10.

PARTICIPLE CLAUSES
Participle clauses are used to join two sentences with V-ing /&V3 or having+V3 / having+ been V3.
The subjects of the main clause and the participle clause must be the same.

I. Present Participle Clause: (V+ing)

a. Used when two actions happen at the same time. The main clause usually comes first.
e.g. I ran out of the house shouting.
I cut myself shaving.

b. Used when two actions follow each other (almost no time gap). The participle clause comes first.
e.g. Reading the letter, she screamed.
Paying the bill, he left the restaurant.

II. Past Participle Clause: (V3)

Used when one of the actions is in the passive form.
e.g. Used economically, one tin lasts for at least six weeks.
Blown by the wind, the trees all lean towards the south.

III. Perfect Participle: (Having+V3)

Used when two actions take place with a time gap between them. (The first action should definitely be
completed.)
e.g. Having invited him here to speak, we should go to his lecture.
Having finished all my letters, I went for a walk.

USE OF PARTICIPLE CLAUSES (PRESENT, PAST OR PERFECT)

1. In place of time clauses such as when, while, after, before, since, and until.

e.g. 1 While I was trying to open the can, I cut my hand.

While trying to open the can, I cut my hand.
Trying to open the can, I cut my hand.

e.g. 2 After I talked to you, I felt better.

After talking to you, I felt better.
Having talked to you, I felt better

e.g. 3 When she finished her report, she left the office.
On/upon finishing her report, she left the office.

e.g. 4 Before she came to this city, she lived in the country.
Before coming to this city, she lived in the country.

2. In place of clauses for reason such as, as, because, and since.

e.g. 1 As I was anxious to please him, I bought him a nice present.

Being anxious to please him, I bought him a nice present.
Anxious to please him, I bought him a nice present.

e.g. 2 Since we didn’t understand Spanish, we tried to speak to them in English.

Not understanding Spanish, we tried to speak to them in English.

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3. In place of conditionals
e.g. 1 If you are traveling north, you must change trains at Leeds.
If traveling north, you must change trains at Leeds.

e.g. 2 Unless you pay by credit card, you should pay in cash.
Unless paying by credit card, you should pay in cash.

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1: Rewrite the sentences below using participle clauses.

1. He cannot go back to work yet because he is ill.

2. He needs more time to recover before he can go back to work because he has been ill for a very
long time.

3. After he had lost all his money, he went home.

4. He was rejected by all the girls, so he decided to become a priest.

5. When I found the front door open, I became suspicious.

6. They had dinner. Then they continued on their journey.

7. When I arrived home, I was feeling very tired.

8. I thought they might be hungry, so I offered them something to eat.

9. While Ann was watching TV, she fell asleep.

10. He has not got much money because he is unemployed.

11. As we had spent all our money, we could not afford to stay in a hotel.

12. I was unable to help in any other way and I gave her some money.

13. After I had failed to enter medical school, I took up teaching.

14. As he knew he would not be able to buy food on his journey, he took large supplies with him.

15. He had been warned about the bandit, so he left his valuables at home.

16. Jones and Smith came. They were followed by their wives.

17. He found it hard to accept orders from another person because he had been his own boss for such a
long time.

18. When it was viewed from a distance, the island looked like a cloud.

19. As he pushed the door slightly open, he saw her searching for the money.

20. After he had been accused of dishonesty, the Minister decided to resign.

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EXERCISE 2: Which of the two alternatives a or b can complete the following incomplete sentences.

1. Totally confused by the problems,

a) my grade on the test was very low b) I got a low grade on the test

2. Burned in the oven,

a) the rolls were inedible b) we couldn't eat the rolls

3. Walking to school,
a) an accident surprised us b) we saw an accident

4. Watering the plants,

a) water spilled all over the carpet b) I spilled water all over the carpet

5) Stunned by the explosion,

a) the man was found wandering aimlessly b) the police found the man wandering aimlessly
6) Watching a movie on TV,
a) the electricity went off b) we were surprised by a blackout

7. Turning out the light,

a) it became completely dark b) we found ourselves in the complete darkness

8. Lying all over the table,

a) you should move the magazines in the wind b) the magazines moved in the wind

9. Coming to the top of the hill,

a) the village came into sight b) we saw the village

10. Destroyed in the earthquake,

a) the people of the city had to rebuild it. b) the city had to be rebuilt.

11. Having spent all his money,

a) it was a very difficult situation for him. b) he was in a very difficult situation.

12. Having been given a map of the city,

a) a tour of the city was easy for us. b) we set off for a tour of the city.

13. The thieves stole the bag ___________ some valuable documents.
a) contained b) containing

14. The roof of the building ____________ in the storm has now been repaired.
a) damaged b) damaging

15. The patients _____________ urgent treatment were examined by the doctor.
a) needed b) needing

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EXERCISE 3: Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence.

1. Being in no great hurry, ____________________.

a) a long quiet walk was our preference
b) we took a long quiet walk along the river
c) the road along the river was an ideal place for a quiet walk
d) the weather was perfect for a quiet walk

2. While driving to Bursa, ____________________.

a) Okan's right leg was seriously injured
b) Okan's car broke down
c) the storm caught Okan on the way
d) Okan had an accident due to carelessness

3. Upon returning from Germany, ___________________.

a) she found a good job
b) a good job was offered to her
c) finding a good job took a long time
d) the job she was offered was wonderful

4. After seeing the movie, _____________________.

a) the reading of the book interested him
b) the book made him want to read it
c) he wanted to read the book
d) the book was read by him

5. Having completed his military service, __________________.

a) he started his own business
b) his family was happy
c) the army released him
d) the firm offered him a good job

6. Having arrived at the football stadium barely in time, _________________.

a) the two teams were just starting as we set down
b) we reached our seats just as the game started
c) the officials had already blown the whistle for the game to start
d) the gatekeeper took our tickets as we passed

7. Having been served tea, __________________________.

a) the problem was discussed by the teachers
b) the teachers discussed the problems
c) the decision was made by the teachers to discuss the problem
d) the discussion of the problem continued

8. Several demonstrations were held, ________ the police many problems.

a) causing c) that caused
b) and causing d) caused

9. A computer system in the control tower at an airport identifies each plane as it approaches and gives
information about its altitude and speed, _______ the air traffic controllers to give safe directions for
landing.
a) for permitting c) permitted
b) permitting d) permits

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10. Computers, _____________ in banking, business and government, perform an enormous number
of functions.
a) using c) used
b) which used d) are used

11. Harry, _________ by the award, did not know how to express his feeling.
a) was surprised c) who surprised
b) having surprised d) surprised

12. ________ the coffee, he washed the cup and put it away.
a) Drunk c) Having drunk
b) Drinking d) Being drunk

13. Most of the medical care that __________ these young doctors is intended to prevent disease.
a) provides c) is provided
b) is provided by d) provided by

14. __________many times in his life, he doesn't trust anybody.

a) Having been disappointed c) He was disappointed
b) Disappointing d) That he was disappointed

15. Hit on the head by one of the drunk men, ________________.

a) his friends took him to hospital c) the security guard fell down
b) it was a terrible sight d) his wife called for a doctor

16.__________ in the 16th century by Sinan, the Selimiye Mosque is regarded as a masterpiece of
Ottoman architecture.
a) The fact that it was built c) Having built
b) Built d) To be built

17. The car ___________ yesterday has not been found yet
a) was stolen c) having stolen
b) which stole d) stolen

18. When________ under an electronic microscope, iron can be seen to be made up of many tiny
magnetic areas called “domains”.
a) viewed c) viewing
b) it viewed d) its view

19. The materials__________ for the project will be provided by the firm.
a) needing c) needed
b) which needed d) are needed

20. Steel, _______ with chromium, produces a non-corrosive substance known as stainless steel.
a) is combined c) to combine
b) that is combined d) when combined

21. The principal problems ___________ men as they design and build planes are related to
altitude and speed.
a) confront c) confronting
b) confronted d) which are confronted

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22. _____________ from a distance, the town seemed lovely.
a) View c) To view
b) Viewed d) Viewing

23. The elections will be held on November 6, as _____________ .

a) scheduled c) they had scheduled
b) they scheduled d) having scheduled

24. A therapist __________ young children may use “play therapy”, which encourages young patients
to express their feelings through their play activities.
a) deals with c) dealt with
b) has dealt with d) dealing with

25. Doctors _______ guilty of behavior contrary to Hippocratic Oath lose their licenses.
a) find c) found
b) finding d) are found

26. ___________ all over the world, George sees many remarkable people.
a) He travels c) Traveled
b) That he travels d) Traveling

27. I managed to get rid of the man _______________ me.

a) followed c) following
b) that he was following d) was following

28. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928, _____________ it possible for many infectious
diseases to be cured.
a) made c) has made
b) making d) when made

29. Once ____________ a dream, space travel is now a reality.

a) considering c) considered
b) was considered d) having considered

30. In biology, a cell is defined as the smallest unit of life ________ all the necessities required for
independent existence.
a) contains c) which is contained
b) is contained d) containing

31. Man-made products _________________ through advanced technology often have unanticipated
side effects that can be controlled only with further technology.
a) are developing c) developed
b) were developed d) that they are developed

32. ____________ in a recent science competition, three students were awarded scholarships
totaling $21,000.
a) Judged the best c) Judging the best
b) They were judged the best d) Having judged the best

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EXERCISE 4: Choose the best option.

1 …………. to interrupt the conversation, I stood quietly and listened.

a) Not wanted c) Not wanting
b) Having not wanted d) Not to want

2. …………. across the street, I was nearly knocked over by a truck.

a) While walking c) Walked
b) Having walked d) While having walked

3. ………….. too young to understand death, she didn’t understand why Grandma didn’t visit.
a) Because being c) Having been
b) Being d) Been

4. There must exist in a modern community a sufficient number of people …………. the technical
skill that is required to maintain numerous devices upon which our physical comfort depends.
a) who are possessed c) possessing
b) who possessing d) to possess

5. The experiment …………. at the university was very successful.

a) conducting c) which conducted
b) conducted d) which is conducting

6. Our solar system is in a galaxy …………. the Milky Way.

a) calling c) which is calling
b) is called d) called

7. The fence which …………. our house is made of wood.

a) surrounding c) surrounds
b) having surrounded d) being surrounded

8. Before …………. to you, I never understood this formula.

a) having talking c) talked
b) talking d) having to talk

9. …………. the cool evening and the conversation, we didn’t notice the time.
a) Enjoying c) We were enjoying
b) Having enjoyed d) We enjoy

10. …….. to her husband about losing her job, she had to lie to her friends and family, too.
a) Being lied c) Lied
b) Having lied d) Having lying

11. Hülya has lost a purse …………. 40 TL and a bus ticket.

a) contained c) containing
b) being contained d) that contain

12. Anyone …………. the purse should ring this number.

a) finding c) being found
b) found d) which finds

13. İpek, ……. all over her face, has just walked into the room ……. her purse.
a) smiling/waved c) that is smiling/waving
b) smiling/waving d) was smiling/waving

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14. Anyone…………. of taking the exam should tell the teacher.
a) thought b) speaking c) being d) thinking

15. Mr. Jones, …………. that his son is lazy, has told him he should get a proper job.
a) realized b) has realized c) being realized d) realizing

16. On the right, there is a pine tree that has branches …………. about 7 meters across the road.
a) covering b) reaching c) covered d) stood

17. …………. all my money on a motorbike the previous year, I couldn’t afford a holiday to Hawaii.
a) Being spent b) Spending c) Having spent d) Spent

18. Irem sat on the sofa, …………. a newspaper.

a) read b) is reading c) and reads d) reading

19. …………. in the nineteenth century, the Taşkışla Building is still in good condition.
a) Constructing b) Having built c) Building d) Built

20. …………. of the barking dog, the little boy began to cry.
a) Frightening b) Having frightened c) Frightened d) Seeing

EXERCISE 5: Choose the best option.

1. He hesitated, not …………. what to do.

a) having known d) being known
b) to be known e) knew
c) knowing

2. …………. daily, vitamin pills can improve your health.

a) Taking d) Taken
b) Having taken e) To take
c) To be taken

3. …………. on strike, many people had to get to work using other means of transportation.
a) The bus drivers being d) The bus drivers who were
b) That the bus drivers were e) The bus drivers were to be
c)The bus drivers were

4. …………. out from all the work, John decided to relax for a while.
a) Wearing d) Worn
b) Having worn e) When he is worn
c) To wear

5. Helen danced joyfully, never …………. what was about to happen.

a) suspected d) to be suspected
b) having been suspected e) suspecting
c) was suspected

6. When………….a new car, it is best to seek expert advice.

a) you bought d) are you buying
b) buying e) to be bought
c) to buy

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7. She sat motionless, …………. for their decision.
a) waiting d) waited
b) to wait e) and waiting
c) was waiting

8. …………. for half an hour, the concert started at 8.30.

a) It was delayed d) Having delayed
b)Having been delayed e) Since it delayed
c) Delaying

9. …………. no telephone in the newly constructed building, I was unable to call my

parents.
a) That there was d) There being
b) There not being e) There is
c) There was

10. A man …………. a large suitcase entered the room.

a) was carrying d) carried
b) carrying e) that he carried
c) to be carried

11. …………. beforehand, I knew how to react.

a) Having been warned d) Having warned
b) That I was warned e) Having been warning
c) Warning

12. …………. that they must achieve impossible goals and unable to cope with the normal
frustrations of life, people become anxious, angry, and depressed.
a) Convincing d) They are convinced
b) Having convinced e) Since they convince
c) Convinced

13. ………….his decision to resign from his post, he left the room with a sad expression on his face.
a) Having announced d) Having been announced
b) To be announced e) The fact that he announced
c) Announced

14. The house………….poorly, the new owners had to cope with many unexpected repairs.
a) was constructed d) having constructed
b) which constructed e) having been constructed
c) constructing

15. The inspector………….with your complaint has just gone away on holiday.
a) dealing d) dealt
b) deals e) to be dealt
c) which deals

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EXERCISE 6: Choose the best option.

1.…………. a foreigner, she needs a visa to stay in this country.

a) Having been
b) Being
c) That she is
d) While she is

2. …………. he refused to cooperate is a mystery; he doesn’t want to talk to anyone.

a) The reason why
b) That the reason
c) What the reason
d) The reason for

3. …………. that he passed the exam, he nearly fainted.

a) While learning
b) Learning
c) He had learned
d) He learned

4. The foreign policies …………. the government undertook in the 1920s were marked by goodwill.
a) that
b) where
c) of
d) on which

..…………. (5) extensively by people who cannot speak or hear, sign language ranks as the
fourth …………. (6)used language in the world.
5. a) To rely on it 6. a) as widely
b) It is relied on b) wider than
c) Relying on it c) wide enough
d) Relied on d) most widely

7. ……..……. recent times, the discipline of biology has expanded rapidly into a variety of sub-
disciplines.
a) It is since
b) Since it is
c) In
d) During

8. …………. New York City is America’s largest city, it is not the capital of USA; Albany is.
a) In spite of
b) Although
c) Because
d) Provided

Bristol, …………. (9) in the middle ages, was the centre for trade with the American colonies in the
eighteenth century; but the development of the Lancashire cotton industry eventually …………. (10)
to be replaced by Liverpool. …………. (11) to maintain the city’s position, and the great engineer,
Isambard Brunel was employed to design ships to promote trade.
9. a) founded 10. a) it causing 11. a) The efforts that were made
b) was founded b) caused it b) Despite the efforts were made
c) which founded c) it caused c) That efforts were made
d) been founded d) causing it d) Efforts were made

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…………. (12) actors, like Sylvester Stallone, attract thousands of spectators is difficult to
understand. They have no talent…………. (13) their films are full of violence.
12. a) What 13. a) as
b) Where b) nor
c) How c) and
d) When d) that

…………. (14) I’m staying, are very pleasant people. They are indeed well-off. Yesterday, her mother
bought a Chinese vase …………. (15) a lot of money.
14. a) Janice’s parents, with whom 15. a) for paying
b) Janice, whose parents b) which she paid
c) Janice, who has parents c) to pay for
d) Janice’s parents, who d) for which she paid

16. The books don’t weigh as …………. as the case, so you take the books and I will carry the case.
a) much
b) more
c) heavily
d) more heavily

17. New life styles …………. into our society by a group of young people called the yuppies.
a) have introduced
b) that are introducing
c) are being introduced
d) that have been introduced

Chips are put into plastic cases …………. (18) they can be handled easily …………. (19) inside
computers.
18 . a) in case 19. a) while being placed
b) unless b) when they are placing
c) so that c) after they placed
d) as if d) upon placed them

20. The student we interviewed yesterday was able to respond to ……….. we asked.
a) whenever
b) whichever
c) whatever
d) however

21. Unfortunately, ………….. the people we spoke to were against the new project.
a) most
b) each
c) none
d) all

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RESTATEMENTS

PARTICIPLES

1. Having just bought a brand new car, he was angry when the electric windows on it stopped
working.
A. He bought a new car because he was fed up with the electric windows not working properly on his
old one.
B. The failure of the electric windows on his new car annoyed him because he had only recently
purchased it brand new.
C. Although he was not happy to discover that the car did not have electrically operated windows, he
bought it anyway.
D. Feeling annoyed that the electric windows no longer worked on his car, he bought a new one.

2. Having abandoned the village after the riot, the villagers realized that there was no other
choice but to flee from the country in order to continue to live.
A. The villagers had to abandon their hometown as the rioters destroyed their village completely.
B. When their village was totally ruined after the riots, the desperate villagers fled from the country
since they had no chance to survive.
C. After the riots causing them to leave their village, the villagers thought that the only chance to
survive was to abandon their country.
D. The reason why the villagers had to run away from their country was the riots which made them
desert their village.

3. Few of the people attending the opening of the exhibition realised just how remarkable the
exhibition was.
A. Many people at the opening were unable to appreciate the worth of the exhibition.
B. Most people who came to the opening did not expect the exhibition to be of any value.
C. A great majority of the people were, in fact, impressed by the exhibition when it was opened.
D. Of those who attended the opening, some thought the exhibition was rather disappointing.

4. Being totally unfamiliar with the situation, he could only offer very little help.
A. Because he didn't offer any assistance, he wasn't able to learn much about what was happening.
B. As he only knew very little about the case, his offer of help was of no use.
C. Not knowing anyone involved in the event, he decided not to offer to do anything about it.
D. He was unable to offer much assistance, as he didn’t know anything about the case.

5. Not being satisfied with my declaration, the customs officer directed me for a detailed
examination of my baggage.
A. The customs officer made me open my suitcase without even looking at my declaration form.
B. My suspicious behavior got the attention of the customs officer and he wanted to examine my
baggage.
C. Although the customs officer was not satisfied with my declaration, he did not examine my
baggage in detail.
D. The customs officer did not find my declaration satisfactory and decided that my baggage needed
further inspection.

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6. When driving at night, I cannot bear people driving towards me without dipping their
headlamps.
A. If drivers don't dip their head lamps at night, they can dazzle drivers coming in the opposite
direction.
B. When at the wheel, I get annoyed with the drivers coming in the opposite direction at night who
don't dip their head lamps.
C. I get dazzled if a driver who is coming in the opposite direction does not dip his head lamps at
night, which is very annoying.
D. The thing I find most annoying when driving at night is drivers who don't dip their head lamps for
oncoming traffic.

7. Considering I was knowledgeable, the boss told me that I was supposed to inform our guests
about our factory at the meeting to be held on Friday.
A. The boss thought I was always open to new ideas, so he considered that my informing our guests
about the factory would be a good experience for me.
B. As the boss thought that my knowledge was sufficient, he assigned me to enlighten the guests about
the factory at the meeting on Friday.
C. I thought my knowledge would serve well to let our guests learn more about factory, so I expected
the boss would appoint me for the task on Friday.
D. The boss expected that I would assist him in informing the guests about our company as my skills
were sufficient.

8. Being disturbed by the alterations made by one of the shareholders of the company, the
factory manager is likely to resign his position.
A. The manager is leaving his job because he doesn’t like the changes made at the factory by one of
the shareholders.
B. As a result of the disturbance caused by the changes at the factory, the manager is going to resign.
C. As a result of what has happened, the manager has no other choice but to leave his work at the
factory.
D. The manager of the factory may give up his job as he is not satisfied with the changes made by one
of the investors of the company.

9. Having read the novel both in original and translated versions, Jane concluded that the
translated one lacked many parts
A. Jane decided to read the translation because she did not understand the language of the original
text.
B. Jane felt that if she had read the book in its original language, she would have appreciated it more.
C. After Jane had read the story in its original and translated versions, she realized that the latter
missed out a lot of sections.
D. Jane was unsure of some of the ideas in the story and so read the translated version to check.

10. Although the head of the department was not supported by the majority of the staff
members, he didn’t hesitate to put his plans into action.
A. In spite of the reluctance of the head of the department, the staff members managed to persuade
him to go ahead with his plans.
B. Despite the lack of support from most of the staff members, the head of the department was
determined to execute his plans.
C. As the head of the department gained considerable support from his staff members, he was able to
realize his plans.
D. The fact that no single staff member in the department agreed with the head’s plans did not prevent
him from realizing most of his plans.

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11. Encouraged by his colleagues’ positive opinion, the manager decided to go ahead with his
new project.
A. After receiving support from his colleagues, the manager proceeded with his new scheme.
B. The director had to quit his plan due to the lack of support.
C. To implement his project, the manager wanted his colleagues to sustain him.
D. But for his colleagues’ support, the director wouldn’t have been able to succeed in his plan.

12. You didn’t have your career on marketing when you had a chance, so you have to struggle to
meet your expenses now.
A. If I were you, I would definitely be a marketer so as not to have any worry for my expenses.
B. If you had chosen to work for marketing when there was an opportunity, you’d not have to go into
trouble to pay for your expenses now.
C. If you had a job in marketing, it’d be easy for you to save money now.
D. The most clever way to avoid having expenses would be to change your job and have a career in
marketing.

13. Knowing the dictionary definition of a word does not necessarily mean that you know its
correct usage.
A. It is necessary to know how the dictionary defines a word before you can use it properly.
B. The dictionary definition of a word does not always show its proper usage.
C. You can’t use a dictionary correctly if you don’t understand the definitions of the words.
D. You may still make mistakes in using a word even if you know its dictionary definition.

14. Having defeated the British, the settlers in America declared their independence and created
a new country.
A. The settlers in America declared their independence and defeated the British to form a country for
themselves.
B. The settlers in America defeated the British first before they announced their independence to the
world.
C. The settlers announced their independence to the British and settled in America.
D. After the settlers in America defeated the British, they created a country declaring their
independence to the world.

15. Being in a close cooperation with each other, the two parties became quite successful in their
project related to the construction of the second bridge.
A. After the two parties had an agreement, the construction of the second bridge became very
successful.
B. The two parties succeeded in building the bridge and completed the project effectively.
C. Since the two parties worked in a close coordination, their construction project for the second
bridge was completed successfully.
D. The construction project was very successful as the two parties were in contact all the time.

169