AMBOUNI

VERSI
TYWOLI
SOCAMPUS
COLLEGEOFTECHNOLOGYANDI
NFORMATI
CS
DEPARTMENTOFI
NFORMATI
ONSYSTEM
I
NDI
VIDUALASSI
GNMENTFORSECONDYEARSTUDENT

COURSE:OPERATI
NGSYSTEM

NAME: I
DNO.

1.
Abdul
semadRay
a..
..
..
..
..
..
.ugr
/72490/
16

Submi
tt
edt
oMr
.JAFERB.

Dat
e07/
05/
2025
1.Def
ineafil
esyst
em.Whatr
oledoesi
tpl
ayi
nmanagi
ngdat
ast
orageandr
etr
iev
ali
na
computersy
stem?

Afil
esystem i
samet hodanddatastr
uctureusedbyanoper at
ingsyst
em toorgani
ze,
stor
e,
r
etri
eve,andmanagef i
l
esonast or
agedevice(e.g.,
HDD,SSD,USBdr i
ve)
.Itact
sasan
i
ntermediar
ybetweentheuserandthephysical
st or
agehar
dwar e.

KeyRol
esi
nDat
aSt
orageandRet
ri
eval
:

Or
gani
zat
ion

-St
ruct
uresf
il
eshi
erar
chi
cal
l
y(e.
g.,
dir
ect
ori
es,
subdi
rect
ori
es)f
orl
ogi
cal
groupi
ng.

-Exampl
e:St
oringdocument
sin`
/home/
user
/Document
s`andphot
osi
n
`
home/user
/Pi
ctures`
.

St
orageManagement

-Al
l
ocat
esspaceef
fi
cient
lyt
oav
oidf
ragment
ati
on.

-Tr
acksused/
freest
oragebl
ocks(
e.g.
,vi
aaf
il
eal
l
ocat
iont
abl
e(FAT)
.

AccessCont
rol

-Enf
orcesper
missi
ons(
read/
wri
te/
execut
e)f
orsecur
it
y.

-Exampl
e:Rest
ri
cti
ngaccesst
oconf
ident
ial
fil
esv
iauser
/gr
oupper
missi
onsi
nUni
x.

Dat
aInt
egr
it
y

-Usesmet
adat
a(e.
g.,
timest
amps,
fil
esi
ze)t
omai
ntai
nconsi
stency
.

-Pr
event
scor
rupt
iont
hroughj
our
nal
i
ng(
e.g.
,NTFS,
ext
4).

Met
adataManagement
:Itst
oresmetadat
a( dat
aaboutdat
a)suchasfi
l
esi
ze,creat
iondate,
modi
fi
cati
ondat
e,andpermi
ssions,
whichisessent
ial
formanagi
ngandor
ganizi
ngfil
es.

2.Di
scusst
hedif
fer
encebetweendataandmetadatai
nthecont
extoff
il
esy
stems.
Prov
ide
exampl
esofeachandexpl
ainthei
rimpor
tancei
nfil
emanagement.

Dat
a:

Therawi nformat
ionorcontentt
hatthefil
eisintendedtohold.Thi
scanbet
ext
,i
mages,
audi
o,
v
ideo,executabl
ecode,oranyothert
y peofdigi
talinf
ormati
on.

Met
adat
a:
•Inf
ormati
onaboutthefi
le,usedbytheoperat
ingsyst
em andfi
l
esy st
em tomanage,
organi
ze,
andaccessthedat
a.Itdescri
besthefi
le'
scharact
eri
sti
csandatt
ri
butes.

Aspect Dat
a Met
adat
a

Def
ini
ti
on Actual
cont
ent(
e.g.
,texti
na Descri
ptiv
einfoaboutt
hefi
l
e
fi
l
e). (e.
g.,
size,per
missi
ons).

Exampl
e "
Hell
o,Wor
ld!"in Fil
ename,creat
iondate(e.
g.,
`
document
.txt`
. `document
.t
xt`,
2025-04-
20).

I
mpor
tance Stor
esuser
/appl
i
cat
ion Enabl
esmanagement(sear
ch,
cont
ent
. secur
it
y,or
gani
zat
ion)
.

3.Descr
ibet
heorgani
zat
ionalst
ructur
eofaty
pical
fil
esyst
em.Howdoest
hehi
erar
chyof
di
rect
ori
esandfi
l
escontri
butetofil
esyst
em management?

Or
gani
zat
ional
Str
uct
ureofaFi
l
eSy
stem

Hi
erar
chi
cal
Str
uct
ure:

Atypi
calfi
l
esy st
em i
sorgani
zedi
nat r
ee-
li
kehi
erar
chy
,st
art
ingf
rom ar
ootdi
rect
oryand
br
anchingint
osubdi
rect
ori
esandfi
les.

Themostcommonor ganizati
onalst
ructur
eforafi
lesystem i
sahi
erar
chi
cal
dir
ect
oryst
ruct
ure,
oft
env
isual
izedasaninvertedtr
ee.Thisstr
uct
ureconsistsof
:

RootDi
rect
ory:

Di
rect
ori
es(
Fol
der
s):

Fi
l
es:

Cont
ri
but
iont
oFi
l
eSyst
em Management
:

Logi
calOr
gani
zat
ion:

-Gr
oupsr
elat
edf
il
es(
e.g.
,`/
Phot
os/
Vacat
ion2025`f
orvacat
ionpi
ctur
es)
.

-Reducescl
utt
erandi
mpr
ovesr
eadabi
l
ity.

Ef
fi
cientNavi
gat
ion:

-Uni
quepat
hs(
e.g.
,`/
home/
user
/Document
s/r
epor
t.
pdf
`)enabl
equi
ckf
il
eaccess.
 -User
s/appl
i
cat
ionscant
raver
sedi
rect
ori
eswi
thoutknowi
ngphysi
calst
oragedet
ail
s.

AccessCont
rol
:

-Per
missi
ons(
read/
wri
te/
execut
e)canbesetatt
hedi
rect
oryl
evel
.

-Exampl
e:Rest
ri
cti
ngaccesst
o`/
etc`t
opr
eventunaut
hor
izedsyst
em changes.

Si
mpl
i
fiedMai
ntenance:

-Backupscant
argetspeci
fi
cdi
rect
ori
es(
e.g.
,`/
home`f
oruserdat
a).

-Di
skcl
eanupt
asks(
e.g.
,cl
ear
ing`
/tmp`
)ar
est
reaml
i
ned.

Scal
abi
l
ity:

-Newf
il
es/
dir
ect
ori
escanbeaddedwi
thoutdi
srupt
ingexi
sti
ngst
ruct
ure.

-Suppor
tsl
arge-
scal
esyst
ems(
e.g.
,ent
erpr
isef
il
eser
ver
s).

User
-Fr
iendl
i
ness:

-I
ntui
ti
venavi
gat
ion(
e.g.
,nest
edf
older
smi
micr
eal
-wor
ldf
il
ingcabi
net
s).

-Reducesl
ear
ningcur
vef
ornon-
techni
caluser
s.

5.Expl
aintheconceptofpart
it
ioni
nginfi
l
esyst
ems.Whyi
spar
ti
ti
oni
ngi
mpor
tant
,andhow
doesitaff
ectst
orageandf i
l
esystem per
for
mance?

ConceptofPar
ti
ti
oni
ng

Part
iti
oningi
st hepr
ocessofdi vi
dingaphysicalst
oragedevice(li
keaharddri
veorSSD)into
multi
plelogi
calsect
ions,cal
l
edpar ti
ti
ons.Eachparti
ti
oncant henbeformatt
edwithaspecifi
c
fi
lesystem (
e.g.,
NTFS,ext4,APFS)andtreatedasani ndependentst
orageuni
tbytheoperat
ing
syst
em.

WhyPar
ti
ti
oni
ngi
sImpor
tant

Or
gani
zat
ionandSepar
ati
on:

Mul
ti
pleOper
ati
ngSyst
ems(
Dual
-Boot
ing)
:

Dat
aPr
otect
ionandI
sol
ati
on:
BackupandRecov
ery
:

Resour
ceManagement
:

Fi
l
eSy
stem Compat
ibi
l
ity
:

HowPar
ti
ti
oni
ngAf
fect
sSt
orageandFi
l
eSy
stem Per
for
mance

Par
tit
ioni
ngcanhav
ebot
hposi
ti
veandnegat
iveef
fect
sonst
orageandf
il
esy
stem
per
formance:

Posi
ti
veEf
fect
s:

I
mpr
ovedOr
gani
zat
ionandAccess:

ReducedFr
agment
ati
on:

EnhancedSecur
it
y:

Fast
erBackupandRest
ore:

Negat
iveEf
fect
s:

Wast
edSpace:

Li
mit
edFl
exi
bil
i
ty:

I
ncr
easedCompl
exi
ty:

Pot
ent
ial
Per
for
manceBot
tl
enecks:

9.Whyi
sbackupessent
ialf
orfi
l
esyst
em management ?Discusshowbackupst
rat
egi
esensur
e
dat
aint
egr
it
yandavail
abil
i
tydur
ingsy
stem f
ail
uresordisast
ers.

I
mpor
tanceofBackupsi
nFi
l
eSy
stem Management

WhyBackupsAr
eEssent
ial
:

Dat
aLossPr
event
ion:

-Protect
sagai
nsthardwar
efail
ures,
acci
dent
aldel
eti
ons,
mal
war
e(e.
g.,
ransomwar
e),
and
phy
sicaldi
sast
ers(f
ir
e,fl
oods)
.

-Exampl
e:Ar
ansomwar
eat
tackencr
ypt
sfi
l
es—backupsal
l
owr
ecov
erywi
thoutpay
ingt
he

r
ansom.

Busi
nessCont
inui
ty:
 -Ensur
escr
it
ical
syst
emsr
emai
noper
ati
onal
dur
ingout
ages.

-Exampl
e:Rest
ori
ngadat
abasef
rom backupsaf
teraser
vercr
ashmi
nimi
zesdownt
ime.

Compl
i
ance:

-Manyi
ndust
ri
es(
e.g.
,heal
thcar
e,f
inance)l
egal
l
yrequi
redat
aret
ent
ionanddi
sast
err
ecov
ery
pl
ans.

KeyComponent
sofEf
fect
iveBackupSt
rat
egi
es:

Redundancy
:

-St
orebackupsi
nmul
ti
plel
ocat
ions(
e.g.
,l
ocal
NAS+cl
oudst
orage)
.

-Exampl
e:The3-
2-1r
ule—3copi
es,
2medi
aty
pes,
1of
f-
sit
e.

Test
ing:

-Regul
arl
yval
i
dat
ebackupst
oensur
etheycanber
est
ored.

-Exampl
e:Si
mul
ateadi
sast
err
ecov
erydr
il
lquar
ter
ly.

Met
adat
aPr
eser
vat
ion:

-Backupsi
ncl
udef
il
eat
tri
but
es(
per
missi
ons,
timest
amps)f
oraccur
ater
est
orat
ion.

-Exampl
e:Rest
ori
ngadi
rect
orywi
thor
igi
nal
accesscont
rol
s.

Fr
equency
:

-Mat
chbackupi
nter
val
stodat
acr
it
ical
i
ty(
e.g.
,real
-t
imef
ordat
abases,
dai
l
yforuserf
il
es)
.