In the Name of Allah

The Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful

Subject Name : MORPHOLOGY

Subject code : 9077

Semester : (7TH)

Prepared By: RESEARCHER (RAJA MUBASHAR)

Contact No  :  +923405014839

BS ENGLISH :  WHATS`APP GROUP

DEPARTMENT OF BS ENGLISH

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

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GRADUATED RESEARCHER RAJA MUBASHAR NOTES OF CODE 9077 (03405014839)
Greetings, my name is Raja Mubashar and I am a GRADUATED

RESEARCHER. I started BS English, and as I entered this field, I

observed and analyzed many things. Eventually, I realized that

students are in search of a mentor who can provide everything to

them without any trouble, especially girls who face more

difficulties.

With these thoughts in mind, I began my mission. Alhamdulillah,

today I have made the content accessible to everyone just as I

wanted, helping everyone without any self-interest. I am grateful

to Allah Almighty for choosing me for this noble cause and for

giving me the opportunity to do this for everyone. You all have also

given me a lot of respect and love, for which I am very thankful. I

hope to continue doing this for you all and keep progressing with

your prayers.

Thank you very much.

Raja Mubashar

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GRADUATED RESEARCHER RAJA MUBASHAR NOTES OF CODE 9077 (03405014839)
 OVERVIEW ABOUT SUBJECT

Morphology is the study of the structure of words and how they are
formed. It examines the smallest units of meaning within words,
called morphemes, and how they combine to create different words. A
morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language. They can be
divided into two main types: free morphemes, which can stand alone
as words, and bound morphemes, which cannot stand alone and must
be attached to other morphemes to form words. Morphology also
studies the different ways in which words can be formed, such as
derivation, compounding, conversion, clipping, and acronym. The
study of morphology is essential for understanding language structure
and how words are related to each other. It has applications in various
fields, including linguistics, language teaching and learning, and
natural language processing.

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 UNIT-1

INTRODUCTION OF MORPHOLOGY
Introduction of morphology
Answer:
1. *What is Morphology*: Morphology is all about words and how
they are built from smaller parts called morphemes.
2. *Types of Morphemes*: There are two types of morphemes:
roots (the main part of a word with its core meaning) and affixes
(prefixes and suffixes that are added to change a word's meaning).
3. *Word Formation*: Morphology looks at how words are formed
by combining different morphemes. For example, adding "un-" to
"happy" creates "unhappy."
4. *Study of Structure*: It studies the structure of words and how
they change to convey different meanings or grammatical functions.
5. *Importance in Language*: Understanding morphology helps us
grasp how words work, how they are related, and how they can be
modified to express various ideas.
6. *Summary*: In essence, morphology is the study of how words
are put together from smaller units to create meaning. It's like
solving puzzles with words to understand how language functions
and evolves.
Q#1. What is morphology? Discuss the difference between
morphology and syntax in your own words.
Answer:
1. *Morphology*: This is all about the structure of words. It looks at
how words are built from smaller units called morphemes.
Morphemes are like the Lego pieces that make up words.
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2. *Syntax*: Syntax is like the grammar of sentences. It deals with
how words are arranged in a sentence to create meaning. It's like the
rules that govern how words can be put together.
3. *Difference*: Morphology is about the structure of words, while
syntax is about the structure of sentences. Morphology focuses on
individual words, while syntax looks at how these words come
together to form meaningful sentences.
4. *Example*: In the word "unhappiness," "un-" and "-ness" are
morphemes. Morphology would study how these morphemes
combine to form the word. Syntax, on the other hand, would focus
on how this word fits into a sentence.
5. *Importance*: Understanding morphology helps us see how
words are put together and how their meanings can change. Syntax,
on the other hand, helps us understand how words work together to
convey ideas and thoughts.
6. *Summary*: In a nutshell, morphology deals with word structure
using morphemes, while syntax deals with sentence structure and
word order to create meaning.
Q#2. What is morphology and how it is different from phonology?
Answer:
Morphology is about the structure of words, like how they are
formed from smaller units called morphemes. Phonology, on the
other hand, is about the sounds of language and how they are used
to create meaning.
1. *Morphology*: It's about word structure, looking at how words
are built from smaller units (morphemes) to convey meaning.
2. *Phonology*: Phonology focuses on the sounds of language,
studying how sounds are used to create meaning and differentiate
words.

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3. *Difference*: Morphology deals with word structure and
formation, while phonology deals with the sounds of language and
their role in communication.
4. *Example*: In the word "cats," "cat" is a morpheme, and the
sounds /k/, /æ/, and /t/ make up the word. Morphology would
analyze how these morphemes combine, while phonology would
focus on the sounds.
5. *Importance*: Understanding morphology helps us see how
words are put together, while phonology helps us understand how
sounds are used in language to convey meaning.
6. *Summary*: Morphology is about word structure using
morphemes, while phonology is about the sounds of language and
their role in communication.
Q#3. Define morphology and differentiate between morphology
and syntax.
Answer:
Morphology is all about the structure of words, like how they are
built from smaller units called morphemes. Syntax, on the other
hand, is about the structure of sentences, focusing on how words are
arranged to create meaning.
1. *Morphology*: It deals with the structure of words, studying how
words are formed from smaller units called morphemes to convey
specific meanings.
2. *Syntax*: Syntax focuses on the structure of sentences, looking at
how words are organized and combined to create meaningful
phrases and sentences.
3. *Difference*: Morphology is about word structure and formation,
while syntax is about the arrangement of words in sentences to
convey ideas and thoughts.

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4. *Example*: In the word "unhappiness," "un-" and "-ness" are
morphemes. Morphology would analyze how these morphemes
combine to form the word. Syntax, however, would focus on how
this word fits into a sentence.
5. *Importance*: Understanding morphology helps us see how
words are put together and how their meanings can change. Syntax,
on the other hand, helps us understand how words work together to
convey ideas and thoughts in sentences.
6. *Summary*: In essence, morphology deals with word structure
using morphemes, while syntax deals with sentence structure and
word order to create meaning.
Q#4. Compare morphology with other sub-fields of linguistics such
as syntax, semantics and phonology by examples from your mother
tongue.
Answer:
Let's compare morphology with other sub-fields of linguistics using
examples from my mother tongue.
1. *Morphology*: In my language, morphology deals with word
structure. For example, adding "-s" to a noun to indicate plurality,
like adding "s" to "cat" to make it "cats."
2. *Syntax*: Syntax focuses on sentence structure. For instance, in
my language, the word order might be subject-verb-object, like "I eat
apples."
3. *Semantics*: Semantics is about meaning in language. In my
language, the word "hot" might mean high temperature or spicy
taste, showing different meanings.
4. *Phonology*: Phonology studies the sounds of language. In my
language, the sounds "b" and "p" might be distinct, where changing
one can change the meaning of a word.

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5. *Comparison*: Morphology deals with word structure, syntax
focuses on sentence structure, semantics is about meaning, and
phonology studies sounds.
6. *Summary*: In my language, morphology changes word forms,
syntax arranges words in sentences, semantics deals with meanings,
and phonology studies sounds. Each sub-field plays a unique role in
understanding how language works.
Q#5. Define the following terms with an example:
Morphology, Phonology, Graphology, Semitics, Syntax, Phraseology
Answer:
Absolutely, I can provide definitions for those terms with examples in
simple language. Here we go:
1. *Morphology*: Morphology is about the structure of words and
how they are formed from smaller units called morphemes. Example:
In the word "unhappily," "un-" and "-ly" are morphemes that change
the meaning of "happy."
2. *Phonology*: Phonology is the study of sounds in language and
how they are used to create meaning. Example: In English, the
sounds /b/ and /p/ are distinct, as in "bat" and "pat."
3. *Graphology*: Graphology is the study of written symbols and
their interpretation. Example: Different handwriting styles can
convey emotions or personality traits.
4. *Semitics*: Semitics is the study of Semitic languages like Hebrew
and Arabic. Example: Scholars of Semitics analyze the grammar and
vocabulary of these languages.
5. *Syntax*: Syntax is about the arrangement of words to create
meaningful sentences. Example: In English, "The cat chased the
mouse" follows a subject-verb-object syntax.

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6. *Phraseology*: Phraseology focuses on the study of phrases and
their use in language. Example: "Break a leg" is a common English
phrase meaning "good luck."
In summary, morphology deals with word structure, phonology
studies sounds, graphology analyzes written symbols, Semitics
focuses on Semitic languages, syntax arranges words in sentences,
and phraseology looks at how phrases are used in language. Each
term plays a unique role in understanding different aspects of
language.
Q#6. Write a detailed note on the interface of morphology and
sociolinguists.
Answer:
When we look at how morphology and sociolinguistics interact, we
see an interesting connection between the structure of words and
social factors influencing language. Here's a detailed note on their
interface:
1. *Morphology and Social Variation*: Morphology examines how
words are formed, including prefixes and suffixes. Sociolinguistics, on
the other hand, studies how language is used in social contexts, like
different dialects or speech patterns.
2. *Word Formation and Identity*: The way words are formed can
reflect social identity. For example, using certain dialect-specific
morphological features can signal belonging to a particular social
group.
3. *Language Change and Societal Factors*: Changes in language,
including morphological changes, can be influenced by societal
factors like education or cultural shifts. Sociolinguists analyze these
changes in the context of social dynamics.
4. *Code-Switching and Morphology*: Sociolinguists also study
code-switching, where speakers switch between languages or
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dialects. Morphology plays a role in how this code-switching happens
and what it signifies socially.
5. *Morphological Features in Social Contexts*: Certain
morphological features may be more prevalent in specific social
groups or communities. Sociolinguists investigate how these features
are used and perceived within different social settings.
6. *Summary*: The interface of morphology and sociolinguistics
shows how the structure of words and social factors intersect.
Understanding how language forms and changes in different social
contexts provides valuable insights into how language reflects and
shapes society.

UNIT-2

What is a Word?
What is a Word?
Answer:
1. *Definition of a Word*: A word is a unit of language that carries
meaning and can stand alone or be combined with other words to
create sentences.
2. *Basic Building Block*: Words are like building blocks of language,
each representing an idea, object, action, or concept.
3. *Function in Communication*: Words are essential for
communication, allowing us to express thoughts, emotions, and
information.
4. *Types of Words*: Words can be categorized into different types
like nouns (names of things), verbs (actions), adjectives
(descriptions), and more.
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5. *Formation of Sentences*: Words come together in sentences to
convey complete thoughts and messages.
6. *Summary*: In a nutshell, a word is a fundamental element of
language that carries meaning on its own or in combination with
other words. Understanding words is crucial for effective
communication and expressing ourselves clearly.
Q#1: Define word as a morphological unit.
Answer:
Absolutely! Here's a simple explanation of how a word is viewed as a
morphological unit:
1. *Morphological Unit*: In morphology, a word is seen as a
morphological unit, which means it is studied in terms of its structure
and how it is formed from smaller units called morphemes.
2. *Morphemes Building Blocks*: Words are made up of
morphemes, the smallest units of meaning. For example, the word
"unhappiness" has three morphemes: "un-", "happy", and "-ness".
3. *Roots and Affixes*: Words consist of roots (the main part with
the core meaning) and affixes (prefixes and suffixes added to change
the word's meaning or function).
4. *Word Analysis*: Morphology analyzes how words are built,
modified, and combined to create new words with different
meanings or grammatical roles.
5. *Relationship between Words*: Understanding words as
morphological units helps us see how they are related to each other
and how they can be broken down and put back together in different
ways.
6. *Summary*: Viewing a word as a morphological unit means
looking at its internal structure, how it is formed, and how it can be
broken down into smaller meaningful parts. It's like dissecting words
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to understand their building blocks and how they come together to
convey meaning.
Q#2. How word secure as building blocks in the internal suture
languages?
Answer:
Sure thing! Here's a simple explanation of how words serve as
building blocks in the internal structure of languages:
1. *Structure of Languages*: Words act as the building blocks of
language, forming the basic units that are used to construct
sentences and convey meaning.
2. *Meaningful Units*: Each word carries its own meaning, allowing
us to express ideas, emotions, actions, and descriptions.
3. *Combining Words*: Words can be combined in different ways to
create phrases and sentences, enabling us to communicate complex
thoughts and messages.
4. *Grammar and Syntax*: The arrangement of words in a sentence
follows the rules of grammar and syntax, determining how words are
organized to form coherent expressions.
5. *Variety of Words*: Languages have a vast vocabulary of words to
choose from, each serving a specific purpose in communication.
6. *Summary*: Words are like the building blocks of a language,
essential for constructing sentences and conveying meaning. By
combining words in different ways according to grammar rules, we
can effectively communicate our thoughts and ideas to others.
Q#3. Explain words as types and as token as used in morphological
studies.
Answer:

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GRADUATED RESEARCHER RAJA MUBASHAR NOTES OF CODE 9077 (03405014839)
Absolutely! Here's a simple explanation of words as types and tokens
in morphological studies:
1. *Types of Words*: In morphological studies, "types" refer to the
unique forms of words. For example, in a sentence, the word "run" is
a type because it represents the base form of that word.
2. *Tokens of Words*: On the other hand, "tokens" represent the
total number of occurrences of a word in a text. So, if the word "run"
appears three times in a paragraph, there are three tokens of the
word "run".
3. *Distinguishing Types and Tokens*: Types focus on the different
forms a word can take, while tokens count how many times those
forms are actually used in a text.
4. *Analysis of Language*: By studying types and tokens, linguists
can analyze the vocabulary richness, word frequency, and usage
patterns in a text or language.
5. *Understanding Variation*: Examining types and tokens helps in
understanding the variation in word forms and how they are
employed in different contexts.
6. *Summary*: In morphological studies, types represent the unique
forms of words, while tokens count the total occurrences of those
forms. Analyzing types and tokens provides insights into vocabulary
diversity, word usage, and patterns within a language or text.
Q#4. Define the following terms unit
Lexicon
Words vs lexical items
Words as tokens
Words as types
Answer:

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Sure thing! Here's a simple explanation of the terms you mentioned:
1. *Unit*: In language, a unit refers to a single element of speech or
writing that carries meaning, such as a word, a phrase, or a sentence.
2. *Lexicon*: The lexicon is the complete set of words and phrases in
a language. It's like a dictionary that contains all the words that
speakers of a language know and use.
3. *Words vs. Lexical Items*: While words are the basic units of
language with specific meanings, lexical items are broader and can
include multi-word expressions or idioms that act as single units in
communication.
4. *Words as Tokens*: Words as tokens refer to the total number of
times a word occurs in a text. For example, if the word "apple"
appears five times in a paragraph, there are five tokens of the word
"apple".
5. *Words as Types*: Words as types represent the unique forms or
base forms of words. For instance, in a sentence, the word "running"
and "run" are different types of the base word "run".
6. *Summary*: Units in language can be words, phrases, or
sentences. The lexicon encompasses all the words in a language.
Words are individual units with specific meanings, while lexical items
can include multi-word expressions. Words can be analyzed as
tokens (total occurrences) or types (unique forms) in linguistic
studies.
Q#5. Write a detailed note the nature of words with examples from
English and regional Pakistani Languages.
Answer:
Certainly! Let's delve into the nature of words with examples from
English and regional Pakistani languages:

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GRADUATED RESEARCHER RAJA MUBASHAR NOTES OF CODE 9077 (03405014839)
1. *Nature of Words*: Words are fundamental units of language
that carry meaning and can stand alone or be combined with other
words to form meaningful expressions.
2. *English Examples*: In English, words like "book," "run," and
"happy" are single units that convey specific meanings. These words
can be combined to create phrases and sentences.
3. *Regional Pakistani Languages Examples*: In regional Pakistani
languages like Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, and Pashto, words such as
"‫( "کتاب‬kitab - book in Urdu), "‫( "کھیلنا‬khelna - to play in Punjabi),
"‫( "خوش‬khush - happy in Sindhi), and "‫( "کتاب‬kitab - book in Pashto)
serve as essential building blocks of communication.
4. *Variety and Diversity*: Regional Pakistani languages exhibit a
rich diversity of words, reflecting the cultural and linguistic heritage
of different regions within Pakistan.
5. *Influence of History and Culture*: The words in regional
Pakistani languages often carry historical and cultural significance,
showcasing the unique identity of each language and its speakers.
6. *Summary*: Words, both in English and regional Pakistani
languages, play a crucial role in communication by conveying
meaning. They can vary in form and usage across languages,
reflecting the rich linguistic diversity present in both English and
regional Pakistani language systems.

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 UNIT-3

WORDS AND MORPGEMES

Words and Morphemes
Answer:
Let's explore the relationship between words and morphemes in
simple terms:
1. *Words*: Words are the basic units of language that carry
meaning. They can stand alone or be combined with other words to
create meaningful messages.
2. *Morphemes*: Morphemes are the smallest units of language
that carry meaning. They can be words themselves or parts of words
that contribute to the overall meaning.
3. *Word Example*: In English, the word "unhappiness" consists of
three morphemes: "un-" (meaning not), "happy" (a base word), and
"-ness" (a suffix indicating a state or quality).
4. *Morpheme Example*: In Urdu, the word "‫( "کتاب‬kitab - book) is a
single morpheme that represents the concept of a book.
5. *Word Formation*: Words are made up of one or more
morphemes. Understanding morphemes helps us break down words
into their meaningful parts.
6. *Summary*: Words are made up of morphemes, which are the
smallest units of meaning in language. By analyzing words into their
morphemic components, we can better understand how language
conveys information and nuances.
Q#1. Define base form and affixes of word as morphological units.
Answer:

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GRADUATED RESEARCHER RAJA MUBASHAR NOTES OF CODE 9077 (03405014839)
Let's break down the concepts of base form and affixes in simple
terms:
1. *Base Form*: The base form of a word is the main part of the
word that carries the core meaning. It is the root or foundation upon
which other parts can be added.
2. *Affixes*: Affixes are additional elements added to the base form
of a word to change its meaning or grammatical function. They can
be prefixes (added at the beginning), suffixes (added at the end), or
infixes (added in the middle).
3. *Base Form Example*: In the word "happiness," "happy" is the
base form that represents the core meaning of joy or contentment.
4. *Affixes Example*: In the word "unhappiness," the prefix "un-" is
an affix added to the base form "happy" to change the meaning to
not happy.
5. *Function of Affixes*: Affixes can alter the meaning, tense,
number, or part of speech of a word, allowing for a wide range of
expressions in language.
6. *Summary*: The base form is the main part of a word that carries
its essential meaning, while affixes are additional elements added to
the base form to modify its meaning or function. Understanding the
relationship between base forms and affixes helps us comprehend
how words are constructed and how meanings can be altered in
language.
Q#2. Define morpheme with examples from English and Urdu
languages.
Answer:
Let's dive into the concept of morphemes with examples from
English and Urdu languages:

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GRADUATED RESEARCHER RAJA MUBASHAR NOTES OF CODE 9077 (03405014839)
1. *Morpheme Definition*: A morpheme is the smallest unit of
language that carries meaning. It can be a whole word or a part of a
word that contributes to its overall meaning.
2. *English Example*: In the word "unhappiness," there are three
morphemes: "un-" (meaning not), "happy" (base word), and "-ness"
(suffix indicating a state or quality).
3. *Urdu Example*: In the word "‫( "کتاب‬kitab - book), there is one
morpheme, "‫کتاب‬," which represents the concept of a book.
4. *Types of Morphemes*: Morphemes can be free (stand alone as
words) or bound (attached to other morphemes). They can also be
prefixes, suffixes, roots, or inflections.
5. *Function of Morphemes*: Morphemes help us understand how
words are formed and how meaning is conveyed in language. By
breaking down words into morphemes, we can analyze their
structure and significance.
6. *Summary*: Morphemes are the building blocks of words,
whether they are whole words or parts of words. They play a crucial
role in language by carrying meaning and allowing for the creation of
complex expressions. Understanding morphemes enhances our
grasp of how words are constructed and how language
communicates ideas.
Q#3. Explain with example the type of morphemes:
Bound morphemes
Free morphemes
Answer:
Let's explore the types of morphemes, bound and free, with
examples:

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1. *Bound Morphemes*: Bound morphemes are units of meaning
that cannot stand alone as words and must be attached to other
morphemes. They include prefixes, suffixes, and infixes.
2. *Example of Bound Morpheme*: In the word "unhappiness," the
bound morphemes are "un-" and "-ness." These morphemes cannot
exist independently but need to be attached to a base word.
3. *Free Morphemes*: Free morphemes are units of meaning that
can stand alone as words by themselves. They are independent and
do not require attachment to other morphemes.
4. *Example of Free Morpheme*: In the word "book," "book" is a
free morpheme because it can convey meaning on its own without
needing any additional parts.
5. *Function of Bound and Free Morphemes*: Bound morphemes
modify the meaning or function of a word, while free morphemes
are complete words that carry standalone meanings.
6. *Summary*: Bound morphemes are units of meaning that must
be attached to other morphemes, like prefixes and suffixes, while
free morphemes can exist independently as complete words.
Understanding the distinction between bound and free morphemes
helps us grasp how words are constructed and how meaning is
conveyed in language.
Q#4. Definitude affixes roots and stems with example from English
and Urdu.
Answer:
Let's break down the concepts of affixes, roots, and stems with
examples from English and Urdu:
1. *Roots*: Roots are the core part of a word that carries its main
meaning. They are the foundation upon which words are built.

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2. *Example of Root in English*: In the word "happiness," the root is
"happy," which conveys the main idea of joy or contentment.
3. *Example of Root in Urdu*: In the word "‫( "خوشی‬khushi -
happiness), the root is "‫( "خوش‬khush), which represents the central
meaning of happiness.
4. *Affixes*: Affixes are elements added to a root or stem to modify
its meaning or create a new word. They can be prefixes (added at the
beginning) or suffixes (added at the end).
5. *Example of Affix in English*: In the word "unhappiness," the
prefix "un-" is an affix that changes the meaning of the root "happy"
to indicate the absence of happiness.
6. *Stems*: Stems are the main part of a word to which affixes can
be added. They can include the root along with any additional
morphemes.
7. *Example of Stem in English*: In the word "playful," the stem is
"play," which can have suffixes like "-ful" added to it.
8. *Summary*: Roots are the central meanings of words, affixes are
added to roots or stems to modify meanings, and stems serve as the
core part to which affixes can be attached. Understanding these
components helps in analyzing how words are formed and how their
meanings can be altered in both English and Urdu languages.
Q#5. Write a detailed on the typology affixes roots.
Answer:
Let's delve into the typology of affixes and roots in a simple way:
1. *Affixes Typology*: Affixes can be categorized based on their
position in relation to the root or stem. There are prefixes (added
before the root), suffixes (added after the root), infixes (inserted
within the root), and circumfixes (added around the root).

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2. *Example of Prefix*: In the word "preheat," "pre-" is a prefix
added before the root "heat" to indicate the action is done
beforehand.
3. *Example of Suffix*: In the word "quickly," "-ly" is a suffix added
after the root "quick" to modify the speed of the action.
4. *Example of Infix*: In English, infixes are not common, but in
some languages like Tagalog, infixes are used. For example, "um-ibig"
where "um" is an infix.
5. *Root Typology*: Roots can be classified based on their origin and
function. They can be native roots (original to the language),
borrowed roots (adopted from other languages), or derivational
roots (used to create new words).
6. *Summary*: Affixes play a crucial role in modifying the meaning of
words by attaching to roots or stems in different positions.
Understanding the typology of affixes and roots helps in grasping
how words are structured and how meaning is conveyed in various
languages.
Q#6. Explain the following terms:
Zero suffix
Prefixes
Affixes
Suffixes
Infixes
Answer:
Sure, let's break down these terms in simple language:
1. *Zero Suffix*: A zero suffix is when a word doesn't have any
additional letters or sounds added to the root. It means the word
remains in its basic form without any extra parts attached to it.
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2. *Prefixes*: Prefixes are letters or groups of letters added to the
beginning of a word to change its meaning. They come before the
root of the word and can alter its definition or create a new word
altogether.
3. *Affixes*: Affixes are elements added to a root or stem to modify
its meaning. They can be prefixes (added at the beginning), suffixes
(added at the end), or infixes (inserted within the word).
4. *Suffixes*: Suffixes are letters or groups of letters added to the
end of a word to change its meaning or function. They come after
the root of the word and can indicate things like tense, plurality, or
part of speech.
5. *Infixes*: Infixes are rare in English but are found in some
languages. They are inserted within a word to modify its meaning.
Unlike prefixes and suffixes, infixes go inside the root of the word.
6. *Summary*: Zero suffix means no additional parts in a word,
prefixes go at the beginning, suffixes go at the end, and infixes are
inserted within the word. Understanding these terms helps in
recognizing how words can be altered or expanded by adding
different elements to them.

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 UNIT-4

MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
Morphology Structure
Answer:
Sure thing! Let's talk about morphological structure in a simple way:
1. *What is Morphological Structure?*: Morphological structure
refers to how words are formed from smaller meaningful units called
morphemes.
2. *Morphemes*: Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in
language. They can be words or parts of words that carry meaning.
3. *Types of Morphemes*: There are two main types of morphemes
- free morphemes that can stand alone as words (like "dog" or "run")
and bound morphemes that need to be attached to other
morphemes (like prefixes or suffixes).
4. *Word Formation*: Words are formed by combining morphemes.
For example, in the word "unhappiness," "un-" and "-ness" are
bound morphemes attached to the free morpheme "happy."
5. *Analyzing Words*: Understanding morphological structure helps
in breaking down words into their component parts to understand
their meanings and how they are put together.
6. *Summary*: Morphological structure deals with how words are
built from morphemes, which are the smallest units of meaning. By
studying morphological structure, we can unravel the construction of
words and how different morphemes come together to create
meaning in language.
Q#1. What are morphological rules and what is the focus of these
rules?
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Answer:
Morphological rules are like guidelines that explain how morphemes
can be combined to create words. Here's a breakdown in simple
terms:
1. *Definition of Morphological Rules*: Morphological rules are like
instructions that show how morphemes can be put together to form
words.
2. *Combining Morphemes*: These rules focus on how morphemes,
which are the smallest units of meaning, can be combined to create
words.
3. *Word Formation*: The main focus of morphological rules is on
the process of forming words by following specific patterns and
structures.
4. *Creating Meaning*: By following these rules, we can understand
how different morphemes come together to convey specific
meanings within words.
5. *Guiding Language Structure*: Morphological rules guide the
structure of words in a language, helping us understand how new
words can be created and how existing words are constructed.
6. *Summary*: Morphological rules are like a set of instructions that
explain how morphemes can be combined to form words, focusing
on the structure and patterns used to create meaningful words in a
language.
Q#2. Define allomorph and give example of various type of almost
focus English and Urdu.
Answer:
Alright, let's talk about allomorphs and examples in English and Urdu:

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1. *What is an Allomorph?*: An allomorph is a variation of a
morpheme that has a different pronunciation but the same meaning.
It's like different forms of a morpheme.
2. *English Examples*:
- The plural "-s" in English can be pronounced as /s/, /z/, or /ɪz/
depending on the word (e.g., cats /s/, dogs /z/, horses /ɪz/).
- The past tense "-ed" can be pronounced as /t/, /d/, or /ɪd/ (e.g.,
walked /t/, played /d/, wanted /ɪd/).
3. *Urdu Examples*:
- In Urdu, the plural marker "-at" can be pronounced differently
based on the word (e.g., kitaabat, jawaabat).
- The past tense marker "-a" can have variations in pronunciation
(e.g., likha, khaya).
4. *Variations in Pronunciation*: Allomorphs show how the same
morpheme can be pronounced differently in different contexts or
words.
5. *Meaning remains the same*: Despite the different
pronunciations, allomorphs carry the same meaning and function in
language.
6. *Summary*: Allomorphs are different forms of a morpheme that
have varied pronunciations but maintain the same meaning. In
English and Urdu, we see examples of allomorphs in plural markers
and past tense markers, demonstrating how morphemes can have
different pronunciations while conveying the same grammatical
information.
Q#3. Define the following terms with examples from English and
Urdu Pakistani Language:
Allomorphy

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Zero allomorphy
Regular allomorphy
Inregular allomorphy
Fossilized allomorphy
Cognats
Roots
Affixes
Answer:
Let's break down these linguistic terms with examples from English
and Urdu Pakistani Language:
1. *Allomorphy*:
- *Definition*: Allomorphy refers to different forms of a morpheme
that have the same meaning but are pronounced differently.
- *Example*: In English, the plural "-s" can be pronounced as /s/,
/z/, or /ɪz. In Urdu, the plural marker "-at" can be pronounced
differently in various words.
2. *Zero Allomorphy*:
- *Definition*: Zero allomorphy occurs when a morpheme has no
overt phonological realization.
- *Example*: In English, the plural form of certain nouns like
"sheep" remains the same in singular and plural. In Urdu, some
words do not change form to indicate plural.
3. *Regular Allomorphy*:
- *Definition*: Regular allomorphy involves consistent phonological
variations of a morpheme.

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 - *Example*: In English, the past tense marker "-ed" is regularly
pronounced as /t/, /d/, or /ɪd. In Urdu, the past tense marker "-a"
often follows a regular pattern in pronunciation.
4. *Irregular Allomorphy*:
- *Definition*: Irregular allomorphy occurs when the phonological
variations of a morpheme do not follow a predictable pattern.
- *Example*: In English, irregular verbs like "go-went" show
irregular allomorphy. In Urdu, irregular plural forms of certain nouns
display irregular allomorphy.
5. *Fossilized Allomorphy*:
- *Definition*: Fossilized allomorphy refers to historical
phonological variations that are no longer productive in the
language.
- *Example*: In English, the plural form of "child" used to be
"childer," showing fossilized allomorphy. In Urdu, certain archaic
forms may exhibit fossilized allomorphy.
6. *Cognates, Roots, and Affixes*:
- *Cognates*: Words in different languages that have a common
origin and similar meaning (e.g., English "mother" and Urdu "mā").
- *Roots*: The basic form of a word that carries its core meaning
and to which affixes can be added (e.g., "play" is the root of
"playful").
- *Affixes*: Morphemes added to roots to modify their meaning
(e.g., "un-" is an affix added to "happy" to form "unhappy").
In summary, these terms help us understand how morphemes can
vary in pronunciation, follow patterns or irregularities, and evolve
over time in different languages like English and Urdu Pakistani
Language.

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Q#4. What is the criteria language typing morphologically?
Answer:
Hey there! When we talk about the criteria for classifying languages
morphologically, here are some key points explained in simple terms:
1. *Isolating Languages*:
- *Definition*: In isolating languages, words are made up of single,
free morphemes with clear meanings.
2. *Agglutinative Languages*:
- *Definition*: Agglutinative languages use multiple affixes
attached to the root word, each with a single meaning.
3. *Inflectional Languages*:
- *Definition*: Inflectional languages change the form of words to
show different grammatical categories.
4. *Fusional Languages*:
- *Definition*: Fusional languages combine multiple meanings into
single affixes, making it challenging to separate individual meanings.
5. *Polysynthetic Languages*:
- *Definition*: Polysynthetic languages create complex words by
combining many morphemes into a single word.
6. *Summary*:
- The criteria for classifying languages morphologically include
isolating, agglutinative, inflectional, fusional, and polysynthetic
languages.
Understanding these criteria helps linguists categorize languages
based on how words are formed and how morphemes interact
within the language.

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 UNIT-5

WORD FORMATION PROCESSES

Word Formation Process
Answer:
*WORD FORMATION PROCESSES*
1. *Derivation*:
- *Definition*: Derivation adds affixes to existing words to create
new words with different meanings.
2. *Compounding*:
- *Definition*: Compounding combines two or more words to form
a new word with a unique meaning.
3. *Blending*:
- *Definition*: Blending merges parts of two words to create a new
word, like "brunch" from "breakfast" and "lunch."
4. *Clipping*:
- *Definition*: Clipping shortens a word by removing one or more
syllables, such as "phone" from "telephone."
5. *Acronyms*:
- *Definition*: Acronyms are formed by taking the initial letters of
a phrase and pronouncing them as a single word, like "NASA" for
"National Aeronautics and Space Administration."
6. *Backformation*:
- *Definition*: Backformation creates a new word by removing a
real or supposed affix from an existing word, such as "edit" from
"editor."

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*Summary*:
Word formation processes include derivation, compounding,
blending, clipping, acronyms, and backformation. These processes
help expand vocabulary and create new words to express various
concepts and ideas.
Q#1. What is affixation? Explain the role of affixation in word
formation process?
Answer:
Affixation is when we add prefixes (before the root word) or suffixes
(after the root word) to a base word to create a new word. Here's a
breakdown of affixation and its role in the word formation process:
1. *Affixation Definition*:
- Affixation involves adding prefixes or suffixes to a base word to
change its meaning or grammatical function.
2. *Prefixes*:
- Prefixes are added at the beginning of a word, like "un-" in
"unhappy," changing the word's meaning.
3. *Suffixes*:
- Suffixes are added at the end of a word, like "-ness" in
"happiness," altering the word's meaning or function.
4. *Role in Word Formation*:
- Affixation helps create new words, change word meanings, or
adjust word forms to fit different grammatical contexts.
5. *Example*:
- Adding the prefix "re-" to "do" forms "redo," changing the
meaning to do something again.
6. *Summary*:

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 - Affixation plays a crucial role in word formation by adding prefixes
or suffixes to base words, altering meanings, and expanding
vocabulary. It helps us express ideas more precisely and adapt words
to different contexts.
Q#2. Describe compounding in detail with examples.
Answer:
*COMPOUNDING*
1. *Definition*:
- Compounding combines two or more words to create a new word
with a unique meaning.
2. *How It Works*:
- Words are joined together without changing their original forms.
3. *Examples*:
- *"Rainbow"*: "Rain" + "Bow"
- *"Laptop"*: "Lap" + "Top"
- *"Basketball"*: "Basket" + "Ball"
4. *Function*:
- Creates new words that may not exist in the language otherwise.
5. *Usage*:
- Common in English and many other languages to form technical
terms, nouns, and adjectives.
6. *Summary*:
- Compounding is the process of joining words together to form a
new word. It helps expand vocabulary, create specific terms, and
express complex ideas efficiently.
Q#3. What is conversion? Explain forms of conversion?
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Answer:
Conversion, also known as zero derivation, is a process where a word
changes its grammatical form without adding a prefix or suffix.
Here's a simple explanation of conversion and its forms:
1. *Conversion Definition*:
- Conversion is when a word changes its word class without adding
any affixes.
2. *Forms of Conversion*:
- *Noun to Verb*:
- Example: "Hammer" (noun) becomes "to hammer" (verb).
- *Verb to Noun*:
- Example: "Run" (verb) becomes "a run" (noun).
- *Adjective to Noun*:
- Example: "Green" (adjective) becomes "the green" (noun).
- *Noun to Adjective*:
- Example: "Gold" (noun) becomes "a gold watch" (adjective).
3. *Function*:
- Allows for flexibility in language by using existing words in
different grammatical forms.
4. *Usage*:
- Common in English and other languages to simplify word
formation.
5. *Example*:
- "She can read" (verb) changes to "She loves to read books"
(noun).

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6. *Summary*:
- Conversion is a word formation process where words change their
grammatical roles without adding prefixes or suffixes. It helps create
variety in language and allows for efficient communication.
Q#4. Describe difference between blending and clipping.
Answer:
Blending and clipping are both ways to create new words, but they
work differently. Here's a simple breakdown of the difference
between blending and clipping:
1. *Blending*:
- *Definition*:
- Blending combines parts of two words to make a new word.
- *Example*:
- "Brunch" = "Breakfast" + "Lunch"
2. *Clipping*:
- *Definition*:
- Clipping shortens a word by removing a part of it.
- *Example*:
- "Phone" from "Telephone"
3. *How They Work*:
- *Blending* mixes parts of words to form a new word with a
combined meaning.
- *Clipping* shortens a word by cutting off a section of it.
4. *Function*:

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 - *Blending* creates new words that represent a combination of
ideas or concepts.
- *Clipping* shortens words for convenience and ease of use.
5. *Usage*:
- *Blending* is common in creating catchy and descriptive words.
- *Clipping* is often used to make longer words more manageable.
6. *Summary*:
- *Blending* combines parts of words to create new ones, while
*clipping* shortens words by removing sections. Both methods help
expand vocabulary and make language more versatile and practical.
Q#5. Explain the difference between borrowing and calque.
Answer:
Sure thing! Let's break down the difference between borrowing and
calque in simple terms:
1. *Borrowing*:
- *Definition*:
- Borrowing is when a word is taken from one language and used
in another language without translation.
2. *Calque*:
- *Definition*:
- Calque involves translating each part of a word from one
language to another to create a new term.
3. *How They Work*:
- *Borrowing* directly adopts a word from another language.
- *Calque* translates the components of a word to form a new
term in a different language.
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4. *Function*:
- *Borrowing* introduces foreign words into a language to enrich
vocabulary.
- *Calque* creates new terms by translating word-for-word from
one language to another.
5. *Usage*:
- *Borrowing* is common when languages interact and exchange
words.
- *Calque* is used to maintain the literal meaning of a term across
languages.
6. *Summary*:
- *Borrowing* involves taking words as they are from another
language, while *calque* involves translating the individual parts of a
word to form a new term in a different language. Both methods
contribute to the diversity and evolution of languages.
Q#6. Define coinage, toponyms, and eponyms.
Answer:
Absolutely! Here's a simple breakdown of the definitions of coinage,
toponyms, and eponyms:
1. *Coinage*:
- *Definition*:
- Coinage is the creation of new words or terms, often by
individuals or companies.
2. *Toponyms*:
- *Definition*:
- Toponyms are place names that come from a specific location or
geographic feature.
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 3. *Eponyms*:
- *Definition*:
- Eponyms are terms derived from the name of a person, usually
someone famous or well-known.
4. *How They Work*:
- *Coinage* involves inventing completely new words.
- *Toponyms* are names given to places based on their geography
or history.
- *Eponyms* are terms formed from the names of people.
5. *Function*:
- *Coinage* adds fresh vocabulary to a language.
- *Toponyms* identify and distinguish different locations.
- *Eponyms* honor or reference individuals through language.
6. *Summary*:
- *Coinage* is the creation of new words, *toponyms* are place
names based on geography, and *eponyms* are terms derived from
people's names. Each plays a unique role in expanding language and
connecting words to specific meanings and origins.
Q#7. Define autonyms and exonyms.
Answer:
Of course! Let's talk about autonyms and exonyms in a simple way:
1. *Autonyms*:
- *Definition*:
- Autonyms are the names that a group of people use to refer to
themselves or their own language.

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 2. *Exonyms*:
- *Definition*:
- Exonyms are the names given to a group of people or their
language by outsiders or people from another group.
3. *How They Work*:
- *Autonyms* are self-referential names used by a specific group.
- *Exonyms* are external names given by others outside that
group.
4. *Function*:
- *Autonyms* reflect self-identity and cultural pride.
- *Exonyms* can sometimes carry historical or cultural
connotations.
5. *Usage*:
- *Autonyms* are used within a community to express identity.
- *Exonyms* are used by outsiders to label or categorize a group.
6. *Summary*:
- *Autonyms* are self-referential names used by a group to identify
themselves, while *exonyms* are names given by outsiders to refer
to that group. Understanding the difference between the two helps
in respecting cultural identities and perspectives.

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 Unit-6

COMPOUND WORDS AND PHRASEL WORDS

Compound Words And Phrasel Words
Answer:
Sure thing! Let's break down compound words and phrasal words in
a simple way:
1. *Compound Words*:
- *Definition*:
- Compound words are formed by combining two or more words
to create a new word with a unique meaning.
2. *Phrasal Words*:
- *Definition*:
- Phrasal words consist of a verb and an adverb or preposition
that, when combined, create a single meaning.
3. *How They Work*:
- *Compound Words* merge individual words to form a single
word with a specific meaning.
- *Phrasal Words* combine a verb with an adverb or preposition to
convey a distinct idea.
4. *Function*:
- *Compound Words* help simplify language by condensing
multiple words into one.
- *Phrasal Words* add depth and nuance to verbs by incorporating
additional elements.
5. *Usage*:
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 - *Compound Words* are commonly used in various languages to
expand vocabulary.
- *Phrasal Words* are prevalent in English and are often used in
informal speech and writing.
6. *Summary*:
- *Compound Words* combine individual words to form a single
word, while *Phrasal Words* merge verbs with adverbs or
prepositions to create nuanced meanings. Understanding these
linguistic structures enhances language comprehension and
communication skills.
Q#1. Explain difference between compounds and phrases?
Answer:
Sure thing! Let's chat about the difference between compounds and
phrases in a simple way:
1. *Formation*:
- *Compounds* are formed by joining two or more words together
to create a new word with a unique meaning.
- *Phrases* are groups of words that function as a single unit
within a sentence but do not create a new word.
2. *Structure*:
- *Compounds* create a single word by merging individual words.
- *Phrases* consist of a combination of words but do not form a
single word.
3. *Meaning*:
- *Compounds* have a specific meaning that is different from the
individual words used to create them.

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 - *Phrases* convey a complete thought or idea but do not have a
unique meaning as a single unit.
4. *Usage*:
- *Compounds* are used to simplify language by condensing
multiple words into one.
- *Phrases* are used to express complex ideas or actions within a
sentence.
5. *Function*:
- *Compounds* help expand vocabulary by creating new words.
- *Phrases* enhance the meaning of a sentence by adding
descriptive or functional elements.
6. *Summary*:
- *Compounds* are single words formed by combining two or more
words, each with a distinct meaning, while *Phrases* are groups of
words that function as a unit within a sentence but do not create a
new word. Understanding the difference between the two enhances
language comprehension and communication skills.
Q#2. Explain head and headless compounds with examples?
Answer:
Absolutely! Let's dive into head and headless compounds with some
examples to make it easier to understand:
1. *Head Compounds*:
- *Definition*:
- Head compounds have a main, or "head," word that carries the
primary meaning of the compound.
- *Example*:

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 - "Butterfly" is a head compound where "butter" is the main word
describing the type of fly.
2. *Headless Compounds*:
- *Definition*:
- Headless compounds do not have a main word; instead, all
words in the compound carry equal weight in meaning.
- *Example*:
- "Court-martial" is a headless compound where both "court" and
"martial" contribute equally to the meaning of a military court.
3. *Structure*:
- *Head Compounds* have one dominant word that defines the
compound's meaning.
- *Headless Compounds* consist of multiple words that work
together to convey the compound's meaning.
4. *Function*:
- *Head Compounds* simplify language by focusing on a primary
word for meaning.
- *Headless Compounds* combine multiple words to create a
specific concept without a single dominant word.
5. *Usage*:
- *Head Compounds* are common in English and help create new
words efficiently.
- *Headless Compounds* are used to convey complex ideas by
combining multiple words.
6. *Summary*:
- *Head Compounds* have a main word defining the compound's
meaning, while *Headless Compounds* rely on all words equally for
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interpretation. Understanding these compound types enriches
language comprehension and communication skills.
Q#3. Define phrasal words structure?
Answer:
Absolutely! Let's break down the structure of phrasal words in simple
terms:
1. *Definition*:
- Phrasal words are combinations of words that form a single unit
of meaning within a sentence.
2. *Components*:
- Phrasal words consist of a verb combined with one or more
particles (prepositions or adverbs).
3. *Example*:
- "Look up" is a phrasal word where "look" is the verb and "up" is
the particle, together meaning to search for information.
4. *Function*:
- Phrasal words modify the meaning of verbs by adding direction,
intensity, or other nuances.
5. *Structure*:
- The structure of phrasal words is typically verb + particle(s) that
work together to convey a specific meaning.
6. *Usage*:
- Phrasal words are commonly used in English to express various
actions and concepts succinctly.
In summary, phrasal words are formed by combining a verb with one
or more particles to create a unified meaning within a sentence.

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Understanding the structure of phrasal words enhances language
comprehension and communication skills.
Q#4. Can phrases other than noun phrases constitute phrasal
words?
Answer:
Yes, phrases other than noun phrases can also form phrasal words.
Let's explore this in simple terms:
1. *Phrasal Words*:
- Phrasal words are combinations of words that create a single unit
of meaning within a sentence.
2. *Types of Phrases*:
- Besides noun phrases, verb phrases, prepositional phrases, and
adjectival phrases can also form phrasal words.
3. *Example*:
- "Look forward to" is a phrasal word where "look forward" is a
verb phrase combined with "to," conveying anticipation.
4. *Structure*:
- Phrasal words can be formed by combining various types of
phrases with particles to convey specific meanings.
5. *Function*:
- Different phrase combinations in phrasal words modify the verb's
meaning, adding depth and nuance to the sentence.
6. *Summary*:
- Phrasal words can be constructed from various types of phrases,
not just noun phrases. This versatility allows for rich and nuanced
expression in language through the combination of different phrase
structures with particles.

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Q#5. Explain the possible forms of compound nouns with example?
Answer:
Sure thing! Let's dive into the forms of compound nouns with
examples:
1. *Compound Nouns*:
- Compound nouns are made up of two or more words that come
together to form a single noun.
2. *Forms*:
- Compound nouns can be written as one word (closed form),
separate words (open form), or hyphenated.
3. *Examples*:
- Closed Form: "Bedroom" (bed + room)
- Open Form: "Post office" (post + office)
- Hyphenated Form: "Sister-in-law" (sister + in + law)
4. *Structure*:
- The structure of compound nouns varies based on whether the
words are written together, separated, or connected with a hyphen.
5. *Function*:
- Compound nouns combine words to create new meanings, often
more specific or descriptive than individual words.
6. *Summary*:
- Compound nouns can take different forms - closed, open, or
hyphenated - depending on how the words are joined.
Understanding the forms of compound nouns helps in recognizing
and using them effectively in writing and communication.

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 UNIT-7

INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY
Inflectional Morphology
Answer:
Sure thing! Let's break down inflectional morphology in simple
terms:
1. *Inflectional Morphology*:
- Inflectional morphology deals with how words change their forms
to express different grammatical categories like tense, number,
gender, and case.
2. *What It Does*:
- It helps indicate things like plural nouns, past tense verbs,
possessive forms, and comparative adjectives.
3. *Examples*:
- Adding "-s" to "cat" to make it "cats" shows plural inflection.
- Changing "run" to "ran" indicates past tense inflection.
4. *Function*:
- Inflectional morphology clarifies the relationships between words
in a sentence and conveys important information about their roles.
5. *Importance*:
- Understanding inflectional morphology aids in proper sentence
construction and communication, ensuring clarity in conveying ideas.
6. *Summary*:
- Inflectional morphology involves changing word forms to show
grammatical categories like tense, number, and gender. It plays a
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crucial role in language structure, helping to convey precise
meanings and relationships within sentences.
Q#1. Explain inflectional and derivational morphology in detail?
Answer:
Alright, let's delve into inflectional and derivational morphology in
simple terms:
1. *Inflectional Morphology*:
- Inflectional morphology focuses on adding suffixes or prefixes to
words to show grammatical relationships like tense, number, or case
without changing the word's fundamental meaning.
2. *Derivational Morphology*:
- Derivational morphology involves adding prefixes or suffixes to
words to create new words or change their meanings, often resulting
in a different word class.
3. *Examples*:
- Inflectional: Adding "-s" to "dog" to make it "dogs" for plural.
- Derivational: Adding "un-" to "happy" to make it "unhappy"
changes the word's meaning.
4. *Function*:
- Inflectional morphology helps with grammatical functions like
tense or number.
- Derivational morphology expands vocabulary and alters word
meanings or word classes.
5. *Difference*:
- Inflectional changes are more about grammar, while derivational
changes focus on creating new words or changing meanings.
6. *Summary*:
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 - Inflectional morphology modifies words to show grammatical
relationships, like tense or number, without changing the core
meaning. Derivational morphology, on the other hand, alters words
to create new meanings or form different word classes.
Understanding these aspects of morphology enhances language
comprehension and expression.
Q#2. What is grammatical category? Explain the types of this
category.
Answer:
Sure thing! Let's talk about grammatical categories in simple terms:
1. *Grammatical Category*:
- A grammatical category is a characteristic shared by a group of
words that have similar grammatical properties.
2. *Types of Grammatical Categories*:
- *Number*: Indicates if a word is singular or plural.
- *Tense*: Shows when an action happens (past, present, future).
- *Gender*: Differentiates between masculine, feminine, or neuter.
- *Case*: Determines the function of a noun in a sentence (subject,
object, possessive).
- *Mood*: Reflects the speaker's attitude towards the action
(indicative, imperative, subjunctive).
- *Voice*: Specifies the relationship between the subject and the
action (active, passive).
3. *Number*:
- Singular (one) and plural (more than one) are the two main
number categories.
4. *Tense*:

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 - Past, present, and future are the primary tense categories that
indicate when an action occurs.
5. *Gender*:
- Masculine, feminine, and neuter are common gender categories
used to classify nouns.
6. *Summary*:
- Grammatical categories are characteristics shared by groups of
words with similar properties. They include number, tense, gender,
case, mood, and voice, each serving to convey specific information
about words in a sentence. Understanding these categories
enhances language comprehension and communication.
Q#3. Explain difference between regular and irregular inflection.
Answer:
Alright, let's break down the dissimilarity between regular and
irregular inflection in a simple way:
1. *Regular Inflection*:
- Regular inflection follows a predictable pattern when adding
suffixes or prefixes to words.
2. *Irregular Inflection*:
- Irregular inflection doesn't follow a consistent pattern when
adding suffixes or prefixes to words; they change in unique ways.
3. *Examples*:
- Regular: Adding "-ed" to verbs to show past tense (e.g., "walk"
becomes "walked").
- Irregular: Verbs like "go" changing to "went" instead of following
a regular pattern like "goed."
4. *Pattern*:

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 - Regular inflections adhere to a set rule or pattern that can be
applied broadly.
5. *Unpredictability*:
- Irregular inflections deviate from the usual rules, making them
harder to predict or categorize.
6. *Summary*:
- Regular inflection involves adding suffixes or prefixes to words
following a consistent pattern, making it easier to apply general
rules. In contrast, irregular inflection doesn't follow predictable
patterns, leading to unique changes in words that need to be
memorized individually. Understanding these differences helps in
recognizing and using words correctly in language.
Q#4. Explain inflectional affixation.
Answer:
Alright, let's chat about inflectional affixation in a simple way:
1. *Inflectional Affixation*:
- Inflectional affixation involves adding prefixes or suffixes to words
to indicate different grammatical aspects like tense, number, or case.
2. *Purpose*:
- The main purpose of inflectional affixation is to modify the
meaning or function of a word within a sentence.
3. *Examples*:
- Adding "-s" to a noun to show plurality (e.g., "cat" to "cats").
- Adding "-ing" to a verb to indicate continuous action (e.g., "run"
to "running").
4. *Grammatical Aspects*:

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 - Inflectional affixes help convey information like tense, number,
gender, or case in a sentence.
5. *Flexibility*:
- This process allows for flexibility in expressing different
grammatical features within a language.
6. *Summary*:
- Inflectional affixation involves adding prefixes or suffixes to words
to modify their grammatical aspects, such as tense, number, or case.
It plays a crucial role in conveying specific meanings within a
sentence and contributes to the overall structure and clarity of
language.

UNIT-8

WORD STUDY STRATEGIES

Words Study Strategies
Answer:
Sure, let's talk about word study strategies in a simple way:
1. *Word Study Strategies*:
- Word study strategies are techniques used to help understand
and learn new words more effectively.
2. *Vocabulary Building*:
- These strategies focus on expanding vocabulary and improving
word recognition skills.
3. *Context Clues*:

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 - Using context clues to figure out the meaning of unfamiliar words
by looking at the surrounding text.
4. *Word Roots and Affixes*:
- Breaking down words into roots, prefixes, and suffixes to
understand their meanings better.
5. *Word Associations*:
- Creating connections between new words and familiar words to
aid in retention and recall.
6. *Practice and Review*:
- Regular practice and review of words learned using flashcards,
quizzes, or word games.
7. *Summary*:
- Word study strategies involve various methods like using context
clues, analyzing word parts, making associations, and practicing
regularly to enhance vocabulary and comprehension skills. By
employing these strategies, one can improve their word knowledge
and language proficiency effectively.
1.Why are vocabulary learning strategies important for
understanding word structure? Name the common types of
vocabulary learning strategies.
Answer:
Understanding word structure is crucial for grasping the meaning of
words. Vocabulary learning strategies help in breaking down words
into their components, making it easier to comprehend their
meanings. Here are the common types of vocabulary learning
strategies:
1. *Importance of Vocabulary Learning Strategies*:

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 - These strategies are essential as they aid in deciphering the
structure of words, leading to better understanding and retention of
vocabulary.
2. *Context Clues*:
- Using surrounding text to infer the meaning of unfamiliar words.
3. *Word Analysis*:
- Breaking down words into roots, prefixes, and suffixes to
understand their meanings.
4. *Mnemonic Devices*:
- Creating memory aids like acronyms or visual images to
remember new words.
5. *Word Associations*:
- Linking new words with familiar words or concepts to enhance
retention.
6. *Practice and Application*:
- Engaging in activities like reading, writing, and speaking to
reinforce vocabulary learning.
7. *Summary*:
- Vocabulary learning strategies play a vital role in understanding
word structure by utilizing techniques such as context clues, word
analysis, mnemonic devices, word associations, and regular practice.
These strategies enhance vocabulary acquisition and comprehension
skills, making it easier to grasp the structure and meaning of words.
Q#2. What are vocabulary learning strategies? Explain the Word-
Root Strategy and the Keyword technique.
Answer:

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Vocabulary learning strategies are techniques to help you learn new
words better. Let's dive into the Word-Root Strategy and the
Keyword Technique:
1. *Vocabulary Learning Strategies*:
- These are methods to improve understanding and retention of
new words.
2. *Word-Root Strategy*:
- This strategy involves breaking words down into their roots,
prefixes, and suffixes to understand their meanings better.
3. *Keyword Technique*:
- Using familiar words or images as cues to remember the
meanings of new words.
4. *Word-Root Strategy Explanation*:
- By identifying word roots, prefixes, and suffixes, you can decode
the meaning of unfamiliar words more easily.
5. *Keyword Technique Explanation*:
- Associating new words with keywords or mental images helps in
recalling their meanings quickly.
6. *Summary*:
- The Word-Root Strategy focuses on analyzing word parts to
understand meanings, while the Keyword Technique involves linking
new words with familiar cues for better retention. Both strategies
are effective in enhancing vocabulary learning and comprehension
skills.
Q#3. Explain difference between Word Part Strategy and Word
Card Strategy of vocabulary learning.
Answer:

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Sure! Let's compare the Word Part Strategy and the Word Card
Strategy for vocabulary learning:
1. *Word Part Strategy*:
- This strategy involves breaking down words into roots, prefixes,
and suffixes to understand their meanings.
2. *Word Card Strategy*:
- In this strategy, you write new words on cards with their
definitions or use flashcards for quick review.
3. *Difference*:
- The Word Part Strategy focuses on analyzing word components
for meaning, while the Word Card Strategy emphasizes
memorization and recall.
4. *Word Part Strategy Benefits*:
- Helps in understanding the structure and meaning of words by
examining their parts.
5. *Word Card Strategy Benefits*:
- Facilitates memorization and quick recall of word meanings
through repeated review.
6. *Summary*:
- The Word Part Strategy involves dissecting words into roots,
prefixes, and suffixes to understand meanings, while the Word Card
Strategy aids in memorization and recall through flashcards. Both
strategies contribute to effective vocabulary learning by different
approaches.
Q#4. How can dictionaries be utilized in classrooms as a part of
vocabulary learning strategies?
Answer:

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Absolutely! Dictionaries are super helpful in classrooms for
vocabulary learning strategies. Here's how they can be used:
1. *Definitions*:
- Dictionaries provide meanings of words, helping students
understand new vocabulary better.
2. *Pronunciation*:
- They offer pronunciation guides, assisting students in saying
words correctly.
3. *Word Usage*:
- Dictionaries show how words are used in sentences, aiding in
proper usage.
4. *Synonyms and Antonyms*:
- Students can find synonyms (similar words) and antonyms
(opposite words) in dictionaries, expanding their vocabulary.
5. *Etymology*:
- Dictionaries often provide word origins, helping students
understand the history and development of words.
6. *Summary*:
- Dictionaries are valuable tools in classrooms for vocabulary
learning. They offer definitions, pronunciation guides, word usage
examples, synonyms, antonyms, and etymology, enhancing students'
understanding and usage of new words.
Q#5. Reflect on your personal word learning strategies and write
them in order of their usefulness.
Answer:
Of course! Here are my personal word learning strategies ranked by
their usefulness:

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1. *Context Clues*:
- Understanding words in the context of sentences or paragraphs is
the most effective way for me to learn new words.
2. *Word Association*:
- Connecting new words with familiar words or concepts helps me
remember their meanings better.
3. *Flashcards*:
- Using flashcards with word definitions on one side and the word
on the other side is a helpful tool for memorization.
4. *Reading Widely*:
- Reading a variety of materials exposes me to diverse vocabulary,
expanding my word knowledge.
5. *Word Roots*:
- Breaking down words into roots, prefixes, and suffixes aids in
deciphering the meanings of unfamiliar words.
6. *Dictionary Use*:
- Referring to a dictionary for definitions, pronunciations, and word
origins is also beneficial in my word learning journey.
In summary, utilizing context clues, word association, flashcards,
wide reading, word roots, and dictionaries have been my go-to
strategies for learning new words, with context clues being the most
effective method for me.
Q#6. Write short notes on the following terms:
* Word Parts Strategy
* Word Roots Strategy
* Using Dictionaries

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* Word Card Strategy
* The Keyword Technique
Answer:
Absolutely! Here are short notes on the terms you mentioned:
*Word Parts Strategy*:
- *Definition*: Breaking down words into prefixes, suffixes, and roots
to understand their meanings.
- *Usage*: Helps in deciphering the meanings of unfamiliar words by
recognizing common word parts.
- *Benefit*: Enhances vocabulary by enabling the understanding of
word structures.
- *Example*: "Un-" meaning not, "friendly" meaning showing
kindness, "unfriendly" means not showing kindness.
- *Summary*: Breaking words into parts like prefixes and suffixes
aids in understanding their meanings.
*Word Roots Strategy*:
- *Definition*: Focusing on the core meaning of a word to
understand related words.
- *Usage*: Helps in learning groups of words sharing the same root
and meaning.
- *Benefit*: Expands vocabulary by recognizing connections between
words.
- *Example*: "Bio-" meaning life, "biology" is the study of life.
- *Summary*: Understanding word roots assists in comprehending
the meanings of related words.
*Using Dictionaries*:

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- *Definition*: Referring to dictionaries for word definitions,
pronunciations, and usage.
- *Usage*: Helps in clarifying meanings, pronunciations, and word
usage.
- *Benefit*: Enhances vocabulary and understanding of words.
- *Example*: Looking up the word "serendipity" to find its definition
and usage.
- *Summary*: Dictionaries are valuable resources for clarifying word
meanings and usage.
*Word Card Strategy*:
- *Definition*: Using flashcards with words on one side and
definitions on the other.
- *Usage*: Aids in memorizing word meanings and improving
vocabulary.
- *Benefit*: Enhances retention and recall of word meanings.
- *Example*: Creating flashcards with new words and reviewing
them regularly.
- *Summary*: Flashcards are effective tools for memorizing and
learning new words.
*The Keyword Technique*:
- *Definition*: Creating associations between new words and
familiar keywords to aid memory.
- *Usage*: Helps in remembering new vocabulary through visual or
auditory connections.
- *Benefit*: Enhances retention and recall of word meanings.
- *Example*: Associating "carnivore" with "carnival" to remember it
means a meat-eating animal.

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- *Summary*: The Keyword Technique involves creating memorable
associations to aid in remembering new words.

UNIT-9

MORPHOLOGICAL THEORY
Morphology Theory
Answer:
Sure thing! Here's a simple breakdown for you:
*Introduction to Morphological Theory*:
- *Definition*: Morphological theory studies how words are formed.
- *Focus*: It looks at the structure of words and how they are put
together.
- *Importance*: Helps us understand the building blocks of words.
- *Example*: Breaking down "unhappiness" into "un-" and "happy"
to see how words are created.
- *Benefit*: Enhances our knowledge of word formation and
meaning.
- *Summary*: Morphological theory explores how words are
structured, providing insights into how language works and how
meanings are conveyed through word formation.
1.What are morphological theories and models?
Answer:
Morphological theories and models are all about how words are put
together. Let me break it down for you:
*Morphological Theories and Models*:

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- *Explanation*: These theories and models explore how words are
formed and structured.
- *Purpose*: They help us understand the rules and patterns behind
word formation.
- *Types*: Different theories propose various ways words are
created, like morpheme-based or word-based models.
- *Application*: Used to analyze and explain how words change form
to convey different meanings.
- *Significance*: Essential for understanding language structure and
meaning.
- *Summary*: Morphological theories and models are tools that help
us unravel the secrets of word formation, providing insights into how
language works and evolves.
Q#2. Describe important morphological theories and models by
giving their important features.
Answer:
Absolutely, I can help with that! Let's explore some key
morphological theories and models together:
*Important Morphological Theories and Models*:
- *Structuralism*: Focuses on the internal structure of words and
how they are formed from morphemes.
- *Generative Grammar*: Emphasizes the rules and principles that
govern word formation in a language.
- *Word-and-Paradigm Approach*: Examines how words are
organized into patterns and paradigms.
- *Distributed Morphology*: Views morphology as a set of
operations that apply to syntactic structures.

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- *Morpheme-Based Models*: Analyze words by breaking them
down into smaller meaningful units.
- *Connectionist Models*: Explore how words are processed in the
brain through interconnected neural networks.
*Summary*: These morphological theories and models offer
different perspectives on how words are structured and formed,
shedding light on the intricate mechanisms behind language and
word creation.
Q#3. Briefly define the following theories of morphology:
* A Morphous Morphology
* Articulated Morphology
* Autolexical Syntax
* Categorial Morphology
* Distributed Morphology
* Lexeme-Morpheme Base Morphology
* Lexical Morphology and Phonology
* Natural Morphology, "Network Model"
* Network Morphology
* Paradigm Function Morphology
* Prosodic Morphology
* Word Syntax Morphology
Answer:
Sure, I can provide brief definitions for each of those theories of
morphology in simple terms. Let's break it down:
*Theories of Morphology*:

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- *A Morphous Morphology*: Focuses on the internal structure of
words without relying on morphemes.
- *Articulated Morphology*: Emphasizes the combination of
morphemes to form words.
- *Autolexical Syntax*: Integrates word formation processes with
syntactic structures.
- *Categorial Morphology*: Examines how words are categorized
based on their morphological properties.
- *Distributed Morphology*: Views morphology as a set of
operations applied to syntactic structures.
- *Lexeme-Morpheme Base Morphology*: Analyzes words based on
the relationship between lexemes and morphemes.
- *Lexical Morphology and Phonology*: Studies the interaction
between word structure and sound patterns.
- *Natural Morphology, "Network Model"*: Focuses on the natural
organization of morphological processes.
- *Network Morphology*: Explores the interconnectedness of
morphological elements in language.
- *Paradigm Function Morphology*: Examines how words function
within linguistic paradigms.
- *Prosodic Morphology*: Considers the role of prosody in shaping
word forms.
- *Word Syntax Morphology*: Investigates the relationship between
word structure and syntax.
*Summary*: These theories offer diverse perspectives on how words
are structured and formed, each contributing unique insights to the
study of morphology and language construction.

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