in India.

Contemporary Context in India

Technology and Digital Cooperation:
• Economic Reforms: Continued liberalization and
• Tech Parks: India's investments in Sri Lanka's tech economic reforms open new avenues for trade and
parks and IT hubs help bolster the digital economy and investment with Sri Lanka.
foster innovation. • Ethnic Conflict and Tamil Issue: The ethnic conflict
involving Tamils in Sri Lanka remains a sensitive
• Start-Up Ecosystem: Encouragement of cross-border issue in bilateral relations.
start-up collaborations to promote technological • China Factor
advancements and digital entrepreneurship. • Fishermen Dispute: The Joint Working Group on
Fisheries aims to find sustainable solutions.
 3.6
India and its Neighbors
India-Bhutan Relations

Treaty of Friendship (1949): The cornerstone of India-Bhutan relations is

the Treaty of Friendship, signed in 1949. This treaty laid the foundation for
bilateral cooperation and established the framework for political relations Independence and Reforms: Bhutan has always been a strategic partner for
between the two nations. India. After Bhutan's modernization efforts in the 1960s under King Jigme Dorji
Wangchuck, India played a crucial role in supporting Bhutan's economic
development and infrastructure projects.

2007 Treaty: The updated India-Bhutan Friendship Treaty of 2007 emphasizes

mutual respect for each others independence, sovereignty, and territorial
integrity. It also allows greater flexibility in Bhutan's foreign policy.
 Hydropower Projects
Economic and Development Cooperation
Key projects include:
Trade Agreements: The 1972
Free Trade Agreement and • Chukha Hydroelectric Project (336 MW): Commissioned in 1988, it was
subsequent trade agreements have the first major hydropower project built by India in Bhutan.
facilitated duty-free trade between • Tala Hydroelectric Project (1020 MW): Commissioned in 2007, it is one
the two nations. The latest of the largest hydropower projects in Bhutan.
agreement was renewed in 2016. • Kurichhu Hydroelectric Project (60 MW): Commissioned in 2002.
• Punatsangchhu-I (1200 MW) and Punatsangchhu-II (1020 MW):
Currently under construction.
• Mangdechhu Hydroelectric Project (720 MW): Commissioned in 2019.
• Kholongchhu Hydroelectric Project (600 MW): Joint venture project
under development.

Agreements and Cooperation

Economic Assistance: India has
been a key contributor to Bhutan's • Bilateral Agreements: Several agreements facilitate cooperation in various
Five Year Plans. For the 12th Five fields:
Year Plan (2018-2023), India • Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (2011): Cooperation in criminal matters.
committed assistance worth INR • MoU on Health Cooperation (2019): Enhances cooperation in the health
4,500 crores, including support for sector.
socio-economic development and • MoU on Outer Space Cooperation (2020): Signed to strengthen space
infrastructure projects. cooperation, including the use of space technologies for the development of
Bhutan.
Conflict and Strategic
Additional
Interests
Important
Information
Doklam Standoff (2017): A
significant geopolitical incident
where Indian and Chinese troops
faced off in the Doklam region, a tri-
junction area involving India,
Bhutan, and China. This standoff
highlighted Bhutan's strategic
importance to India's security.

3.7
India and its Neighbors
India-Maldives Relations
 Diplomatic Relations (1965): India
established diplomatic relations with
the Maldives after it gained
independence from British protection
in 1965.

Operation Cactus (1988): A key

event in India-Maldives relations
happened when India stepped in to
stop a coup attempt against
President Maumoon Abdul
Gayoom. This action showed
India's dedication to maintaining
stability and security in the
Maldives.

Security and Strategic Political Relation

Cooperation
• Strategic Location: The Maldives • India First Policy: Since President Ibrahim Solih came to power, he has
location in the Indian Ocean makes it practiced an 'India First' policy, reflecting the high importance Maldives
strategically significant for India's places on its relationship with India.
maritime security and regional influence.
• India Out campaign: Some Maldivian political figures and groups have
• Defense Training: India fulfills expressed concerns that India's involvement in Maldivian affairs undermines
approximately 70% of the defense the nation's sovereignty. The campaign includes protests and public
training needs of the Maldivian National statements urging the Maldivian government to reduce its reliance on India
Defense Force (MNDF). Key initiatives for security and economic assistance.
include the establishment of the
Composite Training Centre and the
Coastal Radar Surveillance System.
Economic and Development Cooperation Key projects include:
• Trade Agreements: Bilateral trade between India and Maldives has seen growth
despite challenges. In 2021, the bilateral trade stood at $323.9 million, favoring • Greater Male Connectivity Project (GMCP):India is funding the largest
India. infrastructure project in the Maldives, a $500 million bridge and causeway
• Development Assistance: India has provided significant financial aid and linking Male with neighboring islands.
assistance for various development projects in the Maldives. • Water and Sanitation Projects: India has funded several projects to
improve water and sanitation infrastructure across the Maldives.
• Housing Projects: India has supported the construction of housing units to
address the housing shortage in the Maldives.
• Capacity Building and Training: India provides training to Maldivian civil
servants, military personnel, and students in various Indian institutions.

• MoU on Information Technology (2019): Aims to enhance IT infrastructure

Agreements and Cooperation and digital capacity in the Maldives.
• Fisheries Agreement (2020): Facilitates sustainable fishing practices and
• Bilateral Agreements: Various agreements facilitate cooperation across cooperation in marine resources management.
multiple sectors: • Operation Sanjeevani: India provided medical supplies to Maldives during
• Defense Cooperation Agreement (2016): Strengthens defense ties, the COVID-19 pandemic via a special IAF plane.
including joint military exercises and training. • Tourism: The Maldives is a popular destination for Indian tourists, and vice
• Maritime Security Cooperation (2018): Enhances cooperation in maritime versa.
surveillance and security. • Environmental and Climate Cooperation: Both countries are working
• MoU on Health Cooperation (2019): Focuses on improving healthcare together on environmental sustainability and climate change issues, given
services and medical training. the Maldives vulnerability to rising sea levels.
Conflict

China's Influence: India is wary

of China's growing presence and
4.1
influence in the Maldives,
including Chinese investments
and infrastructure projects.
Infrastructure projects like the Indo- ASEAN relations
China-Maldives Friendship
Bridge, poses a strategic
challenge to India. More than
70% of Maldives' foreign debt is
owed to China.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a regional organization

which was established to promote political and social stability amid rising
tensions among the Asia-Pacific’s post-colonial states. Secretariat –
Indonesia, Jakarta.

Genesis:
Established in 1967 with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok
Declaration) by its founding fathers. Founding Fathers of ASEAN are :
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and
 Institution Mechanism:
Chairmanship of ASEAN rotates ASEAN Ministerial Councils: The
annually, based on the alphabetical Charter established four important new
order of the English names of Member Ministerial bodies to support the Summit.
States. ASEAN Coordinating Council (ACC).
Brunei Darussalam joined ASEAN on 7 January 1984, followed by ASEAN Political-Security Community
ASEAN Summit: The supreme policy Council.
Vietnam on 28 July 1995, Lao PDR and Myanmar on 23 July 1997, and
making body of ASEAN. As the highest ASEAN Economic Community Council.
Cambodia on 30 April 1999, making up what is today the ten Member
level of authority in ASEAN, the Summit ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community
States of ASEAN.
sets the direction for ASEAN policies Council.
and objectives. Under the Charter, the
Summit meets twice a year.

Significance of the grouping:

In 2022, the estimated total GDP of
all ASEAN states amounted to
approximately 3.67 trillion U.S.
dollars, a significant increase from
the previous years. In fact, the GDP
of the ASEAN region has been
skyrocketing for a few years now,
reflecting the region's thriving
economy.
ASEAN’s Role Challenges
• Modern Southeast Asia presents an example of varied cultures living
• China’s territorial claims in the oil and gas-rich South China Sea, and
together and thriving, despite the region experiencing decades of conflicts.
building up of artificial islands can prove to be a threat for freedom of
• It has helped shape regional interactions with the great powers including
navigation in region.
China, India, Japan and the US.
• ASEAN was largely unsuccessful in containing the Rohingaya refugee crisis
• The contribution towards regional peace, stability and prosperity goes
• Cross country organized crime like drug trafficking between Myanmar,
beyond Southeast Asia to the wider Asia-Pacific region.
Thailand and Laos forming the Golden Triangle could not be contained by
• On 15 December 1995, ASEAN Member States signed the Treaty of
ASEAN.
Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone (SEANWFZ Treaty) as a
commitment to preserve the Southeast Asian region as a region free of
nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction. The Treaty is also known
as the Bangkok Treaty.

India – ASEAN

• India-ASEAN relations can be traced to

historical and cultural relations. Hinduism,
Buddhism and Islam spread from India to the
region and the imprint of this shared cultural
heritage is also seen in art forms and
architecture.
• Despite this after independence India did not
have good relations with ASEAN because
ASEAN was under the US camp during the
Cold War period. After the end of Cold War
,India – ASEAN relations have evolved from
just economic ties to strategic heights owing
to common threats and aspirations.
Timeline • 2009:India- ASEAN Free trade Agreement in Goods
was concluded.
• 1992:India became ASEAN’s sectoral dialogue partner • 2012:India – ASEAN Strategic Partnership was
• 1995:India became full dialogue partner of ASEAN concluded
• 1996:India became a member of ASEAN Regional Forum • 2014:India – ASEAN Free Trade Agreement in
(ARF), a key forum for security dialogue in Asia which Services and Investment was concluded. This was
provides a setting in which members can discuss current aimed to facilitate movement of manpower and
regional security issues and develop cooperative investments between India and ASEAN.
measures to enhance peace and security in the region. • 2018:India ASEAN celebrated 25 years of their
• 2002:India and ASEAN begin to hold annual summit level relationship by holding a commemorative Summit.
meetings. Leaders of all ten ASEAN countries were invited as
Chief Guests for the Republic Day parade on January
26,2018

Transition from Look East Policy to Act East Policy Strategic & Security Component
• Look East Policy (LEP) has been a major pillar of India’s foreign policy since 1. The rise of China has been a cause of concern for many ASEAN.
the early 1990s. Initiated by PM Narasimha Rao the principal aim of the
policy was to pursue a policy of active engagement with countries of South 2. These countries view India as a possible partner in their effort to maintain
East Asia. balance of power & peace in the region.
Two major reasons responsible for India’s Look East Policy are-
3. Domestic dimension– Looking East through the North East.
1. Collapse of Soviet Union
2. Balance of Payment crisis 4. Establishing trade & connectivity links with South East Asian countries via
• The initial focus of Look East policy was on establishing trade & economic North East has been one of the focus Some initiatives in this regard are-
linkages with South East Asian countries.
5. India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway
• Trade between India and ASEAN multiplied fourfold — from $ 3.1 billion in
1991 to about $ 12 billion in 2002. 6. Kaladan Multimodal Transport
• ASEAN is the first trade bloc with which India finalized a FTA in 2010 in
goods. 7. Mekong Ganga Corridor
Act East Policy • The key principles and objectives of ”Act East Policy” is to promote
economic cooperation, cultural ties and develop strategic relationship with
• The Look East Policy has matured into a dynamic and action countries in the Asia-Pacific region through continuous engagement at
oriented Act East Policy in 2014 with a focus on extended bilateral, regional and multilateral levels thereby providing enhanced
neighborhood in the Asia-Pacific region. connectivity to the States of North Eastern Region with other countries in our
• India has upgraded its relations to strategic partnership with neighborhood.
Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Japan, Republic of Korea (ROK), • Focus on tangible action and concrete results is inherent in the change from
Australia, Singapore and Association of Southeast Asian Nations ‘Look’ to ‘Act’.
(ASEAN) and forged close ties with all countries in the Asia- • Boldness on India’s part in the security, defense and strategic domain.
Pacific region. • More focus has been given to Connectivity projects, cooperation in space,
S&T and people-to-people exchanges.

Recent Developments
Challenges and Criticisms
Bilateral Trade: In the financial year 2017–18, Indo-ASEAN bilateral trade
grew by almost 14% to reach $81.3 billion. India’s imports from ASEAN were • Market Access: There is concern in India that the FTA may not provide as
valued at $47.13 billion, while its exports to ASEAN stood at $34.2 billion. much market access to ASEAN countries as it does to Indian markets.
• Trade Deficit: India has an increasing trade deficit with ASEAN, with
imports exceeding exports.
Cultural cooperation • Sectoral Impact: Certain sectors like plantations, manufacturing, and
marine products in India are concerned about the impact of increased
Buddhism, Yoga competition from ASEAN imports. For example- Cheaper palm oil from
Revival of Nalanda University ASEAN is hurting local producers in Kerala.
Indian Cultural Centers (Jakarta, Bali, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Suva, Lautoka)
 Conclusion
• China’s increasing presence: Despite problems between China and
ASEAN members on the issue of South China Sea, China is trying to
increase it presence in the area through its one belt one road initiative which • ASEAN countries, particularly Myanmar, Vietnam and Malaysia can
is opposed by India. For example-investments have been made to connect potentially contribute to India’s energy security. Also oil and natural gas
Laos, Thailand with southern China through high speed rail links. deposits in the South China Sea region should be explored through regional
• Connectivity: Better transport connectivity is critical to India-ASEAN cooperation. Similarly, India with huge demographic dividend can provide a
relations. But on this front too both sides lag behind. There are no railway human resource base to ASEAN who is going to experience a burden of
links, poor road facilities. lower share of working age population and a higher median age of workers.
• Delay in completing infrastructure projects— India-Myanmar-Thailand • Maintaining cordiality with ASEAN as an organization and with the individual
trilateral highway, the Kaladan Multimodal Transit and Transport Project, and Southeast Asian countries remains crucial for India.
the Moreh-Mandalay Bus Services -due to various political and financial
constraints, has impeded the progress of economic cooperation.

4.2

Indo- Russia relations

 Political relations:

• The India-Russia Intergovernmental Commission (IRIGC) has two divisions

– the Trade, Economic, Scientific, Technological and Cultural Cooperation
and the Military & Military-Technical Cooperation.
• Russia reiterated its unwavering support to India for Permanent Membership
in an expanded UNSC.
• In 2021, a new dimension to the bilateral cooperation was added with the
first 2+2 Dialogue (Foreign and Defense Ministers of both countries) taking
place.
• Both countries remain in touch at multilateral engagements as well. For
example, they met on the sidelines of the East Asia Summit in Jakarta,
BRICS in South Africa, SCO in Goa and G20 in New Delhi in 2023.

Trade and Economic relations: Trade and Economic relations:

• In April-December 2022, the bilateral trade reached an all-time high of $45 • In April-December 2022, the bilateral trade reached an all-time high of $45
billion with a trade deficit of $35bn in Russia’s favor. billion with a trade deficit of $35bn in Russia’s favor.
• Major items of export from India include pharmaceuticals, organic chemicals, • Major items of export from India include pharmaceuticals, organic chemicals,
electrical machinery and mechanical appliances, iron & steel, etc. electrical machinery and mechanical appliances, iron & steel, etc.
• Major items of import from Russia include oil and petroleum products, • Major items of import from Russia include oil and petroleum products,
fertilizers, mineral resources, precious stones and metals, vegetable oils, fertilizers, mineral resources, precious stones and metals, vegetable oils,
etc. etc.
• For India, Russia is the largest oil and gas investment destination. • For India, Russia is the largest oil and gas investment destination.
• Russia was added as a new source for long-term LNG imports and the first • Russia was added as a new source for long-term LNG imports and the first
cargo of Russian LNG reached India at Dahej, Gujarat in June 2018. cargo of Russian LNG reached India at Dahej, Gujarat in June 2018.
• International North-South Transport Corridor • International North-South Transport Corridor
Defense and security cooperation:

• India has longstanding and wide-ranging cooperation with Russia in the field
of defense and is guided by the Agreement on the Programme for Military
Technical Cooperation.
• The Agreement for 2021-2031 was signed during the inaugural meeting of
India-Russia 2+2 Dialogue which was held in Delhi in 2021.
• India-Russia military technical cooperation has evolved from a buyer – seller
framework to one involving joint research, development and production of
advanced defense technologies and systems.
 Science and technology cooperation:
• In 2019, at Amethi, the Indian Prime
Minister announced the Joint Venture – • After India’s independence, the erstwhile Soviet Union’s assistance was
Indo-Russian Rifles Pvt. Ltd. for crucial to the establishment of Bhilai Steel Plant, Indian Institute of
production of AK Series Assault Rifles at Technology (Bombay) and India’s space program.
Ordnance Factory Korwa under the • Today, India and Russia work together on basic sciences, materials science,
‘Make-in-India’ program. mathematics and cutting-edge areas like
• India’s manned spaceflight program (Gaganyaan),
• Bilateral projects include the supply of S- • Nanotechnologies and
400, licensed production of T-90 tanks • Quantum computing.
and Su-30 MKI, supply of MiG-29 and
Kamov helicopters, production of Ak-203
rifles in India and BrahMos missiles, etc.

Education and Cultural cooperation

• India’s only nuclear power plant established with another country (Russia) is
the Kudankulam Nuclear Plant in Tamil Nadu. • As per most recent data, there are around 25,000 Indian nationals of which a
• In 2014, Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and Russia’s Rosatom signed majority are Indian students studying medicine.
the Strategic Vision for strengthening cooperation in peaceful uses of atomic • About 20 Russian Institutions, including leading universities and schools,
energy regularly teach Hindi to about 1500 Russian students
• Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (KKNPP) is being built in India with • Apart from Hindi, languages such as Tamil, Marathi, Gujarati, Bengali, Urdu,
Sanskrit and Pali are taught in Russian Institutions. Also, there is strong
Russian cooperation. interest among Russian people in Indian dance, music, yoga and Ayurveda.
• In recent times, Indian cinema has begun to make a gradual comeback with
more frequent film screenings across Russia.
 Some Recent Challenges for India-Russia Ties
Bilateral Exercises
• India and Russia have an annual summit at the leaders’ level, where the
Both sides carry out Joint Tri-Services Exercise – ‘INDRA‘, to strengthen field,
Indian PM and the Russian President visit each other’s country every
marine and flight skills as well as improve cooperation between Russia and
alternate year.
India’s armed forces.
• However, after the war in Ukraine broke out, the Indian PM did not travel to
Russia for the annual summit in 2022 and Putin could not come for the G20
summit in Delhi in September last year.
• In the evolving dynamics between China, Russia, and India, China must
accept deeper India-Russia ties or risk losing Russia to Indo-Pacific
geopolitics and pushing India closer to the United States (US).

• Indo-Pacific Geopolitics: China views Russia as

Current Concerns essential to countering US influence in the Indo-
Pacific. Disrupting Russia-India ties might push
• Ukraine War Impact: The Ukraine war has intensified India closer to the US, a scenario China wants to
concerns that a strong China-Russia alliance might weaken avoid.
Russia-India ties, making India more vulnerable to China. • Weapon Purchases: If India reduces Russian arms
Putin’s recent visit to China heightened these worries in New purchases due to Chinese interference, it would
Delhi. likely turn to the US or other Western suppliers,
• Summit Attendance: When China boycotted the G20 strengthening US-India relations, which is against
Tourism Summit in Kashmir, Russia attended, signaling its China's interests.
independent stance, which frustrated China.
China-Russia-India Dynamics
Military and Strategic Dimensions • Strategic Triangle: While China and Russia share
• S400 Missile Defense System: Russia's decision to deliver a “marriage of convenience” against US and
the S400 missile defense system to India, despite China’s Western challenges, Russia and India have a
objections, sparked public outrage in China. longstanding, dispute-free relationship.
Conclusion
• The bilateral relationship has remained strong and stable over more than 75 • Several connectivity initiatives are also increasingly central to the bilateral
years. cooperation, especially the International North-South Transport Corridor and
the Chennai-Vladivostok Eastern Maritime Corridor.
• The India-Russia partnership has been among the steadiest of the major
relationships in the world in contemporary era with a shared commitment to • Moreover, both countries remain committed to strengthen cooperation in the
a multipolar world and continues to expand beyond the traditional areas of development of the Russian Far East region and working together in
military, nuclear and space cooperation. research, logistics and training in the Arctic region.
• In the past two years, the bilateral trade has expanded significantly, far • There is a synergy between Russia’s pivot to the East, its resource and
exceeding the target of $30bn set earlier for 2025. technology and India’s own flagship initiatives such as Atmanirbhar Bharat
and Make in India.
• There are discussions on ways to increase exports from India as well by
developing new models of cooperation.

India Japan Political Relations

4.3 The Japan-India Association set up in 1903 is Japan’s oldest international

friendship body.
• 2007:The Japanese PM Shinzo Abe visited India and delivered the famous
“The Confluence of Two Seas” speech in the Indian parliament.
India Japan Relations • He was conferred with Padma Vibhushan, India’s second-highest civilian
honor in 2021.
• 2013:2013 was a monumental year that saw the first-ever visit of the
Japanese Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko to India.
• 2022:In March 2022, the Japanese PM officially visited India to hold the 14th
India-Japan Annual Summit. Both sides agreed on a joint statement titled,
“Partnership for a Peaceful, Stable and Prosperous Post-COVID World”.
• 2023:In March 2023, the Japanese PM visited India and held a bilateral
meeting with the Indian PM. Both sides renewed the Memorandum of
Cooperation (MoC) on Japanese Language originally signed in 2017,
India Japan Defense Relations:
focusing on higher-level language learning.
• India and Japan also announced 2023 as the “India-Japan Year of Tourism
Various Bilateral Exercises: JIMEX (naval), Malabar exercise (Naval
Exchange” with the theme “Connecting Himalayas with Mount Fuji”.
Exercise), ‘Veer Guardian’ and SHINYUU Maitri (Air Force) and
• In May 2023, the Indian PM visited Japan to attend the G7 Summit as an
Dharma Guardian (Army).
invitee.
Japan has committed to manufacturing 30% of the aircraft in India
• In September 2023, the Japanese PM visited India for the G20 Summit.
which would help improve Indian defense manufacturing.
• 2+2 Ministerial Meeting: It is seen as an upgrade of the meeting between
foreign and defense secretaries of the two countries.
• India-Japan Forum: The inaugural India-Japan Forum was held on 20 July
2021. It sees the participation of eminent representatives of both
governments, Parliament, industry, think tanks and academia.

Common Groupings: Economic & Commercial Relations:

Japan’s bilateral trade with India totaled US$ 21.96 billion during FY
• Both India and Japan are members of Quad, G20 and G-4, International 2022-23.
Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER).
• Japan has also joined India-led initiatives such as the International Solar India-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership (CEPA):It came
Alliance (ISA), Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) and into effect in August 2011.
Leadership Group for Industry Transition (LeadIT).
It is the most comprehensive and covers trade in goods and services,
movement of natural persons, investments, intellectual property rights,
customs procedures and other trade-related issues.
 Japanese Investment
India’s Primary Exports to Japan: Petroleum products, organic
Japanese FDI into India:
chemicals; fish and crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic
• It has mainly been in automobile, electrical equipment,
invertebrates; nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical
telecommunications, chemical, financial (insurance) and
appliances, etc.
pharmaceutical sectors.
• Japan is fifth among source countries for FDI after
India’s Primary Imports from Japan: Machinery, electrical
Mauritius, Singapore, the US and Netherlands.
machinery, iron and steel products, plastic materials, non-ferrous
• Japan has extended bilateral loans and grant assistance to
metals, parts of motor vehicles etc.
India since 1958. Japan is the largest bilateral donor to
India.

People-People Ties:
Other Significant Cooperation Between India and
In recent years, there has been a change in the composition of the Japan
Indian community with the arrival of many professionals, including IT
professionals and engineers. The Nishikasai area in Tokyo is emerging India Japan Digital Partnership (IJDP): Launched in 2018,
as a “mini-India”. furthering existing areas of cooperation as well as new initiatives
within the scope of cooperation in S&T/ICT, focusing more on
Sister-State and Sister-City Cooperation: There are growing links “Digital ICT Technologies”.
between Japanese cities and cities. Currently, 7 states and 4
cities/regions from India have partnered with cities of Japan. Start-up Hub: Startup-India (under Invest India) and Japan
Innovation Network (JIN) signed an MoU on innovation
Education: The 1st Japan-India Universities Forum meeting was held collaboration focusing on sustainable development goals
in January 2023, the India- Japan Edu-Connect was launched in connecting two start-up ecosystems in June 2018.
September 2023.
 Cooperation

Space: ISRO and JAXA collaborate actively in X-ray astronomy, satellite

navigation, lunar exploration and the Asia Pacific Regional Space Agency Healthcare Cooperation: India’s AYUSHMAN Bharat Program and
Forum (APRSAF). Japan’s AHWIN are cooperating in healthcare logistics, ICT for tertiary
healthcare, and human resource
Railway Cooperation: Mumbai-Ahmedabad High-Speed Rail (MAHSR)
Project: The first High-Speed Rail corridor is being implemented from Clean Energy: India-Japan Clean Energy Partnership: It was launched
Mumbai to Ahmedabad with technical and financial assistance from in March 2022 for cooperation in areas such as electric vehicles, storage
Japan. systems including batteries, development of solar energy, etc.

Metro Rail Projects: Presently, six Metro Rail projects (Ahmedabad,

Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai) are being implemented with
technical and financial support from Japan.

Trade Difference:
• The trade ties have remained underdeveloped compared to India’s trade ties
Challenges to the India Japan Relations with China.
• Both India and Japan have diverging interests concerning economic issues
Growing Chinese Aggressiveness in the Indo-Pacific: like E-commerce rules (Osaka track) and Regional Comprehensive
• China’s power and influence are growing in parts of the Indo-Pacific. Economic Partnership.
• Numerous challenges facing the Indo-Pacific such as the Ukraine • India is struggling to penetrate the Japanese market due to language
war, food security, and cyber space in addition to issues such as barriers, high quality and service standards.
ensuring the freedom of the seas, and connectivity, among others.
• The future balance of power in the Indo–Pacific region will largely China Factor:
depend on the actions of the United States, China, and major powers • Both countries have border issues with China. So, their policy stance hinges
such as Japan and India. generally on China, rather than growing comprehensively.
• India has been more vocal in criticizing China’s actions, while Japan has
been more cautious in its approach.
 Balancing between QUAD and BRICS:
Russia Factor: • India has not joined the China-led Belt and Road Initiative (BRI),
• There is a difference of opinion between India and Japan on the while a member of Quad & AIIB. India has long adopted a non-
responses to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Japan is part of the aligned approach as opposed to the stauncher, pro-US foreign policy
U.S.’s alliance and has also joined sanctions against Russia, while stances of Japan and Australia.
India has refused to do so. • So India has to do a balancing act between Quad and BRICS.
• Also, there exists a difference of opinion when India participated in
the Vostok Exercises, which were held close to South Kuril Island (a Asia-Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC) Project:
disputed territory between Russia and Japan). There is a skepticism on the feasibility of the AAGC itself as well as the
nature of the projects embedded in it.

Defense Exports:
To Combat Pollution:
• India is looking to export defense equipment to other countries, which could
Pollution is a serious issue, and pollution can be tackled using Japanese
potentially compete with Japan’s own defense exports.
green technologies.
• Negotiations to purchase amphibious US-2 planes have dragged on for
years.
Example– Miyawaki Technique: To create dense forests with native
• Way Forward to Strengthening India Japan Relations
plants.
Joint crediting mechanism (JCM)- Under JCM, Japanese companies,
Enhancement in Regional Strength:
using their state-of-the-art environmental technologies, will be able to
Both India and Japan have economic and military strength that could be used
earn carbon credits in return for helping developing countries reduce
for future regional strength and counter the China factor too.
greenhouse gas emissions.
 Increase People-to-People Exchange:
By involving Indian IT professionals in Japan to boost digitalization in
Japan.
Address the Trade Bottleneck:
• To enhance bilateral trade and realize the full potential of Expand Partnerships in Science and Technology:
economic cooperation. • Such as 5G, Telecom Network Security, submarine cable systems, and
• Joint ventures could be created by merging Japanese digital Quantum Communications.
technology with Indian raw materials and labor. • Both countries are also engaged in technology in producing submarines
• India’s purchase of Japan’s indigenously made amphibious US-2 and in cooperative research in areas like unmanned Ground Vehicle
planes, if successfully executed, could also contribute to India’s and Robotics.
‘Make in India’.
Collaboration on Strategic Connectivity:
By linking South Asia to Southeast Asia by harnessing the synergy
between the “Act East” policy and the “Partnership for Quality
Infrastructure”.

5.1

India-Middle East Relations

Relations between India and the Middle East have been evolving over time,
influenced by a variety of factors. India has established multiple connections
with Middle Eastern countries, including economic ties, diaspora communities, • Cultural exchanges have been prevalent for centuries, marked by the
energy security, and diplomatic engagements. Significant Indian investments spread of Indian religions like Buddhism into the Middle East.
can be seen in countries like Oman, Egypt, Sudan, Iran, and others. • The medieval period introduced Islamic rulers to India, establishing
sultanates that enhanced cultural and economic exchanges between
Historical Context the Indian subcontinent and the Islamic world.
• These relations are crucial for India given the Middle East's strategic
geopolitical and geo-economic importance.
• Historically, the relationship between India and the Middle East dates back
• Every country in the Middle East values India’s democratic framework,
to ancient times, beginning with the Indus Valley civilization and
ancient civilization, and strategic alliances. The Middle East, with its
Mesopotamia.
abundance of resources and strategic location, holds global
• The historical bond between India and the Middle East includes trade
significance.
relations that date back to the Silk Road and maritime routes that linked the
Indian subcontinent with the Arabian Peninsula.

Geopolitical and Economic Significance This importance is reflected in various aspects:

The Middle East, comprising countries such as Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Geopolitical Importance: The Middle East's strategic location at the juncture
Arabia, Yemen, Syria, Jordan, the United Arab Emirates, Israel, Bahrain, of Asia, Europe, and Africa controls major global trade routes.
Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Algeria, Cyprus, and others, is of
immense significance to India. Cultural and Religious Significance: Middle East is the birthplace of major
religions such as Islam, Christianity, and Judaism.

Economic Significance: The region is vital for energy security, supplying a

significant portion of India's oil and natural gas needs.

Defense Cooperation: India maintains defense agreements with countries

like Oman and the UAE, including access to strategic locations like Port
Duqm in Oman, enhancing India's maritime security in the Indian Ocean
Region (IOR).
Cooperation
• Energy Security: The Middle East accounts for over 80% of India's oil imports.
Despite diversifying sources, the region remains crucial for India's energy needs. Challenges in the Relationship
• Remittances: Around eight million Indians work in the Gulf countries,
contributing nearly 30% of India's total foreign remittances. India is the world's However, challenges persist in the relationship due to geopolitical
leading recipient of remittances, highlighting the socio-economic importance of tensions, terrorism, and the influence of external powers.
the Middle East to India. • Balancing Relations: India continues to balance its relationships with
• Military Cooperation: In recent years, India has conducted combined military different Middle Eastern countries, which often have conflicting
exercises with Middle Eastern countries like UAE, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, and interests. For example, enhancing ties with Israel while maintaining a
Saudi Arabia, reflecting deeper security ties. supportive stance towards Palestine.
• Geopolitical Influences: The involvement of global powers like the
USA, Russia, and China in the Middle East adds complexity to India's
foreign policy in the region.

Current Initiatives and Future Prospects

Gulf Cooperation Council

• It is a political and economic alliance of six Middle Eastern countries-
Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, and
Oman.
• The GCC was established in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in May 1981.

Objective:
The purpose of the GCC is to achieve unity among its members based
on their common objectives and their similar political and cultural
identities, which are rooted in Arab and Islamic cultures. The
Presidency of the council rotates annually.
 Look West Policy of India

Organizational structure: • The Look West Policy of India is a

• The Supreme Council is the highest authority of the organization. It strategy adopted by India to strengthen
is composed of the heads of the Member-States. Its presidency its relations with Arab nations, Iran, and
rotates periodically among the Member States in alphabetical Israel.
order. • It aims to promote economic, political,
• India’s trade relations with GCC and cultural ties with these countries. It
• GCC is India’s largest trading partner bloc with bilateral trade in FY also aims to enhance cooperation in
2021-22 valued at over USD 154 billion. various fields such as trade, energy,
• India’s overall crude oil imports from the GCC in 2021-22 were security, and technology.
about $48 billion, while LNG and LPG imports in 2021-22 were • The policy seeks to deepen India's
about $21 billion. engagement with the countries in the
western region to foster mutual
understanding, collaboration, and
regional stability.

Agenda for India’s Look West

Policy

Beijing has outdone India in securing a

tight connection with West Asia to I2U2
develop a good economic integration • The I2U2 Group is a new strategic partnership formed between India, Israel,
with Pakistan and the Gulf nations. Fast- the United Arab Emirates, and the United States.
forwarding free trade dealings with the • It is also referred to as the West Asian Quad/Middle East Quad/New Quad.
Gulf Coordination Council (GCC), • It was established to enhance cooperation and collaboration in various areas
solving obstacles to economic such as water, energy, transportation, space, health, and food security.
cooperation with Pakistan, and lifting • The main objective of this grouping is to promote economic development,
India’s business profile in Africa must top scientific innovation, and regional stability.
the ‘Look West’ agenda. India must
focus on all issues, from energy security
to counter-terrorism in its western
neighborhood.
India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor

• The proposed IMEC will consist of Railroad, Ship-to-Rail networks

and Road transport routes extending across two corridors, that is,
• The East Corridor – connecting India to the Arabian Gulf,
• The Northern Corridor – connecting the Gulf to Europe.
• The IMEC corridor will also include an electricity cable, a hydrogen
pipeline and a high-speed data cable.

Signatories: India, the US, Saudi Arabia, UAE, the European Union,
Italy, France, and Germany.

Ports to be Connected:

India: Mundra (Gujarat), Kandla (Gujarat), and Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust
(Navi Mumbai).
Middle East: Fujairah, Jebel Ali, and Abu Dhabi in the UAE as well as
Dammam and Ras Al Khair ports in Saudi Arabia.
Railway line will connect Fujairah port (UAE) to Haifa port (Israel) via:
Saudi Arabia (Ghuwaifat and Haradh) and Jordan.
Israel: Haifa port.
Europe: Piraeus port in Greece, Messina in South Italy, and Marseille in
France.
India- UAE

Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with UAE

(2022):This agreement aims to reduce trade barriers between India and the
UAE, enhancing economic cooperation. It covers various sectors including
fintech, clean energy, and education.

• Bilateral Investment Treaty (2023):Further strengthening economic ties,

this treaty encourages and protects investments between India and the UAE.
• Rupee-Dirham Settlement Mechanism (2023):Established to facilitate
trade and economic exchanges by allowing direct currency transactions
between India and the UAE, thus supporting the internationalization of the
Indian Rupee.

India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (2023):This project seeks to

improve connectivity between India, the Middle East, and Europe through a
multimodal network of rail, shipping, and energy corridors, enhancing trade and
strategic ties.

Interlinking of Digital Payment Platforms

Interlinking of UPI and AANI: The two countries signed agreements on

interlinking of digital payment platforms- UPI (India) and AANI (UAE).
Challenges in India-UAE Relations
India-Saudi Arabia
• Chinese Economic Influence in the UAE: China's "Cheque Book
Diplomacy," characterized by offering low-interest loans, has overshadowed Recently Saudi Arabia confirmed its role as a reliable crude oil supplier to India,
Indian economic endeavors in the UAE and the broader Middle East. vital for India's energy security.
• Challenges of the Kafala System: The Kafala system in the UAE, which • Oil and Gas: Saudi Arabia is India’s second-largest source of crude oil,
grants employers considerable power over immigrant labourers, especially supplying over 18% of its needs, and a major supplier of Liquefied
those in low-wage jobs, presents significant human rights concerns. Petroleum Gas.
• Instances of passport confiscation, delayed wages, and poor living • Bilateral Trade: As India’s fourth largest trading partner, bilateral trade with
conditions underscore the challenges faced by migrant workers under this Saudi Arabia was valued at USD 29.28 billion in FY22.
system. • Cultural Connections: The Hajj pilgrimage and digital processes reflect
• Concerns Over UAE's Financial Support to Pakistan: The UAE's deep cultural ties. India was honored at the Saudi National Festival of
substantial financial aid to Pakistan raises apprehensions about the potential Heritage and Culture in 2018.
misuse of these funds, considering Pakistan's history of sponsoring cross-
border terrorism against India.
• Military Cooperation: In 2021, the nations conducted their first naval

5.2
exercise, named Al-Mohed Al-Hindi.
• Indian Community in Saudi Arabia: With 2.6 million Indians, this
community forms the largest expatriate group in Saudi Arabia, contributing
significantly to its development.
• India-Saudi Strategic Partnership Council (SPC): Co-chaired by the
leaders of both nations, this council oversees broad cooperation in defense,
energy, security, and more. India-United States Relation
• Acceleration of the West Coast Refinery Project: This project involves
major stakeholders like ARAMCO, ADNOC, and Indian companies with an
investment of USD 50 billion. Located in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, this
refinery, once completed, will be among the world’s largest, with a capacity
of 60 million tones per year.

The strategic partnership between India and the United States has
deepened significantly over recent years, encompassing a wide array
of areas such as defense, trade, technology, and global diplomacy.
This partnership is driven by shared democratic values, mutual
economic interests, and a commitment to maintaining regional and
global stability.
Economic Engagement
Economic Challenges: The
• Trade and Commerce: As of 2022-23, the U.S. is India's largest trading Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-reliant
partner with bilateral trade totaling USD 128.55 billion, marking a 7.65% India) campaign has been perceived
increase from the previous year. The U.S. accounts for a significant portion by some in the U.S. as protectionist,
of India's exports and imports, reflecting a deeply integrated economic impacting the bilateral trade
relationship. relationship. Additionally, the U.S.
• Investment Dynamics: The U.S. is a leading source of foreign direct withdrawal of duty-free benefits
investment in India, with major American corporations investing in sectors under the Generalized System of
ranging from technology and pharmaceuticals to automotive and Preferences (GSP) in 2019 has
manufacturing. This investment is a cornerstone of job creation and affected India's export-oriented
technological advancement in both countries. industries.

Defense and Security Cooperation

Technological and Space Collaboration
• Foundational Defense Agreements: India and the U.S. have strengthened
their military cooperation through agreements such as LEMOA, COMCASA, • NASA-ISRO Partnership: The collaboration on the NISAR satellite for Earth
BECA, and ISA. These agreements facilitate logistical support, secure observation highlights the advanced space cooperation between the two
communication, and information sharing between their armed forces. countries. Additionally, India's participation in the Artemis Accords
• Military Exercises: Regular joint exercises like Yuddha Abhyas and emphasizes its role in future space exploration.
Malabar enhance military interoperability. The Quad, involving the U.S., • Critical and Emerging Technologies: The iCET initiative, focusing on AI,
India, Japan, and Australia, further solidifies India's role in the Indo-Pacific quantum computing, and biotechnology, underscores the strategic
region's strategic landscape. importance of technology in the bilateral relationship.
• Challenges in Defense: Despite robust cooperation, there are areas of
friction, particularly regarding India's historical military ties with Russia and
its neutral stance on the Ukraine conflict, which contrasts with the U.S.
position.
Multilateral Cooperation and Global Diplomacy Cultural and People-to-People Ties
• United Nations and Global Forums: India and the U.S. work closely in
• Indian Diaspora: The vibrant Indian community in the U.S., estimated
international organizations like the UN, G-20, and WTO to promote global
at over 3 million, plays a pivotal role in fostering strong bilateral ties
economic stability and security. The U.S. support for India’s permanent
through cultural, economic, and political engagement.
membership in a reformed UN Security Council signifies a strong
• Educational and Cultural Exchanges: Over 100,000 Indian students
endorsement of India's growing global role.
in U.S. universities contribute to the dynamic educational exchange
• Geopolitical Challenges: The U.S. has occasionally expressed concerns
that benefits both countries. Initiatives like the GIAN program facilitate
about India's domestic policies, including issues related to democracy and
academic collaborations and enrich educational experiences.
human rights, which have led to diplomatic tensions. Moreover, India’s
engagements with U.S. adversaries like Iran have also been points of
contention.

Future Directions and Prospects

• Enhancing Bilateral Ties: Both nations are poised to deepen their 6.1
strategic partnership by expanding cooperation in new areas such as
clean energy, cybersecurity, and digital infrastructure.
• Navigating Challenges: Effective management of differences over
trade policies, defense ties, and geopolitical strategies will be crucial.
Continued dialogue and diplomatic engagement are key to resolving
EU and India
these issues.
• Global Leadership: As global dynamics evolve, the India-U.S.
partnership will play a crucial role in addressing international challenges
like climate change, cybersecurity threats, and regional security
concerns.
 The relationship between the EU and India reflects the complex
historical contexts of the connections between Europe and South
Asia. Together, they represent nearly 2 billion people. Both regions
base their governance on the principles of democracy, rule of law,
and cultural pluralism. Their shared commitment to democracy and
multilateralism has formed a strong foundation for the evolving
India-EU relationship.

History of India-EU Relations

Early Developments:
• Before India gained independence, nearly a million Indian soldiers
The creation of the EU was driven by the desire to prevent the participated in the First World War and two million in the Second,
horrors of the World Wars from recurring. Establishment of the contributing significantly to peace in Europe. "Indian soldiers saved
European Economic Community (EEC), European Coal and Steel Europe's bacon twice in the last century. Intense and wide-ranging
Community (ECSC), and European Atomic Energy Community defense cooperation between India and France today could contribute
(EURATOM) in 1957. immensely to Eurasian security this century."
• India formalized ties with the EEC in 1963, appointing its first
ambassador to the organization. This step was taken without
compromising India's bilateral relations with key European countries
like Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, France, Italy, and
Luxembourg.
 Post-Cold War Relations:

• India's recognition of the EEC marked a step away from its colonial • The 1994 Cooperation Agreement on Partnership and Development
past. marked a significant shift in India-EU relations, extending beyond
• The India-EEC Trade Centre was established in the early 1980s to trade and economic cooperation to acknowledge India's evolving role
promote Indian exports. In 1981, a five-year Commercial and in South Asia. The EU viewed India's economic liberalization
Economic Cooperation Agreement was signed, and in 1983, the positively and sought to support it.
EC Delegation was established in New Delhi. • India's and Pakistan's nuclear tests in 1998 created some friction,
• The end of the Cold War provided further impetus to India-EC with the EU considering the subcontinent a dangerous region.
relations. However, the first India-EU Summit in Lisbon in 2000 marked a
turning point, leading to a strategic partnership in 2004. The
partnership was based on 'future potential,' and the Joint Action Plan
(JAP) was adopted in 2005 and revised in 2008, strengthening
dialogue, consultation mechanisms, and cooperation.

Present Status of India-EU Relations: Other Areas of Cooperation:

Trade Relations People-to-people contacts have strengthened through initiatives

From €4.4 billion in 1980, India-EU trade turnover reached €60.9 billion like the Erasmus Mundus scholarship program, scientific and
in 2008 and €124 billion in 2023. The EU is one of India's largest technical cooperation, and EU assistance for health and
sources of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), with €96 billion in 2021. education programs in India.
India has also become a significant investor in the EU.
India-EU Summits:

Annual summits are a cornerstone of India-EU relations. The first

summit in 2000 laid the roadmap for future partnership, with the fifth
summit in 2004 elevating relations to a strategic partnership. The Joint
Action Plan (JAP) included strengthening dialogue, political
cooperation, and economic policy dialogue. The 15th summit in 2020
adopted an ambitious Roadmap to 2025.

Trade Technology Council:

In April 2022, the EU-India Trade and Technology Council (TTC)

was announced, aiming to boost bilateral cooperation, trade, and
investment. Launched in February 2023, the TTC focuses on
strategic technologies, green and clean energy, and resilient value
chains.
 India's Relations with Individual EU Countries

India-France Relations:

France is a key partner for India, with significant defense cooperation,

including joint exercises, technology transfers, space and nuclear
energy cooperation, and submarine production. France also shares
India's vision for a free and open Indo-Pacific. Both countries
collaborate on climate change, and France supports India's bid for
UNSC permanent membership and entry into the Nuclear Suppliers
Group.

India’s involvement in some of the flagship projects with France such

as the Scorpene submarines, the Rafale jets, and the ISRO-CNES Green Cooperation: India’s support for the European Green Deal,
satellite constellation. which aims to make the EU carbon-neutral by 2050, and its
collaboration with France on the International Solar Alliance and
• Cybersecurity Working Group: The establishment of a joint the One Planet Summit.
working group on cybersecurity in 2019, which aims to enhance
cooperation on cyber resilience, digital governance, data The holding of regular joint exercises between their navies
protection, and cybercrime prevention. (Varuna), armies (Shakti), air forces (Garuda), and special forces
(Shakti).
• Defense Dialogue: The creation of an annual defense dialogue at
the ministerial level in October 2019, which provides strategic
guidance to their defense cooperation.
India-UK Relations

The bilateral relationship between India-UK that was upgraded to a

strategic partnership in 2004, was further strengthened during the
tenure of British Prime Minister David Cameron who visited India thrice
in his first term (July 2010, February 2013 and November 2013).
The successful visit of Prime Minister Modi to the UK in November
2015 gave fresh impetus to the bilateral India-UK relationship.

• Despite the challenge posed by the Ukraine crisis, the India-UK

relationship has been on an upward trajectory, exemplified by the
conclusion of a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in 2021.
• The agreement also established a 2030 Roadmap for India-UK
relations, which primarily outlines the partnership plans for the
bilateral relationship.
• Both the countries held talks on defense-related trade and deepening
cyber security and defense cooperation.
Joint Military Exercises

• Exercise Ajeya Warrior: Strengthening interoperability between the

Indian Army and the British Army.
• Ajeya Warrior: Enhance counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency
capabilities.
• Konkan: Improve maritime cooperation and interoperability between
the Indian Navy and the Royal Navy.
• Indra Dhanush: Enhance cooperation and understanding between
the Indian Air Force and the Royal Air Force.
• Details: Indra Dhanush is an air force exercise that focuses on joint
air combat and air mobility operations.
• Exercise Information Warrior: Strengthen cyber capabilities and
cooperation in dealing with cyber threats.

Engaging the Nordic Countries:

• The Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and

Sweden) have a combined GDP of $1.8 trillion.
• India recognizes the unique contributions each European nation
can make to its development, such as Luxembourg's financial
power, Norway's maritime technologies, and Estonia's cyber
capabilities.
• India should build a green strategic partnership with Denmark
and further engage with the Nordic countries for cooperation.
 6.2

SAARC

Introduction to SAARC: Objectives and Principles of SAARC

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was Objectives:
established on December 8, 1985, with the aim of promoting
economic and regional integration. The founding members included • Promote the welfare of the people of South Asia and improve their
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, quality of life.
with Afghanistan joining later in 2007. The headquarters is in • Accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural
Kathmandu, Nepal. SAARC covers 3% of the world's area, 21% of the development.
global population, and about 3.8% of the global economy. • Promote collective self-reliance and mutual trust among member
states.
• Strengthen cooperation with other developing countries and
international organizations.
 Standing Committee: Composed of foreign secretaries, it monitors
Principles: programs, financing, and cooperation.
Respect for sovereign equality, territorial integrity, political Programming Committee: Consists of senior officials who finalize
independence, non-interference, and mutual benefit. annual schedules, scrutinize budgets, and manage external activities.
Cooperation should complement bilateral and multilateral relations.
Structure of SAARC Technical Committees: Focus on specific areas like agriculture,
education, environment, and more.
• Council of Heads of State or Government: The apex policy-
making body meets at summits. Secretariat: Headed by the Secretary-General, it coordinates SAARC
• Council of Ministers: Comprising foreign ministers, it meets activities and communication.
biannually to formulate policies and review progress.

Areas of Cooperation
SAARC has established several specialized bodies to promote
SAARC focuses on various areas for regional development: regional cooperation:

• Agriculture and Rural Development • South Asian University (SAU): Located in India, providing higher
• Human Resource Development and Tourism education to students from SAARC countries.
• Economic, Trade, and Finance • SAARC Development Fund (SDF): Located in Bhutan, funding
• Social Affairs projects under Social, Economic, and Infrastructure windows.
• Environment, Natural Disasters, and Biotechnology • SAARC Arbitration Council (SARCO): Located in Pakistan, providing
• Education, Security, and Culture a legal framework for dispute resolution.
• Information and Poverty Alleviation • South Asian Regional Standards Organization (SARSO): Located in
• Energy, Transport, Science, and Technology Dhaka, promoting harmonized standards.
• Specialized Bodies
 Recent Developments:
Key Achievements:
• SAARC Currency Swap Framework 2024-2027: The Reserve Bank of
• SAARC Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA): Aimed at reducing tariffs to
India (RBI) revised the framework, introducing an INR Swap Window
zero by 2016 to promote intra-regional trade.
with a corpus of ₹250 billion and continuing the USD/Euro Swap
• South Asia Preferential Trading Agreement (SAPTA): Effective since
Window with a corpus of $2 billion. This framework helps maintain
1995 to enhance trade among member countries.
financial stability during crises.
• South Asian University: Providing education to foster regional
• Revival Efforts: Despite challenges, there are ongoing discussions
integration and development.
about reviving SAARC. The 59th Session of the SAARC Programming
• SAARC Development Fund: Funding various social and economic
Committee marked a step towards reinvigorating the organization.
projects in member states.
• China's Influence: China's Belt and Road Initiative and its push to
• COVID-19 Emergency Fund: Established during the pandemic to
become a full member of SAARC have increased its influence in the
support member countries.
region, prompting India to balance its foreign policy with initiatives like
BIMSTEC and the Quad alliance.

Challenges:

• India-Pakistan Relations: Ongoing tensions and Pakistan's

alleged support for terrorism hinder SAARC's effectiveness.
• Low Intra-Regional Trade: Only 5% of potential trade is realized,
due to lack of infrastructure and trade agreements.
• Economic Integration: Limited economic cooperation and political
tensions reduce incentives for regional collaboration.
• China's Role: Increasing Chinese investments and political
influence in the region complicate SAARC's dynamics.
• Future Prospects
• Revitalizing SAARC: Requires addressing both political and
economic challenges, enhancing trust, and fostering economic
integration.
• Complementing BIMSTEC: While BIMSTEC focuses on the
Bay of Bengal, SAARC can still play a crucial role in South Asian
regional cooperation.
• Leveraging Shared History: SAARC members should utilize
their shared cultural and historical ties to promote regional
prosperity and stability.

6.3
Conclusion:

SAARC has significant potential to promote regional cooperation and

development in South Asia. However, it faces numerous challenges,
particularly due to political tensions between member states. Reviving
SAARC will require a concerted effort to overcome these challenges
and enhance economic and political collaboration. BRICS
Introduction to BRICS: Formation and Evolution of BRICS
BRICS is a prominent international grouping that brings together
five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and 2006: The leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, and China met for the first
South Africa. The acronym BRIC was initially coined by British time in St. Petersburg, Russia, during the G8 Outreach Summit. The
economist Jim O’Neill in 2001, with South Africa joining in 2010 to form grouping was formalized as BRIC during the first BRIC Foreign
BRICS. The grouping represents about 41% of the world's population, Ministers' Meeting in New York.
accounts for 24% of global GDP, and 16% of world trade. BRICS 2009: The inaugural BRIC summit was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia.
countries have been significant drivers of global economic growth and 2010: South Africa was invited to join, and the group was renamed
have collaborated on various issues under the pillars of political and BRICS.
security, economic and financial, and cultural and people-to-people 2011: South Africa attended its first BRICS summit in Sanya, China.
exchanges.
Financial Aspects of BRICS: BRICS Payment System: BRICS countries are working on
creating an alternative to the SWIFT payment system, particularly in
New Development Bank (NDB): Established during the 2014 BRICS Summit light of Russia's exclusion from SWIFT following the Ukraine
in Fortaleza, Brazil, the NDB aims to mobilize resources for infrastructure and conflict.
sustainable development projects in BRICS and other emerging economies.
Each member holds an equal share in the NDB, which focuses on areas like Key Summits and Developments
clean energy, sustainable urban development, economic development, • 15th BRICS Summit (2023): Held in Johannesburg, South
agriculture, and transport infrastructure. Africa, where invitations were extended to six new members:
Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE.
BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): This framework is These countries will officially join BRICS on January 1, 2024.
designed to provide protection against global liquidity pressures, acting as a • 16th BRICS Summit (2024): Scheduled to be hosted by Russia
competitor to the IMF. in October.

Challenges and Opportunities

Expansion of BRICS
• India's Role: India faces challenges within BRICS, particularly
• New Members: With the inclusion of Egypt, Iran, UAE, Saudi Arabia, due to its strategic rivalry with China and differing views with
and Ethiopia, BRICS now encompasses a significant portion of global Russia on various issues. Despite these challenges, India
energy reserves, with Saudi Arabia and Iran being major oil producers. continues to advocate for a balanced internal dynamic within
The expanded BRICS represents approximately 45% of the world's BRICS.
population and 28% of the global economy. • Global Governance: India should push for BRICS to adopt a
• Geopolitical Significance: The inclusion of new members enhances global governance philosophy that emphasizes extensive
BRICS' influence over critical maritime trade routes and energy consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefits.
markets. For example, Saudi Arabia and Iran's participation bolsters • Universal Security: Promoting a balanced and effective regional
energy cooperation within the grouping. security architecture is crucial for BRICS countries to contribute to
global security.
 • Economic Contributions: BRICS countries should enhance mutually
beneficial cooperation in supply chains, energy, food, and financial
resilience.

• Public Health Governance: Leveraging their strengths, BRICS nations

should collectively advance global health governance, particularly through
the BRICS Vaccine Research and Development Centre.

Significance of BRICS
Conclusion
• Energy Cooperation: The addition of new members from West Asia
highlights the importance of energy cooperation within BRICS. BRICS plays a crucial role in promoting cooperation among emerging
• Strategic Influence: Countries like Egypt and Ethiopia enhance economies and addressing global challenges. With the recent
BRICS' geopolitical significance by providing greater access to expansion, BRICS aims to enhance its influence and effectiveness in
crucial maritime trade routes. global governance. However, addressing internal challenges and
• Economic Growth: BRICS countries continue to be the main fostering economic and political collaboration remain essential for the
engines of global economic growth, collectively contributing grouping's continued relevance and success.
significantly to the world economy.
 7.1
BIMSTEC

History
• BIMSTEC’s institutional evolution has been gradual. Following a
• The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and decision at the Third BIMSTEC Summit in 2014, the BIMSTEC
Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is a regional organization that Secretariat was established in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
was established on 06 June 1997 with the signing of the Bangkok • Being a sector-driven grouping, cooperation within BIMSTEC had
Declaration. initially focused on six sectors in 1997 (trade, technology, energy,
• Initially known as BIST-EC (Bangladesh-India-Sri Lanka-Thailand transport, tourism, and fisheries) and expanded in 2008 to incorporate
Economic Cooperation), the organization is now known as agriculture, public health, poverty alleviation, counter-terrorism,
BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and environment, culture, people-to-people contact, and climate change.
Economic Cooperation) and comprises seven Member States with • The region covered by BIMSTEC is home to around 1.5 billion
the admission of Myanmar on 22 December 1997, and Bhutan and people, with a combined GDP of over USD 3.8 trillion.
Nepal in February 2004.
 BIMSTEC Charter

Recently, Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and

Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) has recently achieved an important
milestone with the charter of the grouping coming into force on 20th May
2024.
Important Connectivity Projects:
The BIMSTEC Charter, established for the Bay of Bengal Initiative for
• Kaladan Multimodal Project – links India and Myanmar.
Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation, embodies several
• Asian Trilateral Highway - connecting India and Thailand
core features:
through Myanmar.
• Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) Motor Vehicles
• Legal Entity Status: The Charter grants BIMSTEC the status of an
Agreement - for seamless flow of passenger and cargo
official legal entity, enabling it to engage directly with other global
traffic.
organizations on diplomatic and cooperative fronts.

• Unified Objectives: It specifies the primary goals of BIMSTEC,

including fostering trust and amicable relationships among the • Streamlined Cooperation Sectors: The number of sectors for
member countries, and promoting rapid economic growth and social cooperation has been streamlined to seven, with each member
advancement in the Bay of Bengal area. nation leading in a specific sector:
➢ Bangladesh is responsible for trade, investment, and development.
• Organizational Structure: The Charter provides a structured ➢ Bhutan focuses on the environment and climate change.
framework for the operation of BIMSTEC, which includes stipulating ➢ India leads in security, including energy.
regular assemblies at different levels—Summits, Ministerial meetings, ➢ Myanmar is in charge of agriculture and food security.
and gatherings of Senior Officials. ➢ Nepal handles people-to-people contacts.
➢ Sri Lanka spearheads science, technology, and innovation.
• Membership Expansion: The document facilitates the expansion of ➢ Thailand focuses on connectivity.
BIMSTEC by setting criteria for the addition of new members and the
involvement of observer nations.
2nd BIMSTEC Foreign Ministers' Retreat (July 10, 2024) Significance of BIMSTEC

• External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar will host his counterparts • Alignment with India’s Act East Policy: BIMSTEC complements
for the 2nd BIMSTEC Foreign Ministers' Retreat in New Delhi on 11- India's Act East Policy, enhancing India's trade and security stance in
12 July 2024. the Indian Ocean and Indo-Pacific regions.
• The Retreat will present an opportunity for the Foreign Ministers of the • SAARC Alternative: Post the 2016 Uri attacks and subsequent
BIMSTEC countries to discuss, in an informal setting, avenues to diplomatic tensions, India has propelled BIMSTEC as a more viable
broaden and deepen cooperation across various sectors including in option for regional cooperation in South Asia, diverging from SAARC.
the fields of security, connectivity, trade and investment, people to • Strategic Counter to China: With China extending its Belt and Road
people contacts etc, in the Bay of Bengal region and littoral. Initiative across the region, India leverages BIMSTEC as a strategic
• The first edition of the BIMSTEC Foreign Ministers' Retreat was held countermeasure to sustain its regional influence.
in Bangkok, Thailand on 17 July 2023.

• Cultural and Research Initiatives: BIMSTEC supports cultural How BIMSTEC is Different from SAARC?
preservation and research through institutions like the Centre for
Bay of Bengal Studies at Nalanda University, which delves into the SAARC:
region’s art, culture, and history. 1. A regional organization looking into South Asia
2. Established in 1985 during the cold war era.
• Security and Disaster Management: The platform has 3. Member countries suffer for mistrust and suspicion.
significantly advanced cooperation in security and disaster 4. Suffers from regional politics.
management, including Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster 5. Asymmetric power balance.
Relief (HADR), among the member states. 6. Intra-regional trade only 5 percent.
➢ This realignment and focus position BIMSTEC as a pivotal
organization in regional dynamics, promoting collaboration across
various crucial sectors.
 7.2
BIMSTEC:
1. Interregional organization connecting South Asia and South East
Asia.
2. Established in 1997 in the post-Cold War.
3. Members maintain reasonably friendly relations.
4. Core objective is the improvement of economic cooperation among Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
countries.
5. Balancing of power with the presence of Thailand and India on the
bloc.
6. Intra-regional trade has increased around 6 precent in a decade.

• The SCO is a permanent intergovernmental international

organization established in June 2001 in Shanghai, China.
• Founding members include Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan,
Russia, and Tajikistan called the "Shanghai Five" in 1996.
• In 2001, Uzbekistan joined, and the organization was renamed
SCO, promoting the Shanghai spirit of cooperation through its
charter.
• The organization represents approximately 42% of the world’s
population, 22% of its land area, and 20% of its GDP.
• Official working languages are Chinese and Russian.
• SCO Secretariat is located in Beijing, China.
 India and SCO
• 10 member states: China,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, India's association with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, India, has evolved significantly since it first gained observer status in 2005 and
Pakistan, Iran, and Belarus. subsequently became a full member in 2017.

• India and Pakistan became full

members in 2017 at the Astana
Heads of State Council meeting.
• Iran joined as the 9th member in
2023 during India’s chairmanship.
• Belarus became the 10th member
during the 2024 summit.

• Five Pillars of Cooperation: India introduced these pillars within the

SCO framework to foster collaborative growth across various
sectors: 5. Shared Buddhist Heritage: This cultural pillar seeks to strengthen
1. Startups and Innovation: Recognizing the vital role of innovation in ties through shared religious and historical links, emphasizing common
economic growth, India advocated for more substantial cooperation in cultural heritage.
technology and entrepreneurship.
2. Traditional Medicine: Given India's rich heritage in traditional • New Mechanisms for Cooperation: India has been instrumental in
medicine, this pillar aims to promote knowledge exchange and joint establishing specialized groups within the SCO to further these
research in this field. initiatives:
3. Digital Inclusion: This focuses on reducing the digital divide within
the region and enhancing member states' access to digital ➢ Special Working Group on Startups and Innovation: This group
technologies. is tasked with fostering an environment that supports startups and
4. Youth Empowerment: This initiative aims to engage the youth in innovative projects across member states.
member countries through education, employment, and exchange
programs.
 SCO Summit 2024
➢ Experts Working Group on Traditional Medicine: This group
focuses on collaborative projects, research, and advocacy for The 2024 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Summit in
traditional medicine practices within the SCO countries. Astana featured significant developments that reinforced the
➢ Cultural Diplomacy: Kashi/Varanasi was designated as the SCO organization’s role in regional and global politics:
Tourist and Cultural Capital for 2022-23, which served as a platform for
India to showcase its cultural richness and promote tourism and Expansion of Membership :Belarus was inducted as the 10th
people-to-people ties within the SCO framework. member, enhancing the SCO's geopolitical footprint.

Astana Declaration: The adoption of this declaration and 25 strategic

agreements across sectors like energy, security, and trade aims to
strengthen regional cooperation and security.

Strategic Long-term Planning: The SCO’s Development Strategy until Counter-Terrorism Focus: The summit emphasized the need to
2035 focuses on counter-terrorism, energy cooperation, and economic combat terrorism, with India leading calls for international cooperation
growth, highlighting the group's commitment to long-term regional against countries supporting terrorism and strengthening the SCO’s
stability. Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure (RATS).

Diplomatic Engagements: Highlighted by India and China’s talks to de- Global Strategic Role: The Russian President underscored the SCO's
escalate tensions along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), emphasizing advocacy for a multipolar world order, positioning it as a counterweight
diplomatic and military efforts to resolve border issues. to Western influence, aligned with the BRICS group.

Economic Initiatives: India promoted its 'Make in India' campaign as a

driver of global economic growth, focusing on partnerships for economic
development and capacity building, particularly with the Global South.
 7.3

Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad)

Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad)

Historical Background
• The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, commonly known as the
Quad, is a strategic forum comprising the United States, Japan, The Quad was initially conceptualized in 2007 but gained significant
Australia, and India. momentum in recent years due to rising concerns over regional threats
• It primarily focuses on promoting a "Free and Open Indo-Pacific" and the need for cooperative engagement in the Indo-Pacific. The
(FOIP). collaboration was revitalized in 2017, emphasizing democratic values, rule
• The Quad is not a formal military alliance but a diplomatic of law, and security cooperation.
network that aims to bolster regional security and foster
multilateral cooperation among its member states.
 Health and Pandemic Response: The Quad has been active in
Key Areas of Cooperation addressing global health challenges, notably by pledging over $2
billion to vaccine distribution through initiatives like the COVAX
program.
Security and Defense: The Quad focuses on maritime security, military
interoperability, and intelligence sharing among the member countries to Technology and Innovation: There is a concerted effort to
ensure a stable and secure maritime domain. collaborate on critical and emerging technologies, including 5G and
cyber security, to promote digital inclusion and technological
Infrastructure and Connectivity: Members collaborate on building advancements.
resilient supply chains and infrastructure projects to enhance connectivity
across the Indo-Pacific region. Climate Change and Energy: The Quad countries work together on
climate action, clean energy, and sustainable development, aligning
with global climate goals and regional sustainability initiatives.

Recent Developments and Meetings

Focus on Counter-Terrorism: The Quad has reinforced its commitment
In 2024, the Quad has continued to strengthen its cooperative to combating terrorism, highlighting the role of collaborative security
framework with several high-profile meetings: arrangements like the Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure (RATS).

Quad Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Tokyo: Scheduled for late July Challenges and Strategic Importance:
2024, this meeting will address key policy areas and strategic initiatives to The Quad faces various challenges, including differing national interests
advance the Quad's agenda in the Indo-Pacific region. among the members and external pressures from regional powers like
China. However, its strategic importance lies in its ability to foster a
Economic Initiatives: Recent summits have emphasized the integration balanced power dynamic in the Indo-Pacific, promoting peace, stability,
of the 'Make in India' initiative into broader economic strategies to and prosperity.
leverage the Quad's collective capacity for driving global economic
growth.
India and QUAD

Promoting a Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP):

• India is committed to ensuring freedom of navigation, overflight, and
unimpeded commerce in the Indo-Pacific region.
• It aligns with India's "Act East Policy," which seeks to strengthen
relationships with its eastern neighbors through enhanced
connectivity and economic integration.

Counterbalancing Regional Influences: Key Areas of Cooperation

Regional Perceptions: The perception of the Quad as a counter to
Maritime Security: India participates in joint naval exercises, such as the
China can complicate India's engagement with neighboring countries
Malabar exercises, with other Quad members, enhancing interoperability and
that have strong economic ties with China.
demonstrating a united front in maritime security.
• India views the Quad as a platform to balance China's growing
influence in the region.
• Critical Technologies
• Through the Quad, India aims to assert its role as a key regional
• Climate Change and Environmental Initiatives
player and uphold the international rules-based order.
• Healthcare and Pandemic Response
Future Directions

Looking ahead, the Quad aims to further expand its

influence and operational scope by:

• Enhancing its role in global governance and regional policy-

making.
• Strengthening collective capabilities in humanitarian
assistance and disaster relief.
• Deepening economic cooperation to build more resilient
supply chains and technological partnerships.

Conclusion:

The Quad remains a pivotal element in shaping the geopolitical

7.3
landscape of the Indo-Pacific. By promoting cooperative norms and
frameworks, it seeks to ensure a region that is free, open, and
inclusive, underpinned by the rule of law and respect for sovereignty. Asian Development Bank (ADB)
 Established:19 December 1966

Purpose: ADB was established to facilitate economic development in

Asia. The bank aims to promote social and economic development in
Asian and Pacific countries, particularly in developing member countries.

Headquarter: Manila, Philippines

Geographic Focus: Primarily Asia and the Pacific region

Member Countries: ADB has 68 members as of now, including 49 from

the region of Asia and the Pacific and 19 from other parts of the globe.

Recent Activities of the Asian Development Bank (ADB)

Objectives in India

Economic Growth: ADB supports efforts to accelerate economic growth The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has significantly ramped up its
in its member countries, aiming to reduce poverty and improve living engagement in India, focusing on comprehensive development initiatives
conditions and quality of life. that span across various key sectors.
Cooperation and Integration: The bank fosters cooperation and
integration among countries in the Asia-Pacific region. 1. In 2021, ADB committed a record $4.6 billion in sovereign lending to
India, spread across 17 loans. This funding aimed to support India’s
pandemic response among other development priorities.

2. Sustainable Urban Development:$400 million policy-based loan under

the Sustainable Urban Development and Service Delivery Program.
• To support the government’s urban reform agenda aimed at improving the
quality of urban life through high-quality infrastructure, assured public
services, and efficient governance systems. 5. Green Hydrogen Support: Supporting Green Hydrogen through
High Technology.
3. Solar Rooftop Investment Program: To increase India's renewable energy
output as part of its commitment to sustainable energy sources. 6. Tourism Development at Tehri Lake: Focuses on developing
tourism while ensuring sustainability and inclusivity at Tehri Lake,
4. Clean Energy Transition in Asia and the Pacific: Accelerating Clean enhancing both the local economy and environmental conservation.
Energy Transition in Asia and the Pacific.

• Details: This initiative is part of a larger effort to boost clean energy usage
across the region, with specific programs targeting enhancements in India.

• The United Nations (UN) was

established in 1945 following World
War II.
United Nations and Its Organs • Its mission is to maintain international
peace and security, develop friendly
relations among nations, and
promote social progress, better living
standards, and human rights.
• Here's an overview of its main organs
and functions:
1. UN General Assembly (UNGA)
2. United Nations Security Council (UNSC)
• The UNGA is the main deliberative body of the UN, comprising
all member states, each with one vote. • The UNSC is responsible for maintaining international peace and
• It discusses and makes recommendations on subjects like security.
international peace and security, development, disarmament, • It has 15 members: 5 permanent members with veto power (US, UK,
human rights, international law, and the peaceful arbitration of Russia, France, China) and 10 non-permanent members elected for
disputes. two-year terms.
• The UNGA also assesses the financial situations of member • It is the only UN body that can make decisions binding on member
states, approves the UN budget, and elects non-permanent states, such as imposing sanctions or authorizing the use of force.
members of the Security Council and the Economic and Social
Council.

3. UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 4. UN Secretariat

• ECOSOC serves as the central platform for discussing • The Secretariat carries out the day-to-day work of the UN as
international economic and social issues and formulating directed by the General Assembly, the Security Council, and
policy recommendations addressed to member states and the other organs.
UN system. • It is led by the Secretary-General, who provides overall
• It has 54 members, elected by the General Assembly for administrative guidance.
overlapping three-year terms.
5. International Court of Justice (ICJ)

• The ICJ, also known as the World Court, is the principal judicial
6. UN Trusteeship Council
organ of the UN.
• Located in The Hague, Netherlands, it settles legal disputes
between states and gives advisory opinions on legal questions Originally established to oversee the administration of Trust
referred to it by authorized UN organs and specialized agencies. Territories as they transitioned to self-government or
independence, the Trusteeship Council suspended
operations in 1994, with the independence of Palau, the last
of the Trust Territories.

1. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• Founded: 1945
• Headquarters: Rome, Italy
• Members: 100% funded by member countries
• Functions: Eliminates hunger, improves nutrition, and
standards of living by increasing agricultural productivity.
Specialized Agencies • Key Programs: Food Security Programs, Codex Alimentarius,
International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)
• Reports: The State of the World's Forests, The State of
Agricultural Commodity Markets, The State of World Fisheries
and Aquaculture, The State of Food Security and Nutrition in
the World, The State of Food and Agriculture.
• India: Celebrated 2018 as the ‘National Year of Millets’; UNGA
declared 2023 as International Year of Millets upon India's
request​
2. International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO) 3. International Fund for Agricultural
Development (IFAD)
• Founded: 1944 (Chicago Convention)
• Headquarters: Montreal, Canada • Founded: 1977
• Members: 193 • Headquarters: Rome, Italy
• Functions: Sets standards and regulations necessary for • Members: Founded after the World Food
aviation safety, security, efficiency, and environmental Conference in 1974.
protection. • Functions: Provides low-interest loans and
• Key Programs: CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and grants to developing countries to finance
Reporting Scheme for International Aviation), LTAG innovative agricultural and rural development
(Long-Term Global Aspirational Goal for net-zero carbon programs and projects.
emissions by 2050). • India: Founding member
• India: Committed to participate in CORSIA and LTAG
from 2027​

4. International Labor Organization (ILO) 5. International Monetary Fund (IMF)

• Founded: 1919 • Founded: 1944 (Bretton Woods Conference)

• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland • Headquarters: Washington, D.C., USA
• Members: 187 • Members: 190
• Functions: Draws up and oversees international labor • Functions: Provides loans to member countries
standards, the only tripartite UN agency bringing together experiencing balance of payments problems, acts as a
governments, employers, and workers. lender of last resort.
• Key Conventions: Convention 138 (Minimum Age), • Key Instruments: Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), Quota
Convention 182 (Worst Forms of Child Labour). system.
• India: Founder member, ratified Conventions 138 and 182 • India: Founder member, current quota is 13,114 million
in 2017​ SDRs (2.75% of total); Finance Minister is ex-officio
Governor, and RBI Governor is Alternate Governor​
6.World Bank 7. International Maritime Organization (IMO)

• Founded: 1944 (Bretton Woods Conference) • Founded: 1948

• Headquarters: Washington, D.C., USA • Headquarters: London, UK
• Members: 189 • Members: 175
• Functions: Provides loans for capital programs, aims to • Functions: Global standard-setting authority for the safety,
end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity. security, and environmental performance of international shipping.
• Key Components: IBRD, IDA, IFC, MIGA, ICSID (India is • Key Conventions: Ballast Water Management Convention,
not a member of ICSID). Bunker Convention.
• India: Member of IBRD, IDA, IFC, and MIGA​ • India: Elected to the IMO Council, ratified the Nairobi Convention
on shipwreck removal​

8. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 9. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO)
• Founded: 1865 as the International Telegraph Union
• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland • Founded: 1945
• Members: 193 member states and more than 700 private- • Headquarters: Paris, France
sector entities • Members: 194 member states
• Functions: Allocates radio spectrum and satellite orbits, • Functions: Promotes peace and security through international
develops technical standards for telecommunication and ICTs, cooperation in education, science, and culture. Known for World
and promotes global cooperation in ICT. Heritage Sites, Global Education Monitoring Report, and initiatives like
• India: Regular member since 1952, hosts the ITU Area Office. Man and Biosphere Program.
• India: Active member with 42 World Heritage Sites, and participation
in various UNESCO programs and initiatives.
 11. United Nations Conference on Trade and
10. World Health Organization (WHO)
Development (UNCTAD)
• Founded: 1948
• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland • Founded: 1964
• Members: 194 member countries • Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
• Functions: Directs and coordinates international health, develops • Members: 195 countries
health policy, sets standards, provides technical support to • Functions: Promotes development-friendly integration of
countries, and monitors health trends. developing countries into the world economy, provides
• India: Member, host to WHO Global Centre for Traditional Medicine analysis, facilitates consensus-building, and offers technical
in Jamnagar. cooperation.
• India: Member, engages in UNCTAD's analysis and policy
recommendations for trade and development.

12. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

(UNODC) 13. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR)
• Founded: 1997 (merged from United Nations Drug Control
Program and the Centre for International Crime Prevention) • Founded: 1950
• Headquarters: Vienna, Austria • Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
• Functions: Assists member states in their struggle against illicit • Functions: Protects and supports refugees at the request of a
drugs, crime, and terrorism, focusing on research, guidance, and government or the UN itself and assists in their voluntary repatriation,
support in preventing drug abuse, human trafficking, and local integration, or resettlement to a third country.
organized crime. • India: Member, works with UNHCR in providing support to refugees
• India: Member, participates in various UNODC programmes and within its territory.
initiatives.
14. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and
the Pacific (ESCAP)

• Founded: 1947
• Headquarters: Bangkok, Thailand
• Functions: Provides a forum for member states to discuss and Funds and Programs of the UN
develop regional cooperation strategies in economic and social
fields, covers areas such as macroeconomic policy, trade,
investment, transport, environment, and disaster risk reduction.
• India: Active member, engages in ESCAP's programmes and
regional cooperation initiatives.

1. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) 2. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)

Founded: 1946 Founded: 1969

Headquarters: New York, USA Headquarters: New York, USA
Functions: Focuses on providing humanitarian and developmental aid to Functions: Works to deliver a world where every pregnancy is wanted,
children worldwide. Aims to improve the health, nutrition, education, and every childbirth is safe, and every young person's potential is fulfilled.
general welfare of children. Focuses on reproductive health and rights, improving maternal health,
India: Member and active participant in various UNICEF initiatives, and promoting gender equality.
including the Global Program to End Child Marriage and YuWaah to India: Member and beneficiary of various UNFPA programs.
facilitate skilling youth.
3. United Nations Development Program (UNDP) 4. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)

Founded:1965 Founded: 1972

Headquarters: New York City, USA Headquarters: Nairobi, Kenya
Functions: Aims to eradicate poverty, reduce inequalities, and build Functions: Coordinates the UN's environmental activities and assists
resilience so countries can sustain progress. Works on sustainable developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and
development, democratic governance, peacebuilding, climate change, practices. Focuses on climate change, disasters and conflicts, ecosystem
and disaster resilience. management, environmental governance, chemicals and waste, resource
Key Reports: Publishes the annual Human Development Report and efficiency, and environment under review.
the Human Development Index. Key Reports: Global Environment Outlook, Emission Gap Report,
India: Member, engaged in numerous development projects and Adaptation Gap Report.
initiatives, including climate action. India: Member and active participant in various UNEP initiatives and
programs.

5. United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) 6. United Nations Human Settlements Program (UN-
Habitat)
Founded: 2012
Functions: The world's highest-level decision-making body on the Founded: 1978
environment. It brings together representatives of all UN member Headquarters: Nairobi, Kenya
states to address critical environmental challenges. Functions: Promotes socially and environmentally sustainable towns
India: Active member, participates in UNEA sessions and and cities with the goal of providing adequate shelter for all. Works on
environmental policy discussions. sustainable urban development and human settlements.
India: Member and involved in various UN-Habitat projects and
initiatives.
 7. World Food Program (WFP)

Founded: 1961
Headquarters: Rome, Italy
Functions: Provides food assistance in emergencies and works with Related Organizations
communities to improve nutrition and build resilience. It is the world's
largest humanitarian organization focused on hunger and food security.
India: Transitioned from direct food aid to providing technical assistance
and capacity-building services. The Ministry of Agriculture is the nodal
ministry for WFP in India

1. World Trade Organization (WTO) 2. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

Founded: 1995 Founded: 1957

Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland Headquarters: Vienna, Austria
Functions: The World Trade Organization (WTO) regulates international trade Functions: The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) promotes the
between nations. It provides a forum for negotiating trade agreements, a peaceful use of nuclear energy and aims to prevent its use for military
dispute resolution process to enforce participants' adherence to WTO purposes, including nuclear weapons. It sets international nuclear safety
agreements, and monitors national trade policies. The WTO aims to ensure standards, conducts inspections to ensure compliance, provides technical
that trade flows as smoothly, predictably, and freely as possible. assistance, and fosters research and development in nuclear technology.
India: India is a founding member of the WTO and actively participates in its India: India cooperates with the IAEA on various nuclear safety and
various councils and committees. India has been involved in numerous trade security initiatives. India is a member of the IAEA and participates in its
negotiations and disputes under the WTO framework, advocating for the programs to enhance nuclear safety standards and promote the peaceful
interests of developing countries and seeking to balance trade liberalization use of nuclear energy. The country also engages with the IAEA in areas
with the need to protect domestic industries and ensure food security. such as nuclear medicine, agriculture, and industrial applications of
nuclear technology.
 4. Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
3. International Organization for Migration (IOM) (OPCW)
Founded: 1951
Founded:1997
Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
Headquarters: The Hague, Netherlands
Functions: The International Organization for Migration (IOM) provides
Functions: The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
services and advice concerning migration to governments and migrants. It
(OPCW) promotes and verifies adherence to the Chemical Weapons
ensures the orderly and humane management of migration, promotes
Convention (CWC), which prohibits the use of chemical weapons and requires
international cooperation on migration issues, assists in the search for practical
their destruction. The OPCW conducts inspections, provides assistance and
solutions to migration problems, and provides humanitarian assistance to
protection against chemical threats, and promotes the peaceful use of
migrants in need, including refugees and internally displaced people.
chemistry.
India: India collaborates with the IOM on various migration-related issues,
India: India is a member of the OPCW and actively participates in its activities.
including managing labor migration, providing assistance to Indian nationals
The country is committed to the Chemical Weapons Convention and has
abroad, and addressing human trafficking. The IOM supports India in
destroyed its chemical weapons stockpiles in compliance with OPCW
enhancing its migration management capacities and provides technical
guidelines. India also engages in OPCW initiatives to enhance chemical safety
assistance and training to relevant authorities.
and security and to promote the peaceful use of chemical science and
technology.

World Bank
The main goals of the World Bank are to:
Founded: 1944
Headquarters: Washington, D.C., USA • End extreme poverty by reducing the share of the global population
Functions: The World Bank provides financial and technical assistance to that lives in extreme poverty to 3% by 2030.
developing countries for development programs (e.g., bridges, roads, schools, • Promote shared prosperity by increasing the incomes of the poorest
etc.) that are expected to improve the economic prospects and quality of life for 40% of people in every country.
people in those countries. The World Bank Group is a family of five • Provide sustainable development.
international organizations, namely: • The World Bank supports various initiatives such as the International
• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) Health Partnership (IHP+), Clean Air Initiative (CAI), and releases
• International Development Association (IDA) numerous reports including the Ease of Doing Business, Global
• International Finance Corporation (IFC) Economic Prospects, and the World Development Report.
• Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
• International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
 • National Hydrology Project: A Central Sector Scheme supported
• India: India is a member of four of the five constituents of the World Bank by the World Bank, started in 2016 to improve water resources
Group, except for ICSID. India has been involved in multiple World Bank- information and strengthen the capacity of water management
supported projects, such as: institutions in India.
• Animal Health System Support for One Health (AHSSOH): Launched • Meghalaya Community-led Landscape Management Project:
in 2023 to create an ecosystem for better animal health management Launched in 2018, this project empowers communities in Meghalaya
using the One Health approach across five states in India. to manage their natural resources effectively.
• Technical Education Quality Improvement Program-III: Aimed at • Indus Waters Treaty: Signed in 1960 by India and Pakistan with the
improving the quality of engineering education, supported by the World intervention of the World Bank, it requires commissioners to meet
Bank, and concluded in September 2021. annually to discuss cooperation on the Indus River System.

The World Bank plays a crucial role in providing financial and technical
support to India's development projects and initiatives aimed at
enhancing economic growth and sustainability.

International Criminal Court (ICC)

• The ICC aims to end impunity for perpetrators of these crimes
and to contribute to the prevention of such crimes. It operates as
Founded: 2002
a court of last resort, intervening only when national courts are
Headquarters: The Hague, Netherlands
unwilling or unable to prosecute criminals.
Functions:
• The ICC does not have its own police force or enforcement body
The International Criminal Court (ICC) investigates and tries
and relies on cooperation with countries worldwide for making
individuals charged with the gravest crimes of concern to the
arrests, transferring arrested persons to the ICC detention
international community, including genocide, war crimes, crimes
center, freezing suspects’ assets, and enforcing sentences.
against humanity, and the crime of aggression.
 Recent Developments:
India:
• The ICC has been active in addressing allegations of war crimes
and crimes against humanity in various conflict zones around the India is not a member of the ICC and has not ratified the Rome Statute, which
world. In recent years, the court has focused on investigations in is the treaty that established the court. India's concerns regarding the ICC
countries such as Myanmar, where it is looking into the include issues of national sovereignty, the potential for politically motivated
persecution of the Rohingya people. prosecutions, and the court's jurisdiction over the actions of individuals, which
• The court has also faced challenges, including non-cooperation India argues should be the responsibility of national legal systems​.
from some member states and criticism for its focus on African
countries. There have been ongoing discussions about improving
the efficiency and effectiveness of the ICC in prosecuting
international crimes.

Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)

Recent Developments:
Founded: 1899
Headquarters: The Hague, Netherlands The PCA has been involved in several high-profile arbitration cases,
Functions: including disputes over maritime boundaries in the South China Sea and
The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) facilitates arbitration and other forms investment disputes involving multinational corporations.
of dispute resolution between states, state entities, intergovernmental
organizations, and private parties. It provides services for resolving disputes India:
involving a wide range of legal issues, including territorial and maritime India is a party to the PCA and has been involved in several arbitrations.
boundaries, sovereignty, human rights, international investment, and trade. The
PCA has no sitting judges; instead, the parties involved select the arbitrators for
each case. The rulings of the PCA are binding, but the tribunal has no powers
for enforcement.
G7 Recent Developments:

Founded: 1975 • Vision Statement on Nuclear Disarmament: The G7 committed to

Headquarters: No permanent headquarters achieving a world without nuclear weapons with undiminished security for all
Functions: through a realistic, pragmatic, and responsible approach.
• The G7, or Group of Seven, is an intergovernmental economic organization • Global Partnership on AI (GPAI): An international initiative to support
consisting of the world's seven largest advanced economies: Canada, responsible and human-centric development and use of AI, with India joining
France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. as a founding member in 2020.
• The European Union is also represented within the G7. • Support for Ukraine: G7 leaders reaffirmed their commitment to supporting
• The group meets annually to discuss economic policies, and its finance Ukraine by providing additional military and financial assistance amidst its
ministers meet semi-annually. The G7 focuses on issues such as global conflict with Russia.
economic governance, international security, and energy policy. • De-risking from China: G7 pledged to work together to counter China's
• The organization was originally known as the G8 with Russia as a member, economic coercion while promoting fair and open trade.
but Russia was suspended in 2014 due to the annexation of Crimea. • Global Food Crisis: Launched a new initiative to provide $5 billion in food
assistance to countries most affected by the crisis.

G20
Investment in Clean Energy and Infrastructure: Announced plans
to invest USD 600 billion in clean energy and infrastructure over the The G20 (Group of Twenty) is a premier forum for international economic
next five years. cooperation, comprising 19 countries and the European Union. It was
founded in 1999 in response to the Asian financial crisis to bring together
India: major advanced and emerging economies.
India is not a member of the G7 but has been invited as a guest to
participate in some of the summits. India is involved in initiatives Member Countries:
such as the Global Partnership on AI, where it joined as a founding The G20 includes Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France,
member. Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia,
South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United
States, and the European Union.
Role and Functions
Structure and Meetings
The G20 addresses global economic and financial issues, aiming to: The G20 operates through annual summits, ministerial meetings,
• Foster global economic stability and sustainable growth. and working groups. The presidency rotates annually among
• Reform international financial institutions. members, who set agendas focusing on pressing global issues.
• Improve financial regulation.
• Address issues like climate change, food security, and global health.

India and the G20 India's G20 Presidency (2022-2023)

Significance of India’s Role During its presidency, India emphasized the theme "One Earth, One
India, as a major emerging economy, plays a significant role in the Family, One Future." Key focus areas included:
G20. Its contributions include advocating for the interests of • Climate action and sustainability.
developing countries, pushing for sustainable development, and • Inclusive growth and economic resilience.
promoting digital transformation. • Technological transformation and digital public infrastructure.
• Reinvigorating multilateral institutions.
• G20 Summit 2023 Highlights
Key Outcomes Major Concerns and Areas of Cooperation

• African Union Membership: The African Union was inducted as a • Climate Change: Addressing global warming through coordinated
permanent member of the G20, enhancing representation from efforts and promoting renewable energy sources.
developing regions. • Global Health: Strengthening global health architecture, pandemic
• Global Biofuel Alliance: Launched to promote sustainable biofuel preparedness, and response mechanisms.
production and use. • Economic Inequality: Promoting inclusive trade policies and
• India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor: Agreed to enhance supporting developing nations.
trade and energy links between these regions. • Corruption: Enhancing mechanisms for asset recovery and anti-
• New Delhi Leaders Declaration: Adopted, focusing on inclusive corruption measures.
growth, sustainable development, and reforms in global institutions. • Gender Equality: Advocating for women's economic empowerment
and gender equality in all sectors.

Cooperation Mechanisms Conclusion

• Financial Stability Board (FSB): Monitors and makes
The G20 remains a crucial platform for addressing global economic
recommendations about the global financial system.
challenges and fostering cooperation among the world's largest
• G20 Development Working Group (DWG): Focuses on development
economies. Its initiatives and decisions significantly impact global
issues, particularly in low-income countries.
economic policies and international relations.​
• Digital Economy Task Force (DETF): Works on digitalization, data
governance, and bridging the digital divide.
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

Introduction:

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a military alliance

established on April 4, 1949, through the signing of the North
Atlantic Treaty, also known as the Washington Treaty. NATO was
founded to provide collective security against the Soviet Union
during the Cold War. It is headquartered in Brussels, Belgium.

Objectives

• Collective Defense: NATO's primary objective is to ensure the defense

and security of its member countries through collective defense, as
outlined in Article 5 of the Washington Treaty, which states that an attack
against one ally is considered an attack against all allies.
• Crisis Management: NATO is committed to crisis management,
including conflict prevention and crisis response.
• Cooperative Security: The alliance works to promote stability and
security through partnerships and cooperation with non-member
countries and international organizations.
 Structure
Membership
• North Atlantic Council (NAC): The main decision-making body,
NATO started with 12 founding members: Belgium, Canada,
comprising representatives from all member countries.
Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,
• Military Committee: Advises the NAC and oversees military
Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It
operations.
has since expanded to 31 member countries.
• Secretary General: The chief administrative officer of NATO,
responsible for coordinating the alliance's activities.
• Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR): The head of
NATO's military operations.

Key Operations and Missions

Partnerships and Cooperation
• Operation Allied Force (1999): NATO's military intervention in Kosovo to
stop human rights abuses by the Yugoslav government. Partnership for Peace (PfP): A program aimed at building trust and
• International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan (2001- cooperation between NATO and non-member countries in Europe and the
2014): NATO's mission to provide security and build Afghan security former Soviet Union.
forces. Mediterranean Dialogue: A forum for cooperation between NATO and
• Operation Ocean Shield (2009-2016):Anti-piracy operation off the Horn Mediterranean countries to promote regional security.
of Africa. Istanbul Cooperation Initiative: Aimed at fostering relations with Middle
• Enhanced Forward Presence (2017-present):Deployment of Eastern countries.
multinational battlegroups in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland to NATO-Russia Council: Established in 2002 to facilitate dialogue and
deter aggression. cooperation, though currently strained due to geopolitical tensions.
Key Projects and Initiatives Challenges

Geopolitical Tensions: Strained relations with Russia, particularly

Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD): Aimed at protecting NATO members
after the annexation of Crimea in 2014.
from missile attacks.
Burden Sharing: Disparities in defence spending among member
Cyber Defense: Enhancing NATO's capabilities to protect against cyber
countries, with the U.S. often shouldering a significant portion of the
threats and attacks.
financial burden.
Readiness Action Plan: Strengthening NATO's rapid deployment
Emerging Threats: Adapting to new security challenges such as cyber
capabilities.
attacks, terrorism, and hybrid warfare.
Smart Defense: Promoting efficient defense spending and capability
Internal Unity: Ensuring cohesion and consensus among a diverse
sharing among member nations.
group of member countries with varying national interests and priorities.

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

(UNCLOS)

Introduction:
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is an
international agreement that establishes a legal framework for marine
and maritime activities. It was adopted on December 10, 1982, and
came into force on November 16, 1994. Often referred to as the
"Constitution for the Oceans," it sets out the rights and responsibilities of
nations regarding their use of the world's oceans.
Objectives Maritime Zones

Regulation of Maritime Zones: Defines territorial seas, exclusive Territorial Sea: Up to 12 nautical miles from the baseline; full sovereignty
economic zones (EEZ), and continental shelves. of coastal states.
Sovereignty Rights: Establishes nations' rights and responsibilities for Contiguous Zone: Up to 24 nautical miles; coastal states can enforce
marine resource use. laws on customs, immigration, and pollution.
Environmental Protection: Provides guidelines for protecting the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): Up to 200 nautical miles; coastal
marine environment. states have rights over natural resources.
Dispute Resolution: Offers mechanisms to resolve maritime boundary Continental Shelf: Up to 200 nautical miles or further if the natural
disputes. prolongation extends; rights to seabed resources.

Key Provisions

Freedom of Navigation: Ships of all states can pass through territorial seas
and high seas.
Marine Resources: Legal framework for exploiting marine resources.
Environmental Protection: States must protect the marine environment and
cooperate on global and regional levels.
Scientific Research: Regulates marine scientific research for peaceful
purposes.
Dispute Settlement: Provides a system for resolving disputes, including
ITLOS and ICJ.
Institutions and Bodies

International Seabed Authority (ISA): Regulates mineral-related activities

Key Projects and Initiatives
beyond national jurisdiction.
Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS): Advises on Sustainable Fisheries: Manages and conserves fish stocks, combats
continental shelf boundaries. illegal fishing.
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS): Adjudicates disputes Marine Biodiversity: Protects marine biodiversity, establishes marine
under UNCLOS. protected areas.
Deep-Sea Mining: Regulates deep-sea mining to ensure
environmental protection and resource sharing.

India and UNCLOS International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)
India's EEZ: Approximately 2.37 million square kilometers, rich in
Introduction:
resources.
The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) is a judicial body
Maritime Boundary Agreements: India has resolved disputes with
established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
several neighbors.
(UNCLOS) to resolve maritime disputes. It was established in 1996 and is
Marine Resource Management: Active in sustainable management of
headquartered in Hamburg, Germany.
marine resources.
Security Concerns: Faces challenges like piracy and illegal fishing,
works on maritime security.
 Objectives

Dispute Resolution: Handles disputes related to maritime boundaries,

marine resources, and environmental issues.
Advisory Opinions: Provides legal advice on maritime matters.
Structure
Composition:21 independent judges elected for nine-year terms.
Specialized Chambers: Includes chambers for specific disputes like
fisheries and marine environment.

Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)

Introduction:
The Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) is an intergovernmental
organization aimed at strengthening regional cooperation and sustainable
development within the Indian Ocean region. Established in 1997, it
includes 23 member states and 10 dialogue partners.
 Objectives Structure

Promote Sustainable Development: Enhance economic growth and Council of Ministers: The highest decision-making body, comprising
sustainable development in the Indian Ocean region. foreign ministers of member states.
Regional Cooperation: Foster regional cooperation and closer interaction Committee of Senior Officials: Implements decisions of the Council
among member states. of Ministers.
Maritime Security: Enhance maritime safety and security, including Working Groups and Committees: Focus on specific areas such as
disaster risk management. trade, investment, fisheries management, and disaster risk
management.

Key Areas of Cooperation Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System

for Africa and Asia (RIMES)
Trade and Investment: Promoting economic integration and trade
facilitation among member states. Introduction:
Maritime Safety and Security: Ensuring safe and secure shipping routes The Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System for Africa and
and addressing piracy and other maritime threats. Asia (RIMES) is an international and intergovernmental institution focused
Fisheries Management: Sustainable management of fisheries resources. on strengthening early warning and enhancing preparedness for natural
Disaster Risk Management: Enhancing regional capacity to manage hazards. Established in 2009, RIMES serves its member states by
natural disasters and climate change impacts. providing accurate and timely early warning information to minimize
Academic and Science & Technology Cooperation: Promoting disaster risks.
research and development through collaborative projects.
Key Areas of Cooperation
Notable Initiatives
Hazard Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of hazards such as cyclones,
Tsunami Early Warning: Implementation of a robust tsunami early
tsunamis, droughts, and floods.
warning system for the Indian Ocean region.
Data Sharing: Facilitation of data sharing among member states for
Flood Forecasting: Advanced flood forecasting and warning systems to
better hazard prediction and response.
mitigate flood risks in vulnerable regions.
Training and Workshops: Organizing training programs and workshops
Drought Monitoring: Comprehensive drought monitoring and
to build local capacities in disaster risk management.
management programs to support agriculture and water resource
Community-Based Early Warning: Developing and promoting
management.
community-based early warning systems to ensure local-level
preparedness.

Wassenaar Arrangement Key Activities

Information Exchange: Participating states share information on their

Introduction:
transfers of conventional arms and dual-use goods to enhance
The Wassenaar Arrangement (WA) is an international export control
transparency.
regime aimed at promoting transparency and responsibility in the
Control Lists: Maintain and update control lists of items subject to
transfer of conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies. It
export controls. These lists include military goods and dual-use items
was established in 1996 in Wassenaar, Netherlands, to contribute to
that can have both civilian and military applications.
regional and international security and stability.
Best Practices: Develop and promote best practices and guidelines
for export control procedures among participating states.
Participating States Key Principles

• As of now, the Wassenaar Arrangement has 42 participating states, National Responsibility: Each participating state is responsible for
including major arms exporters and technology holders such as the implementing export controls and ensuring compliance with the WA's
United States, Russia, Japan, and India. guidelines.
• India joined the Wassenaar Arrangement in December 2017, becoming No Undercut Policy: States agree not to approve an export that another
the 42nd participating state. participating state has previously denied for security reasons.
Non-Proliferation: Contribute to global non-proliferation efforts by
controlling the transfer of arms and sensitive technologies.

Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) Objectives

The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is a multinational body that seeks to Non-Proliferation: Prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and
prevent nuclear proliferation by controlling the export and transfer of materials, related technology.
technology, and equipment that can be used to develop nuclear weapons. Export Control: Regulate the transfer of nuclear materials and
Established in 1974 following India's first nuclear test, the NSG aims to ensure technology to ensure they are used for peaceful purposes.
that nuclear trade for peaceful purposes does not contribute to the proliferation Security: Enhance international security by preventing nuclear
of nuclear weapons. terrorism.
Key Activities

• Control Lists: Maintain lists of nuclear-related materials, equipment, and

India and NSG
technology that are subject to export controls.
• Guidelines: Develop and update guidelines for nuclear exports to prevent
misuse. India applied for NSG membership in 2016, supported by several member
• Information Sharing: Facilitate information exchange among members on countries but opposed by some due to its non-signatory status to the
sensitive nuclear trade. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).

Membership
The NSG has 48 participating countries, including major nuclear suppliers such
as the United States, Russia, China, and France. India is not a member but has
sought membership to integrate into the global non-proliferation regime.

Objectives
Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)
Non-Proliferation: Prevent the spread of missile technology capable of
The Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) is an informal political delivering nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons.
understanding among states aimed at preventing the proliferation of Export Control: Establish export control policies for missile-related
missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles capable of delivering weapons of technology and equipment.
mass destruction. Established in 1987, the MTCR seeks to restrict the Security: Enhance global security by limiting the proliferation of delivery
spread of missile technology. systems for WMDs.
 Membership
Key Activities
The MTCR has 35 member countries, including major missile technology
Control Lists: Maintain the MTCR Equipment, Software, and holders such as the United States, Russia, France, and India.
Technology Annex, which lists items subject to export controls.
Guidelines: Develop guidelines for missile exports to ensure they are India and MTCR
not used for WMD delivery.
Information Sharing: Facilitate the exchange of information on sensitive
• Membership: India joined the MTCR in 2016, enhancing its credibility in the
missile trade.
global non-proliferation regime.
• Space and Defense Cooperation: Membership has allowed India to
engage in high-technology trade and collaboration in space and defense
sectors.

Australia Group Key Activities

The Australia Group is an informal forum of countries that seeks to prevent the • Control Lists: Maintain lists of chemical and biological agents, as well as
proliferation of chemical and biological weapons by controlling the export of related equipment and technology, subject to export controls.
related materials, equipment, and technology. Established in 1985, the • Guidelines: Develop export control guidelines to ensure that exports do not
Australia Group was formed in response to the use of chemical weapons in the contribute to WMD proliferation.
Iran-Iraq War. • Information Sharing: Facilitate the exchange of information on sensitive
trade and proliferation concerns.
 Financial Action Task Force (FATF)

Membership The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is an intergovernmental

organization established in 1989 to combat money laundering, terrorist
• The Australia Group has 43 member countries, including major financing, and other related threats to the integrity of the international
chemical and biological technology holders such as the United financial system. It sets standards and promotes effective
States, European Union countries, Australia, and Japan. implementation of legal, regulatory, and operational measures for
• India joined the Australia Group in 2018, strengthening its combating these threats.
commitment to non-proliferation.
Objectives Key Activities

• Combat Money Laundering • Develop and update FATF Recommendations, which are globally
• Counter Terrorist Financing recognized standards for combating money laundering and terrorist
• Enhance Financial Transparency financing.
• Conduct peer reviews of member countries to assess compliance with FATF
Structure standards.
• Identify jurisdictions with strategic deficiencies in combating money
laundering and terrorist financing, leading to potential sanctions.
The main decision-making body, comprising representatives from all member
countries, meets three times a year.
• President: Elected from among its members for a one-year term to oversee Membership
FATF activities.
• Working Groups: Specialized groups focusing on different aspects like FATF has 39 members, including major economies and regional organizations.
evaluation, policy development, and implementation. India is a member and actively participates in FATF activities.

The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) keeps two lists to help combat
money laundering and terrorist financing: International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL)
Black List: This list includes countries with very serious problems in their
Introduction:
systems to prevent money laundering and terrorist financing. These countries
The International Criminal Police Organization, commonly known as
are considered high-risk and are often subject to economic sanctions and other
INTERPOL, is an international organization that facilitates cooperation and
measures to protect the international financial system.
collaboration among law enforcement agencies worldwide. Established in 1923,
INTERPOL aims to combat transnational crime and enhance global security.
Grey List: This list includes countries that have some problems in their
systems but are working to fix them. These countries have committed to
improving their measures to combat money laundering and terrorist financing
within a certain period.
Objectives
Key Activities
Facilitate International Cooperation: Enable police forces worldwide
to collaborate and share information. Criminal Databases: Maintain and share databases of criminal
Combat Transnational Crime: Address a wide range of crimes, information, including fingerprints, DNA profiles, and stolen property.
including terrorism, human trafficking, drug trafficking, cybercrime, and Red Notices: Issue international alerts for the arrest of wanted
corruption. persons.
Support Member States: Provide technical and operational support to
member countries' law enforcement agencies.

Membership
World Economic Forum (WEF)
INTERPOL has 195 member countries, making it one of the largest
international organizations. India is an active member, leveraging INTERPOL's
resources for combating transnational crime. The World Economic Forum (WEF) is a Swiss-based non-governmental
organization founded in 1971. It is best known for its annual meeting in Davos,
Switzerland, which brings together business leaders, politicians, academics,
India and INTERPOL
and other influential individuals to discuss global economic issues.

• Collaboration: India collaborates with INTERPOL on various investigations

and uses its databases and alerts to track and apprehend criminals.
• Capacity Building: INTERPOL provides training and technical support to
Indian law enforcement agencies.
 Objectives

• Public-Private Cooperation: Promote collaboration between the public and Key Activities
private sectors.
• Global Issues: Address major global challenges, including economic • Reports and Publications: Regularly publishes reports such as the Global
development, environmental sustainability, and social issues. Competitiveness Report, Global Risk Report, and Global Gender Gap
• Thought Leadership: Foster dialogue and generate ideas for tackling Report.
global problems. • Initiatives: Projects like the Great Reset, Fourth Industrial Revolution, and
Sustainable Development Impact Summit.
Structure • Partnerships: Collaborates with international organizations, governments,
and businesses to drive change.
• Annual Meeting: The Davos meeting, where leaders from various sectors
discuss global issues.
• Regional Meetings: Held in various parts of the world to address regional
challenges.

International Solar Alliance (ISA)

International Solar Alliance (ISA)

The International Solar Alliance (ISA) is an alliance, initiated by India and

France, launched in 2015 during the Paris Climate Conference (COP21).
The ISA aims to promote solar energy and reduce dependence on fossil
fuels. India plays a crucial role in leading and supporting ISA initiatives.
Objectives International Energy Agency (IEA)

Solar Energy Promotion: Promote the use of solar energy • The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an autonomous intergovernmental
worldwide. organization established in 1974 in response to the 1973 oil crisis. It aims to
Investment Mobilization: Mobilize $1 trillion in investments for solar ensure reliable, affordable, and clean energy for its member countries and
energy projects by 2030. beyond.
Capacity Building: Enhance the capacity of countries to adopt solar • The IEA has 31 member countries, including major energy consumers like
energy technologies. the United States, Japan, Germany, and India. Non-member countries also
participate in IEA activities as associate members.

Objectives Key Activities

• Energy Security: Enhance the security of energy supply through diversified • Reports and Analysis: Publishes reports such as the World
energy sources. Energy Outlook and Energy Technology Perspectives.
• Economic Growth: Promote economic growth through sustainable energy • Policy Recommendations: Provides policy advice and
policies. recommendations to member and non-member countries.
• Environmental Sustainability: Support efforts to reduce greenhouse gas • Data and Statistics: Collects and disseminates energy data and
emissions and mitigate climate change. statistics globally.
 Arctic Council
AUKUS
AUKUS is a trilateral security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom, and The Arctic Council is an intergovernmental forum established in 1996 to
the United States, announced on September 15, 2021. The pact aims to promote cooperation, coordination, and interaction among Arctic states and
enhance security and defense cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region. indigenous communities. It addresses environmental protection and
sustainable development in the Arctic region.
Objectives
Objectives
• Defense Collaboration: Strengthen military capabilities and defense
cooperation among the three nations. • Environmental Protection: Promote the sustainable management and
• Regional Security: Enhance security in the Indo-Pacific region in response protection of the Arctic environment.
to rising geopolitical tensions. • Sustainable Development: Foster sustainable development in the Arctic,
• Technology Sharing: Facilitate the transfer of advanced technologies, balancing environmental, economic, and social aspects.
including nuclear-powered submarines. • Research and Monitoring: Facilitate research and monitoring activities to
• Australia will acquire nuclear-powered submarines with support from the US understand and address Arctic issues.
and the UK, enhancing its naval capabilities.

Structure Significance

Member States: Eight Arctic states (Canada, Denmark, Finland, Environmental Stewardship: Plays a crucial role in addressing
Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States). climate change and environmental degradation in the Arctic.
Permanent Participants: Indigenous organizations representing Indigenous Involvement: Ensures the participation of indigenous
Arctic communities. communities in decision-making processes.
Working Groups: Specialized groups focusing on issues like Arctic International Cooperation: Fosters collaboration among Arctic states
monitoring, marine protection, and emergency prevention. and with non-Arctic states interested in the region.
 Objectives

Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) Trade Facilitation

Digital Economy
• The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) is an Clean Energy
initiative launched by the United States in May 2022 to enhance Anti-Corruption
economic cooperation and resilience among Indo-Pacific countries.
• The framework focuses on creating a free, open, and inclusive Indo- Member Countries
Pacific region, promoting fair trade, and addressing regional challenges The framework includes countries from the Indo-Pacific region,
collaboratively. such as the United States, Japan, India, Australia, and several
ASEAN nations.

Key Areas of Focus Regional Comprehensive Economic

Partnership (RCEP)
• Trade: Simplifying customs procedures and reducing
trade barriers. The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
• Digital Economy: Encouraging digital innovation and (RCEP) is a free trade agreement among 15 Asia-Pacific
protecting online data. nations, including China, Japan, South Korea, Australia,
• Supply Chains: Strengthening supply chains to prevent New Zealand, and the 10 ASEAN countries. It was signed in
disruptions. November 2020 and aims to create a comprehensive and
• Clean Energy: Promoting renewable energy and modern trade environment in the region.
reducing carbon emissions.
• Anti-Corruption: Implementing policies to combat
corruption and enhance governance.
Key Areas of Focus European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
• Tariff Reduction: Gradually eliminate tariffs on goods traded
within the bloc.
• The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) is a regional trade
• Trade in Services: Enhance market access for service providers.
organization and free trade area comprising four European countries:
• Investment Protections: Ensure fair treatment and protection for
• Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. Established in 1960, EFTA
investors.
promotes free trade and economic integration among its members and with
• Intellectual Property: Improve enforcement of intellectual
other countries.
property rights.
Objectives
Member Countries • Free Trade
• ASEAN Member States: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, • Economic Integration
Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, • Global Trade
Vietnam.
• Plus Five: China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand.

Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement Key Areas of Focus

(APTA)
Member Countries • Tariff Concessions: Provide tariff concessions on selected
goods.
The Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement • Trade Facilitation: Simplify customs procedures and reduce
• Bangladesh
(APTA) is a preferential trade agreement
• China trade barriers.
among developing countries in the Asia- • Economic Integration: Enhance economic cooperation and
• India
Pacific region.
• Laos integration.
It aims to promote economic • Capacity Building: Support capacity-building initiatives in
• South Korea
development through trade liberalization
• Sri Lanka member countries.
and cooperation.
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
(TPNW)
• The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) is a
multilateral agreement that bans all nuclear explosions, both for • The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), also
civilian and military purposes. known as the Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty, is the first legally
• The treaty was adopted by the United Nations General binding international agreement to comprehensively prohibit
Assembly on September 10, 1996, but it has not yet entered nuclear weapons, with the goal of leading towards their total
into force due to the requirement that all 44 nuclear-capable elimination. It was adopted on July 7, 2017, and entered into
states must ratify it. force on January 22, 2021.
• India has not signed or ratified the CTBT. • The treaty has been signed by over 80 countries and ratified by
more than 50.
• India has not signed or ratified the TPNW.

Astana Declaration
Objectives
• The Astana Declaration was adopted at the Global
• Prohibition: Ban the use, threat of use, development, Conference on Primary Health Care in Astana,
testing, production, acquisition, possession, stockpiling, and Kazakhstan, in October 2018. It reaffirms the principles of
transfer of nuclear weapons. the Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978 and emphasizes the
• Assistance and Remediation: Provide assistance to importance of primary health care.
victims of nuclear weapons use and testing and • India participated in the Global Conference on Primary
environmental remediation. Health Care in Astana and is committed to strengthening
primary health care.
 Objectives
Hague Code of Conduct (HCOC)
• Recommit to providing universal access to essential health
services. • The Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile
• Ensure everyone has access to the health services they Proliferation (HCOC) is a voluntary, legally non-binding
need without financial hardship. international agreement aimed at preventing the
• Emphasizes the role of primary health care in achieving proliferation of ballistic missiles capable of delivering
universal health coverage and the Sustainable weapons of mass destruction.
Development Goals (SDGs). • India subscribed to the Hague Code of Conduct against
• Calls for increased investment in primary health care and Ballistic Missile Proliferation.
health systems strengthening.

Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)

Key Points The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is an arms control treaty
that outlaws the production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons
• Transparency and Confidence-Building: Enhance and their precursors. It was adopted in 1992 and entered into force in
transparency and build confidence among states regarding 1997.
ballistic missile programs. India is a signatory and has ratified the CWC.
• Prevention of Proliferation: Prevent the spread of ballistic
missiles capable of delivering WMDs. Key Points
• Members also commit to submitting an annual declaration of
their ballistic missile policies. • Elimination of Chemical Weapons: Destroy existing chemical
weapons and production facilities.
• The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
oversees the implementation of the CWC.
Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)

The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) is the first multilateral Budapest Convention
disarmament treaty banning the production and use of an entire
category of weapons. • The Budapest Convention on Cybercrime is the first
international treaty seeking to address Internet and
Key Points computer crime by harmonizing national laws, improving
investigative techniques, and increasing cooperation among
nations.
• Prohibition: Ban the development, production, and acquisition of
• India has not signed the Budapest Convention on
biological and toxin weapons.
Cybercrime.
• Disarmament: Promote the destruction of existing stockpiles of
such weapons.
• India is a signatory and has ratified the BWC.

Key Points
Geneva Conventions
• Provide a comprehensive framework for combating cybercrime.
• Enhance international cooperation to fight cybercrime. • The Geneva Conventions are a set of four treaties and three
• The convention covers offenses against the confidentiality, additional protocols that establish international legal
integrity, and availability of computer data and systems, as well standards for humanitarian treatment in war. They were
as content-related offenses and offenses related to adopted in 1949, with protocols added later.
infringements of copyright. • India is a signatory and has ratified the Geneva Conventions.
Key Points Antarctic Treaty
• Protection of Victims of War: Protect those who are not • The Antarctic Treaty, signed in 1959 and entered into
taking part in the fighting, such as civilians, health workers, force in 1961, regulates international relations
and aid workers, as well as those who are no longer concerning Antarctica, the only continent without a
participating, like wounded soldiers and prisoners of war. native human population.
• The conventions cover the treatment of the wounded and • India acceded to the Antarctic Treaty in 1983.
sick in armed forces in the field and at sea, prisoners of war,
and civilians.

Open Skies Treaty

The Open Skies Treaty, signed in 1992 and entered into force in
Key Points 2002, allows for unarmed aerial surveillance flights over the entire
territory of its participants.
• Peaceful Use: Ensure that Antarctica is used for peaceful
purposes only. Key Points
• Scientific Cooperation: Promote international scientific
cooperation in Antarctica. • Transparency: Promote transparency and mutual understanding
• The treaty prohibits military activity, mineral mining, and through aerial surveillance.
nuclear testing. • Confidence-Building: Enhance confidence-building measures
among member states.
• The treaty allows for the collection of information on military forces
and activities.
Outer Space Treaty

The Outer Space Treaty, formally known as the Treaty on Principles

Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Minerals Security Partnership (MSP)
Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, was
adopted in 1967. • The Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) is an international
initiative aimed at securing the supply of critical minerals
Key Points essential for the transition to clean energy technologies.
• It focuses on minerals such as lithium, cobalt, and rare earth
elements essential for batteries and renewable energy
• Peaceful Use of Space: Ensure that space exploration and use
technologies.
are conducted for the benefit of all countries.
• Prohibit Weapons of Mass Destruction: Ban the placement of
nuclear weapons and other WMDs in space.
• The treaty establishes that outer space is free for exploration and
use by all states but is not subject to national appropriation.

Key Points
Key Concepts in the News:
• Ensure a stable supply of critical minerals. 1. Rules-Based World Order
• Promote sustainable mining practices and transparent supply chains.
2. India’s Evolving Foreign Policy Dynamics
• The partnership involves cooperation among countries to diversify
sources of critical minerals. 3. Indian Diaspora

Key Concepts in the News: Rules-Based World Order and India’s

Evolving Foreign Policy Dynamics
 Key Principles
Rules-Based World Order • Sovereign Equality: All states have equal rights and obligations
under international law.
• The concept of a rules-based world order refers to an • Non-Intervention: States should not interfere in the internal affairs
international system where rules, norms, and laws govern of others.
state behavior, promoting peace, security, and cooperation. • Peaceful Resolution of Disputes: Conflicts should be resolved
• It contrasts with a power-based order where might dictates through dialogue and legal mechanisms.
actions. • Human Rights Protection: Upholding and promoting human rights
universally.
• International Cooperation: Collaboration on global issues like
trade, climate change, and security.

Challenges to the Rules-Based Order

Institutions and Agreements
• Great Power Rivalry: Tensions between major powers like the
• United Nations (UN): Central to maintaining international peace US, China, and Russia.
and security, fostering cooperation. • Regional Conflicts: Ongoing conflicts in regions like the
• World Trade Organization (WTO): Facilitates smooth Middle East and Eastern Europe.
international trade under agreed rules. • Non-State Actors: Terrorism and other actions by non-state
• International Court of Justice (ICJ): Settles disputes between entities that challenge state authority.
states according to international law. • Economic Disparities: Inequities that lead to trade tensions
and instability.
Evolving Dynamics of India’s Foreign Policy Current Strategies

India's foreign policy has evolved significantly, reflecting its growing economic • Act East Policy: Enhanced engagement with Southeast Asia
and strategic clout. and beyond, promoting economic and security cooperation.
• Neighborhood First Policy: Prioritizing strong relations with
Historical Context neighboring countries for regional stability and cooperation.
• Economic Diplomacy: Fostering global trade ties, participating
• Non-Alignment Movement (NAM): Post-independence, India pursued non- in international economic forums like G20.
alignment, avoiding alignment with major power blocs. • Security and Defense: Strengthening military capabilities,
• Look East Policy: Initiated in the 1990s, focusing on improving ties with engaging in defense partnerships (e.g., with the US, France,
Southeast Asian nations. Israel).
• Multilateralism: Active participation in global and regional
organizations like UN, BRICS, SCO, and QUAD.

Key Bilateral Relations Emerging Trends

• United States: Strategic partnership encompassing defense, • Indo-Pacific Strategy: Focus on maintaining a free, open, and
trade, and technology. inclusive Indo-Pacific region.
• China: Complex relationship marked by cooperation and • Digital and Cyber Diplomacy: Addressing challenges and
competition, especially over border issues. opportunities in the digital domain.
• Russia: Traditional defense partner, though the relationship is • Energy Security: Diversifying energy sources, including
now more pragmatic and transactional. renewable energy collaborations.
• European Union: Strong economic ties and collaboration on
global issues like climate change.
Challenges Indian Diaspora
• Border Disputes: Ongoing tensions with China and Pakistan. What is Diaspora?
• Balancing Relations: Navigating relationships with rival powers like the US The term "diaspora" comes from the Greek word "diaspeirein,"
and Russia. meaning "dispersion." It refers to people from a specific
• Regional Instability: Political and security challenges in South Asia. country or region living outside their homeland, either
temporarily or permanently. In the context of India, the
Conclusion diaspora includes Non-Resident Indians (NRIs), Persons of
Indian Origin (PIOs), and Overseas Citizens of India (OCIs).
India's foreign policy continues to adapt to global shifts, aiming to enhance its
strategic autonomy, economic growth, and global influence.

Factors Responsible for Growth of Diaspora Pull Factors:

1. Economic Opportunities: Higher wages and better living
Push Factors: standards abroad.
1. Economic Hardships: Poverty and lack of job opportunities 1. Example: Indian doctors migrating to the US, UK, Canada, and
drive migration. Australia.
1. Example: Venezuelan exodus due to economic crisis. 2. Political Freedom and Religious Tolerance: Democratic
2. Social Discrimination: Discrimination based on race, religion, societies attract migrants.
gender, etc., prompts people to seek better environments. 1. Example: Emigration from Hong Kong post-National Security
1. Example: Rohingya exodus from Myanmar. Law.
3. Conflict and Persecution: Wars and political oppression force 3. Social Amenities and Services: Better education and
people to flee. healthcare facilities.
1. Example: Jewish migration from Germany during the Holocaust. 1. Example: Retirees moving to Spain and Portugal for social
4. Environmental Factors: Natural disasters displace security.
populations. 4. Family Reunification: Joining family members abroad.
1. Example: Desertification in the Sahel region.
 Historical Context of Indian Diaspora
Other Factors:
1. Trade and Globalization: Economic networks facilitate 1. First Wave: Early migration of traders leading to coastal
migration. communities with ties in East Asia, Southeast Asia, East
1. Example: Indian traders moving to Malaysia and Africa, and Central Asia.
Singapore. 2. Second Wave: Indentured labor migration during the colonial
2. Technological Advancements: Improved era to places like Mauritius, Malaya, and the Caribbean.
transportation and communication. 3. Third Wave: Post-World War II migrations, including those
3. Cultural Ties: Existing cultural and historical driven by partition and economic opportunities in the Gulf.
connections. 4. Fourth Wave: "Twice migrants" from countries like Suriname
moving to the Netherlands.

Significance of Diaspora
For Host Countries:
Socio-Cultural:
1. Preservation of Traditions: Maintaining languages, dances, music, 1. Labor Force: Contribution to skilled and semi-skilled
and cuisine.
workforce.
2. Cross-Cultural Exchange: Festivals like Diwali promote cultural
2. Entrepreneurship: Boosting local economies through
understanding.
Economic: business ventures.
1. Remittances: Significant contributions to the Indian economy.
1. Example: India received $125 billion in remittances in 2023. Challenges Due to Growth of Diaspora
2. Trade and Commerce: Diaspora facilitates international trade and Individual and Family Level:
investment. 1. Family Disruption: Separation of families leading to
Political: psychological issues.
1. Bridging Gaps: Acts as informal ambassadors, fostering trust and 2. Loss of Identity: Struggles with cultural integration and
communication.
belonging.
2. Advocacy and Influence: Lobbying for policies beneficial to India.
Societal and National Level: For Destination Countries:

1. Brain Drain: Loss of skilled professionals hampers 1. Social Integration: Strain on resources and potential social
development. tensions.
2. Remittance Dependence: Economic instability due to 2. Cultural Clashes: Differences in customs leading to
fluctuating remittance flows. discrimination.
3. Erosion of Cultural Heritage: Loss of connection to traditions. 3. Security Concerns: Risks of extremism and unrest.
4. Political Influence: Diaspora may exert undue influence on
home country politics.

Region-Specific Challenges
Europe, North America, and Australia:
West Asia:
1. Regional Conflicts: Exposure to violence and need for 1. Secessionist Movements: Pro-Khalistan activities creating
evacuation operations. geopolitical tensions.
2. Labor Market Uncertainties: Policies like "Saudisation" 2. Discrimination and Racism: Ethnic and racial biases.
causing job losses. 3. Professional Challenges: Recognition of qualifications and
3. Exploitation: Poor working conditions and abuse. career advancement issues.
4. Security Threats: Radicalization and extremism risks. 4. Legal and Immigration Issues: Stress from uncertain
immigration policies.
Measures by Indian Government
International Instruments for Protection
Institutional Measures:
1. Merger of Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs with MEA. 1. Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular
2. Pravasi Bharatiya Kendra for cultural engagement. Migration (2018): Non-binding framework for migration
Digital Outreach: governance.
1. e-Migrate system for employment.
2. New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants
2. Students Registration Portal for emergency contact.
3. Pravasi Rishta Portal for communication. (2016): Commitment to protect migrant rights.
Economic Measures: 3. International Convention on the Protection of the
1. Liberalized FDI norms. Rights of All Migrant Workers (1990): Preventing
2. Diaspora bonds for investment. exploitation.
Bilateral Agreements: 4. International Organization for Migration (IOM):
1. Migration and Mobility Partnerships (e.g., with France, Italy). Promoting humane migration.
2. Labor Manpower Agreements with Gulf countries.
 Q.How will 12U2 (India, Israel, UAE, and USA) grouping transform
Q. ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and
India’s position in global politics? [250 Words] [15 Marks] [2022]
economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with
examples. [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2020]
Q. Quadrilateral Security Dialogue(Quad)’ is transforming itself into
Q. India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times–Discuss.[250
recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement. Words] [15 Marks] [2020]
[150 Words] [10 Marks] [2022]
Q. Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organization like the
Q. With respect to the South China sea, maritime territorial disputes SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the
and rising tension affirm the need for safeguarding maritime security two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming
to ensure freedom of navigation and over flight throughout the this new organisation? [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2022]
region. In this context, discuss the bilateral issues between India
and China. [200 Words] [12.5 Marks] [2014]
Q. Discuss the impediments India is facing in its pursuit of a
permanent seat in UNSC. [200 Words][12.5 Marks] [2015]
 Join me on Telegram: https://t.me/PrachiMaam_Testbook
Q. Indian diaspora has scaled new heights in the West.
Describe its economic and political benefits for India. [10
Marks] [2023]

Q. Virus of Conflict is affecting the functioning of the SCO’. In

the light of the above statement point out the role of India in
mitigating the problems. [10 Marks] [2023]

Q. Project ‘Mausam’ is considered a unique foreign policy

initiative of Indian government to improve relationship with its
neighbours. Does the project have a strategic dimension?
Discuss. [200 Words] [12.5 Marks] [2015]