O Level (M1-R5.

1 – ITNB/ Fundamental)

DAY 01 - Today Topics

❑ What is Computer?
❑ Full Form of Computer?
❑ Evolutions of Computer?
❑ Overview of Input & Output Devices
❑ How does Computer Works?
❑ Generations of Computer?
❑ Advantages of Computer?
❑ Dis-Advantages of Computer?

Note: Assign homework on a basis. Lab Session Self Practice & Doubt Day 01
 O Level – ITNB
What is Computer? 1 – Introduction about Computer

1. The Word Computer derive from “Compute” , Which means

Calculation.
2. “Charles Babbage” is Father of Computer.
3. An electrical device that manipulates data, or information, is
called a computer. It is capable of processing, retrieving, and
storing data. You may already be aware that you can compose
papers, send emails, play games, and access the internet on a CHARLES BABBAGE
(Father of Computer)
computer.

Computer अंग्रेजी के compute word से लिया गया है जजसका हहंदी में अर्थ गणना करना होता
है । Computer को हहंदी में 'संगणक' कहा जाता है । Computer एक electronic machine है जो
data या information को process करके हमें उसका output दे ता है ।
Day 01
 O Level – ITNB
Full Form of Computer 1 – Introduction about Computer

C : Common
O : Operating
M : Machine
P : Particularly
U : Used For
T : Trade
E : Education
R : Research

HEC-2M कंप्यूटर, India का पहिा Digital Computer र्ा, जजसे 1955 के दौरान भारतीय
सांजययकी संस्र्ान, कोिकाता में import और स्र्ापपत ककया गया र्ा। इससे पहिे इस
संस्र्ान ने 1953 में एक छोटा Analog Computer पिकलसत ककया र्ा, जो तकनीकी रूप से
भारत का पहिा कंप्यट ू र है ।

Day 01
 O Level – ITNB
Evolution of Computer – All Evolutions 1 – Introduction about Computer

Day 01
 O Level – ITNB
Evolution of Computer – Abacus 1 – Introduction about Computer

1. The abacus is believed to have been invented by the ancient

Mesopotamians, in what is now modern-day Iraq, around
2700 to 2300 BC. The earliest known evidence of an abacus is
a clay tablet found in Mesopotamia that dates back to 2400
BC.
2. The abacus is known as the first calculating tool. It's also one
ABACUS
of the first inventions that led to the first computer, credited
to Charles Babbage in 1822.

अबेकस को प्रर्म गणना उपकरण के रूप में जाना जाता है । यह उन पहिे आपिष्कारों में से
एक है जजसके कारण पहिा कंप्यट
ू र बना, जजसका श्रेय 1822 में चार्लसथ बैबेज को हदया गया।

Day 01
 O Level – ITNB
Evolution of Computer – Napier Bones 1 – Introduction about Computer

1. John Napier of Merchiston, Scotland invented Napier's bones

in 1617. The device is a manually-operated abacus that
calculates products and quotients of numbers. Napier also
coined the word "rabdology" for his method, which is based
on lattice multiplication.
2. Napier is also known for discovering logarithms and
popularizing the use of the decimal point in mathematics and
arithmetic.

यह उपकरण मैन्युअि रूप से संचालित अबेकस है जो संययाओं के उत्पादों और भागफि की

गणना करता है । नेपपयर ने अपनी पद्धतत के लिए "रै बडोिॉजी" शब्द भी गढा, जो जािी
गुणन पर आधाररत है ।

Day 01
 O Level – ITNB
Evolution of Computer – Pascaline 1 – Introduction about Computer

1. Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher,

invented the Pascaline between 1642 and 1644. The Pascaline
was one of the first mechanical devices used for arithmetic
calculations.
2. Pascal was inspired to develop a calculator by the arithmetical
calculations required by his father's work as a tax supervisor.
It could only perform addition and subtraction, with numbers
being entered by manipulating its dials.

पास्कि को अपने पपता के कर पयथिेक्षक के काम के लिए आिश्यक अंकगणणतीय गणनाओं से

एक कैिकुिेटर पिकलसत करने की प्रेरणा लमिी। यह केिि जोड़ और घटाि ही कर सकता र्ा,
इसके डायि में हे रफेर करके संययाएँ दजथ की जाती र्ीं।

Day 01
 O Level – ITNB
Evolution of Computer – Leibniz Wheel 1 – Introduction about Computer

1. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invented the Leibniz wheel, also

known as the Leibniz calculator or stepped reckoner, around
1672 and completed it in 1694. The name comes from the
German term for its operating mechanism, Staffelwalze,
which means "stepped drum".
2. The Leibniz wheel is a mechanical calculator that is
considered a technical marvel of its time and is considered
one of the most precious cultural treasures of the 17th
century.
िीबतनज व्हीि एक यांत्रिक कैिकुिेटर है जजसे अपने समय का एक तकनीकी चमत्कार माना
जाता है और इसे 17िीं शताब्दी के सबसे कीमती सांस्कृततक खजानों में से एक माना जाता
है ।
Day 01
 O Level – ITNB
Evolution of Computer – Mark I 1 – Introduction about Computer

1. Howard Hathaway Aiken (1900-1973) was the original

conceptual designer behind the Harvard Mark I computer.
Aiken was a Harvard professor and physicist who designed
the Mark I in the late 1930s and early 1940s. The Mark I was
the first large-scale digital calculator and the first to automate
complex calculations.
2. The Mark I's main advantage was that it was fully automatic
and didn't require human intervention once it started. It was
also more reliable than early electronic computers.
माकथ I का मय ु य िाभ यह र्ा कक यह परू ी तरह से स्िचालित र्ा और शरू ु होने के बाद इसमें
मानिीय हस्तक्षेप की आिश्यकता नहीं र्ी। यह प्रारं लभक इिेक्ट्रॉतनक कंप्यूटरों की तुिना में
अधधक पिश्िसनीय भी र्ा।
Day 01
 O Level – ITNB
Evolution of Computer – Census Machine 1 – Introduction about Computer

1. Herman Hollerith invented the tabulating machine in the

1880s to help process data for the 1890 U.S. Census. The
machine was a counting machine that kept track of the
number of punched holes in cards. It used electrically-
operated components to capture and process census data by
"reading" holes on paper punch cards.
2. Hollerith's machine made adding census totals hundreds of
times faster than by hand.

यह मशीन एक धगनती करने िािी मशीन र्ी जो काडों में छे द ककए गए छे दों की संयया का
हहसाब रखती र्ी। इसने कागज के पंच काडों पर छे द करके जनगणना डेटा को पकड़ने और
संसाधधत करने के लिए Electrically-operated Components का उपयोग ककया।
Day 01
 O Level – ITNB
Evolution of Computer – Analytical Engine 1 – Introduction about Computer

1. Charles Babbage (1791-1871) invented the Analytical Engine,

which is generally considered the first computer. Babbage, an
English mathematician and computer pioneer, first described
the Analytical Engine in 1837. He worked on the engine until
his death in 1871.
2. The Analytical Engine was a mechanical digital computer that
was completely program-controlled and required no human
intervention.

एनालिहटकि इंजन एक यांत्रिक डडजजटि कंप्यूटर र्ा जो परू ी तरह से प्रोग्राम-तनयंत्रित र्ा और
इसमें ककसी मानिीय हस्तक्षेप की आिश्यकता नहीं र्ी।

Day 01
 O Level – ITNB
Evolution of Computer – Jacquard Loom 1 – Introduction about Computer

1. Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752 - 1834) invented the Jacquard

loom, which is the basis for modern automatic looms. The
loom was developed between 1801 and 1806.
2. The Jacquard loom is considered a technological
advancement that sparked the automation of the weaving
industry. The loom's mechanism uses thousands of punch
cards that are laced together to simplify the weaving of
complex textiles. Each row of punched holes corresponds to a
row of the textile pattern.
जैक्ट्िाडथ करघा (Loom) को एक तकनीकी प्रगतत माना जाता है जजसने बुनाई उद्योग के
स्िचािन को बढािा हदया। करघे का तंि हजारों पंच काडों का उपयोग करता है जजन्हें जहटि
िस्िों की बुनाई को सरि बनाने के लिए एक सार् जोड़ा जाता है ।
Day 01
 O Level – ITNB
Overview of Input & Output Devices 1 – Introduction about Computer

Day 01
 O Level – ITNB
How does Computer Works? 1 – Introduction about Computer

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Day 01
 O Level – ITNB
Generations of Computer 1 – Introduction about Computer

• 1942–1955 • 1957–1963 • 1965 – 1971 • 1971 – 1980 • 1982 – 1994

First Gen.

Fourth Gen.
Second Gen.

Third Gen.

Fifth Gen. (Present)

• Vacuum Tube • Transistors • Integrated circuits • Very Large Scale • Artificial Intelligence
Integrated (VLSI) (AI), Ultra-Large
• ENIAC • UNIVAC 1107, IBM • CDC 449, CP- Scale Integration
7090 & 7094 823/U • IBM 4341, DEC (ULSI)
• known as VAX-11, Apple
electromechanical • Invented a • With the use of Macintosh • This generation
computers or using computer chip integrated circuits, also saw the
vacuum tubes. containing power these computers • Fourth generation development of 64-
transistors, became reliable, computers were bit microprocessors,
resistors, generated less more powerful, had memory chips.
• Relied on Machine
capacitors, and heat, were small in more memory, and • Flash memory up to
Language and
diodes which came size, fast, very less were more user- 1 GB, hard disks up
Boolean logic.
to be known as maintenance, and friendly than to 600 GB, and
integrated circuits. were inexpensive. previous optical disks up to
generations. 50 GB.

Day 01
 O Level – ITNB
Advantages of Computer 1 – Introduction about Computer

Storage Capacity
Unlimited Storage Using HDD/SSD

Speed
Fast Speed Based on RAM/Processor

Accuracy
Provides Accurate Data in Calculations

Diligence
Multi-Tasking Work at Same Time

Versatility
No Feels Tiredness

Day 01
 O Level – ITNB
Dis-Advantages of Computer 1 – Introduction about Computer

No IQ
It does not find Results of Errors itself

No Feelings
It does not provide info about its physical damage.

Remember Power
It is not remember anything until user not gives command.

No Heuristics
It does not learns from their Mistakes.

Day 01
 O Level – ITNB
Types of Computer? 1 – Introduction about Computer

Analog Computer

Digital Computer

Hybrid Computer

Day 02
 O Level – ITNB
Types of Computer – Analog Computer 1 – Introduction about Computer

Analog computer, any of a class of devices in which

continuously variable physical quantities, such as Speedo
Meter, Temp. Meter, or mechanical motion, are represented in
a way analogous to the corresponding quantities in the problem
to be solved.

Day 02
 O Level – ITNB
Types of Computer – Digital Computer 1 – Introduction about Computer

Digital computer, any of a class of devices capable of solving

problems by processing information in discrete form. It operates
on data, including magnitudes, letters, and symbols, that are
expressed in binary code—i.e., using only the two digits 0 and
1. By counting, comparing, and manipulating.

Day 02
 O Level – ITNB
Types of Computer – Hybrid Computer 1 – Introduction about Computer

A hybrid computer combines the features of analog and digital

computers. It's designed to work with digital data, so it converts
analog signals and then processes the digital data.

Day 02
 O Level – ITNB
Types of Digital Computer? 1 – Introduction about Computer

Micro Computer

•A microcomputer is a small, personal computer that is designed for one person to use at a
time. Microcomputers are also known as personal computers (PCs) or devices that use a
single-chip microprocessor.

Mini computer

•A minicomputer is a computer that has most of the capabilities of a large computer, but is
smaller in size. It is smaller than a mainframe computer, but larger than a microcomputer.

Mainframe Computer

•Mainframe computers are the central data repository, or hub, in a corporation's data
processing center. They are linked to users through less powerful devices such as
workstations or terminals.

Super Computer

•A supercomputer is a powerful computer that can process data quickly and perform complex
calculations and simulations. Supercomputers are often used for research, artificial
intelligence, and big data computing.

Day 02
 O Level – ITNB
Applications of Computer? 1 – Introduction about Computer

Education Computers are used for communication, distributing educational materials, remote
learning, performing class work, and admissions.

Scientific The world's scientists are able to send satellites into space using computers and
Researches control them

Entertainment Users can download and view movies, play games, chat, book tickets for cinema
halls, use multimedia for making movies, and incorporate visual and sound effects.

Communication Computers are a primary tool for communicating ideas, messages, pictures, and
speech.

E-Commerce Global business relations can be now maintained through the Internet. Computers
are used in offices for maintaining sales and marketing records, stock control.

Banking Customers can operate their bank accounts online, and banks provide customers
with access to their money, bills, and shopping bills.
Computers are used for storing and processing patient data, managing medical
Hospitals records, facilitating communication between healthcare providers, and supporting
medical research.
Day 02
 O Level – ITNB
What is Software? 1 – Introduction about Computer

Software is a collection of instructions, data, or programs that tell a

computer how to function. It's the opposite of hardware, which
refers to the physical components of a computer.

The term "software" was coined in 1953 by mathematician Paul

Niquette to differentiate between computer programs and the
computers that use them.

सॉफ़्टिेयर तनदे शों, डेटा या प्रोग्रामों का एक संग्रह है जो कंप्यट

ू र को कायथ
करने का तरीका बताता है । यह हाडथिेयर के पिपरीत है , जो कंप्यूटर के
भौततक घटकों को संदलभथत करता है ।

Day 02
 O Level – ITNB
Types of Software? 1 – Introduction about Computer

System software

• Starts up the computer system and controls input, output, and

storage. It also controls the operations of all other software.

Application software

• Performs tasks designed for specific organizations. For

example, railway and airline reservation systems.

Utility software

• Supports the computer's architecture and is designed to

optimize and maintain the system.

Day 02
 O Level – ITNB
Types of Software - System Software 1 – Introduction about Computer

System software is a type of computer program that manages a computer's hardware and
application programs. It acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware,
allowing the user to interact with the hardware and use various applications and programs.

लसस्टम सॉफ्टिेयर एक प्रकार का कंप्यूटर प्रोग्राम है जो कंप्यूटर के हाडथिेयर और एजप्िकेशन प्रोग्राम को

प्रबंधधत करता है । यह उपयोगकताथ और कंप्यूटर हाडथिेयर के बीच एक इंटरफेस के रूप में कायथ करता है ,
जजससे उपयोगकताथ को हाडथिेयर के सार् बातचीत करने और पिलभन्न एजप्िकेशन और प्रोग्राम का उपयोग
करने की अनम ु तत लमिती है ।

Operating System
Examples

Drivers

BIOS/ Firmware

Day 02
 O Level – ITNB
Types of Software - Application Software 1 – Introduction about Computer

Application software is a computer program that helps users perform specific tasks. It connects
the user to the system software, which helps the computer function. Application software can
be complex database systems or simple programs like word processors. It can also be used for
personal, educational, and business tasks.

एजप्िकेशन सॉफ़्टिेयर एक कंप्यूटर प्रोग्राम है जो उपयोगकताथओं को पिलशष्ट कायथ करने में सहायता करता
है । यह उपयोगकताथ को लसस्टम सॉफ़्टिेयर से जोड़ता है , जो कंप्यूटर को कायथ करने में मदद करता है ।
एजप्िकेशन सॉफ़्टिेयर जहटि डेटाबेस लसस्टम या िडथ प्रोसेसर जैसे सरि प्रोग्राम हो सकते हैं। इसका
उपयोग व्यजक्ट्तगत, शैक्षक्षक और व्यािसातयक कायों के लिए भी ककया जा सकता है ।

Libre Office
Examples

VLC Media Player

Photoshop
Day 02
 O Level – ITNB
Types of Software – Utility Software 1 – Introduction about Computer

Utility software helps users manage, maintain, and optimize their computer systems. It includes
a wide range of tools and applications that perform specific tasks to improve the performance,
security, and functionality of a computer system.

यहू टलिटी सॉफ़्टिेयर उपयोगकताथओं को अपने कंप्यूटर लसस्टम को प्रबंधधत करने, बनाए रखने और
अनुकूलित करने में मदद करता है । इसमें टूि और एजप्िकेशन की एक पिस्तत ृ श्रंख
ृ िा शालमि है जो
कंप्यूटर लसस्टम के प्रदशथन, सुरक्षा और कायथक्षमता को बेहतर बनाने के लिए पिलशष्ट कायथ करती है ।

Antivirus
Examples

Disk Cleaner

Disk Defragmenter

Day 02
 O Level – ITNB
Latest IT Gadgets 1 – Introduction about Computer

A gadget is a small device or machine that has a specific purpose or function. Gadgets are also
known as gizmos. They are often considered novel or innovative and are primarily designed to
make our lives easier, more efficient, and more enjoyable.

गैजेट एक छोटा उपकरण या मशीन है जजसका एक पिलशष्ट उद्दे श्य या कायथ होता है । गैजेट्स को धगज़्मोस
के नाम से भी जाना जाता है । उन्हें अक्ट्सर निीन या निीन माना जाता है और मुयय रूप से हमारे जीिन
को आसान, अधधक कुशि और अधधक आनंददायक बनाने के लिए डडजाइन ककया गया है ।

Smartwatches
Examples

Fitness Trackers

Cameras

Smartphones

Day 02
 O Level – ITNB
What is Hardware? 1 – Introduction about Computer

Computer hardware is A general term for the physical parts of A computer system. It refers to
the external and internal devices and equipment that enable you to perform major functions
such as input, output, storage, communication, processing, and more.

Day 03
 O Level – ITNB
Types of Input Devices? 1 – Introduction about Computer

An input device, sends information to a computer system. The computer will display or
reproduce that information via one or more output devices. It's therefore essential for
computer users to differentiate between input and output devices.

Day 03
 O Level – ITNB
Types of Output Devices? 1 – Introduction about Computer

An output device is a piece of peripheral computer hardware equipment that receives data from
the system and converts it into human-readable form. The most popular output devices are
Monitor, Printer, Projector, Speaker, Plotter, Headphone.

Day 03
 O Level – ITNB
Types of Memory 1 – Introduction about Computer

Computer memory is a system that stores data and instructions for immediate use. It's also
known as primary storage or main memory. Computer memory is made up of cells, called
memory cells, each with a unique identification number. It's also divided into internal and
external memory
Types of Memory

Primary Memory Secondary Memory

RAM ROM Magnetic Disks Optical Disks Memory Stick/Flash Drive

SRAM PROM HDD CD Memory Card

DRAM EPROM Floppy Disk DVD PenDrive

SDRAM EEPROM Magnetic Tape Blu-Ray Disk SSD

DDR MASKED ROM

Day 03
 O Level – ITNB
About - RAM 1 – Introduction about Computer

RAM is a common computing acronym that stands for random-access memory. Sometimes it's
called PC memory or just memory. In essence, RAM is your computer or laptop's short-term
memory. It's where the data is stored that your computer processor needs to run your
applications and open your files.

Computer ROM Images

Computer RAM Images
Day 03
 O Level – ITNB
About - ROM 1 – Introduction about Computer

ROM (read-only memory) is a non-volatile memory type. This means it receives data and
permanently writes it on a chip, and it lasts even after you turn off your computer. The data is
coded to not be overwritten, so it's used for things like your printer software or your startup
programs.

Day 03
 O Level – ITNB
About – HDD (Hard Disk Drive) 1 – Introduction about Computer

ROM (read-only memory) is a non-volatile memory type. This means it receives data and
permanently writes it on a chip, and it lasts even after you turn off your computer. The data is
coded to not be overwritten, so it's used for things like your printer software or your startup
programs.

Day 03
 O Level – ITNB
About – Floppy Disk 1 – Introduction about Computer

Introduced by IBM in 1971 and officially a "diskette," it was nicknamed "floppy" because the first
varieties were housed in bendable jackets. In the late 1970s, the floppy was the first personal
computer storage medium.

Day 03
 O Level – ITNB
About – Magnetic Tape 1 – Introduction about Computer

A magnetic tape, in computer terminology, is a storage medium that allows for data archiving,
collection, and backup. At first, the tapes were wound in wheel-like reels, but then cassettes and
cartridges came along, which offered more protection for the tape inside.

Day 03
 O Level – ITNB
About – CD ( Compact Disk) 1 – Introduction about Computer

A magnetic tape, in computer terminology, is a storage medium that allows for data archiving,
collection, and backup. At first, the tapes were wound in wheel-like reels, but then cassettes and
cartridges came along, which offered more protection for the tape inside.

Day 03