UCRL--52997-Chg .

DE91 00688 4
•

LLNL Explosives Handboo k

Properties of Chemical Explosive s
and Explosive Simulant s
B. M. Dobratz
P. C. Crawford
Acccf,ioil Fo r
Manuscript date : January 31, 1985
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LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY Ia‘,,
University of California • Livermore, California • 9455 0

Available from : National Technical Information Service • U .S . Department of Commerce

5285 Port Royal Road • Springfield, VA 22161 •

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 FOREWORD

This handbook presents information and data for high explosives (HEs) o f
•
interest to programs at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) an d
other Department of Energy (DOE) facilities . It is intended to be useful t o
the scientist or engineer, the novice or expert, who needs to develop a ne w
weapon system, design a physics experiment, or select and/or evaluate a n
existing explosive . Research explosives are excluded since most suc h
compositions are insufficiently characterized .
This compilation is therefore limited to production HEs and thei r
components . It is intended as a working handbook and not a historica l
document . The loose-leaf format is designed to permit easy revision an d
updating as new information and data become available . Thus, additions an d
corrections ale welcomed by the compiler .
High explosives are civided into two classes : initial detonating (o r
primary) and noninitiating (or secondary) explosives . T1-e primary HEs, such
as azides and fulminates, are extremely sensitive to ignition by heat, shock ,
and electrical discharge ; ignition leads to high-order detonation of th e
material--even for milligram quantities . The use of these HEs is therefor e
limited to squibs and starting materials for low-energy detonators . Becaus e
•
primary explosives have little application at LLNL, this compilation include s
only the properties of lead azide and lead styphnate . Secondary HEs as a
class comprise single compounds or mixtures ; the mixtures contain one or mor e
explosive compounds and one or more of the following ingr_-iieats : metals ,
binders, plasticizers, sensitizers or desensitizers, oxidizers, and a colorin g
agent . Because many of the secondary high explosives (which are formulate d
and manufactured within the DOE complex) are mixtures, the properties of th e
additives and binders used are included .
The data are the most up-to-date and accurate available to the knowledg e
of the compiler . Some data, however, represent only a range, a n
approximation, or comparative value ; this is especially true of explosiv e
mixtures, and such cases are noted in the text as they occur . The sources o f
information include textbooks, journal articles, technical reports, memoranda ,
letters, and personal communications . Data not specifically referenced wer e
obtained from an earlier edition of this compilation* ; further information an d

* Properties of Chemical Explosiveo and Explosive Simulants, Lawrenc e

• Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-51319, Rev„ 1 (1974) .

3/81 iii
additional references can be obtained from the compiler . References ar e
listed at the end of each chapter . THE READER IS URGED TO CONSULT THE SOURC E

DOCUMENT TO PROPERLY EVALUATE AND INTERPRET THE DATA GIVEN IN THIS COMPILATION .
The compilation consists of sections on high explosives and moc k
explosives, formulation nomenclature (codes), data sheets on individua l
materials, and a bibliography . Not all properties listed in the text an d
tables could be adapted to the data-sheet format, however . For the sake o f
uniqueness and convenience, in general only items not given as references ar e
included in this bibliography . The references at the end of each chapte r
complement the bibliography ; in fact they constitute specialize d
bibliographies .
A list of abbreviations and symbols and a table of conversion factors ar e
given below . All values and units have been converted to the Internationa l
System of Units (SI)* ; throughout this handbook, SI values are given i n
parentheses following values in English or metric units . The units an d
conversion factors are also given on other tables and figures where used .
Reference to a company or product name in this compilation does not impl y
approval or recommendation of the product by the University of California o r
the Department of Energy to the exclusion of others that may be suitable .

* Standard for Metric Practice, American Society for Testing and Materials ,
Philadelphia, PA, ASTM E 380-76E (1976) .

iv 3/81
 CONTENT S

Foreword . .
Abbreviations and symbols . . . . x
Conversion factors xii i
▪
I . High explosives 1- 1
•
1. Introduction 1- 1
•
2. Manufacture . 2- 1
•
2 .1 . Specifications 2- 2
3. Names and formulations 3- 1
•
4. Physical properties 4- 1
•
4 .1 . Physical state, density, molecular weight ,
and atomic composition . . . . • 4- 3
4 .2 . Melting points, boiling points, and vapor pressures . 4-1 0
4 .3 . Crystallographic and optical properties . . . . 4-1 4
4 .4 . References 4-1 9
5. Chemical properties . . • ., 5- 1
•
5 .1 . Heats of formation . 5- 1
•
5 .2 . Heats of detonatio n 5- 6
•
5 .3 . Compatibilit y 5-1 1
•
5 .4 . Solubilit y . 5-1 5
▪

5 .5 . Reference s • r • • 5-1 8
6. Thermal properties 6- 1
•
6 .1 . Thermal conductivity . 6- 1
6 .2 . Thermal expansio n 6- 5
•
6 .3 . Specific heat. . 6- 9
6 .4 . Therma l stability . . 6-1 9
6 .4 .1 . Differential thermal analysis (DTA ) 6-1 9
•
6 .4 .2 . Pyrolysis 6-1 )
▪
6 .4 .3 . Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA ) • o s 6-8 1
6 .4 .4 . LLNL reactivity test (CRT ) 6-8 4
•
6 .4 .5 . Vacuum stability test . . 6-8 4
•
6 .4 .6 . Critical temperature and time to explosion 6-8 6
▪
6 .4 .7 . Thermal stability of larger explosive charges 6-8 7
6 .5 . References . . . 6-9 1
•

3/81 v
7. Mechanical properties 7- 1
7 .1 . Time- and rate-dependent mechanical properties 7- 2
7 .1 .1 . Tensile tests 7- 2
Tensile stress-strain 7- 2
Failure envelope 7- 2
▪
Initial uniaxial modulus 7- 2
Tensile creep 7- 6
High-strain-rate tensile tests 7- 8
7 .1 .2 . Compressive tests 7-1 0
Compressive stress-strain 7-1 0
Compressive creep 7-1 1
7 .2 . Complex modulus properties 7-1 2
•
7 .2 .1 . Complex shear 7-1 2
7 .3 . Friction 7-2 2
7 .3 .1 . Static coefficient of friction . . . 7-2 2
7 .3 .2 . Kinematic coefficient of friction 7-2 2
7 .4 . Hugoniot data 7-2 7
7 .4 .1 . Shock loading 7-2 7
7 .4 .2 . Unreacted Hugoniot 7-3 1
7 .4 .3 . Sound velocity 7-3 6
•
7 .5 . References 7-3 9
8. Performance 8- 1
8 .1 . Detonation velocity 8- 1
8 .1 .1 . Equations 8- 5
▪
8 .1 .2 . Estimation 8- 9
8 .2 . Chapman-Jouguet detonation pressure 8-1 4
8 .2 .1 . Reaction zone 8-1 7
8 .3 . Cylinder-test measurements of explosive energy 8-1 9
8 .3 .1 . Equation of state 8-2 1
8 .3 .2 . Detonation energy 8-2 4
8 .4 . Gurney method 8-2 6
8 .5 . Critical diameter 8-3 0
8 .6 . References 8-35

vi 3/81
 9. Initiation and sensitivity 9- 1
9 .1 . Drop-weight test ' . . . . . 9- 1

9 .2 . Susan test 9- 5
•
9 .2 .1 . Comp A-3 9-1 3
9 .2 .2 . Camp B-3 9-1 3
9 .2 .3 . Cyclotol 75/25 • . 9-14
9 .2 .4 . Explosive D 9-1 4
9 .2 .5 . H-6 9-14
9 .2 .6 . LX-04-1 . ., . 9-1 5
9 .2 .7 . LX-07-2 9-1 5
9 .2 .8 . LX-09-0 9-1 6
9 .2 .9 . LX-10-0 9-1 6
9 .2 .10 . LX-11-0 9-1 7
9 .2 .11 . LX-14-0 9-1 7
9 .2 .12 . LX-17-0 9-1 8
9 .2 .13 . Octol 75/25 9-1 8
9 .2 .14 . PBX-9010 9-1 8
9 .2 .15 . PBX-9011 9-1 9
9 .2 .16 . PBX-9205 9-1 9
9 .2 .17 . PBX-9404-03 9-2 0
9 .2 .18 . PBX-9501 9-2 0
9 .2 .19 . TATB 9-2 0
9 .2 .20 . TNT 9-2 1
9 .2 .21 . Tr itona l 9-2 1
9 .2 .22 . XTX-8003 9-2 1
9 .3 . Skid test • . 9-2 6

9 .4 . Shock initiation 9-3 7

9 .4 .1 . Gap test 9-3 7
9 .4 .2 . Critical energy 9-4 7
9 .4 .3 . LVD screening test 9-4 9
9 .4 .4 . Initial shock pressure 9-4 9
9 .5 . References 9-6 0
10. Electrical properties 10- 1
10 .1 . Dielectric constant 10- 2
10 .2 . References • . 10- 7
11. Toxicity 11- 1
11 .1 . References 11- 2

1/82 vii
II . Mock explosives 12- 1
12. Introduction 12- 1

13. Names and formulations 13- 1

•
14. Physical properties 14- 1

15. Thermal properties 15- 1

15 .1 . Thermal conductivity and specific heat 15- 2

15 .2 . Thermal expansion 15- 5

15 .3 . Thermal stability 15- 6

15 .4 . References 15-1 2
16. Mechanical properties 16- 1
16 .1 . Time- and rate-dependent mechanical properties 16- 1
16 .1 .1 . Tensile tests 16- 1

Failure envelope 16- 1

Initial uniaxial modulus . . . 16- 1

Tensile creep . . 16- 1

•
High-strain-rate tensile tests . 16- 1
•
16 .1 .2 . Compressive tests . . . . 16- 1
Compressive stress-strain . . . 16- 1
•
Compressive creep 16- 1
16 .2 . Complex modulus properties 16- 8
•
16 .2 .1 . Comp lex shear 116- 8
16 .3, Friction 16- 8
16 .4 . Hugoniot data 16-1 0
x5 .4 .1 . Shock loading 16-1 0
16 .4 .2 . Sound velocities and unreacted Hugoniots 16-1 0

16 .5 . References 16-1 4

III . Formulation designations (codes) . . . 17- 1

17. LLNL code designations 17- 1

17 .1 . Formulations in production (LX code) 17- 1

17 .2 . Research explosives (RX code) 17- 3

18. LANL code designations . 18- 1

▪
IV . Data sheets : Collected properties of explosives, additives ,
and binders 19- 1

19 . Data sheets • 19-3

viii 1/82
 V . Bibliograph y . . 20-• 1

20 .1 . Chemical analysis . . . 20- 1

20 .2 . Electrical properties 20- 4

20 .3 . General reference works 20- 5

20 .4 . Health and safety 20-1 0

20 .5 . Initiation and sensitivity 20-1 2

20 .6 . Mechanical and physical properties 20-1 5

20 .7 . Performance 20-1 6

20 .8 . Radiation effects 20-2 2

20 .9 . Thermal properties 20-2 3

3/81 ix
 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOL S

AFNOL polymerization product of primarily DINOL and 4,4-dinitropimeloy l •

chlorid e
AN ammonium nitrat e
AP ammonium perchlorat e
ATBC acetyl tributyl citrat e
AWRE Atomic Weapons Research Establishment, U .K .
b .p . boiling poin t
BDNPA-F bis(2,2-dinitroploi.yi) acetal/bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) formal, 50/5 0
BDNPF bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) forma l
BEAF 1,2-ethartediol bisdifluoronitroacetat e
BKW Brinkley-Kistiakowski-Wilson (equation of state )
BTF benzotrifuroxa n
cb calculated bulk sound velocit y
cR longitudinal shear sound velocit y
CP specific hea t
cs transverse shear sound velocit y
CAB cellulose acetate butyrat e
CEF tris-S-chlo :oethyl phosphat e
•
CJ Chapman-Jougue t
CTE coefficient c :hernial expansion
D detonation velocit y
d critical diamete r
c
DATB 1,3-diamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzen e
dec . decomposition
DEGN diethylene glycol dinitrat e
DFTNB difluorotrinitrobenzen e
DINOL 2,2,8,8-tetranitro-4,6-dioxa-l,9-nonanedio l
DIPAM 3,3-diamino-2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexanitrobipheny l

DIVA N,N-dimethylformamid e
DMSO dimethylsulfoxid e
DNPA 2,2-dinitropropyl acrylat e
DNPN 4,4-dinitropentanonitril e
DNT 2,4-dinitrotoluen e
DOP dioctylphthalat e
E energy i

x 3/81
 EDNP ethyl 4,4-dinitropentanpat e
EGDN ethylene glycol dinitrat e
0 Eu ultrasonic modulu s
f coefficient c frictio n
f .p . freezing poin t
FEFO bis(2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethyl) forma l
G* complex shear modulu s

H 50 drop weight sensitivit y

HE high explosiv e
HMX 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctan e
HNAB 2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexanitroazubenzen e
HNS 2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexanitrostilben e
HVD high velocity detonatio n
J(t) creep complianc e
JWL Jones-Wilkins-Lae (equation of state )
K degrees kelvi n
.~Y bulk modulu s
LANL Los Alamos National Laboratory t
LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laborator y
• LSGT large-scale gap tes t
LVD low velocity detonatio n
m .p . melting poin t
MEK methyl ethyl keton e
MTBK methyl isobutyl keton e
MNT mononitrutoluen e
MW molecular weigh t
N newton (pound-force )
n refractive inde x
NC nitrocellulos e
NG nitroglycerine
NM nitromethan e
NONA nonanitroterpheny l
NQ nitroguanidin e

t As this report goes to press, the Los Alamos National Laboratory has no t
designated an acronymic abbreviation . We have therefore used LANL, whic h
corresponds in style to the other facility acronyms used in this report .

3/81 xi
NSWC Naval Surface Weapons Cente r
P CJ Chapman-Jouguet pressur e
PBX plastic-bonded explosiv e
PETN pentaerythritol tetranitrat e
PR Poisson's rati o
PX Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Co ., Inc ., Pantex Plan t
R molecular refractio n
RDX 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan e
RMS rheometric mechanical spectromete r
RTV room-temperature vulcanizin g
SI Systeme Internationale (International System of Units )
SRI Stanford Research Institut e
SSGT small-scale gap tes t
STP standard temperature and pressur e
T temperatur e

T glass transition temperatur e

g
TACOT 2,4,8,10-tetranitro-5H-benzotriazolo-[2,1-a]-benzotriazol e
TATS 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzen e
Tetryl 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramin e
THE
TMD
tetrahydrofura n
theoretical maximum densit y
s
TNM tetranitromethan e
TNT 2,4,6-trinitrotoluen e
3 volum e
3 velocit y
v .p . vapor pressur e
WLF Williams-Landel-Ferry (shift equation )
heat of detonatio n
AH de t
AH f heat of formatio n
a linear CTE
B cubical CT E
r adiabatic coefficient of expansio n
y GrUneisen constan t
e dielectric constan t
A thermal conductivit y
3 Sliding velocit y
p density

3/81
 CONVERSION FACTOR S

Unit system
Multiplicatio n
Symbol U .S ./British cgs SI (m/k/s) a facto r

Angle deg rad 1 .745 x 10- 2

C-J pressure P CJ bar Pa 1 .00 x l0 5

Creep J 1/psi m2 /N 1 .450 x 10-4

complianc e (= in . 2 /lbf)

Density P g/cm3 Mg/m3 1

Detonation D mcu/ysec km/s 1

velocit y

Energy E cal/cm 2 J/m 2 4 .184 x 104

Heat of 6li det cal/g J/kg 4 .184 x 10 3

detonation')

Heat of AH f cal/g J/kg 4 .184 x 10 3

formation b kcal/mol kJ/mol 4 .18 4

Initial E0 psi Pa 6 .895 x 10 3

modulu s

Length A m 10 -1 0
mil M 2 .54 x 10- 5

Pressure P psi 'a 6 .895 x 10 3

atm Pa 1 .01 x 10 5
bar Pa 1 .00 x 10 5

Sliding v in ./min m/s 4 .233 x 10`4

v%locity ft/sec m/s 3 .04E x 10- 1

Specific heat h Cp Btu/lb-°F cal/g-°C J/kg-K 4 .184 x 10 3

Temperature A. °F K ((TF-32)/1 .8 ]
+ 27 3
°C K TC + 273
 CONVERSION FACTORS . (Continued )

Unit system •
Multiplicatio n
Symbol U .S ./British cgs SI (m/k/s) a facto r

Thermal A Btu/hr-f'-'F W/in-K 1 .7 3

conductivity b cal/cm-sec-°C W/n-K 4 .184 x 10 2

Therms :. CTE in ./in .-°F m/m- K 1 .8

expansion cm/cm-°C m/m-K 1

Vapo r v. p. mm Hg, Torr Pa 1 .333 x 1 0 2

pressure

Weight lb kg 4 .536 x 10' 1

a In this column, the abbreviations used are those of the Internationa l

System of Units (SI) ; in this system, degrees kelvin = K .
b Thermochnmical Btu or calorie .

s
xiv 3/81
 PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL EXPLOSIVES AND EXPLOSIVE SIMULANT S

• I. HIGH EXPLOSIVE S

1 . INTRODUCTIO N

High explosives are metastable compounds or mixtures that can reac t

rapidly to give gaseous products at high temperature and pressure . Th e
attendant expansion of these products is the mechanism by which explosives d o
useful work . High explosives are like primary explosives in that reaction ca n
be initiated by shock and heat . High a :Tlosives, however, differ from primar y
explosives in three ways :
1. Small unconfined charges (1-2 g), even though ig ► : i r ed, do no t
transit easily from a burning or deflagration reaction to a
detonation .
2. Electrostatic ignition is very difficult (except in explosive dus t
clouds) .
3. Ignition of any sort requires considerably larger shocks .

3/81 1-1/1-2
 2 . MANUFACTUR E

• Pure explosives are usually synthesized by sulfuric/nitric-acid nitratio n

of organic compounds . The product is separated from the mixed acids b y
filtration, purified, and dried .
TNT is one of the few pure explosives that can be fabricated directly b y
melting and casting into a desired shape . Most other materials must b e
diluted either with TNT (to make them castable) or with plastic (to make the m
pressable) before they can be fabricated into useful shapes .
The procedure used for fabricating castable, TNT-containing formulation s
is as follows : TNT is melted, and the desired solid ingredients are adde d
with stirring . The molten mixture is then vacuum-cast into a mold . Crackin g
and variations in density and composition are minimized by careful control o f
the cooling rate .
Plastic-bonded explosives (PBX) are pressed from "molding " powders, whic h
may be produced in several ways . A typical preparative method is the slurr y
technique : crystalline explosive and water are agitated in a containe r
equipped with cover, condenser, and stirrer . A lacquer, which consists of th e
plastic (together with a plasticizer, if required) dissolved in a suitabl e

• solvent, is added to the slurry . The solvent is not a solvent for the HE bu t
wets the crystalline surfaces better than water . The solvent is immiscibl e
with water and has a high vapor pressure . It is removed by distillation ,
which causes the plastic phase to precipitate out onto the explosive as a
coating . The plastic-explosive agglomerates into "beads" as stirring an d
solvent removal are continued . Finally, water is removed from the beads b y
filtering and drying . The product is the molding powder . Good moldin g
powders have a high bulk density and are free-flowing and dustless .
PBX molding powder can be pressed into usable shapes by two methods :
1) compression molding with steal dies and 2) hydrostatic (or isostatic )
pressing . In the latter mcchod, the explosive is placed in rubber sacks an d
subjected h.o fluid pressure . With either method, consolidation of the moldin g
powder to reasonable densities (97% of theoretical) is obtainea at pressure s
between 12,000 and 20,000 psi (83 and 138 tiPa) and molding temperature s
between 25 and 120°C (298 and 393 K) . An important and necessary feature o f
molding is the use of vacuum . The molding powder is normally evacuated to a
pressure of less than 1 mm Hg (153 Pa) betiore pressing .
 Both pressed and cast explosives are usually machined to final shape ,
Many intricate forms have been cut successfully . As a rule, the machining o f

explosives is similar to the machining of a conventional plastic, except tha t •

water is used as a cutting-tool coolant . New explosives are machined b y
remote control until their behavior under machining conditions has bee n
carefully evaluated .

2 .1 . SPECIFICATION S

Manufacture and testing of production explosives are controlled b y

specifications . Pertinent specifications are listed in Table 2-1 .

Table 2-1 . Specifications for manufacture and testing .

Materia l Specificatio n
designation number Titl e

Explosive s

AN MIL-A-50460A Military Specifications for Ammonium Nitrate ,

Technical .

AP OS 11354 Navy Specification fo Ammonium Perchlorate .

BDNPA- F WS-1141 Weapons Specification for Mixture of Bis(2,2 -

dinitropropyl) acetal-Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl )
formal .

Comp A-3, A-4 MIL-C-440B Military Specification for Compositions A-3 an d

A-4 .

Comp A- 5 MIL-E-14970 Military Specification for Composition A-5 .

Comp B MIL-C-401C Military Specification for Composition B .

Comp B- 3 MIL-C-45113 Military Specification for Composition B-3 .

Comp C- 4 MIL-C-45010 Military Specification for Composition C-4 .

Explosive D JAN-A-166A Military Specification for Explosive D .

FEFO RM-253202 LLNL Material Specification for Liquid Explosiv e

Bis(2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethyl) formal (FEFO) .
•

2-2 3/8 1
 Table 2-1 . Specifications for manufacture and testing . (Continued )

Material Specificatio n
designation number Titl e

Explosive s

H BX MIL-E-22267A Military Specification for HBX-Type Explosives .

HMX MIL-H-45444 Military Specification for HMX .

HNAB SS274590 Sandia Specification for Synthesis of HNA B

(Hexanitroazobenzene) .

LX-04 RM-252353 LLNL Material Specification for LX-04 Moldin g

Powder .

LX-07 RM-253379 LLNL Material Specification for LX-07 Moldin g

Powder .

LX-09 RM-253200 LLNL Material Specification for LX-09 Moldin g

Powder .

LX-10 RM-253511 LLNL Material Specification for LX-10 Moldin g

Powder .
•
LX-13 RM-253520 LLNL General Specification for LX-13 .

LX-14-0 RM-253683 LLNL Material Specification for LX-1 .4 Moldin g

Powder .

LX-17-0 RM-255117 LLNL Material Specification for LX-17 High

Explosive Molding Powder .

Minol-2 MIL-M-14745 Military Specification for Minol-2 Composition .

Octol MIL-0-45445 Military Specification for Octol .

PBX-9007 PA-PD-711 Picatinny Arsenal : Purchase Description fo r

Powder, Molding Compound Explosive (PBX) .
(PBX-9007) .

PBX-9010 OAC-PD-112 Purchase Description for PBX-9010 Molding Powder ,

PBX-9011 13Y-101030 LANL Material Specification for PBX-9011 Moldin g

Powder .

PBX-9205 13Y-103317 LANL Material Specification for PBX-920 5

Manufactured by the Slurry Method .

3/81 2- 3
 Table 2-1 . Specifications for manufacture and testing . (Continued )

•
Material Specificatio n
designation number Title

Explosive s

PBX-9404 13Y-103159 LANL Material Specification for PBX-9404 Moldin g

Powder .

RM-252336 LLNL Material Specification for PBX-9404 Moldin g

Powder .

PBX-9407 13Y-109098 LANL Material Specification for PBX-9407 Molding

Powder .

PBX-9501 13Y-109643 LANL Material Specification for PBX-9501 Moldin g

Powder .

PBX-9502 13Y-188727 LANL Material Specification for PBX-9502 Moldin g

Powder .

PBX-9503 13Y-190273 LANL Material Specifi ,eation for PBX-9503 .

PETN MIL-P-387 Military Specification for Pentaerythrito l

Tetranitrate (PETN) . •

RDX MIL-R-398 Military Specification for RDX .

TATB 13Y-188025 LANL Material Specification for TAT B

(Triamino-trinitrobenzene) Mo',ding Powder .

RM-254959 LLNL Material Specification for Ultrafine TATB .

Tetryl JAN-T-339 Joint Army-Navy Specification for Tetry l

(Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine) .

TNT MIL-T-248 Military Specification for TNT .

XTX-8003 13Y-104481 LANL Material Specification for XTX-800 3

Extrudable Explosive .

XTX-8004 13Y-189496 LANL Material Specification for XTX-800 4

Extrudabl Explosive .

Binder s

Estane
5702 F-1
RM-253682 LLNL Material Specification for Elastomer ,
Polyurethane . 0
2-4 3/8 1
 Table 2-1 . Specifications for manufacture and testing . (Continued )

Material Specification
designation number Titl e

Binder s

Estane 13Y-101031 LANL Material Specification for Estane 5740 X-2 .

5740 X- 2

Fluoro- R ..1-252988 LLNL Material Specification for Uncured Fluoro -

elastomer elastomer binder .

pDNPA RM-253201 LLNL Material Specification for 2,2-Dinitropropy l

Acrylate Polymer (pDNPA) Plastic Binder .

Kel-F 800 13Y-188481 LANL Material Specification for Kel-F 800 .

Polystyrene MIL-P-55026 Military Specification for Polystyrene ,

Unmodified (For Use as a Binder in F,xpiosives) .

Sylgard 182 13Y-104480 LANL Material Specification for Dow Corning Resi n
93-022 (Aerospace Grade Sylgard 182) .

• Explosive Part s

RM-'253391 UAL Specification for Mechanical Propertie s

Testing of Plastic-Bonded High Explosive Parts .

RN-252356 LLNL General Specifications for Plastic-Bonde d

High Explosives .

RM-255693 LLNL Minimum Requirements for LX-17 Parts .

1/85 2-5/2- 6
 NAMES AND FORMULATION S

This section consists of Tables 3-1 through 3-6, which list the names an d
formulations of the various materials for which data are reported in thi s
handbook . The high explosive (HE) compositions are arranged by majo r
component in Table 3-6 .

Table 3-1 . Pure explosive compounds ,

Material a Chemical name b Other designations Colo r

AN Ammonium nitrate Clear

AP Ammonium perchlorate Whit e

BTF Benzotris[1,2,5]oxadiazole, Benzotrifuroxan ; Buf f

1,4,7-trioxide Hexanitrosobenzene ;
Benzotrifurazan-
N-oxid e

DAT S 2 ;4,6-Trinitro-1,3 - 1,3-Diamino-2,4,6- Yello w

benzenediamine trinitrobenzene

DE'N 2,2'-Oxybisethanol, Diethylene glycol Clea r

dinitrate dinitrate ;
Dinitrodiglyco l

DIPAM 2,2',4,4',6,6'-Hexanitro - 3,3'-Diamino-

[1,1-biphenyl]-3,3'-diamine 2,2 1 ,4,4',6,6! -
Hexanittobiphenyl ;
Hexanitrodipheny 1
amine hexite ;
Dipicramid e

DNPA 2 ; :-Dinitropropyi acrylate Off-whit e

EDNP Ethyl 4,4-dinitropentanoate Ethyl 4,4 - Yellow

dinitrovalerat e

Explosive D Ammonium picrate Dui., Ate Yellow/re d

FEFO 1,l'-[Methylenebis(oxy)1bi .s - Bis(2-fluoro-2,2- Stra w

[2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethane] dinitroethyl) formal

1/85 3- 1
 Table 3-1 . Pure explosive compounds . (Continued )

•
Material a Chemical name b Other designations Color

HMX Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tatranicro• - 1,3,>,7-Tetranitro- Whit e

1,3,5,7-tetrazocin e 1,3,5,7-tetreza-
cyclooctane ;
Cyclotetramethylen e
tetranitramine ;
Octoge n

HNAB Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) - 2,2'4,4',6,6'-Hexa- Reddish -

diazen e nitroazobenzene orang e

HNS 1,1'-(1,2-Ethenediyl)bis - 2,2',4,4',6,6'-Hexa- Yello w

[2,4,6-trinitrobenzene ] nitrostilbene
Lead azid e Whit e

Lead 2,4,6-Trinitro-l,3-benzen c- Lead trinitro- Orange -

styphnate dial, lead salt resorcinate yellow/
brown

NC (12% N) c Partially nitrated cellulos e Nitrocellulose Whit e

(lacquer grade) ;
Cellulose trinitrate ;
Piroksilin ; Pyroxyli n
•
NC (13 .35% Partially nitrated cellulose Nitrocellulose ; Whit e
N, min) c Guncotton

NC (14 .14% Partially nitrated cellulos e White

N) c

NG 1,2,3-Propaneti'iol, trinitrate Nitroglycerin ; Clea r

Glycerolnitrat e

NM Nitromethan e Clea r

NQ Nitroguanidin e Picrite Whit e

PETN 2,2-Bis[(nitrooxy)methyl] - Pentaerythrito l White

1,3-propanediol, dinitrat e tetranitrate ;
Penthrite ; TEN ;
Nitropent a

Picric acid 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol Melinite ; Perlit ; Yello w

Lyddit ; 1-Hydroxy -
2,4,6-trinitrobenzen e

3-2 1/85
 Table 3-1 . Pure explosive compounds . (Continued )

•
Mat aris l a Chemical name b Other designations Colo r

RDX Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro- 1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5- Whit e

1,3,5-triazin e triazacyclohexan e
Cyclotrimethylen e
trinitramine ;
Hexogen ; Cyclonite ;
Gh ; T4 ; 1,3,5 -
Trinitrotrimethylene -
triamin e

rACOT 2,4,8,10-Tetranitro-5H-benz o - Tetranitrodibenzo- Red -

triazolo-I2,1-a]-benzo - 1,3a,4,6a- orang e
triazol-6-ium, hydroxide , tetrazapentalen e
inner sal t

TATS 2,4 ; 6-Trinitro-1,3,5-benzene- 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6- Brigh t

triamin e trinitrobenzene yello w

Tetryi N-Methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitro - 2,4,6-Trinitrophenyl- Yellow/buf f

benzenamin e methylnitramin e
N-methyl-N,2,4,6 -
tetranitroaniline ;
Tetranitromethy1 -
• aniline ; Pyronite ; CE
TNM Tetranitromethan e Clea r

TNT 2-Methyl-1,3,5-trinitro - 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Buff /

benzene Trotyl ; T ; Tolit brow n

a Properties of these materials are summarized in the data sheet s

(Section IV) .
b The chemical names are listed in the Chemical Abstracts Index Guid e
(American Chemical Society, Columbus, OH, 1977+) .
c Nitrocellulose is not, strictly speaking, a single chemical compound .
Different grades are commercially available ; the grade denotes the degree o f
nitration . For this handbook, we cite data, where possible, that i s
characteristic of lacquer-grade nitrocellulose (12 .0% N) and guncotto n
(13 .35% N, min) . Lacquer-grade nitrocellulose is not an explosive but a n
energy-contributing plastic binder in PBX-9404 . The maximum possibl e
nitration is 14 .14% .

1/85 3-3
 Table 3-2 . Cast explosives : names and formulations .

Explosive a TNT RDX

Formulation (wt%) b
Other ingredient s
s
Amatol 80/20 20 AN 80

Baratoi 24 Ba(N03)2 76

Boracitol 40 Boric acid 60

Comp A-3 91 Wax 9

Comp A-5 98 .5-99 Stearic acid 1 .5- 1

Comp B, Grade A c 36 63 Wax, 1

Comp B-3 40 60

Cyclotol d 75/25 25 75

H-6 30 45 Al 20
Wax 5
(CaC12 0 .5 )

HBX-l 38 40 Al 1 7
Wax
(CaC12
5
0 .5 ) •
HBX-3 29 31 Al 35
Wax 5
(CaC12 0 .5 ) .

Minol-2 40 -- Al 20
AN 40

Octol 25 HMX 7 .5

Pentolite d 50 PETN 50

Tritonal 80 Al 20

a Properties of most of these materials are summarized in the data sheet s

Section IV) .
0 The wt% values are nominal and subject to some variation .
c Comp B, Grade A is formulated as a 60/40 RDX/TNT mixture, but high-qualit y
castings usually are higher in RDX content because a TNT-rich section i s
removed from the top of the casting .
d There are several cyclotols and pentolites . The most common cyclotol i s
RDX/TNT 75/25 . The properties of cyclotol 60/40 are listed as Comp B-3 . Th e
most common pentolite is PETN/TNT 50/50 .

3-4 1/85
 Table 3-3 . Plastic-bonded explosives : names and formulations .

Formulation
Explosive a Other designations Ingredient wt %

LX-04-1 PBHV-85/1 5 HMX 85

Viton A 15

LX-07-2 RX-•04-BA HMX 90

Viton A 10

LX-09-O RX-09-CB HMX 93

pDNPA 4.6
FEFO 2 .4

LX-09- 1 RMX 93 . 3 Purpl e

pDNPA 4.4
FEFO 2 .3

LX-10-0 RX-04-D E HMX 95 Blue-green spot s

Viton A 5 on whit e

LX-10-1 RX-04-E A HMX 94 . 5 Blue-green spot s

Viton A 5 .5 on whit e

LX-11-0 RX-04-P I HM X 80 Whit e

• Viton A 20

LX-14-0 RX-04-E Q HMX 95 . 5 Violet spot s

Estan e on whit e
5702-F 1 4 .5

'LX-15 RX-28-A S HNS- I 95 Beig e

Kel-F 80 0 5

LX-16 RX-15-A D PET N 96 Whit e

FPC 46 1 4

LX-17-0 RX-03-B B TAT S 92 . 5 Yello w

Kel-F 80 0 7 .5

PBX-9007 PBX-9007 Type B RDX 90 White or mottle d

Polystyren e 9. 1 gray b
DOP 0.5
Rosi n 0 .4

PBX-9010 RDX 90 Whit e

Kel-F 3700 10

1/85 3-5
 Table 3-3 . Plastic-bonded explosives : ,names and formulations . (Continued )

Formulation •
Explosive a Other designations Ingredient wt% Colo r

PBX-9011 X-0008 HMX 90 Off-whit e

E . -me
5703-F1 10

PBX-9205 RDX 92 Whit e

Polystyrene 6
DOP 2

PBX-9404 PBX-9404-03 HMX 94 White or blu e

NC ( :7,•0Z N) 3
CEF 3

PBX-9407 RDX 94 White or blackb

FPC 461 6

PBX-9501 X-0242 HMX 95 Whit e

Estane 2.5
BDNPA-F 2 .5

PBX-9502 X-0290 TATS 95 Yello w

Kel-F 800 5

PBX-9503 X-0351 HMX 15

TATB 80 Purpl e
Kel-F 800 5

PBX-9604 RX-10-AB RDX 96

Kel-F 800 4

a Properties of most of these materials are summarized in the dat a

heets (Section IV) .
g Color depends on graphite content .

3-6 1/8 5
 Table 3-4 . Misc.llat :e .Dus explosives : names and formulations .
m

Formulatio n
Expiosive a Other designations Ingredient wt% Colo r

Black Powder Black gunpowder KN03 75 Gray to blac k

Charcoal 15
Sulfur 10

Comp C-3 RDX 77 Yello w

TNT 4
DNT 10
MNT 5
Tetryl 3
NC

Comp C-4 Harrisite RDX 91 Light brown

Di(2-ethylhexyl )
sebacate 5 .3
Polyisobutylene 2. 1
Motor oil 1 .6

EL-506A Detasheet PETN 85 Re d

Binder 15

EL-5060 Detasheet PETN 63 Oliv e

NC (12 .3% N) 8
ATBC 29

LX-01 NTN, RX-01-AA NM 51 .7 Clea r

TNM 33 . 2
1-Nitropropane 15 . 1

LX-•02-1 EL-506 L-3 PETN 73 .5 Buf f

RX-02-AC Butyl rubber 17 .6
ATBC 6 .9
Cab-O-Sil 2 .0

LX-08 RX-02-AM PETN 63 .7 Blu e

Sylgard 182 34 . 3
Cab-O-Sil 2 .0

LX-13 PETN 80 Whit e

Sylgard 182 20

1/85 3- 7
 Table 3-4 . Miscellaneous explosives : names and formulations . (Continued )

Formulation •
Explosive a Other designations Ingredient wt% Colo r

MEN-II RX-01-•AC NM 72 .2 Clea r

Methanol 23 . 4
Ethylenediamine 4 .4

XTX-8003 Extex PETN 80 Whit e

Sylgard 182 20

XTX-8004 X-0208 RDX 80 Whit e

Sylgard 182 20

a Properties of most of these materials are summarized in the dat a

sheets (Section IV) .

3-8 1/8 5
 Table 3-5 . Additives and binders .

Material a Chemical name Other designations colo r

BDNPA-F Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) Stra w

acetal/bis(2,2-dinitro-
propy l) formal, 50/50 wt %

Cab-O-Sil M-5 Amorphous silicon Whit e

oxid e

CEF Tr is-a-chloroethyl - Clea r

phosphat e

DOP Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Dioctylphthalate Clea r

Estane 5702-F1 Polyurethane Light ambe r

solution syste m

FPC 461 Vinyl chloride/chlorotri - Whit e

fluoroethylene copolymer ,
1 .5 : 1

Kel-F 800 Chlorotrifluoroethylene/ 0ff-whit e

vinylidine fluorid e
copolymer, 3 : 1

Polystyrene Clea r

Sylgard 182 Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Silicone resin Light stra w

Viton A Vinylidine fluoride/hexa - Whit e

fluoropropylene copolymer,
60/40 wt %

a Properties of these materials are summarized in the data sheet s

(Section IV) .

1/85 3- 9
 Table 3-6 . Explosive compositions by major HE component .

Major component (wt%) Other constituents (wt%) Designatio n

AN 80 TNT 2 0 Amatol 80/2 0

40 TNT 40 Al 2 0 Minol- 2
HMX 95 . 5 Estane 5702-F1 4 . 5 LX-1 4
95 Viton A 5 LX-10-0 ,
95 Estane 2 .5 BDNPA-F 2 . 5 PBX-950 1
94 . 5 Viton A 5 . 5 LX-10- 1
94 NC 3 CEF 3 PBX-9404- 3
93 FEFO 2 .4 DNPA 4 . 6 LX-09- 1
90 Viton A 1 0 LX-07- 2
90 Estane 5703-F1 1 0 PBX-901 1
85 Viton A 1 5 LX-04- 1
80 Viton A 2 0 LX-1 1
75 TNT 2 5 Octol 75/2 5
HNS-I 95 Kel-F 800 5 LX-1 5
NM 72 . 2 CH30H 23 .4 Ethylene diamine 4 . 4 MEN-I I
51 . 7 TNM 33 .2 Nitropropane 15 . 1 LX-0 1

FPC 461 4 LX-16- 0

Binder 1 5 EL-506 A
Sylgard 182 2 0 LX-13, XTX-800 3
Rubber 17 .6 ATBC 6 .9 Cab-O-Sil 2 . 0 •
LX-02- 1
Rubber 34 .3 Cab-O-Sil 2 . 0 LX-0 8
TNT 5 0 Pentolite 50/5 0
RDX 98 .5-9 9 Wax 1 .0-1 . 5 Comp A- 5
96 Kel-F 800 4 PBX-960 4
94 FPC 461 6 PBX-940 7
92 PS 6 DAP 2 PBX-920 5
91 DENS 5 . :. PIB 2 .1 Motor oil 1 . 6 Comp C- 4
91 Wax 9 Comp A- 3
90 PS 9 . : 1)02 0 .5 Rosin 0 . 4 PBX-900 7
90 Kel-`r' 3700 1 0 PBX-901 0
80 Sylgard 182 2 0 XTX-800 4
77 TNT 4 .0 DNT 10 .0 MNT 5 .0 NC 1 . 0 Comp C- 3
Tetryl 3 . 0
75 TNT 2 5 Cyclotol 75/2 5
63 TNT 36 Wax 1 Comp B
60 TNT 4 0 Cyclotol 60/40 ,
Comp B- 3
45 TNT 30 Al 20 Wax 5 (CaC1 2 0 .5 ) H- 6
40 TNT 38 Al 17 Wax 5 (CaC12 0 .5 ) HBX- 1
31 TNT 29 Al 35 Wax 5 (CaC12 0 .5) HBX-3

3-10 1/85
 Table 3-6 . Ex p losive compositions by major HE component . (Continued )

Major component (wt%) Other co7stituents (wt%) Designatio n

TATB 95 Kel-F 800 5 PBX-950 2

92 .5 Kel-F 800 7 .5 LX-17- 0
80 HMX 15 Kel-F 800 5 PBX-950 3

TNT 50 PETN 50 Pentolite 50/5 0

40 AN 40 Al 40 Minot- 2
40 Boric acid 60 Boracitol

3/81 3-11/3-1 2
 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIE S

This section contains information relating to selected physical constant s

and properties of HEs of interest . These properties are :
Physical state and density (p) ,
Molecular weight (MW) and atomic composition ,
Melting point (m .p .), boiling point (b .p .), and vapor pressure (v .p .) ,
Crystallographic and optical properties .
The physical states, densities, molecular weights and elementa l
compositions are listed in Table 4-1 . For materials that are pure chemica l
compounds, molecular weights and molecular formulas are given ; for mixtures ,
an arbitrary molecular weight of 100 is assigned, and an empirical formul a
corresponding to this weight is given . For such mixtures, the weigh t
percentage of an element is given by the product of the atomic weight and it s
subscript in the empirical formula . Melting points, boiling points, and vapo r
pressures are shown in 'L ble 4-2 and in Fig . 4-1 ; crystallographic and opi :ica l
properties are listed in Table 4-3 .
Many properties of explosives are density-dependent . For calculation s
for mixtures, some useful auxiliary relationships between composition an d
density are as follows : l

2 i
L. "(v i p i )
p(TMD)
vi
E(m. /p .)
v 100 m ./p .
i i
Vi W i (p 0 /p i ) = =
vi (m i /p i )
1.00 v .p . 100 m i
w , = .~.-

(vi p i ) Em i
Void V i = 1 - (p 0 /TMD) ,

where TMD is theoretical maximum density, m is mass, v is volume, W is weigh t

percent, V is volume percent, p is theoretical density, subscript i
designates the component, and p 0 is the actual density of the mixture .

3/81 4-1
 •

3 .0 2.8 2 .6 2 .4
Inverse temperature (10001T) - OC -
1 1 1 I I I I
30 49 71 97 127 161 20 3
Temperature - ° C

Fig . 4-1 . Vapor pressure (v .p .) of explosives as a function of temperature . •

4-2 3/81
 s •

Table 4-1 . Density, physical state and atomic composition of explosives and additives .

Density, p
Physica l [g/cm(Mg/m3 )) Elemental Composition
Material state TMD Nominal Ref . MW C fl N 0 Other Ref .

Amatol 80/20 Soli d 1 .710 1 .46 cast 2 100 0 .62 4 .44 2 .26 3 .5 3 3

AN Soli d 1 .725 1 .72 2 80 .05 4 2 3 2

AP Soli d 1 .95 4 117 .5 4 1 4 Cl : 1 2

Baratol Soli d 2 .63 2 .60 - 100 0 .74 0 .53 0 .90 2 .38 Ba : 0 .29 3
2 .6 1

BDNPA-F Liqui d 1 .383- -- 5

1 .397 at 25 4 C
1 Black powder Soli d <2 .0 1.1 .91- 6 %10- .10 .5 1
.11 .36 K : .29 6
1.1 .9 5 1,12 S : 1.1 Q
Ash : 1.0 . 5

Boracitol Soli d --a 1 .53 - 100 1 .23 3 .79 0 .53 3 .97 B : 0 .97 3
1 .5 4
z
BTF Soli d 1 .901 1 .8 7 252 .1 6 6 6

Cab-O-Sil Soli d 2 .3 2 .2 7 60 .0 9 2 Si : 1 0

CEF Liqui d 1 .42 5 285 .5 6 12 4 Cl : 3

P: 1 0
0

Comp A-3 Soli d 1 .672 1 .65 8 100 1 .87 3 .74 2 .46 2 .46 3 o
pressed

Comp A-5 Solid 1 .757 1 .70 8 100 1 .41- 2 .82- 2 .66- 2 .66- 3 z
pressed 1 .44 2 .88 2 .67 2 .6 7

Comp B, Soli d 1 .742 1 .71 100 2 .03 2 .64 2 .18 2 .67 3

Grade Ab
 Table 4-i . Density, physical state and atomic composition of explosives and additives . (Continued )

Density, R
3 3
Physical [de (Mg/ )] Elemental Composition
Material state TMD Nominal Ref . MW C H N 0 Other Ref .

Comp B-3c Solid 1 .75 1 .72 100 2 .05 2 .51 2 .15 2 .67 3

Comp C-3 Putty-like 1 .58- 100 1 .90 2 .83 2 .34 2 .60 3

solid 1 .6 2

Comp C-4 Putty-like 1 .67 1 .64- 14 100 1 .82 3 .54 2 .46 2 .51 - 3
solid 1 .6 6

Cyclotol Solid 1 .77 1 .75- 100 1 .78 2 .58 2 .36 2 .69 3

75/25 1 .7 6

Cyclotol Solid 1 .68 cast -- 100 2 .04 2 .50 2 .15 2 .68 3

60/4 0

DATE Solid 1 .837 1 .79 243 .1 6 5 5 6

DEGN Liq uid 1 .39 9 196 4 8 2 7 9

DIPAM Solid 1 .79 10 454 .1 12 6 8 12

DNPA Solid 1 .47 204 .1 6 8 2 6

DOP Liquid 0 .986 390 .6 24 38 4

EDNP Liquid 1 .28 220 .2 7 12 2 6

EL-506A Flexibl e 1,!+8 100 2 .41 4 .29 1 .08 3 .27 3

solid

EL-506C Flexible 1 .483 1 .48 11 '100 3 .25 5 .49 0 .87 2 .68 3

solid

Estane 5702-F1 Rubbery 1 .18 12 100 5 .14 7 .50 0 .19 1 .76 3

oc solid
p-a

•
 i •

Table 4-1 . Density, physical state and atomic composition of explosives and additives . (Continued )

Density, p
3 3
Physica l [g/cm ((Hem )] Elemental Composition
Material state TMD Nominal Ref . MW C H N 0 Other Ref .

Explosive D Solid 1 .717 1 .63 2 246 6 6 4 7 2

FEFO Liquid 1 .607 320 .1 5 6 4 10 F: 2

FPC 461 Solid 1 .70 13 (210) n 5 4 .5 Cl : 2 . 5

F: 3

H-6 Solid 1 .791 1 .75 14 100 1 .89 2 .59 1 .61 2 .01 Al : 0 .74 3
Ca : 0,00 5
Cl : 0 .00 9

HBX-1 Solid 1 .76 1 .71 cast 15 100 2 .06 2 .62 1 .57 2 .07 Al : 0 .63 3
1 .74 15 Ca : 0 .00 5
pressed Cl : 0 .00 9

HBX-3 Solid 1 .882 1 .84- 14 100 1 .66 2 .18 1 .21 1 .60 Al : 1 .29 3
1 .85 Ca : 0 .00 5
Cl : 0 .00 9

HMX Solid 1 .90 1 .89 16 296 .2 4 8 8 8

HNAB-I Solid 1 .799 17 452 .2 12 4 8 12

HNAB-II Solid 1 .750 17 452 .2 12 4 8 12

HNS Solid 1 .740 1 .72 18,19 450 .3 14 6 6 12

Kel-F 800 Solid 2 .02 20 (413,5)n 8 2 '° Cl : 3 3

F: 11

Solid 4 .80 4 .3 dextrin . 291 6 Pb : 1 2

Lead azide
 Table 4-1 . Density, physical state and atomic composition of explosives and additives . (Continued )

Density, p
Physical [g/cm (Mg/ 3 )J Elemental. Compositio n
Material state TMD Nominal Ref . MW C H N 0 Other Ref .

Lead Solid 3 .06 3 .02 21 468 6 3 3 9 Pb : 1 2

styphnate

LX-01-0 Liquid 1 .23 100 1 .52 3 .73 1 .69 3 .39 3

LX-02-1 Putty-like 1 .44 1 .43- 100 2 .77 4 .86 0 .93 2 .99 Si : 0 .03 3
solid 1 .44
LX-04-1 Solid 1 .889 1 .86- 100 1 .55 2 .58 2 .30 2 .30 F : 0 .52 3
1 .87
LX-07-2 Solid 1 .892 1 .86- 100 1 .48 2 .62 2 .43 2 .43 F : 0 .35 3
1 .87
LX-08-0 Putty-like 1 .439 >1 .42 100 1 .93 4 .39 0 .81 2 .95 Si : 0.50 3
o, solid
LX-09 Solid 1 .867 1.84- 100 1 .43 2 .74 2 .59 2 .72 F : 0 .02 :3
1 .85
LX-10 Solid 1 .896 1 .86- 22 100 1 .41- 2 .66 2 .57- 2 .57- F : 0 .16- 3
1 .87 1 .42 2 .58 2 .58 0.1 7
LX-11-0 Solid 1 .87- 100 1 .61 2 .53 2 .16 2 .16 F : 0 .70 3
1 .88

LX-13 (See XTX-8003 )

LX-14-6 Solid 1 .849 1 .63 100 1 .52 2 .92 2 .59 2 .66 3

LX-15 Solid 1 .752 23 106 3 .05 1 .29 1 .27 2 .53 Cl : 0 .04 3

F . ,? 3

LX-16 Solid 1 .767 1 .59- 24 100 1 .61 2 .52 1 .22 3 .64 F : ;1,,05 3
1 .60
CA
 • • •

Table 4-1 . Density, physical state and atomic composition of explosives and additives . (Continued )
CO

Density, p
3 3
Physical tg/cm (Holm ) ] Elemental Compositic r
Material state TMD Nominal Ref . MW C H N 0 Other Ref .

LX-17-0 Solid 1 .944 1 .89- 100 2 .29 2 .18 2 .15 2 .15 Cl : 0 .054 3
1 .94 F: 0.2

MEN-II Liquid 1 .017 100 2 .06 7 .06 1 .33 3 .10 3

Minoi-2 Solid 1 .70 2 100 1 .23 2 .88 1 .53 2 .56 Al : 0 .74 3

NC (12 .0% N) Solid 1 .653 1 .50 25 (262 .6) n 6 7 2 .25 9.5

NC (13 .35% N) Solid 1 .656 25 (274 .1)n 6 7 2 .5 10

NC (14 .14% N) Solid 1 .659 (297 .l)n 6 7 3 11 25

-+ NG Liquid 1 .596 227 .1 3 5 3 9

NM Liquid 1 .13 at 20°C 61 .0 1 3 1 2

(293 K )

NO Solid 1 .775 1 .55- 91 104 .1 1 4 4 2

1 .7 5

Octal 75/25 Solid 1 .843 1 .80- 100 1 .78 2 .58 2 .36 2 .69 3
1 .8 2

PBX-9007 Solid 1 .697 1 .66 100 1 .97 3 .22 2 .43 2 .44 3

PBX-9010 Solid 1 .822 1 .79 100 1 .39 2 .43 2 .43 2 .43 Cl : 0 .09 3
F : 0,2 6

PBX-9011 Solid 1 .795 1 .77 100 1 .73 3 .18 2 .45 2 .61 3

PBX-9205 Solid 1 .72 1 .68 100 1 .83 3 .14 2 .49 2 .51 3

 Table 4-1 . Density, physical state and atomic composition of explosives and additives . (Continued)

Density, p
Physical (g/cm (Mg/m3 )1 Elemental Compositio n
Material state TMD Nominal Ref . MW C H N 0 Other Ref .

PBX-9404-3 Solid 1 .865 1 .83- 100 1 :40 2 .75 2 .57 2 .69 Cl . : 0 .03 3
1 .84 P : 0 .0 1

PBX-9407 Solid 1 .81 1 .60- 100 1 .41 2 .66 2 .54 2 .54 Cl : 0 .07 3
1 .62 d F : 0 .0 9

PBX-9501 Solid 1 .855 1 .84 100 1 .47 2 .86 2 .60 2 .6 9

PBX-9502 Solid 1 .942 1 .90 100 2 .33 2 .23 2 .21 2 .21 Cl : 0 .038 3
F : 0 .1 3

PBX-9503 Solid 1 .936 1 .88 27 100 2 .16 2 .28 2 .26 2 .26 Cl : 0 .038 3

0o Pentolite Solid 1 .71 1 .67 100 2 .33 2 .37 1 .29 3.22 3 ,

50/5 0
PETN Solid 1 .78 1 .76 316 .2 5 8 4 12

Picric acid Solid 1 .76 1 .60 229 .1 b 3 3 7

Polystyrene Solid 1 .12 1 .05 28 (104 .2) n 8 8 - -

RDX Solid 1 .806 222 .1 3 6 6 6

Sylgard 182 Liquid 1 .05 29 (74 .16) n 2 6 1 Si : 1

TACOT Solid 1 .85 1 .61 388 .2 12 4 8 8

TATB Solid 1 .938 1 .88 258 .2 6 6 6 6

Tetryl Solid 1 .73 1 .71 287 .0 7 5 5 8

. TNM Liquid 1 .650 at 13°C 196 .0 1 - 4 8

co (286 K)

•
 •

Table 4-1 . Density, physical state and atomic composition of explosives and additives . (Continued )

Density, p
3
Physical [g/cm3 (Hem. )) Elemental Composition
Material state TMD Nominal Ref . MW C H N 0 Other Ref .

TNT Soli d 1 .654 1 .5-1 .6 227 .1 7 5 3 6

cast ;
1 .63-
1 .64
presse d

Viton A Rubber y 1 .8-1 .9 30 (187 .1) n 5 3 .5 F: 6.5

solid

XTX-8003 Putt y 1 .556 1.1 .53 100 1 .80 3 .64 1 .01 3 .31 Si : 0 .27 3
curable t o
rubbery soli d

.c XTX-8004 Putt y 1 .579 .1 .55

1 100 1 .62 3 .78 2 .16 2 .43 Si : 0 .27 3
curable t o
rubbery solid

a A TMD value based on boric acid and TNT is 1 .52 ; however, some boric acid breaks down to B203 during vacuum castin g
at over 80°C (353 K) . This has the effect of increasing the TMD by an unpredictable amount .
b Based on nominal composition of RDX/TNT/Wax 63/36/1 . The wax was assumed to have the composition CH2 .
c Based on nominal composition RDX/TNT 60/40 .
d Nominal density in detonator and booster applications .
 Table 4-2 . Belting points m .p .s boiling points b .p ., and vapor pressures v .p .

a
t~ . v.
!%ste•. i of '--°-" (K) Ref . mg
am (pa Rai _

AFNOL 105--110 (778-383 )

16 9 (447:) 54 210 dec . (483 )

AP >220 dec . (>493) 54 -- log:? = 10 .56 - 6283 .7/T(K) 31

Baratcl 79-80 (352-353) 0 .1 at 1000°C (13 .33 at 373 K )

EDNPA-F x.150 at ( .423 at 5

0 .01 am 1 .33 Pa )

Boracitol 79-80 052-353 )

ETF 198-200 (471-473 )

CEF 203 (476) 32

Comp A-3 200 (473) 33

Comp B, Grade A +80 (%353 )

Comp B-3 79-80 (352-353) 0 .1 at 100 ' C (13 .33 at 373 K )

Comp C-4 ---b

Cyclotol 75/25 79-80 (352-353) 0 .1 at 100' C (13 .33 at 373 K )

DATB 286 (559) 34 (loge = 12 .75 - 7492/T(K) 35

at 92 .8-176 .8 ' C )

DEGN 160-161 (433-434) 9 0 .00593 at 25'C (0 .789 at 298 K) 9

DIPAM 304 (577) 10

DOP 222-230 (495-503) 36 <0 .06 at 150'C (<8 .0 at 423 K) 36

1 .2 at 200 0 C (159 .9 at 473 K )

EDNP -6 (268) 37 83 at (356 at 37

0 .05 m 6 .7 Pa )

EGDN loge 10 .55 - 3476/T(K) 39

Explosive D .28 0 ( .553) 38

dec .
• A

Table 4-2 . Melting points m .p ., boiling points b .p ., and vapor pressures v .p . (Continued )

o. . a
b .p v .p .
Material °C (K) Ref . 'C (K) Ref . um Hg (Pa) Ref .

FEFO 14 .5 (287 .5) 40 110 at (383 at 40 2 .14 x 10-4 at 25'C (2 .85 x 10- 2 at 298 K )
0 .3 no 40 Pa )

HMX 285 (558) 18 loge = 16 .18 - 9154/T(K) 41

at 97 .6-129 .3' C
loge = 15 .170 - 8596/T(K) 41
at 188-213°C
(loge = 12 .98 - 8407/T(K) 35
at 141 .8-206 .2°C )
3 x 10-9 at 100'C (4 x Iv-7 at 373 K) 18

HNAB 220 (493) 18 x 10-7 at 100°C (1 .33 x 10-5 at 373 K) 18

HNSc I : 315-31 6 (588-589 19 I : logP .. 14 .084 - 9347/T(K) 10

dec . dec .)
II : 31 8 (591) 18 II : 1 x 10-9 at 100'C (1 .33 x 10'7 at 373 K ) 18

Lead azide Dec .

Lead styphnate I A0-31 0 (533-583 )

exp : :-'_.c

LX-01-0 -54 (219) 29 .0 at 25'C (3866 at 298 K )

LX-02-1 --b

LX-04-1 Dec .>250 (>523 )

LX-07-2 Dec .>250 (>523 )

LX-08-0 129-135 (402-408 )

with dec .

LX-09 Dec .>280 (>553 )

LX-10 Dec .>250 (>523 )

LX-11 Dec .>250 (>523 )

LX-13 (See XTX-8003 )

LX-14-0 Dec .>270 (>543 )

LX-15 313 (586) 23

 Table 4-2 . Melting points m .p ., boiling points b .p ., and vapor pressures v .p . (Continued)

m. . b.v. v. a
Material °C K) Ref . °C K) Ref . mmHg Pa) Ref .

LX-17 1 .1 x 10-6 at 150°C (1 .46 x 10-4 at 423 K) 47

MEN-II 313 (586) 28

NC(12 .0% N) Dec .>1s5 (>408 )

(13 .352 N) Dec .>135 (>408 )

NG 13 .2 (286) 0 .0015 at 20°C (0 .2 at 293 K )

NM -29 (244) 101 (374) 42 Loge = 10 .821 - 3905/(t + 260) 42

37 at 25'C (4933 at 298 K )

NQ 257 (530) 26 (logP 11 .10 - 7452/T(K) 35

at 129 .2-199 .8°C )

Octol 79-80 (352-353) 0 .1 at 100' (13 .33 at 373 K )

PBX-9007 Dec .>200 (>473 )

►a PBX-9010 Dec .>200 (>473 )

PBX-9011 Dec .>250 (>523 )

PBX-9205 Dec .>200 (>473 )

PBX-9404 Dec .>250 (>523 )

PBX-9407 Dec .>200 (>473 )

PBX-9501 Dec .>240 (>515) 43

PBX-9502 Dec .>400 (>673) 33

Pentolite 50/50 76 (349) 0 .1 at 100°C (13 .33 at 373 K )

PETN 140 (413) 18 8 x 10-5 at 100°C (1 .1 x 10-2 at 373 K) 18

(logP = 16 .26 - 7856/T(K) 35
at 40 .5-132 .9°C )
logP = 14 .44-6352/T(K) 44

Picric acid 122 (395) 38 loge 12 .024 - 5729/T(K) (loge = 10 .17 - 5488/T(K) 35
at 58-103'C at 40 .5-132 .9°C )
03
Ln Polystyrene 240 (513) 28

•
 •

Table 4-2 . Melting points m .p ., boiling points b .p ., and vapor pressures-v .p . (Continued )

M .D . b. . V .p . a
Material °C K) Ref . C K Ref . sae H g (Pa) Ref .

RDX 205 with (478 ) 45 log? = 11 .87 - 5850/T(K ) 41

dec . at 55 .7-97 .7 ' C
(loge = 13 .01 - 7014/T(K) 35
at 70 .7-174 .2°C )

TACOT Dec .>380 (>653 ) 46

TATS 452 (725 ) 27 1 .0 x 10-4 at 150° C (1 .33 x 10- 2 at 423 K) 47

Dec .>325 (>598 ) 35 3 .2 x 10' 3 at 175° C (4 .26 x 10-1 at 448 K) 47
2 .8 x 10-2 at 200° C (3 .72 at 473 K) 47

Tetryl 130 (403 ) loge = 13 .71 - 6776/T(K ) 33

at 85-106' C

TNM 14 .2 (287 ) 125 .7 (399) - 13 at 25° C (1733 at 298 K)

log? 8 .63 - 2260/T(K ) 48
(loge = 11 .13 - 5410/T(K) 35
at 46-124 .5°C )

TNT 80 .9 (354 ) 0 .106 at I00' C (14 .13 at 373 K)

loge = R .11 - 3850/T(K )
at 200-350° C 39
log? = 12 .31 - 5175/T(K )
at 15-75° C 39
log? = 19 .25 - 7372/T(K )
at 12-40' C 39
(log? = 12 .60 - 5900/T(K) 35
at 28 . 33-76 .0'C)

XTX-8003 129-135 (402-408 ) log? = 10 .82 - 4908/T(K ) 33

at 80 .8-95 .2° C

XTX-8004 200 with (473) 33

dec .

a 1 mmHg = 1 .33 x 102 pa .

b No fixed melting point .
c Two types of HNS are in production : ENS-I, <10 µa particle size ; and HNS-II, 100-300 yu particle size .
 Table 4-3 . Crystallographic and optical properties . a
w

Unit cel l
dimensions b Refractive Molecula r
[A (10-1 nm)7 Crystal Space index refractio n
Material Polymorph and angles class group (n) (R) Ref .

AN
(125-169 .6°C) I(c) a=4 .37 Cubic Pm3m 1 .53C 3,55-5 8
p = 1 .58-1 .61 85
(84-125°C) II(6) a= 5 .72 Tetragonal P421m or a:=1 .50 9
p = 1 .64-1 .67 c=4 .93 P4/mbm a=1 .58 5
(32 .3 to 84 .1°C) III(1:) a= 7 .72 Orthorhombi : Pnma a=1 .46 3
p = 1 .64-1 .66 b=5 .85 0=1 .54 3
c= 7 .16 y=1 .600

(-18 to 32 .3°C) IV(g) a= 5 .75 Orthorhombic Pmmn

p = 1 .71-1 .75 b= 5 .44
c=4 .9 3

(-18 to -15G°C) V(a) a=8 .0 Tetragonal - P42 a= 1 .49 3

p = 1 .70-1 .72 c =9 .83 y = 1 .62 3

AP a=9 .23 Orthorhombic Pnma 1 .48 54,59-6 1

(<240°C) b= 7 .4 5
c-5 .8 2

(>240°C) p=1 .71 obs . a=7 .67 Cubic F43m

BDNPA-F 1 .462-1 .464 5

at 25°C (298 K )

BTF p=1 .87 a=6 .92 Orthorhombic Pna2 1 62-6 3

b=19 .5 2
c=6 .5 2

Cab-O-Sil Amorphous 1 .46 7

•
• 0 •

Table 4-3 . Crystallographic and optical properties . a (Continued )

Unit cel l
dimensions b Refractiv e Molecula r
(A (10-1 rim)) Crystal Spac e index refraction
Material Poly morph and angle s class grou p (n ) (R) Ref .

DATE I a= 7 .30 0 = 95 .9 Pc 34
p = 1 .837 b=5 .2 0
c= 11 .6 3

DEGN 1 .45 0 38

DOP 1 .485 at 25° C 36

Explosive D (a) a= 13 .45 Orthorhombic Ica b a=1 .509 ' 38,64

p = 1 .717 b= 19 .7 4 g=1 .85 in N a
c= 7 .12 y=1 .915 ligh t

(>150°c) (g) Monoclinic

H?lX
(103-162°C) II(a) a= 15 .14 Orthorhombic Fdd2 a--1 .561-1 .56 5 58 talc . 16,65-6 7
b=23 .6 9 81 .562-1 .56 6 55 .7 ohs . 86
c= 5 .9 1 y= 1 .72-1 .74

(<103°C) 1(0) a= 6 .54 0=124 .3 Monoclinic P2 1 / c a= 1 .589 58 calc .

p = 1 .903 b= 11 .0 5 0=1 .594 56 .1 ohs .
c=8 .7 0 y=1 .7 3

(metastable) III(y) a= 10 .95 B = 119 .4 Monoclinic Pc1P2/ c a= 1 .53 7 58 calc .

b= 7 .9 3 8=1 .58 5 55 .4 obs .
c=14 .6 1 y= 1 .66 6

(162 m .p .) IV(a) a=7 .71 Hexagonal_ P612 2 e = 1_ .566 58 talc .

c= 32 .55 =1 .60 7 55 .3 obs .
 Table 4-3 . Crystallographic and optical properties . a (Continued )

Unit cel l
dimensione b Refractiv e Molecula r
[A (10' 1 rim) ) Crysta l Spac e inde x refractio n
Material Polymorph and angle s class group (n) (R) Ref .

HNAB I a=10 .15 0=97 .3 Monoclinic P21/c 17

(<185°C) p = 1 .795 calc . b=8 .2 6
1 .799 obs . c=10 .0 6

(>185°C) II a=10 .63 0=102 .6 Monoclinic P21/a 17

p=1 .744 talc . b= 21 .8 7
1 .750 obs . c= 7 .59

HNS I a=22 .13 0=108 .4 Monoclinic P21/c 19,68

p=1 .740 b= 5 .5 7
c= 14 .6 7

Kel-F 800 1 .46 20

Lead azide (a) a= 6 .63 Orthorhombic Puma a= 1 .86 35 .1 obs . 69-71, 8 7 '
p=4 .68 b= 16 .25 a=2 .24
c=11 .31 y=2 .6 4

(a) a= 18 .49 8=107 .4 Monoclinic C2/ m

p=4 .87 b=8 .84
c=5 .1 2

Lead styphnate a = 10 .06 a=91 .9 Monoclinic a= 1 .554 73 .9 obs . 21

b=12 .58 a=2 .2 0
c= 8 .05 Y=2 .2 2

NG 1 .4732 at 20°C 2

NM a= 5 .18 P212 1 2 1 1 .641 at 20 .4°C 72, 8 8

(-268 .8°C) b=6 .24 and 8 .65 GP a
c=8 .5 2
NO a=17 .58 Orthorhombic Fdd2 a= 1 .526 25 .2 calc . 26,73,8 9
b=24 .85 a=1 .694 22 .2 obs .
c=3 .59 Y = 1 .81

•
 •

Table 4-3 . Crystallographic and optical properties .' (Continued )

Unit cel l
dimensions b Refractiv e Molecula r
IA (10 -1 nm)] Crysta l Spac e index refractio n
Material Polymorph and angles class group (n) (R) Ref .

PETN I(a) a= 9 .38 Tetragonal P 2 i /c w= 1 .5561in Na 38,74-7 5

p = 1 .778 c = 6 .70 e= 1 .551Jligh t

II(8) a= 13 .29 Orthorhombic Pcnb

p=1 .716 b= 13 .4 9
c=6 .8 3
5
Picric acid a= 9 .25 Orthorhombic C 2v 1 .620 at 122°C 30,7 6
b= 19 .08 a= 1 .667 1
c = 9 .68 8= 1 .69 9 } in N a
light
y= 1 .742,

Polystyrene a= 21 .90 Rhombohedral 1 .59-1 .60 28

c= 6 .6 3

RDX I(a) a= 13 .18 Orthorhombic Pbca a= 1 .578 43 .7 talc . 38,45 ,

p=1 .799 b=11 .57 8 = 1 .597at 20°C 41 .4 obs . 77-7 8
c= 10 .71 y =I .602

11(8 ) Unstabl e

III Stable between 4->9 .2 GP a

Sylgard 182 1 .430 29

TATB a= 9 .G1 a= 108 .6 Triclinic PT c-1 ..45 79, 8 0

b= 9 .03 8= 91 .8 0= 2 . 3
c = 6 .81 y = 120 y=3 . 1
Tetryl i4 .13 0 = 95 .1 Monoclinic P21/c 1 .606 38,81
b=7 .37 c-1 .546
c= 10 .61 8=1 .63 2
y= 1 .74 talc .
 Table 4-3 . Crystallographic and optical properties . a (Continued }

Unit cell b
dimension s Refractive Molecula r
Crystal Spac e index refractio n
Material [A (10-1 nm) J
Polymorph class grou p (n) (R) Ref .
and angles

TNM 1 .4359 82

TNT Phase A a=21 .28 8= 11 1 Monoclinic P21 /c 1 .6 68 ,3 3

b= 6 .0 9 a=1 .543 44 .3 calc .
in N a
c=15 .0 3 8=1 .674 ligh t 49 .6 obs .
Orthorhombic Pca2 1 y=1 .717 68
Phase B a = 15 .0 1
b= 6 .1 1
c=20 .0 2

a Refractive .indexes and molecular refractions are at 5893 A and 25°C (589 .3 and 298 K) unless otherwis e
stated ; 10 A = 1 nm .

bUnit cell dimensions are rounded to 0 .01 A .

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m
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•
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84. W . C . McCrone, Anal, Chem 21, 1583-1584 (1949) .

85. B . W . Lucas, M . Ahtee, and A . W . Hewat, Acta Cryst . B35, 1038-41 (1979 )
and Acta Cryst . B36, 2005-2008 (1980) .

86. C . S . Choi and H . P . Boutin, Acta Cryst . B26, 1235-1240 (1970) .

87. C . S . Choi, E . Prince, and W . L . Garrett, Acta Cryst . B33, 3536-353 7

(1977) .

88. S . F . Trevino, E . Prince, and C . R . Hubbard, J . Chem . Phys . 73, 2996-300 0

(1980) .

89. C . S . Choi, Acta Cryst . B37, 1955-1957 (1981) .

90. C . S . Choi and H . J . Prask, Acta Cryst . B32, 2919-2920 (1976) .

91. I . B . Akst, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, persona l
communication (1981) .

1/85 4-23/4-24
 5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

This section gives information on heats of formation (AH f ), heats o f

detonation compatibility, and solubility .
(AHdeli:),

5 .1 . HEATS Or FORMATIO N

Heats of formation are usually determined from combustion measurements i n

a bomb calorimeter ; when experimental values are not available, they can b e
estimated by several methods . 1 ' 28 The heat of formation (AH f ) refers t o
the enthalpy of the reactio n

a e (s) $ 2 U ,x(g ) 4 . . . ~-, C dHbNcO . . 4'

2 N 2( g) + 2 0 2(g )+

at 1 at m (101 kPa) and 25°C (298 K) . The sign conven' .ion is such that &i f
is negative when the above reaction is exothermic . Table 5-1 gives heats o f
formation for explosives and binders .

Table 5^1 . Heats of formation (AH f ) for explosives and binders .

Explosive eal/mola (kJ/mol) b cal/g (kJ/kg) c Ref .

-88 .56 (-370 .8) -885 .6 (-3708) 1

-87 .27 (-365 .1) -1o84 (-4535) 31

-70 .58 (-295) -6o1 (-2515) 2

-70 .6 (-296) -706 -(2956) 1

-46 .38 (-194 .1) -464 (-1941 )

-256 .6 (-1074) -2566 (-10737) 1

+144 .5 (+605) +573 (-2397) 1

-215 .94 (-903 .5) -3594 (-15037 )

-300 (-1255) -1051 (-4397)

1185 5- 1
Thole 5-1 . Heats of formation (AH f ) for explosives and binders . (Continued )

AH f

Explosive kcal/mot s (kJ/mol) b cal/g (kJ/kg) c Ref .

Comp A-3 +2 .81+ (+11 .9) +28 .4 (+119) 1

Comp A-5 +6 .1 (+25 .5) +61 (+255) 1
Comp B, Grade Ae +1.28 (+5 .38) +12 ..85 (+53 .8) 1
Comp B-3 +1 .15 (+ 1+ .81) +11 .5 (+48 .1) 1
Comp C-3e +3 .74 (+15 .6) +37 . 1+ (+156 .4) 1
Comp C-4 e +3 .33 (+13 .9) +33 .3 (+139) 1
Cyclc*,o1 60/40 (See Comp B-3)
C;,clotol 75/25 +3 .21 (+13.4) +32 .1 +134 1
DATB -23 .6 (-98 .7) -97 .1 (-4o6) 28
DEGN -99 . 1+ (-1}16) -507 (-2121) 3
DIPAM -6.8 (-28 .45) -15 .0 (-62 .7) 28
DNPA -110 (-46o) -539 (-2255) 1
DOP -268 .2 (-1122) -687 (-2871) 1
EDNP -140 (-585 .8) -636 (-2661) 1
EL-506A -39 .9 (-167) -399 (-1669) 1
EL-506C -42 .5 (-178) -424 (-1778) 1
Estane 5702-F1 -95 (-397) -950 (-3975) 29
Estane 5T04-X2 -95 (-397) -950 (-3975) 29
Explosive D -94 (-393) -382 (-1598) 3
FEFO -177 .5 (-742 .7) -554 .5 (-2320) 1
FPC 461 -190 (-795 .0) -909 .5 (-3805) 1
H-6 -1 .75 (-7 .31) -17 .48 (-73 .1) 1
HBX-1 -2 .64 (-ILO) -26 .4 (-110 .4) 1 •
HBX- 3 -2 .60 (-10 .89) -26 .02 (-108 .9 )
1/85
5-2

#' ~ar~16 . ~_.~ ..~__:~~-=ua-

- ~..-_may
; --- . ... :... •~ . ~.. . ,... _ : r.:.L`_s:c:>.w-.r. ..~ . :,
 Table 5-1 . Heats of formation (A H± ) for explosives and binders . (Continued)

AHf
0
Explosive kcal/mol a (kJ/mol) b cal/g (kJ/kg) c Ref .

BMX +17 .93 (+75 .02 ) 60 . 5 (+253 .1) i

HNAB +67 . 9 (+283+ .1 ) +150, 2 (+628) 28
HNS +18 . 7 (+78 .2 ) +41 . 5 (+174) 28
Kel-F 800f -578 (-2418) -139 8 (-5848) 1
Kel-F 370 0 f -161 (-674 ) -1382 (-5783) 1
Lead wide +112 (+469 ) +385 (+1611) 3
Lead stypbnate -200 . 0 (-837 ) -427 . 1 (-1787) 3
LX-01-0 -27 . 5 (-115 .1) -27 5 (-1151) 1
LX-02-1e -49 . 1 (-205 .4 ) -491 (-2054) i
LX-04-1 -21. 5 (-90 .0 ) -215 (-900) 1

• LX-07-2 -12 . 3 (-51 .5 ) -12 3 (-515) 1

LX-08-0e -4 4 (-184 .1) -444 (-1841) 1
LX-09-0 +1 .82 (+7.61) +18 . 2 (+76 .1) 1
LX-09- 1 +2 .004 +20 .04 (+83 .8) 1
LX-10-0 -3 .1 4 -31 . 4 (-131) 1
LX-11-0 -•30 .73 -307 .3 (-1286) 1
LX-1.3 (See XTX-8003 )

LX-14-0 +1 .5 0 (+6 .28 ) +15 . 0 (+62 .8) 1

LX-1 5 -4 .34 (-18 .16 ) -43 . 4 (-181 .6) 1
Lx-1 6 -42 .71 (-178 . 7 ) -427 (-1787) 1
LX-17- 0 -24 .04 (-ioo .6 ) -2340 . 4 (-10o6) 1

MEN-I I -74 . 3 (-310 .9 ) -74 3 (-3109) 1

Minol-2 -46 .4 3 (-194 .3 ) 463 E (-1943) 1

• NC (12 .0% N) -173 . 7 (-727) -658 (-2754) 33
1/85
5-3
 Table 5-1 . Heats of formation (1H f) for explosives and binders . (Continued )

GHf

Explosives kcal/mo1 2 (kJ/mol) b cal/g (kJ/kg) c Ref .

NC (13 .35% N, min) -163 .0 (-682) -574 (-2402) 33

NC (14 .14% N) -156 .0 (-653) c25 (-2197) 33

NG -88 .6 (-371) -390 (-1632) 32

NM -27 .0 (-113) -442 (-1849) 1

NQ -22 .1 (-92 .5) -212 (-887) 32

Octol 75/25 +2 .78 (+11 .6) +27 .8 (+116) 1

PBX-9007e +7 .13 (+29 .8) +71 .3 (+298 )

PBX-9010 e -7 .87 (-32 .9) -78 .7 (-329) 1

PBX-9011e -4 .05 (-17 .0) ' -40 .5 (-17o) 1

PBX-9205 e +5 .81 (+24 .30) +58 .1 (+243) 1

e +0 .08 (+0 .331) +0 .8 (+3 .31 )
PBX-9404-3
e +0 .81 (+3 .39) +8 .1 (+33 .9) 1
PBX-9407

PBX-9501e +2 .28 (+9 .5) +22 .8 (+95 .4) 1

PBX-9502 e -20 .83 (-87 .2) -208 (-871 .5) 1

FBX-9503 e -17 .69 (-74 .o) -177 (-740) 1

Pentolite 50/50 -23 .9 (-99 .9) -239 (-999 .0) 1

PETN -128 .7 (-538 .5) -407 (-1703) 1

Picric acid -51 .3 (-214 .6) -224 (-937) 1

Polystyrenef +18 .9 (+79 .1) +181 .7 (+760 )

RDX +14 .71 (+61 .55) +66 .2 (+277 .0) 1

Sylgard . 182f -24 .9 (-104 .2) 335 .8 (-1405 )

TACOT +110 .5 (+462 .3) +285 (+1192) 28

TATB -36 .85 (-154 .2) -142 .7 (-597 .1) 1 •

1/8 5
5-4
Table 5-1 . Heats of formation (AH f ), for explosives and binders . (Continued )

AHf

Explosive kcal/mola (kJ/mol) b cal/g (kJ/kg) c Ref .

Tetryl X4 .67 (+19 .5) +16 .3 (+68 .2) 1

TNM +13 .0 (+54 .4) +66 (+276) 1

TNT -16 .0 (-66 .9) .-70 .5 (-295) 32

Viton A -332 .7 (-1392) -1778 (-7439 )

XTX-8003 -39 (-163) -390 (-1630) 1

XTX-8004 -1 .42 (-5 .94) -14 .20 (-59 .40) 1

a For mixtures, the molecular weight is arbitrarily taken as 100 g (see Table 4-1) .
b One kcal/mol = 4 .184 kJ/mol .
c One cal/g = 4 .184 kJ/kg .
d Calculated .
e The standard enthalpies of formation of the nonexplosive components of th e
mixtures were estimated from bond energies .
f Estimated .

1/85 5-5
5 .2 . HEATS OF DETONATIO N

The heat of detonation (AHdet) refers to the change in enthalpy fo r

the high-order detonation of the explosive and is always a negative value .
Initial and final states are taken at 25°C (298 K) and 1 atm (101 kPa )
pressure . The experimental values listed in Table 5-2 were determined in a
detonation calorimeter under heavy confinement in a gold cylinder . They were
found to vary with density, and confinement of the charge .
The maximum heat of detonation is a calculated value for the enthalpy o f
the reactio n

Explosive + Most stable products .

The order chosen for the most stable products of CHNO explosives is H 2 0 ,
C02 , C (s) , and N 2 . If the explosive contains fluorine and/or chlorine ,
then the order is HF, HCI, H 2 0, C0 2 , C (s) , and N 2 . These value s
represent the upper limit of the chemical energy obtainable from a n
explosive . In practice, however, the effective energy developed by a
detonating high explosive is always smaller than the assumed thermodynami c
maximum energy because 1) the actual shift of the product equilibrium alon g •
the adiabat to the freeze-out temperature yields products different from th e
most stable ones assumed and 2) the actual entropy is higher than for the 25° C
(298 K) and 1 atm (101 kPa) pressure stipulated above . The TIGER code wa s
found to give a more realistic estimate of the composition during expansio n
than did the calculation .

5-6 3/8 1

~ . . . . ~ ~1.YM6YltlEMF[~ERi~IMYl.il!I.IMMf1~fWYlf7f11
0

Table 5-2 . Heats of detonation (-aide d .

Maximum (-8R) calculated Experimental (-AR)det Experimental condition s

det , Charg e
R 20 (t) R20 (g) 11 20 (t) R 20 (g) T diam Density,p

Explosive kcal/g (MJ/kg) a kcal/g (MJ/kg) a kcal/g (MJ/kg) a kcal/g (MJ/kg) a °C (K) in . (m) [g/cm (Hg/m3 )) Ref .

Amatol 80/20 1 .2 0 (5 .02) 0 .976 (4 .08) 1 .02 (4 .27) (12 .7) 1, 4

Baratolb 0 .7 4 (3 .10) 0 .72 (3 .01) 1

Boracitolc 0 .40 (1 .67) 0 .20 (0 .84) 1

BTF d 1 .6 9 (7 .07) 1 .69 (7 .07) 1 .41 (5 .90) 1 .41 (5 .90) 25(298) 1/2(12 .7) 1 .86 1, 5

Comp A-3 1 .5 8 (6 .61) 1 .39 (5 .82) 1

Comp A-5 1 .6 2 (6 .78) 1 .61- (6 .74- 1

1 .62 6 .78 )

Comp B, Grade A 1 .54 (6 .44) 1 .40 (5 .86) 1 .20 (5 .02) 25(298) (8 .47) 1 .69 1

Comp B-3 1 .54 (6 .44) 1 .40 (5 .86) 1 .20 (5 .02) 1 .12 (4 .69) 25(298) 1/3(8 .47) 1 .69 1

Comp C-3 1 .4 5 (6 .07) 1 .44 (6 .02) 1

Comp C-4 1 .5 9 (6 .65) 1 .40 (5 .86) 1

Cyclotol 60/40 1 .5 3 (6 .40) 1 .41 (5 .93) 1

Cyclotol 75/25 1 .5 7 (6 .57) 1 .44 (6 .02) 1

DAT 3 1 .2 6 (5 .27) 1 .15 (4 .81) 0 .98 (4 .10) 0 .91 (3 .81) 25(298) 1/3(8 .47) 1 .80 1

DIPA M 1 .3 5 (5 .65) 1 .27 (5 .31) -- 1

DNPA 1 .06 (4 .44) 0 .85 (3 .57) 1

EDNP 1 .2 3 (5 .15) 0 .94 (3 .93) -- 1

EL-506A 1 .6 2 (6 .78) 1 .38 (5 .77) 1

EL-506C 1 .4 1 (5 .90) 1 .12 (4 .69) - 1

FEFO 1 .45 (6 .07) 1 .39 (5 .82) 1 .28 (5 .36} 1 .21 (5 .06) 25(298) 1/2(12 .7) 1 .61 6
 Table 5-2 . Heats of detonation (-AH det ) . (Continued )

Maximum (-M)det, calculated Experimental (-8H)det Experimental conditions

H20(a) H 20 Charge
(g) H 2-0 (t) H 20 (g) T diem Density,p
Explosive kcal/g (MJ/kg) a kcal/g (MJ/kg) a kcal/g (MJ/kg)a kcal/g (MJ/kg) a 'C (K) in . (mm) [g/cm (Mg/m3 )] Ref .

HBX-l 1 .84 (7 .7) 1 .8 (7 .53) -- 1

HEX-3 2 .11 (8 .83) 2 .11 (8 .83) -- 1
HHX 1 .32 (5 .52) -- 25(298) (12 .7) 1 .20 5
-- -- -- -- 1 .3 (5 .44) -- -- 25(298) (12 .7) 0 .73 5
1 .62 (6 .78) 1 .48 (6 .19) 1 .48 (6 .19) 1 .37 (5 .73) 25(298) 1/2(12 .7) 1 .89 6

HNAB 1 .47 (6 .15) l .k2 (5 .94 ) 1

HNS 1 .42 (5 .94) 1 .36 (5 .69) -- 1

Lead azide 0 .37 (1 .54) 0 .37 (1 .54 ) 4 .0 1

Lead atyphna :e 0 .46 (1 .91) 0 .46 (1 .91 ) 2 .9 I
LX-01-3 1 .72 (7 .20) 1 .52 (6 .36) -- 1
1.1-02-1 e 1 .42 (5 .94) 1 .16 (4 .85 ) 1
LX-04-1 1 .42 (5 .94) 1 .31 (5 .49) 1 .31 (5 .49) 1 .25 (5 .23) 24(297) 1!3(8 .47) 1 .88 1

LX-07-2 1 .49 (6 .23) 1 .37 (5 .73) -- -- 1

LX-08-Oe 1 .98 (8 .27) 1 .77 (7 .41) -- - 1

LX-09 1 .60 {6 .69) 1 .46 (6 .11) 1

LX-10-0 1 .55 (6 .49) 1 .42 (5 .94) -- 1

LX-11-0 1 .38 (5 .77) 1 .28 (5 .36) 1 .12 (4 .69) 1 .16 (4 .85) 25(298) I/2(12 .7) 1 .88 1, 5
LX-13 (See XTX-8003 )

LX-14-0 1 .58 (6 .59) 1 .43 (5 .95) --- -- 1

11-15 1 .53 (6 .40) 1 .34 (5 .61) -- -- 1

s
 • •
•

Table 5-2 . Heats of detonation (-ARdet) . (Continued )

Maximum (-hH)det, calculated Experimental (-tH)det Experimental conditions

H20(i) Charge
H 20 (g) H 20 (t) H 20 (g) T diem Density,p
Explosive kcal/g (MJ/kg) a kcal/g (MI/kg) a kcal/g (MJ/kg) a kcal/g (KJ/kg) a 'C (K) in . (mm) [g/cm (Mg/m3 )] Ref .

WC-16 1 .59 (6 .65) 1 .46 (6 .11 ) 1

LX-17-0 1 .31 (5 .48) 1 .02 (4,27 ) 1

MEN-II 1 .38 (5 .77) 1 .05 (4 .39 ) 1

Minol-2 2 .01 (8 .41) 1 .86 (7 .78 ) I

NC (12 .0% N) 1 .16 (4 .85) 1 .02 (4 .27 ) 1

NC (13 .35% N, 1 .16 (4 .85) 1 .02 (4 .27) -- 1

min . )

NC (14 .14% N) 1 .95 (8 .16) 1 .81 (7 .57 ) 1

vt
NG 1 .59 (6 .65) 1 .48 (6 .19) 1
w
NM 1 .62 (6 .78) 1 .36 (5 .69) 1 .23 (5 .15) 1 .06 (4 .44) 25(298) 1/2(12 .7) 1 .13 6

NQ 1 .06 (4 .44) 0 .88 (3 .68) 1

Octol 1 .57 (6 .57) 1 .43 (5 .98) 1

PBX-9007 1 .56 (6 .53) 1 .39 (5 .82) 1

PBX-9010 1 .47 (6 .15) 1 .36 (5 .69) 1

PBX-9011 1 .53 (6 .40) 1 .36 (5 .69) 1

PBX-9205 1 .46 (6 .11) 1 .41 (5 .90) 1

PBX-9404-03 1 .56 (6 .53) 1 .42 (5 .94) 1 .38 (5 .77) 1 .28 (5 .36) 25(298) 1/3(8 .47) 1 .80 1

PBX-9407 1 .60 (6 .69) 1 .46 (6 .11) 1

PBX-9501 1 .59 (6 .65) 1 .44 (6 .03) -- 1

PBX-9502 1 .15 (4 .81) 1 .05 (4 .18) 25(298) -- 1

 Table 5-2 . Heats of detonation (-!H det ) . (Continued )

Maximum (-bB calculated Experimental Experimental conditions .

det , (-3H det
Charg e
H 20(g ) H 20 (t) T ._ dia m
H20(0 H 20(g) Density, p
Explosive kcal/g (MJ/kg)a kcal/g (MJ/kg)a kcal/g (MJ/kg) a kcal/g (MJ/kg) a 'C (K) in . (mm ) [g/cm (Hg/ )1 Ref .

PBX-9503 1 .22 (5 .10) 1 .11 (1. .64) 25(298) -- 1

Pentolite 1 .53 (6 .40) 1 .40 (5 .86) 1 .23 (5 .15) 1 .16 (4 .85) 21(294) 1 (25 .4 ) 1 .65 7
50/5 0

PETN 1 .65 (6 .90) 1 .51 (6 .32) 1 .49 (6 .23) 1 .37 (5 .73) 25(298) 1/2(12 .7 ) 1 .73 8
1 .5 6 .29 -- (6 .4 ) 1 .74 1

RDX 1 .62 (6 .78) 1 .48 (6 .19) 1 .51 (6 .32) 1 .42 (5 .94) 23(296) 1/3(8 .47 ) 1 .78 7, 9

TACOT 1 .41 (5 .90) 1 .35 (5 .64) 0 .98 (4 .10) 0 .96 (4 .02) 23(29EC 1/3(8 .47 ) 1 .74 1

TATS 1 .20 (5 .02) 1 .08 (4 .52) -- 1

Tetryl 1 .51 (6 .32) 1 .45 (6 .07) 1 .14 (4 .77) 1 .09 (4 .56) 21(294) 1 (25 .4 ) 1 .71 1

TNMd ,f 0 .55 (2 .30) 0 .55 (2 .30 ) 1

TNT 1 .41 (5 .90) 1 .29 (5 .40) 1 .09 (4 .56) 1 .02 (4 .27) 25(298) 1/2(12 .7 ) 1 .54 6

XTX-8003e 1 .88 (7 .89) 1 .69 (7 .07) 1 .16 (4 .85) 1 .05 (4 .39) 25(298) 1/2(12 .7 ) 1 .55 1, 5

XTX-8004 1 .87 (7 .82) 1 .67 (6 .99) -- 1

a One cal/g 4 .184 kJ/kg .

b BaCO3 is the first product calculated .
c B203 is the first product calculated .
d contains little or no hydrogen ; therefore, no water is formed, and values for H20(g) and H20(g) are identical .
e Si02 is the first product calculated .
f A very small percentage of CH2 impurity raises these values markedly .

0
 5 .3 . COMPATIBILIT Y

Many materials have been tested for compatibility with various HEs ; thos e
listed or mentioned in this section are commonly used at the LLNL facility fo r
explosive testing . In Tables 5-3 and 5-4, which list adhesives and fillers ,
those materials rated "A" have been evaluated extensively ; those rated "B "
have been screened for gross incompatibility only . If these materials ar e
used as they are supplied (i .e ., in the prepackaged catalyst/resin system) ,
they are satisfactory for use as indicated . It is understood that th e
adhesives are used in minimal amounts, mixed according to supplier' s
instructions, and used only for limited times (i .e ., from two to three month s
during environmental testing) .
The results of our compatibility tests are valid only for the specifi c
batch or lot of HE and adhesive tested . l ° For different HEs and subsequen t
lots of adhesive, even from the same supplier, the reactivity an d
compatibility tests must be repeated . The supplier may change or "improve "
the material without notice ; this could render the material incompatible .
This compilation should not be regarded as complete ; many other material s
have been evaluated, but are not included here because they are not commonl y
used . Table 5-5 lists adhesive tapes found compatible with various HEs ; any
•
other tapes should be tested before use .
 Table 5-3 . Adhesives : Chemical reactivity and compatibility with HEs . a

High explosive s
vi i
1 N
4. Q, o~x
o •s, cc, o
Adhesive

Adiprene LW520/MD A A A- A A A A A- A A A- A A -
Adiprene L-315/Polyo l A A- A A A A A- A A A- A A
Aerobond 201 7 - - A A A A -
Eastman 91 0 A A A A A A A A- A A A- A A
Epoxies b
Explostix 47 3
Halthane 73-14 c A A- A A A A A- A A A- A A -
Halthane 73-1 5 c A A- A A A A A- A A A- A A -
Halthane 73-1 8 c A A- A A A A A- A A A- A A -
Halthane 73-19 c A A- A A A A A- A A A- A A -
Halthane 87-1 c A A- A A A A A- A A A- A A -
Halthane 88-2 c
Laminac 411 6
A A- A A A A A- A A A- A A •
- - A A A A A - -
3M #46 5 - - - A A A - - A - - - A -
3M #46 6 - - - A A A - - A - - - A
3M #Y914 6 - - - A A A - - A
Quik-Stick Spray B B

a A, compatible ; OK for long-term storage .

B, compatible ; OK for short-term storage (less than 30 days) .
-, compatibility has not been checked .
b BIPAX-2902, EPY-150, and Hysol epoxy patch kit are epoxies certified onl y
for bonding strain gages to LX-04, LX-07, LX-10, LX-17, and PBX-9404 .
c Compositions, mixing ratios, and characterization of the Halthane adhesive s
are given in H . C . Hammon, L . P . Althouse, and D . M . Hoffman, Development o f
Halthane Adhesives for Phase 3 Weapons : Summary Report, Lawrence Livermor e
National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-52943 (1980) .

•
5-12 3/81
 Table 5-4 . Fillers and coatings : Chemical reactivity and compatibility . a

• High explosiv e

v v v~ v-}. v~ 4- 4 .i.
Filler or Coating

APC 1 b, c A A A A A A A A
APC 2 .5 b ' c A A A A A A A A
APC b c5 ' A A A A A A A A
APC 30 0 b,c, d A A A A A A A A
DP 4817 conductive A gd A A A A B A
FDA 2 Re d AAAAAA A
FDA 3 Gree n AAAAAA A
GE RTV 632b,e, f A A A A A A A A
Silastic RTV 73 2 f A A A A A A A A
Silastic RTV 89 1 f A A A A A A A A
Sylgard 184 b A A A A A A A A
Sylgard 180 A A A A A A A
•

a A, compatible ; OK for long-term storage .

B, compatible ; OK for short-term storage (less than 30 days) .
-, compatibility has not been checked .
}
b These materials cure under the influence of a platinum catalyst . They ar e
easily poisoned by a number of materials, and should therefore be mixed onl y
in clean containers .
c The APC (Addition Potting Compound) formulations were developed at LLN L
and at PK . See W . E . Cady, Development of Alternate Silicone Potting
Compounds, Vols . 1-9, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,
UCRL-52434 (1978-1981) .
d DP means E . I . DuPont de Nemours and Co ., Inc .
e This formulation of a nonflowing material can be used where a material o f
very high viscosity is needed .
f RTV means Room-Temperature Vulcanizing .

3/81 13
 Table 5-5 . Adhesive tapes compatible with HEs . a

Manufacturer Trade name Number Colo r

3M Scotch Brand Electrical Tape 3? Blac k

3M Scotch Brand Mylar #56 ' Yello w

3M Scotch Brand Electrical #57 Yello w

3M Scotch Brand Masking #232 Ta n

3M Scotch Brand Photo Tape #235 Blac k

3M Scotch Brand Double Sided Masking #400 Ta n

3M Scotch Brand Tape #420 Gray

3M Scotch Brand Double Sided Masking #465 Ta n

3M Scotch Brand Double Sided Masking #466 Ta n

3M Scotch Brand Plastic #471 Yello w

3M Scotch Brand Plastic , #471 Re d

3M Scotch Brand Plastic #471 White •

3M Scotch Brand Cellophane Tape #600 Clea r

3M Scotch Brand Cellophane Tape #850 Clea r

3M Scotch Brand Magic Mending #810 Clea r

3M Scotch Filament Tape #880 Pear l

3M Scotch Brand Double Sided Masking #Y9146 Ta n

Behr-Manning Bear Tape #4/1 Ta n

Hampton Blue Cross Tape Yello w

Manufacturin g
Compan y

Mystik Tape, Inc . Mystic Tape #5803 Blac k

Okonite Company High Voltage Rubber Tape Brown

Permacel Permacel #29 Black

Permacel Permacel #32 Red

•

5-14 3/8 1

. .. . ..i'a":`m.~"~iYitriYti:oa®~~eirr~~irnr~lc~- .--~;u .,•~ '~,'~.ran,r'sixrr:~u~a -- - . . .

 Table °•5 . Adhesive tapes compatible with HEs . a (Continued )

Manufacturer Trade name Number Colo r

Permacel Permacel Cellophane Tape Clea r

Saunders Teflon Tape #S1 5

Engineering Teflon Tape #S16 Blue/brow n
Corporation Teflon Tape #S1 8

Technical Tap e Tuck Tape Yellow

Corporation

Technical Tap e Tuck Tape Black

Corporation

4 Any tape not listed . should be tested before use .

5 .4 . SOLUBILIT Y

Qualitative eo1ubilities for explos4.ves and related materials are give n

in Ta'bles 5-6 and 5°°7 . Because the degree of solubility of a substanc e
depends on concentration and temperature of the solvent, the reader shoul d
consult the references € determine the experimental conditions .

3/81 5-1 5
sN.

~$ ~s i t n
r~ "1C ' ii+', e'~} eU~ . "
tXs s s
 Table 5-6 . Qualitative solubilities of pure explosives . a

13 1 6
References : 11,30 110 2 13 13,14,30 13 15 13 30 30 13 30 17,30 13,30 18 18-20 13,30 30

Ex•losive

Solvent Picri c
AN AP BTF DATE DIPAM DNPA EDNP EXPL-D FEFO HMX HNAB HNS NC NG NM NQ PETN acid RDX TACOT TATS Tetryl TNM TN T

Acetone i sl s al sl s s - s sl s i s s- i s s s - i s - s

Benzene - - s i - - - c_ - sl - - s - i sl s s s

Butyrolactone - - al b s sl

Carbon disulfide - - i i - - - sl - i i sl sl

Carbon - - i i - s i i i i i sl - i i i - i i sl
tetrachlorid e

Chloroform - - - sl - a - s i si i s- i i s sl s

DMFA s s s al a - s s s b s al - - s s s - s sl i s - s

DMSO - - a si s - s - s b s sl - - s - s s i - - -

Ethanol sl al s i - - a s s - sl - sl s z sl i s sl i i sl s sl

Ethyl acetate i i s - - - s sl s - a - s s- i s s - i s - s

Ethyl ether i i a - - - s sl s i i - i s s i sl sl i - i al s sl

N-methyl- - - - sl b s al s - i - - -
pyrrolidon e

Nitric acid s - - - a s - sl - - sl - - s

Pyridine sl - s - - - s - s sl a - - s - s - sl sl i - - s

Sulfuric acid - - sl sl - - s - - s

Water s s i i - - i s i i sl - i sl s i i sl sl i

a Solubilities are expressed as follows, in terms of weight of substance dissolved at room temperature per 100 ml of solvent :
i = insoluble (<0 .1 g), sl slightly soluble (0 .1 to 5 g), a = soluble (>5 g) .
b Solvate .

0
 •

Table 5-7 . Qualitative solubilities of additives and binders . a

w
CO

References : 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Additive or binde r

Estane FPC Poly- Sylgard

Solvent BDNPA-F Cab-O-Sil CEF DOP 5702-F1 461 Kel-F styrene 182 Viton A

i s s s
Aceton e

Benzene s i s s

Dichloroethan e i s

OMPA i s

DMSO - i - - s
1

Gasoline - i - s - s

Glycerine - i - i - -

MEK - i s - s s s - s

M'iBK - i s - s - s - s

- i - - s - s - s
THE

Toluene s i s - - s i s

Water i i i i - - - -

Xylene - i s - - s - -

t
a Solubilities are expressed as follows, in terms of weight of substance dissolved a
= insoluble (<0 .1 g), sl = slightly solubl e
room temperature per 100 ml of solvent : i
(0 .1 to 5 g), s = soluble (>5 g) .
5 .5 . REFERENCE S

1. D . L . Ornellas, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1980) .

2. E . F . Westrum, Jr . and B . H . Justice, J . Chem . Phys . 50, 5083-5086 (1969) .

3. M . A . Cook, Science of High Explosives (Reinhold, New York, NY, 195b) .

4. R . R . McGuire, D . L . Ornellas and I . B . Akst, Propellants and Explos . 4 ,

23-26 (1979 )

5. D . L . Ornellas, Combust . and Flame 23, 37-46 (1974) .

6. D . L . Ornellas, J . Phys . Chem . 72, 2390-2394 (1968) .

7. H . W . Sexton, Armament Research and Development Establishment, For t

Halstead, United Kingdom, personal communication (1956) .

8. D . L . Ornellas, J . C . Carpenter, and S . R . Gunn, Rev . Sci Inst . 37 ,

907-912 (1966) .

9. A . Ya . Apin and Yu . A . Lebedev, Acad . Sci . USSR Dokl . 114, 355-357 (1957) .

10. D . L . Seaton, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1980) .

11. H . Stephen and T . Stephen, Solubilities of Inorganic and Organi c

Compounds (MacMillan, New York, NY, 1963) .

12. R . P . Ayerst and M . S . Phillips, J .Chem . Eng .Data 11, 494-496 (1966) .
O
13. M . E . Sitzmann and S . C . Foti, J . Chem . Eng . Data 20, 53-55 (1975) .

14. G . A . Cave, N . J . Krotinger and J . D . McCaleb, Ind . Eng . Chem . 41 ,

1286-1290 (1949) (data for boiling solvent) .

15. D . M . O'Keefe, HNAB : Synthesis and Characterization_, Sandia Nationa l

Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, SAND74-0239 (1976) .

16. T . Urbanski, Chemistryand TechnologyofExplosives (MacMillan, New York ,

NY, 1964-1967), vols . 1-3 .

17. Beilstein'sHandbuchder Organischen Chemie (Springer Verlag, Berlin ,

1918+) 6 System 523 .

18. W . Selig, Some Analytical Methods for Ex .losives and Explosive Simulants ,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-7873, vols .
1-6 (1964-1980) .

19. W . Selig, Estimation of the Solubility of 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-

Trinitrobenzene (TATS) in Various Solvents, Lawrence Livermore Nationa l
Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCID-17412 (1977) .

0
5-18 3/81
s 20. V . D . Gupta and B . L . Deopura, Mol . Phys . 19, 589-592 (1970) .

21. M . Finger, Properties of Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)acetal an d

Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)formal, Eutectic Mixture, Lawrenc e
Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA UCID-16088 (1972) .

22. Celanese Chemical Corporation, New York, NY, Celluflex CEF, Produc t
Bulletin N-46-2 (1955) .

23. Food Machinery and Chemical Corporation, Ohio-Apex Division, Nitro, WV ,

Plasticizers (No date) .

24. B . F . Goodrich Company, Cleveland, OH, Estane Polyurethane Solutio n

Systems, Service Bulletin, TSR 64-18 (1964) .

25. Firestone Plastics Company, Pottstown, PA, personal communication (1979) .

26. Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, St . Paul, MN, Kel- F

Elastomer - Properties and Applications, Service Bulletin no ate) .

27. J . Brandrup and E . H . Immergut, Eds ., Polymer Handbook (Interscience, Ne w

York, NY, 1975) .

28. P . E . Rouse, Jr ., J . Chem . Eng . Data 21, 16-20 (1976) .

0 29. L . C . Smith, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, persona l
communication (1971) .

30. U . S . Army Materiel Command, .Engineerin Design Handbook, Explosive s

Series : Properties of Explosives of Military Interest ; Washington, D C
AMCP 706-177 (1967) .

31. F . D . Rossini, D . D . Wagman, W . H . Evans, S . Levine, and I . Jaffe ,

Selected Values of Chemical Thermodramic Properties, (National Bureau o f
Standards, Washington,-DC, 19521, Circular 500 .

32. J .D . Cox and G . Pilcher, Thermochemistry of Organic and Organometali c

Compounds, (Academic Press, NY, 1970) .

33. E . Freedman, U .S . Army Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdee n

Proving Ground, MD, ARBRL-TR-02411 (1982) .

5-19/5-20

1/85
 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S

• This section contains tables and information on thermal conductivity (A) ,

coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), specific heat (Cp), glass transitio n
point (T g ), and thermal stability . Thermal conductivity A increases wit h
increasing HMX content whereas the CTE decreases .

6 .1 . THERMAL CONDUCTIVIT Y

Measurements of thermal conductivity (A), made on an apparatus simila r

to that used at the National Bureau of Standards, 18 are included i n
Table 6-1 . Thermal conductivities as a function of temperature are given i n
Fig . 6-1 for PBXs ; the straight lines represent the best fits of the data .
The thermal conductivity data shown in Fig . 6-2 as a function of HMX conten t
indicate the range of properties available with HMX/Viton explosives .

Table 6-1 . Thermal conductivities (A) of explosives and binders .

. Thermal conductivity, A
Density, -4 Temperature
Btu / 10 cal /
Material [g/cm3 (Mg/m3 ) J hr-ft-°F car-sec-°C (W/m_K) a (K ) Ref .

AN 2 .9 - (0 .121- 1
3 .9 0 .163 )

Apb 12 .0 (0 .502) 50 (323) 2

11 .6 (0 .485) 100 (373) 2
11 .0 (0 .460) 150 (423) 2
10 .3 (0 .431) 200 (473) 2
9 .6 (0 .402) 240 (523) 2

Baratol 11 .84 (0 .495) 18-75 (291-348 )

Comp B 1 .70 5 .4 (0 .226) 25 (298) 3

Comp B-3 6 .27 (0 .262) 18-75 (291-348 )

1 .730 5 .23 (0 .219) 46 (319) 4

Comp C-4 6 .22 (0 .260 )

Cyclotol 75/25 1 .760 5 .41 (0 .227) 46 (319) 4

0 DATE 1 .834 6 .00 (0 .251)

Table 6-1 . Thermal conductivities (a) of , explosives and binders . (Continued )

Thermalconductivity, A
Density,p Temperatur e
Btu/ 10 -4 cal /
Material [g/cm3 (Mg/m3 )] hr-ft-°F cm-sec-°C (W/m-K) a °C (K) Ref .

Estane 570 2 (0 .146 )

Estane 570 3 1 .18 3 .53 (0 .148) 41 .4 (314 .4) 5

H- 6 11 .01 (0 .460) 35 (308) 1

HBX- 1 9 .7 (0 .406) 35 (308) 1

of BX- 3 17 .0 (0 .711) 35 (308) 1

HMX 12 .2- (0 .511- RT 6

13 .3 0 .556 )
1 .91 9 .83 (0 .418) 7
10 .13 (0 .424 )

HNS- I 1 .646 2 .04 (0 .085) 20 (293) 8

HNS-I I 1 .646 1 .91 (0 .080) 20 (293) 8

Kel-F 80 0 1 .900 1 .26 (0 .053) 41 .4 (314 .4) 5

Lead azid e 4 .1 4 .2 (0 .176) 9

3 .6 6 .61 (0 .277 72-130 (345-403) 6 2
(powder ) 0 .88 1 .55 (0 .065) 9

LX-04 1 .87 10 .7 (0 .448) 20 (293) 6

0
LX-0 7 1 .87 12 .0 (0 .502) 20 (293) 6

LX-0 9 1 .84 12 .3 (0 .515) 20 (293) 6

LX-1 0 1 .86 12 .3 (0 .515) 20 (293) 6

LX-11 (est . ) 0 .21 (0 .363) 21 .1 (294) -

LX-14-0 1 .83 10 .42 (0 .439) 20 (293) 10

LX-17- 0 1 .88 19 .1 (0 .799) 20 (293) 6

1 .89 12 .1 (0 .504) 40 (313) 15

Mino l- 2 1 .74 16 .5 (0 .6904) 11

NC (12 .7% N ) 5 .5 (0 .230 )

1 .5 2 .15 (0 .09 ) 9

NQ c 1 .651 10 .14 (0 .424 ) 41 .3 (314 .3) 4

NQd 1 .689 9 .85 (0 .412 ) 41 .3 (314 .3) 4

PBX-901 0 1 .875 5 .14 (0 .215 ) 48 .8 (321 .8) 4

PBX-9011 0 .25 (0 .432 ) 21 .1 (294 )

1 .772 9 .08 (0 .380 ) 43 .4 (316) 4

6-2 3/8 1
 Table 6-1 . Thermal conductivities (a) of explosives and binders . (Continued )

• Density,p
_
Btu/
Thermalconductivity, A
10- 4 cal/ a
Temperatur e
Material (g/cm (Mg/m 3)) hr-ft-°F cm-sec-°C (W/m-K) °C (K) Ref .

PBX-9404 0 .25 (0 .432) 21 .1 (294) -

1 .845 9 .2 (0 .385) 46 .2 (319) 4

PBX-9501 1 .847 10 .84 .(0 .454) 55 (328) 4

PBX-9502 1 .893 13 .2 (0 .552) 38 (311) 4

Picric acid 1 .60 2 .4 (0 .100) 9

Polystyrene 2 .51 (0 .105) 0 (273) 12

2 .78 (0 .116) 50 (323) 12
3 .06 (0 .128) 100 {373) 12

RDX 1 .806 2 .53 (0 .106) 7

1 .66 1 .75 (0 .073) 20 (293) 13
1 .81 2 .53 (0 .106) 2

Sylgard 182 3 .5 cured (0 .146) 14

TATB 1 .938 13 (0 .544) 7

1 .891 12 .8 (0 .536) 38 (311) 4
1 .841 11 .2 (0 .469) 15
1 .858 11 .0 (0 .460) 15
1 .827 10 .7 (0 .448) 15
1 .826 10 .4 (0 .435) 15

Tetryl 1 .53 2 .48 (0 .104) 64

1 .53 6 .83 (0 .286) 63
(pressed) 1 .7 2 .3 (0 .096) 9
(powder) . 0 .767 2 .0 (0 .084) 9

TNT 1 .654 6 .22 (0 .260) 18-45 (291-318) 7

1 .63 7 .1 (0 .297) 90-100 (363-373) 3
(pressed) 1 .56 4 .8 (0 .201) 9
(powder) 0 .846 3 .5 (0 .146) 9
1 .65 (0 .13-0 .26) 16

Viton A 1 .815 5 .4 (0 .226) 17

XTX-8003 1 .54 3 .42 (0 .143) 10

XTX-8004 1 .540 3 .42 (0 .143) 40 (313) 4

a One cal/cm-sec-°C s 4 .184 x 10 2 W/m-K ; 1 Btu/hr-ft-°F - 0 .004 cal/cm-sec-° C

1 .73 W/m-K . Where measurements were made in both British and metric units, only th e
British data were converted .
b 43 to 61-mm particle size .
c Low bulk density .
d High bulk density .
0
1/85 6- 3
 0.30 LL

E
0.25 .4

0 .2 0

Temperature - K

1 1 1 1 I
0 100 200 30 0
Temperature - ° F

Fig . 6-1 . Thermal conductivities of PBXs as a function o f

6,1 8
temperature .

•
0 .30 r 0 .5190

0
0 50
HMX-wt %

Fig . 6-2 . Thermal conductivity (A) vs wt% HMX for HMX/Viton systems at 70° F
(294 K) . 18 The conversion factors are 1 Btu/hr-ft-°F = 1 .73 W/m-K an d
1 cal/cm-sec-°C = 4 .184 x 10 2 W/m-K .

6-4 1/85
 6 .2 . THERMAL EXPANSION

Thermal expansion data were obtained using bulk mercury dila,.meters or a

8
linear expansion apparatus ; the two methods produce comparable results . 1
Figure 6-3 shows CTE as a function of HMX content for HMX/Viton systems .
Table 6-2 lists the measured linear (a) and cubic (8) expansio n
coefficients of explosives and binde :s along with their glass transitio n
temperatures and pressed densities . The cubic expansion coefficients (8 ) ,
can be calculated for isotropic materials as 8 3a .

Fig . 6-3 . Coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) vs wt% HMX for HMX/Vito n
systems . The conversion factors are 1 in ./in .-°F = 1 .8 cm/cm-°C = 1 .8 m/m-K .

3/81 6-5
Table 6-2 . Coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE), glass transition temperatures (T g ), and pressed densitie s
(p) for explosives and binders .

Presse d
densit y
Linear CTE (a) a Cubic CTE (6) a TE
uccu- C lucm/cm-' C T (8/C °
Material pin ./in .-'F (uuJu-K)] 'F or •C (K) Ref . (um/-K)) 'C (K) 'F or 'C (K) (Mg/u3 )) Ref .

AN 982 20 (293 )

AP %40 20'C (293) 20

Baratol 33+0 .26r -40 to 60'C (233-333) 18

loracitol 46 .7 0 to 60'C (273-333) 18

CEF 840 22

Coop A-3 71 .7 -20 to 20°C (253-293) I

Coup 6 54 .6 6 to 25 ' C (279-298) 18

97 .5 27 to 63•C (300-336) 18

DATB 32-46 -20'C (253) 18

52-66 85•C (358) 18

D0P 74 10 to 40'C (283-313) 21

Estane 5702-F1 19 600 -31'C (242) 18,2 1

Estane 5703 245 20-44'C 23 x+.600 23

H-6 83 (149) 35'C (308) 1

HEX-1 95 (171) 35°C (308) 1

HEX-3 83 (149) 35'C (308) 1

HMSC 50 .4 -53 .9 to (219-347) 22 162 .5 -30 to 70 None 18,2 2

73 .9'C (243-343 )
22 .0 -65 to 165'F (219-347) 18

HNAB 80 24

HNS 92 24

Kel-F 800 60-105 <fb 25 30 .2-31 .3 (303 .2-304 .3) 25

300-1600 >Ts
304 25 to 54' C (298-327) 23 4700 Y3

Kel-F 3700 %700 -51'C (222) 23

0
i •

Table 6-2 . Coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE), glass transition temperatures (T g ), and presse d
densities Co) for explosives and binders . (Continued )

Pressed
densit y
Linear CTE Cm) * Cubic CTE (6) a TR
(8/cm3
(ucn/cr'C T (yco/cn-'C T
Material sin ./in .-'F (sm/st-K)] 'F or 'C (K) Ref . (uW4z)] 'F or 'C (K) (Hg/o )] Ref .

Lead txid e
a axis 76 . 9
b axis 3 .4 13'C (286) 26
c axis 18 .3 113

LX-02 128 .7 -20 to 50 ' C (244-253) 18 385 -30 to 70 None (253) 18,2 2
(243-343) above -4' F

LX-04 28 .5 (51 .3) -65 to -18'F (219-245) 18 228 .2 -30 to 70 -18' F (245) 1 .860-1 .870 18,22
39 .5 (71 .1) -18 to 165'F (245-347) 18 (243-343 )

LX-07 26 .7 (48) -65 to -18'F (219-245) 18 182 .9 -30 to 70 -18' F (245) 1 .860-1 .870 18,2 2
34 .8 (63) -18 to 165'F (245-347) 18 (243-343 )

LX-08 104 .5 (188) 18 565 22

LX-09 27 .1 (48 .8) -65 to -20 'F (219-244) 18 -20'F (244) 1 .835-1 .845 18
31 .0 (55 .8) -20 to 165'F (244-347) 18

LX-10 24 .8 (44 .6) -65 to 0'1 (219-255) 18 -18'F (245) 18

26 .2 {47 .0) 0 to 165'F (255-347) 18

LX-11 31 est . (56) -65 to -10'F (219-249) 18 -18'F (245) 18 '

46 est . (83) 1C to 165°r (261-347) 18

LX-13 (See XTX-8003)

LX-14 27 (48 .5) <30' F (<239) 19

31 (55,8) >30'F (>239) 19
25 .4 (45 .7) -65 to -30'F (219-239) 10
31 .6 (56 .9) -30 to 165' F (239-347) 10

LX-17-0 40,4 -54 to 15 ' C (219-288) 54

60.2 15 to 74'C (288-347) 54
66 -73'C (200) 27
57 20'C (293) 65
NC (12 .7% N) 80-120 (219-239) 18

PBX-9010 66 18

PBX-9011 28 .7 (51 .7) -65 to -40'F (219-233) 18 -35 ' F (236) 18

37 .3 (67 .1) -30 to 165'E (243-347) 18
 Table 6-2 . Coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE), glass transition temperatures (T g ), and presse d
densities (p) for explosives and binders . (Continued )

Pressed
densit y
Linear CTE (O a Cubic CTE (6) a T 3
E [g.cm
[ucm/cm- ' C T [ucm/cm-'C T
Material 4in./in . 'r (um/*-X)1 bF or 'C co- Ref . (um/ -fl1 'C (L) ' F or 'C (K) (Mg/ .3 ) l Ref .

PBX-9205 54 -73'C (200) 27

PBX-9404 28 .1 (50 .6) -65 to -30 ' F (119-239) 18 -29'F (239) 1 .828-1 .842 18
32 .2 (58 .0) -10 to 165'7 (250-347) 18

PBX-9501 30 .5 (55 .1) -80 to 160'F (211-344) 18

PBX-9502 44 -73'C (200) 27

PETE 46 .1 (83 .0) 22 249 .2 -30 to 70 None 18,2 2

(243-343 )
76 .5 20'C (293) 28 232 (293) 22
89 .9 90' C (363) 29 297 (363) 22

Polystyrene 60-80 <100'C (<373) 12 170-210 100 ' C (373) 12

(<373 )
C` 12
510-600 >100
Co (>373 )

RDX 63 .6 20'C (293) 28 191 20 (293) 28

Sylgard 182 180 .0 (324) -65 to 165'F (219-347) 18

TATS 54 -73'C (200) 27

(tryst ., triclinic) 101 -59 to 104'C (214-377) 29
(cryst ., monoclinic) 95 -57 to 107'C (216-380) 29
(powder) 50 -50 to 70 ' C (223-343) 29 1 .86 6

TNT 50 .0+0 .078T Below m.p . 18

a axi s .39 (280) 30 %.180 (293) 30
b axis %32 (280) 30
c axis .96 (280) 30

Viton A 65 .0 (117) <-6 ' F (<252) 18 p.450 <-20 -27 ' C (246) 1 .819 18,2 2
(253 )
145 .2 (254 .8) -6 to 165'F (252-347) 18 728 -20 to 70 18,2 2
(253-343 )

XTX-8003 68 .8 (123 .8) -22 to 158'F (243-343) 18 413 .7 -53 .9 to 73 .9 1 .544 22

(219-236 )
77 (139) 75 to 150 'F (297-339) 18

XTX-8004 231

CTI

aOne uin ./in . °F = 1 .8 ucm;cT-0C = 1 .B um/m-K .

•
6 .3 . SPECIFIC HEAT

Specific heat (C ) for the plastic components of PBXs were estimated a t

P
LLNL using the Kopp-Joule rule . Specific heat fur the PBX was then calculate d
by applying the appropriate weight fractions to the specific heats of th e
components . The estimated values of C p listed in Table 6-3 are believe d
accurate to 5% . Values for C p at temperatures other than 20°C (293 K) fo r
±
HMX-containing PBXs can be estimated by the formul a

C (T) HMX
C p(T) = Cp(TO) C~(T ) HM X
p 0

where C p (T) is the specific heat at a temperature other than 20°C (293 K )
and C p (T0 ) is the specific heat at 20°C (293 K) . Values for C p a t
temperatures other than 20°C (293 K) for RDX-containing PBXs can be similarl y
estimated by substituting RDX values into the formula .
Specific heats were also determined by differential scanning calorimetry, .
The specific heats of HMX, TATS and RDX as a function of temperature are show n
33,34,46
in Fig . 6-4 and for HMX/binder formulations in Fig . 6-5 .
 0 .60

o HM X
R OX
V TATh

?.0

0 .40

C.)
0

a
a
C.)

020

i0
100 30 0 500
Temperature - K

-200 0 20 0
Temperature - ° C

Fig . 6-4 . Specific heats (C p ) of HMX, RDX, and TATh determined b y

d iff,_rential scanning calorimetry and shown as a function of temperature .33,3 4

6-10 3/81
 1 .61
1

O LX-04 (HMX 85%)

A LX-07 (HMX 90% )
V LX-09 (HMX 93% )
O LX-10 (HMX 95% )
LX-14 (HMX 95.5%)
-Extrapolatio n
0 .35

1 .4 . 1

03 0

12

02 5

1 .0
200 300 400 500
Temperature - K

0 100 20 0
Teml . . rnture - ° C

Fig . 6-5 . Specific heats (Cp) of HMX/binder formulations determined b y

differential scanning calorimetry and shown as a function of temperature . 4 6

3/81 6-1 1

YE•~ ..~ .~- . •: •• - '.: YeWIY~ JLdrw.fwF1{NrrM ,- - . ••~ .- .___••-•--~«~. .•F _ur.•~r. .at~.w~.u.e~ .:.w
 Table 6-3 . Specific heats (C ) .
P

C(est .) at 20°C (293 K) 31 Cp , experimenta l

Explosive cal/g-°C a (kJ/kg-K)b cal/g-°Ca (kJ/kg-l: b Ref .

AN 0 .4 at 0°C (1 .67 at 273 K) 1

AP 0 .31 at 15-240°C (1 .29 at 288-513 K) -- 3
0 .37 at >240°C (1 .53 at >513 K) -- 32
Baratol 0 .157 at 30°C (0 .657 at 303 K) 33
0 .201 at 50°C (0 .841 at 323 K) 33
0 .403 at 70°C (1 .686 at 343 K) 33
0 .192 at 83-100°C (0 .803 at 356-373 K) 33
BTF 0 .3 est . (1 .25) 34
Comp B 0 .27 at 25°C (1 .130 at 298 K) 3
Comp B-3 0 .299 at 30°C (1 .251 at 303 K) 35
0 .307 at 50°C (1 .284 at 323 K) 35
0 .325 at 70°C (1 .359 at 343 K) 35
0 .333 at 83-100°C (1 .393 at 356-373 K) 35
0 .234+(10 .3x10-4)T 4
at 7-67° C
0 .137+(20 .9x10-4)T 4
at 97-157° C
Cyclotol 75/25 -- 0 .254 at 25°C (1 .063 at 298 K) 1
DATB 0 .23 (0 .962) 34
0 .20+(1 .11x10-3T) 35
-(1 .81x10-6 )T2
at 47-200° C

• 0
 • 0

Table 6-3 . Specific heats ( Cp ) . (Continued)

31
C (est .) at 20°C (293 K)

Explosive cal/g-°C a (kJ/kg-K)b--- calf g-°°C a (kJ/kg-I .)b Ref .

DIPAM - 0 .25 (1 .05) 34

0 .235+(6 .2x10- 4 )T 35
-(4 .75x10-7)T2
at 47-227° C

DOP 1,0 .57 at 50-150°C (1,2 .385 at 323-423 K) 21

Estane 5702 (1 .48 below Tg) 23

(1.71 above Tg) 23

t- Estane 5703 0 .354 below Tg (1 .56 below Tg) 37-60°C 2 3

0 .409 above Tg (1 .68 above Tg) 75-200°C 2 3

Explosive D 0 .287+(6 .8x10-4)T 4

at 37-207° C

FEFO 0 .25 at -73°C (1 .05 at 200 K) 36

0 .36 at 25°C (1 .51 at 298 K) 36
0 .47 at 127°C (1 .97 at 400 K) -- 36

H-6 0 .269 at 30°C (1 .126 at 303 K) 1

HBX-1 0 .24 at 5°C (1 .004 at 278 K) 0 .249 at 30°C (1 .042 at 303 K) 37

0 .254 at 30°C (1 .063 at 303 K) 1

HBX-3
 Table 6-3 . Specific heata (C ) . (Continued )
p

C (est .) at 20°C (293 K) 3 1 Cp, experimenta l

Explosive cal/g-°Ca (1r s/kg-K) b cal/g- Ca (kJ/kg-K )b Ref.

HMX 0 .231+(5 .5x10 -4 )T 4

at 37-167° C
0 .230}(6 .36x10-4 )T 38
up to 160° C
0 .228+(8 .624x10- 4 )T 7
-1 .864x10- 6T 2

HNAB C .3 (1 .25) 35

cr.
HNS-I 0 .235 at 20°C (0 .983 at 293 K) 8

HNS-II 0 .225 at 20'C (0 .941 at 293 K) 8

HNS 0 .23 (0 .962 )

0 .201+(1 .27x10-3)T 35
-(2 .39x10- 6 )T 2
at 47-220° C
0 .40 (1 .67) 39

Kel-F 800 0 .239 below Tg (1 .004 below Tg) 23

(37-90°C) 310-363 K
Lead azide 0 .09 (0 .377) 9
0 .107 at 100°C (0 .448 at 373 K) 62

LX-02 0 .29 (1 .21 )

LX-08 0 .28 (1 .17 )

J

c ° LX-11 0 .31 (1 .26 )

LX-13 0 .27 (1 .13)

 s •

Table 6-3 . Specific heats (C ) . (Continued )

P

31
CP(est .) at 20°C (293 K) C p , experimenta l
a
Explosive cal/g-°Ca (kJ/kg_K)b cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)b Ref .

LX-17-0 0.27 (1 .13) 31

Mino 1-2 0 .30 at -5°C (1 .25 at 268 K) 32

NC 0 .18 (0 .753) 9
(12 .2% N) 0 .268 at 25°C (1 .12 at 298 K) 40
(13 .4% N) 0 .247 at 25°C (1 .033 at 298 K) 40
(14 .14% N) 0,370 (1 .550 )

NG 0 .356 at 35-200°C (1 .490 at 308-473 K) 1

NMc Csat=104 .4+(6 .381x1 0-2 )t+(3 .175x1 0-4 ) t2 41

-8 .131x10-7)t3+(4 .093x10-9 ) t4 J/mol-°C ,
t in ° C

NQ 6+0 .08T at 200-460°C 42

0 .297 at 25°C (1 .243 at 298 K) 42
NQd 0 .269+(7 .0x10-4)T 4
at 37-167° C
NQe 0 .242+(11 .1x10-4 )T 4
at 37-167° C

Octol 0 .27 (1 .13 )

PBX-9007 0 .28 (1 .17 )

PBX-9010 0 .27 (1 .13) 0 .247+(6 .4x10- 4 )T 4

at 37-167° C

PBX-9011 0 .27 (1 .13) 0 .259+(6 .3x10- 4 )T 4

at 37-167°C
 Table 6-3 . Specific heats (C p ) . (Continued)

C p(est .) at 20°C (293 K) 31 C r , experimental

Explosive cal/g-°C a (kJ/kg-K) b cal/g-°Ca (kJ/kg-K)b Ref.

PBX-9205 0 .28 {1 .17 )

PBX-9404 0 .27 (1 .13) 0 .224+(7 .0x10- 4 )T 4

at 7-147° C

PBX-9407 0 .27 (1 .13) 0 .241+(7 .7x10- 4 )T 4

at 37-167° C

PBX-9501 0 .27 (1,13) 0 .238+(7 .9x10- 4)T 4

at 50-175° C

PBX-9502 0 .249+(5 .9x10- 4)T 4

at 37-177° C

Pentolite 50/50 0 .26 (1 .09 )

PETIT 0 .26 at 20°C (1 .088 at 293 K) 39

0 .257+(5 .21x10-4)T 39
up to 140° C
0 .239+(8.0x10-4)T 4
at 32-127° C

Picric Acid 0 .234 at 0°C (0979 at 273 K) 43

0 .337 at 100°C (1 .41 at 373 K) 43
0 .26 (1 .09) 9
0 .235+(7 .3x10-4)T 4
at 37-117°C

•
 • •

Table 6-3 . Specific heats (C p ) . (Continued )

C (est .) at 20°C (293 K) 31 C , experimenta l

Explosive cal/g-°Ca (kJ/k.g-K) b cal/g-°C a (kJ/kg-K)b Ref .

Polystyrene 0 .283 at 0°C (1 .184 at 273 K) 12

0 .300 at 50°C (1 .255 at 323 K) 12
0 .439 at 100°C (1 .837 at 373 K) 12

RDX 0 .269 at 25°C (1 .126 at 298 K) 42

0 .236+(6 .9x10-4)T 38
0 .232+(7 .2x10-4)'r 35
at 37-167° C
(cryst .) 0 .237 at 25°C (0 .992 at 298 K) 44'
0 .0928 at -195°C (0 .388 at 78 K) 44
8 .33x10-3 at -258°C (0 .0349 at 15 K) 44
7 .65x10-4 at -266°C (0 .0032 at 7 K) 44

Sylgard 182 0 .34 at 25°C (1 .423 at 298 K) 14

(1 .00 at 293 K) 38

TATS 0 .243+(6 .3x10-4 )T 4

at 37-137° C
0 .215+0 .0013T 34
-(2x10-6)T2 at 0-300° C
0 .249+(5 .9x10- 4 )T 35
at 37-177° C
0 .265 (1 .109) 0 .252 at 25°C (1 .054 at 298 K) 7
0 .252 at 25°C (1 .054 at 298 K) 42
Tetryl
0 .225 (0 .941) 9
0 .213+(2 .18x10-4)T 7
-(3 .73x10-7 )T2
0 .345 at 130-168°C (1 .443 at 403-436 K) 42
(liquid)
 Table 6-3 . Specific heats (C ) . (Continued )
P

31
C (est .) at 20°C (293 K) C, experimenta l

Explosive cal/g-°Ca (kJ/kg-K) b cal/g-°Ca (kJ/kg-K) b Ref .

TNT (1 .37) 16
0 .252+(8 .44x10 -4 )T 38
below 80° C
60 .232 at RT 0%0 .97 at RT) 45
0 .254+(7 .5x10-4 )T 4
below 80 .5° C
0 .329+(5 .5x10-4 )T 4
above 80 .5° C
0 .36 (1 .51) 9

Viton A 0 .35 (1 .464) 17

XTX-8003 0 .27 (1 .13) 0 .252+(8 .5x10-4 )T 4

at 37-127' C

XTX-8004 0 .247+(6 .2x10-4 ) :' 4

at 25-187°C

a values are identical for Btu/lb-°F and cal/g-°C .

b Conversion factor : 1 cal/g-°C = 4 .184 kJ/kg-K .
c C sat is heat capacity at saturated liquid nitromethrne under its own vapor pressure .
d High bulk density .
e Low bulk density .
 6 .4 . THERMAL STABILITY

• Thermal changes in materials can be measured in several ways ,

qualitatively and quantitatively . For HEs, v generally use differentia l
thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric .talysis (TGA), and test s
(pyrolysis, CRT, or vacuum stability) that measure the amount of gas evolve d
when the HE is heated for a stated period of time at an elevated temperature .
Heating rates are generally 10°C/min . Critical temperatures (T c ) are als o
given, although they are dependent on the initial sample temperature ,
experimental configuration, heat input, pressure, and other variables .

6 .4 .1 . Differential thermal analysis (DTA )

In the usual DTA analysis, identical containers are set up (on e

containing the sample and the other containing a standard reference substance )
in identical thermal geometries with temperature sensors arranged to give bot h
the temperature of each container and the difference in temperatures betwee n
containers . The data are displayed as DTA thermograms ; the temperatur e
difference is plotted against the temperature of the :ample . The standar d
reference material chosen is one whose thermal behavior does not chang e
•
rapidly . Such a plot is nearly a straight line if the sample also has n o
rapidly changing thermal behavior (or if it is very similar to the standar l
material) . Excursions above and below a background line result from endo- o r
exothermic (heat-absorbing or heat-releasing) changes . The DTA analyses permi t
interpretation for phase changes, decomposition and kinetic information ,
melting points, and thermal stability (Fig . 6-6) . Sample sizes Lire less tha n
40 mg . 46,4 7

6 .4 .2 . Pyrolysi s

The sample is placed in a pyrolysis chamber that is then flushed wit h

helium . When the air has been swept out, the temperature of the chamber i s
raised at a constant rate . Gas evolution is measured as a function o f
temperature by a bridge formed by two thermal conductivity cells . Data ar e
included in Fig . 6-6 ; the right-hand ordinate shows the thermal conductivit y
response in millivolts (mV) . 48 Sample sizes are about 10 mg .

3/81 6-19
 •

Temperature - ° C

Fig . 6-6a . DTA curve of Amatol 80/20 .! 6

O
6-20 3/81
a +10
I I I I I I

+8 AN

+6

+4

+2

• -2 4

N-'7 'yi8
3

6 -+e

-10 p
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature --° c

Fig . 6-6b . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for ammonium nitrate .4 7

3/81 6-21
 •

+6

AP

+4

-6

0
Temperature - ° C

Fig . 6-6c . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for ammonium perchlorate .4 7

•
6-22 3/8 1
 • 10

+2 7

+1 Barato l
6

e -1 4

1 A

-2 3

-4 / 1

I 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature - ° C

Fig . 6--6d . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for, Barato1 . 4 7
•
3/81 6-23

Akilikeisitirmiiiiimmatasairitharianaslamiasing .
 1

+4 Black powder

+3

-3

-4

f
-5 I L. 4 r4-----r'b.- -

0 50 100 150 200 25 0 300

Temperature-° c

Fig . 6-6e . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for black powder . 47

6-24 3/8 1
 10

+ 8

Boracito l

+1 6

i 0 5 E

-1 4

-2 3

-3 2

-4 1

i - .-
-5 , I I I I `t" 10
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature -- ° C

Fig . 6-6f . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curve
(dashed line) for rlracitol .4 7

3/81 6••2 5
 +5
•

+4 BT F

+3

-4 --

1 -_ I /-5 1 I 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature-- °c

Fig . 6-6g . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for BTF . 47

6-26 3/8 1
+12 CE
F

+4

-4

-12 1 _
0 100 200 300 400 500
Temperature - ° C

Fig . 6-6h . DTA curve for CEF .4 6

 10

Comp A

-2

-3
Some wax
still present

-4 J,
-5` 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 35 0
Temperature- 0 c

Fig . 6-6i . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for Comp A .47

s
6-28 3/8 1
 +1 2

+10 Comp A- 3

+8

+6

+4

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Temperature - ° C

Fig . 6-6j . DTA curve for Comp A-3 .4 6

0
3/8' 6-29
 - -F- -+ -- -- 4 i
50 100 150 200
Temperature - ° C

Fig . 6-6k . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for Comp B . 47

6-30 3/81
 43

Fig . 6-61 . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for Coup c-3 .4 7

3/81 6-31
 +5 •
10
Cyciotol 75/25

+4 9

+3 8

+2

-1 4
0

-2 3

-3 2

-4 1

./'
-5 __L__. --f 1 1 i ,0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 35 0
Temperature - tl C

Fig . 6-6m . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for Cyclotol 75/25 .4 7

6-32 3/81
 +5 10

DAIS
+4

-2

-3

-4

-5
50 100 150 204 25 0
Temperature - ° C

Fig . 6-6n . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for DATB . 4 7

3/81 G-33
 •

Temperature - ° c

Fig . 6-6o . DTA curve for DIPAM . 4 6

6-34 3/81
 1 1 1 r

Temperature -° C

Fig . 6-6p . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for pDNPA . 4 7

3/81 6-35
+12
Estane 5702-F 1

+8

+4

-4

-8

-12 L I
-100 -50 0 50 100

Temperature - ° G

Fig . 6-6q . DTA curve for Eatane 5702-F1 . 4 6

O
6-36 3/81
 Estane 5740-X2

r
d 8

-4

-6 2

te 3 \

-8
0 100 200 300 400 500
Temperature-° C

Fig . 6-6r . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysi s (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dash (d line) for Estane 5740-X2 . 4 7

3/81 6-37
+5 0
+4W-- Explosive D

+21

Fig . 6-6s . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for Explosive D . 47

6-38 3/81
 +5 1

+4 FEF O

+3

1 I „_-_1_ 1 1 _
50 100 150 200 250 300 35 0
Temperature . .-°C

Fig . 6-6t . DTI. curve for FEFO . 4 6

3/81 6-39
 +6 FPC 46 1

+4

+2

0
8

4 E

_8 0
0 100 200 300 500
Temperature -- Q C

Fig . 6-6u . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for FPC 461 . 47 i

6-40 3/81
 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature -

Fig . 6-6v . DTA curve for H-6 . 5 5

3/81 6-41
 •
10
Explosion

5 >E

4
0

Fig . 6-6w . OTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for HMX (99 .9% pure) . 47

•
6-42 3/81
•

•
4

-2 3

-3 2

-4 1

-5 --a- I~ .1_-- _L_ I 0

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 ;30 0
Tem p erature - ° C

Fig . 6-6x . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for HMC (Holston production grade) . 4 7

3/81 6-43
+8

+6 HNA B

+4

+2

I,
100 200 300 400 600
Temperature - ° C

Fig . 6-6v . DTA curve for HNAB . 4 7

6-44 3/81
 +8

+6 HNS

+4

+2

-2

-4

-6

-8 .
0 100 200 300 400 500
Temperature - ° C

Fig . 6-6z . DTA curve for HNS . 2 4

3/81 6-45
 +8

Temperature-° c

Fig . 6-6aa . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for Kel-F 3700 (uncured) . 4 7 •

6-46 3/81
 1

50 100 150 200 25 0 30 0 350

Temperature - ° c

0 Fig . 6-6bb . DTA curve for lead azide . 5 6

3/81 6-47
 •

0
50 100 150 200 250 300 35 0
Temperature- 0 C

Fig . 6-6cc . ATA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for lead styphnate . 47

0
6-48 3/8 1
 +5 10
LX - 04

4 0

L_ 1 l L 1_ I 10
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature - ° C

Fig . 6-6dd . DTA curve for LX-04 . 4 7

3/81 6-49
Fig . 6-6ee . DTA curve for DX-08 . 4 6

6-50 3/81
 +20

+1 6 LX-0 9

+1 2

+8 1

+4!

•
-4

-8

I I 1 l 1 y
- 20
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature - ° c

Fig . 6-6ff . DTA curve for LX-09 . 4 6

3/81 6-51
 0

+1

Temperature - ° c

Fig . 6-6gg . DTA curve for LX-10 . 4 6

A
6-52 3181
 +1 4

+1 2 LX-14- 0

+1 0

+6

C +4

+2

-2

-4

-6 1 1 ---J ~..~
0 50 100 150 200 250 30 0 350
Temperature - ° c

Fig . 6-6hh . DTA curve for LX-14 . 4 6

3/81 6-53
 •

+1 2

LX-15

-4

-12

1 I I I
100 200 300 400 500
Temperature - ADC

Fig . 6-6ii . DTA curve for LX-15 .

4 6

6-54 3/81
 +12
LX-1 6

+8

Temperature - ° c

Fig . 6-6jj . DPA curve for LX-16 . 4 6

3/81 6-55

thfaMIROMIUMMEM
 •

12

•
-4

-8

-12

1 1
0 100 200 300 400 500
Temperature -- ° C

Fig . 6-6kk . DTA curve for LX•-17 .4 6

6-56 3/8 1

ttlitiVIONStakittOttliallitatlMM
 +5 10
NC

+4 Explosion

+3

+2

+1

C 0

-3

-4

---'"'_T
r -I I I 1 0
-5-
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature -- ° C

Fig . 6-611 . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for NC .47

3/81 6-57
 +5 10

NQ

+4 9

+3 E

+2

+1

d 0

-3

-4

-5

Temperature - ° C

Fig . 6-6mm . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for NQ . 4 7

0
6-58 3/81
 +5 i* 10
Octol

+ Explosion 9

+ 8
it
II
iI
6

(H I I I
5 >E'

I I
-2 - 3
I ~
I I
-3 2
6
/1
1

-5 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 35 0
Ternperoture - ° C

Fig . 6•-6nn . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for Octol .4 7

3/81 6-59
 +8

+6 PBX-900 7

+4

10

-
I
4

E
4

--. ~ 0
100 200 300 400 500
Temperature - . ° c

Fig . 6-6oo . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for PBX-9007 .47 •

6-60 3/Cl
 1 I 1
+5 10
PBX-901 0

+4 9

+3 8

+2 7

+ 1 6

4 0

-2 3

-3 2

-4 1

-5 0
50 100 150 200 250 300 35 0
Temperature - Q C

Fig . 6-6pp . BTU curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for PBX-9010 .4 7

3/81 6-6 1
 +8

+6 PBX-9205

+4

+2

Temperature - ° C

Fig . 6-6qq . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for PBX-9205 .42 •

6-62 3/81
• I* 10
PBX - 9404

Explosion

5 yE

r 4

0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature -- ° C

Fig . 6-6rr . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for PBX-9404 . 4 7

3/81 6-63
 •

--N' 1 1 J0
150 200 250 300 35 0
Temperature- ° C

Fig . 6-6ss . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for PBX-9407 .47

6-6 4 3/8 1

- Jf~'.Ya7~larivasc :Arrmw._ •• .-•__~s~~errws ~ .

NOISMONWINIOPR I
 +5 10
PBX - 9501

+1
l°

• 0

-2

-3 2

-4 1

_50 1 1 0
50 100 150 200 250 300 35 0
Temperature - ° C

Fig . 6-6tt . DTA curve for PBX-9501 . 4 7

0
3/81 6-65
 +5 10
Pentoli+ e

+4 9

+3 8

+2 7

•
4

_1 I 1 0
50 100 150 200 250 300 35 0
Temperature -° C

Fig . 6-6uu . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for Pentolite . 47

6-6b 3/81

7ibMINAiMiNtAiklowsi
 1 1

+5 10
PET N

+4 9

Fig . 6-6vv . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for PETN . 4 7

3/81 6-67
 r

Picric acid

-4

Temperature-° c

Fig . 6-6ww . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for picric acid .46,47

•
6-68 3/8 1
 +8
16

+6 Polystyrene
14

+4
12

I I
I I
I I
8
E

I I
Th //
I I
-2
i -6
I I

-4 I ~ -4

0 ~
-6
I ~ 2
I
l
\.
-8 0
0 100 200 300 400 50 0
Temperature- 0 c

Fig . 6-6xx . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for polystyrene .47

3/81 6-69
 +5 10
RDX (pure Wabash )

+4 9

+ 8

-2

Fig . 6-6yy . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for RDX (pure Wabash grade)r4 7

0
6-70 3/81
 +5 10
RDX (production grade )

+4 9

+3 is

+2 7

+1 6

- 0

-2 3

-3 2

-4 1

-5 L -4- ..--- -} --~ -- - 1 t 1 1 0

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 35 0
Temperature - ° G

Fig . 6-6zz . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity) curv e
(dashed line) for RDX (Holston production grade) .4 7

3/81 6-71
 •
+6
Sylgard 18 2

i4

-4

-6 1 I I I
-160 -100 -50 0 50
Temperature- °C

Fig . 6-6aaa . DTA curve for Sylgard 182 .4 6

6-72 3/81
 1

TACOT

+4

+2

4~ 0

-2

-4

-6

-80
100 200 300 400 50 0
Temperature -

Fig . 6-6bbb . DTA curve for TACOT .4 7

3/81 6-73
 1
+5 •
10

+4

+3

+2

•
4

-2 3

-3

-4

50 100 150 200 25 0 300 350

Temperature --- ° C

Fig . 6-6ccc . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity )
curve (dashed line) for TATB .47

6-74 3/8 1
 +5 10

Tetry l

+4 9

+3 8

+2 7

+1 6

-2 3

-3 2

-4 1

-5 0
350

Fig . 6-6ddd . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity )
curve (dashed line) for Tetryl .4 7

3/81 6-75
 +5

+4 TN M

+3

+2

+1

-2

-3

-4

-50
1 1
50
1
100
_ . _J
150 200
t f
250
I
300
1
35 0
Temperature - ° C

Fig . 6-6eee . DTA curve for TNM .4 6

•
6-7 6 3/81
•
+5 10
TNT (purified )

+4 9

+3 8

+2 7

+1 6

d 0 5 E

•
4

A
/ I
-2 / I 3

//
-3
// 2

-4
~/
/ oN o
1

-5 ,---. e 1. ..- 1 1 I I_J 0

50 100 150 200 250 300 35 0
Temperature - ° C

Fig . 6-6fff . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity )
curve (dashed line) for TNT .4 7

3/81 6-7 7
 •

+6 Viton A

+4

e
~ M

1
i I
I t
It
1 1

1 2

... I I I 0
100 200 300 40U 500
Temperature- °C

Fig . 6-6ggg . DTA curve (solid line) and pyrolysis (thermal conductivity )
curve (dat' .. d line) for viton .4 7

6-78 3/81
 +5
•

+4 XTX-8003

-4

~ 1 I 1
-5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Temperature- 0 c

Fig . t;-6hhh . DTA curve for XTX-8003 .4 6

3/81 6-79
+14
•

+1 2

+1 0

+8

+6

100 150 200 250 300 350

Temperature - ° C

Fig . 6-6iii . DTA curve for XTX-8004 .4 6

6-80 3/81
6 .4 .3 . Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA )

The objective in a TGA is to determine whether there are any weigh t

changes in a sample, either when it is held at a fixed temperature or when it s
temperature is changed in a programmed linear fashion .
The d ...ta are generally plotted as 1) weight vs temperature or time or 2 )
weight change vs temperature or time . The TGAs are useful for only a limite d
number of physical property investig,*ions (e .g ., vaporization phenomena), bu t
they are extremely useful for obtaining information about chemical propertie s
(e .g ., thermal stability and chemical reactions) . They are also used t o
obtain kinetic data . Sample sizes are about 10 mg . The heating rate is hel d
at about 10°C/miin in nitrogen atmosphere, and weight loss is shown as a
1
function of temperature in Fig . 6-7 . 49-5

10 0

75 AN

- Black powder -- BT F

50

25

0 _ I . t I 1 1 1 1

0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500

Temperature- 0 C

Fig . 6-7 . TGA curves for explosives and binders .49-51,5 7

3/81 6-81
100 '

- Comp B •
75 Cab-O-Si l

50

25

1
0
100

i
75 EDN P

50

25

0 1 [
100

75 •

50

25

10 0

- Lead styphnat e
75 Kel-F 80 0

50

25

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500

Temperature- 0 C
Fig . 6-7 . TGA curves for explosives and binders .49-51,57 (Continued )
6-82 3/81
 100

• 7 5 - NQ - PET N

50

25

100

75 - RDX

50

25

l
0

O 100

75 Tetryl

50

25

I I I
0
0 100 200 300 40 0 50C
100

75 - Viton A

50

2E

_ 1
00 10C 200 300 400 500

Temperature - ° C
Fig . 6-7 . TGA curves for explosives and binders . 4 9-5 1 ,5 7 (Continued )

3/81 6-83
6 .4 .4 . LLNL reactivity test (CRT )

The sample is heated at 120°C (393 K) for 22 h . A two-stage chromato-

graphy . .tit is used to measure the individual volumes of N 2 , NO, CO, N,,O ,
and CO 2 evolved per 0 .25 g of explosive during this period . The test i s
operated as a simple test of explosive stability ; the results are expressed i n
terms of the sums of these volumes . Results are given in Table 6-4 .

6 .4 .5 . Vacuum stability tes t

The sample is heated for 48 h at 120°C (393 K) . A simple manometri c

system is used to measure the total volume of all gases evolved, includin g
water and residual solvents . The results are expressed on the basis of 1 g o f
explosive . For reference purposes, 1 cm 3 of evolved gas/g of explosiv e
represents about 0 .2% decomposition (see Table 6-4) .

Table 6-4 Thermal stabilities of various explosives .

Explosive Y.LNL react : p ity testa Vacuum stability teat b •

Barato l 0 .015-0 .02 0 .1 9

Boracito l 0 .02-0 .0 4
BTF 0 .24-0 .4 0
(purified ) 0 .0 5
Comp B, Grade A 0 .051 0 .05-0 .1 6
Comp B- 3 0 .033 0 .2 7
Comp C-4 0 .02 6
Cyclotol 75/2 5 0 .014-0 .04 0 .25-0 .9 4
DATB <0 .03 <0 .0 3
DNPA 0 .04-0 .0 6
EDNP 0 .04-0 .0 6
FEF O 0 .04-0 .1 0
H- 6 0 .09 6
H HX <0 .01 0 .0 7
HN S 0 .01
Lead azid e <0 . 4
•
Lead styphnate <0 .4

6-84 3/81
 Table 6-4 Thermal stabilities of various explosives . (Continued )

0 Explosive LLNL reactivity test a Vacuum stability tes t b

LX-01 1 .8 c
LX-02-1 0 .3-0 . 6
LX-04-1 0 .01-0 .0 4
LX-07-2 0 .01-0 .0 4
LX-09-0 0 .03-0 .0 7
LX-10-0 0 .02.
LX-X0-1 0 .04-0 .0 6
LX-11 0 .01-0 .0 4
LX-13 (See XTX-8003 )
LX-14 10 0 .02 0 .0 3
LX-15 52 0 .06 9
LX-16 53 0 .3 8
LX-17-0 <0 .02 <0 .0 2
Minol-2 0 .10 5
NC (12 .0% N) 1 .0-1 .2 5.0
NQ 0 .02-0 .0 5
Octal 0 .028 0 .1 8
PBX-9007 0 .03-0 .0 7
PBX-9010 0 .02-0 .04 0 .2-0 . 3
PBX-9011 0 .02 4
PBX-9205 0 .02 5
PBX-9404 0 .36-0 .40 3 .2-4 . 9
PBX-9407 0 .0 6
PBX-9501 0 .8
Pentolite 50/50 3 .0 d
PETN 0 .10-0 .1 4
RDX 0 .02-0 .025 0 .12-0 . 9
Tetryi 0 .03 6
TNT 0 .00-0 .012 NO .00 5
XTX-8003 <0 .02 d
XTX-8004 .0 .06

a Volume of gas (cm 3 at STP)/0 .25 g evolved in 22 hr at 120°C (393) K .

b Volume of gas (cm at STP)/g evolved in 48 hr at 120°C (393) K .
c measured at 80°C (353 K) because of the high volatility of the material .
d Measured at 100°C (373 K) .

3/81 6-8 5
6 .4 .6 . Critical temperature and time to explosion

For safety reasons it is desirable to be able to predict the response o f

•
an explosive to high temperatures, i .e ., to determine a "time to explosion "
(t) an .1 a "critical temperature" (T c ) experimentally or by calculation .
T c is defined as the lowest temperature at which an HE of a give n
configuration self-heats to explosion . Such times and (to a lesser extent )
temperatures vary with the size, shape, previous history, and initia l
conditions of the sample ; they must therefore be determined for each sampl e
and situation .
Using the Frank-Kamenetskii equation, critical temperatures and times t o
explosion can be predicted b y

-XV2 T + pc(aT/at) = pL1H z e- E / RT

and its asymptotic solution at infinite time,

ap
2 LE
E/T c R In
T2A R
C

where •
E = activation energy in cal/mol ,
C = heat capacity in cal/g-deg ,
Tr = critical temperature for a specific geometry in K ,
t = time to explosion for a specific geometry in s ,
R = gas constant, 1 .9872 cal/K-mol ,
a a radius of a sphere, cylinder, or half thickness of a slab in cm ,

p 3 density in g/cm 3 ,

p = heat of reaction in cal/g ,

An = heat of decomposition in cal/g ,
Z = pre-exponential factor in s -l ,
V2 = LaPlace operator ,
= thermal conductivity in cal/cm-sec-°C ,
= shape factor : 0 .88 for an infinite slab, 2 .00 for an infinit e
cylinder, and 3 .32 for a sphere .
The calculational results are listed with their corresponding parameters an d
with experimental critical explosion temperatures in Table 6-5 . Times t o

6-86 3/81
 explosion for several HEs are plotted vs inverse temperature in Fig . 6-8 . 5 8
The effect of sphere diameter on critical temperature is shown in Fig . 6-9 . 5 9
LANL uses a modified Henkin test in which a 40-mg sample of measure d
•
thickness is confined in a blasting cap and heated to explosion in a preheate d
Woods metal bath . The seal, formed by flaring an aluminum cap inside th e
blasting cap, allows the product gases to escape under pressure .
Results from Henkin tests for times to explosion have been intentionall y
excluded from this compilation . Although the data available for small ,
well-defined samples are reliable, they cannot be applied to large samples o r
charges whose thermal history and characterization are unknown .
Activation energies are determined at Los Alamos from DSC measurements ,
and are given in Table 6-5 .
In the LLNL "One-Dimensional Time to Explosion" (ODTX) Test, 2 .2- g
samples (12 .7-mm-diam sphere) are placed between two preheated anvil face s
(76 .2-mm diam x 50 .8-mm high) and sealed to confine the detonation produc t
gases . The anvils are heated electrically ; the temperature is controlled b y
thermocouple feedback . Times to explosion are measured as a function of tem-
perature (Fig, 6-8) . Critical temperatures are defined as the asymptote o f
the In t vs 1/T plot . The ODTX data have been extrapolated to quite larg e
samples using finite-element thermal codes with subroutines for chemica l
•
decomposition (TACO) . This analysis can be extended to other H)D(-containin g
plastic-bonded explosives if the thermal boundary conditions are well-defined .
Parameters for the Arrhenius equations for ODTX experiments are excluded fro m
Table 6-5 because these data are interpreted by techniques different from th e
LANL data .

6 .4 .7 . Thermal stability of lamer exelosive chafe s

For large amounts of explosive, the results from small-scale therma l

stability tests are not strictly applicable . The maximum safe temperature ,
not to be exceeded, is the point at which thermal energy from slow chemica l
decomposition is given off faster than it can he dissipated . It is called th e
self-heating temperature and Is dependent on the amount of explosive, it s

environment, and the time it is held at the elevated temperature (see Sectio n
6 .4 .6 .) . For example, 1) 25 lb (11 .34 kg) of LX-04-1 may be held at 190° C
(463 K) for no more than 10 min . 2) Calculations indicate that abou t
13,000 lb (about 6 tons) of molten TNT may be unsafe .

3/81 6-87
 •

10 5 1
O Comp B
q LX-04
n LX-1 0

A Octol
104
0 RD X
/t Ao/ j,
/
i TAT B
A TNT
/ Ix,' 4J~ I.
/
T

10 2

10 1
1 .6 1 .7 1 .8 1 .9 2 .0 2 .1 2.2

Inverse temperature - 1000/T IK )

I _._.. I I L I I
325 300 275 250 225 200 17 5

Temperature - ° C

Fig . 6-8 . Times to explosion for HEs vs inverse temperature from ODT X
tests .58

6-88 3/81
 300

250

U
0

150

100

• Fig . 6-9 . Critical temperatures vs charge diameter for some pur e

explosives, 59

81 6-8 9

vuerairiumma,roormIrimoEcemssilontnaoo
 Table 6-5 . Critical explosion temperatures .

Parameters
Sampl e TC (°C ) a p
rs- Z E a
thickness,d g/css3 cal/g kcal/mol 10-4 cal/cm-sec-° C
HE (no) Exp . a Cale . cm (Mg/m3) (kJ/kg) (kJ/mol) (W/m-R) Ref .

BTF 0 .66 248-251 275 0 .033 1 .81 600 (2510) 4 .11 x 1012 37 .2 (155 .7) 5 .0 (0 .209) 60
Comp B 0 .80 216 215 0 .040 1 .58 758 (3171) 4 .62 x ;0 16 43 .1 (180 .3) 4 .7 (0 .197) 59
OATH 0 .70 320-323 323 0 .035 1 .74 300 (1255) 1 .17 x 1015 46 .3 (193 .8) 6 .0 (0 .251) 60
HHn 0 .3 258 253 0 .033 1 .81 500 (2092) 5 x 1019 52 .7 (220 .5) 7 .0 (0 .293) 59,60
HNS 0 .74 320-321 316 0 .037 1 .65 500 (2092) 1 .53 x 109 30 .3 (126 .8) 5 .0 (0 .209) 60
LX-10 0 .284 191 61
NQ 0 .78 200-204 204 0 .039 1 .63 500 (2092) 2 .84 x 10 7 20 .9 (87 .5) 5 .0 (0 .209) 60
PETN 0 .8 197 196 0 .034 1 .74 300 (1255) 6 .3 x 1019 47 .0 (196 .7) 6 .0 (0 .251) 60
0 .762 197 61
RDX 0 .8 214 217 0 .035 1 .72 500 (2092) 2 .02 x 1018 47 .1 (197 .1) 2 .5 (0 .106) 59,6 0
(Holston)
TATB 0 .7 353 334 0 .033 1 .84 600 (2510) 3 .18 x 1019 59 .9 (250 .6) 10 .0 (0 .418) 60
0 .77 353 59
0 .284 246 61
0 .635 230 61
TNT 0 .80 286 291 0 .038 1 .57 300 (1255) 2 .51 x 101 1 34 .4 (143 .9) 5 .0 (0 .209) 59,60
0 .284 235 61
0 .635 205 61

z All experimental critical temperatures (Tc) are for thz stated sample thickness d .

•
 6 .5 . REFERENCE S

1. U .S . Army Materiel Command, EngineeringDejn Handbook, Explosive s

Series, Properties of Explosives of Military Interest, Washington, DC ,
AMCP 706-177 (1967) .

2. W . A . Rosser, Jr ., S . H . Inami and H . Wise, :'.IAA J . 4, 663-666 (1966) .

3. J . M . Pakulak, Jr ., Characterization of Destex and Composition B (Wit h

D-2 Wax) Explosives, Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, CH, NWC-TP-543 3
(1975).

4. J . F . Baytos, Specific Heat and Thermal Conductivity of Explosives ,

Mixtures, and Plastic-Bonded Explosives Determined Experimentally, Lo s
Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, LA-8034-MS (1979) .

5. H . Flaugh, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, persona l

communication (1976) .

6. R . H . Cornell and G . L . Johnson, Measuring Thermal Diffusivities of High

Explosives by the Flash Method, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ,
Livermore, CA, UCRL-52565 (1978) .

7. R . N . Rogers, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, persona l

communication (1979) .

8. B . D . Faubion, Thermal Conductivity of HNS, Mason & Hanger-Silas Maso n

Co ., Inc ., Amarillo, TX, MHSMP-76-16 (1976) .

• 9. A . F . Belyaev and N . Matyushko, C . R . Acad . Sci . U .R .S .S . 30, 629-63 1

(1941) .

10. J . R . Humphrey, LX-14, A New High-Energy Plastic-Bonded Exjlosive ,

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-52350 (1977) .

11. S . M . Kaye, Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items, U .S . Army

Armament Research and Development Command, Dover, NJ, PATR-2700 (1978 )
vol . 8, p . M139 .

12. J . Brandrup and E . H . Immergut, Eds . Polymer Handbook, (Interscience ,

New York, NY, 1975) .

13. B . D . Faubion, Thermal Conductivity of RDX, Mason & Hanger-Silas Maso n

Co ., Inc ., Amarillo, TX, MHSMP-76-50 Rev . 1 (1976) .

14. Dow Corning, Hemlock, MI, Information About Electronic Materials, Do w

Corning Bulletin 07-123 (May 1964) .

15. B . D . Faubion, Thermal Conductivity of TATB and TATB Blends b y

Differential Scanning Calor•imetry, Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Co ., Inc . ,
Amarillo, TX, MHSMP-76-30C (1976) .

16. A . D . Randolph and K . O . Simpson, Ind . Eng . Chem .-Fundam . 15, 7-15 ( .1 .976) .

3/81 6-9 1

'.11 4 h.
. y*. !. 1: ry~ 1 i, .' 4 aT 'v7~. h
f '1^ yn
~: + 4. t ? : r . ._ . t . .•'Q4 t ., E, ,1 :t4~at?~1..-~dl ., r jS n r
4~P . •
as :!a .. .,_ t.u4Ha . kJ~fE"r;c, .a:4._ ,__~~~',,x .:~ .? i . ~~J,~p'': . ~. .~a'o1~a /
17. E . I . Du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc ., Wilmington, DE, A-99064, Th e
Engineering Properties of Viton Fluoroelastomer (no date) .

18. R . L . Murray, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA , •

personal communication (1972) .

19. W . C . Moen, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1964) .

20. S . F . Christov, Inorg . Matl . 9, 1557-1562 (1972) .

21. Food Machinery Corporation, Ohio Apex Division, Nitro, WV, Plasticizer s
Data Sheet (1955) .

22. M . Finger, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1965) .

23. H . Flaugh, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, persona l
communication (1975) .

24. A . C . Schwartz, Application of Hexanitrostilbene (HNS) in Explosiv e

Components, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, SC-RR-71067 3
(1972) .

25. W . E . Cady and L . E . Caley, Properties of Kel-F 800 Polymer, Lawrenc e

Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-52301 (1977) .

26. F . I . Mauer, C . R . Hubbard and T . A . Hahn, J . Chem . ,'hys . 60, 1341-134 4

(1974) . •

27. Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Co ., Inc ., Month ly Pro &ress Report : _Proces s
Development and R&D Purchase Orders, Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Co . ,
Inc ., Amarillo, TX, MHSMP-78-30 1978) .

28. H . H . Cady, J . Chem . Eng .Data 17, 369-37i (1972) .

29. J . R . Kolb and H . F . Rizzo, Propellants and Explosives, 4, 10-16 (1979) .

30. D . C . Heberlein, J . Chem . Phys . 61, 2346-2350 (1974) .

31. D . L . Ornellas, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication {1976) .

32. P . W . M . Jacobn and H . M . Whitehead, Chem . Rev . 69, 551-590 (1969) .

33. R . Velicky, C . Lenchitz, and W . Beach, U .S . Army Armament Research an d

Development Command, Dover, NJ, PATR-2504 (January 1949) . Enthalpy dat a
were plotted and Cp was recalculated by D . L . Ornellas, Lawrenc e
Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, (1974) .

34. P . E . Rouse, Jr ., J . Chem . Eng . Data 21, 16-20 (1976) .

35. L . C . Smith, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, persona l
communication (1971) . •

6-92 3/81
 36. R . Shaw, Stanford Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, persona l
communication (1973) .

• 37. J . E . Ablard, HBX-1 : Its History andProperties, Ablard Enterprises ,

Inc ., Silver Spring, MD, NAVSEA-03-TR-021, AD-B006553L (1975) .

38. G . K . Lamb and K . R . Price, Atomic Weapons Research Establishment ,

Aldermaston, Great Britain, personal communication (1968) .

39. S . Marantz and G . T . Armstrong, J . Chem . Eng . Data 13, 118-121 (1968) .

40. L . J . Decker, J . R . Ward, and E . Freedman, Thermochim . Acta 8, 177-18 3

(1974) . -

41. H . A . Berman and E . D . West, J . Chem . Eng . Data 14, 107-109 (1969) .

42. C . Krien, H . Licht, and J . Zierath, Thermochim . Acta 6, 465-472 (1973) .

43. Beilstein's Handbuchder Organischen Chemie (Springer Verlag, Berlin ,

1918+) 6 System 523 .

44. M . Rey-Lafon and E . Bonjour, Mol . Crust . 24, 191-199 (1974) .

45. D . C . Heberlein, HeatCapacityof a-Trinitroluene, U .S . Army Mobilit y

Equipment Research and Development Center, Mine Neutralization Division ,
Ft . Belvoir, VA, Rpt . 2161 (1975) .

46. P . Crawford, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1980) .

47. R . N . Rogers, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, persona l
communication (1974) .

48. R . N . Rogers, S . K . Yasuda, and J . Zinn, Anal . Chem . 32, 67-678 (1960) .

49. B . Shroyer, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1974) .

50. G . Krien, Explosivstoffe. 13, 205-220 (1965) .

51. E . Ripper and G . Krien, Explosivstoffe 17, 145-151 (1969) .

52. H . A . Golopol, D . B . Fields and G . L . Moody, A New BoosterExplosive ,

LX-15 (RX-28-AS), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,
UCRL-52175 Rev . 1 (1977) .

53. J . S . Hallam, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1980) .

54. J . R . Humphrey and H . F . Rizzo, A New TATB Plastic-Bonded Explosive ,

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-82675 Rev . 1
Preprint (1979) .

3/81 6-93
55. R . J . Slape, J . A . Crutchmer and G . T . West, Some Sensitivityan d
Performance Characteristics of the Explosives H-6 and Tritonal, Mason &
Hanger-Silas Mason Co ., Inc ., Amarillo, TX, AFATL-TR-74-104, AD-B013563 L
(1974) . •

56. R . J . Graybush, F . G . May and A . C . Forsyth, Thermochim . Acta 2, 153-16 2

(1971) .

57. C . Campbell and G . Weingarten, Faraday Soc . Trans . 55, 2221-2228 (1959) .

58. R . R . McGuire, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1980) .

59. R . N . Rogers, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, persona l
communication (1980) .

60. R . N . Rogers, Thermochim . Acts 11, 131-139 (1975) .

61. E . Catalano, R . R . McGuire, E . L . Lee, E . Wrenn, D . Ornellas, and J .

Walton, "The Thermal Decomposition and Reaction of Confined Explosives" ,
in 6th Symp . (Int .) onDetonation, Office of Naval Research, Arlington ,
VA, ACR-221 (1976), p . 2 1

62. R . Dalbes, Dielectric Properties of Explosives . Applications t o

Start-up, Reports 1 and 2 (univerity of Toulouse, France, Publication No .
128, 1973) .

63. E . Hutchinson, "The Thermal S^nsitiveness ofExplosives ; Fourt h

Report", Gr. Brit . Ministry cf Supply (Advisory Council o n
Scientific Research and Technical Development), London, Eng . •
AC 3751 (1943) .

64. B . Drimmer, " Na Bank of Explosives Data (NAVBED Volume III "
Naval Surface Weapons Center, Silver. Spring, MD, NSWC MP 83-22 u
(1983) .

65. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . " Specification RM 255693 :

LLNL Minimum Requirements for LX-17 F s '" , (1984) .

6-94 1/85
 7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

• This chapter includes data on time- and rate-dependent as well as comple x

modulus responses, on static and kinematic friction, on sound velocities, an d
on Hugoniot parameters .
High explosives are viscoelastic materials . Their mechanical propertie s
are functions of time, temperature, and loading rate . These properties vary
in any one material because of differences in raw material from one lot t o
another, differences in pressing conditions, and differences in the machinin g
procedures used to fabricate the materials . Therefore, the data in thi s
section are not intended to provide exact numerical values but rather t o
demonstrate general trends and to compare different materials . In order t o
make more refined calculations for predicting the behavior of systems, eac h
individual lot of HE must be characterized .
To characterize materials over the entire temperature range from -65 t o
165°F (219-347 K), certain assumptions must be made :
1. The material is homogeneous and isotropic .
2. Explosives can be characterized on the basis of their elastic an d
viscoelastic behavior .
3. The "failure envelope" provides a usable criterion of failure .
These assumptions have been explored experimentally and found to be reasonable .
When HE assemblies are joined with adhesives, the compliance of th e
adhesive must be considered . Most adhesives used with HEs are stronger bu t
more compliant than the explosive . The bond is usually stronger than the HE

when clean surfaces and recommended assembly procedures are used . If th e

assembly will be subjected to stress analysis, the adhesive bond can b e
modeled as a viscoelastic material . Other conditions to be considered ar e
aging of the materials and crystallinity of the binder .
A series of codes for nonlinear two- and three-dimensional analyses ha s
been developed to predict static and dynamic thermal and mechanical behavio r
of HEs and binders under various conditions . Behavior that can be modele d
with these codes ranges from simple uniaxial stress-strain to complex stres s
2
states . 1,

3/81 7-1
7 .1 . TIME- AND RATE-DEPENDENT MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

In this section, experimental data are given for characterization o f

mechanical properties at constant strain rates in tension and compression :
0
tensile stress-strain data, failure envelopes, initial uniaxial modulu s
-5,43
(E p ), and tensile creep .' The stress-strain data were generated a t
constant strain rates and constant crosshead velocities .
A failure envelope is generated for a material from the stress-at-brea k
values obtained in tensile tests at different temperatures and constant strai n
rate (i .e ., isothermal, monotonically increasing tension loads) .

7 .1 .1 . Tensile test s

Tensile stress-strain . Figure 7-1 shows tensile stress-strain curves fo r

several PBXs at different temperatures . Construction of failure envelopes i s
also indicated for two of the materials .

Failure envelope . Figure 7-2 shows failure envelopes for several PBX s
stressed at a constant strain rate .

Initial uniaxial modulus . Initial uniaxial moduli are derived fro m e

tensile and compression data ; they are temperature dependent because th e
properties of the p olymeric binders are temperature dependent . Time- an d
rate-dependence also shows that plastic-bonded explosives are viscoelasti c
materials . Figure 7-3 shows the initial uniaxial moduli of HEs as a functio n
of temperature .

7-2 3/81
 2200 15.1 4
, -54°C

200 0 13 .7 7
LX-10- 0
LX-14- 0
i PBX-950 1
1800 12.3 9
LX-1 5
i LX-17-0
Failure envelope

160 0 I 11 .02

22° C

140 0 9 .6 4

8.2 7

6 .8 9

•
800 5.52

60 0 4.1 4
* 21° C

400 -74°c" ' . 2 .76

21°C %

200 49°C 41° C 1 .38

r-
-r '
49°C
74° C

2000 4000 6000 800 0

Strain -pin ./in . (µm/m )

Fig . 7-1 . Tensile stress-strain curves for several PBXs at differen t

temperatures . Crosshead velocity was 0 .002 mm/s and strain rate wa s
•
1 .25 x 10- 5 s- 1 .

1/85 7- 3
 •

LX-04- 1
LX-07- 1
LX-09- 0
LX-10- 1
LX-14- 0
PBX-9404

Strain - Ain ./in . Wm/m )

Fig . 7-2 . Failure envelopes for several PBXs stressed at a constant strai n
rate (1 .25 x 10-5 5-1 ) . Conversion factor : 1 psi = 6 .895 kPa . Th e
numbers on the curves are temperatures in °C .

7-4 3/81
 2 .8 19 . 3

••••••••• LX-04- 1
LX-07- 1
••- LX-09-0
LX-10- 1
-- LX-14- 0
- PBX-9404
2 .0 13 . 8

.a
0

1 .2 8 .3

0.6 --12 . 8

-100 100 200

Temperature - ° F

200 250 300 350

Temperature - K

Fig . 7-3 . Initial uniaxial moduli of HEs as a function of temperature .

Conversion factor : I psi = 6 .895 kPa .
 Tensile creep . The creep compliance , J(t) is defined by :

J(t) = e(t)/o ,

where J is creep compliance, t is time, a is strain, and a is a ste p

function in stress . Tensile creep data for PBX-9501 are shown in Fig . 7-4 .
Figure 7-5 shows tensile creep compliance for several explosives .

I I
60 d20
Time-mi n

Fig . 7-4 . Tensile creep data for PBX-9501 (a) at 100 psi (689 kPa) and 70° F
(294 K) and (b) at 50 psi (345 kPa) and 120°F (322 K) . The shade d area
indicates the range ; the points indicate rupture of the specimen .

7-6 3/8 1
 240 34 8
(a) (b) • ••••••LX-04- 1
0
---- --- LX-07- 1
LX -09-0
---- LX-10-0
LX-10- 1
----LX-14-0
•-P8X-9404 - 26 1
LX-17-0

174

87

~rx
at 20°F (257 K )J ." " " ".:.r---r---+► ----:+=
15 30 15 30
Time - h Timo -

10 - (c) 14.5

2
N
E
n
6
7.25

0
5 10 15 20
Time - h

Fig . 7-5 . Tensile creep complianc e h (Jt)) for several explosives . Conversio n
factor : 1 in . 2 /lb-ft . = 1 . 115 x 1 0- m /N . (a) Creep compliance at 50 ps i
(0 . 31 5 MPa) and 12 00E (322 K) and 2 00E (267 K) . (b) Creep compliance at
50 psi (0 .3 )+ 5 MPa) and 700E (29 1t K) . (c) Creep compliance at 250 ps i
(1 .7 MPa) and 165°F (3 147 K) .
1/85 7- 7

'VitillaialiggaftrailhViNNAIROWWRImumminwatusinesamimmagm
 Mechanical and fracture properties a t
High-strain-rate tensile tests .
'-8,43
high strain rates can be obtained using the Hopkinson split-bar . Th e
type of fracture can be identified by examining the fracture surfaces and th e
e
stress-strain curves . Table 7-1 lists ultimate tensile strengths and the typ e
of fractures observed when specimens were stressed at increasing strai n
rates . Figure 7-6 shows the tensile modulus as a function of strain rate ; th e
tensile moduli for LX-04-1 and LX-07-1 obtained from high-frequency ultrasoni c
measurements are shown for comparison .

Table 7-1 . Static tensile strength . ?

Strain rate Ultimate stres s

Materia l psi (MPa) Type of fractur e
(s 1 )

LX-04- 1 10- 4 340 (2 .34) Slightly ductil e

850 1500 (10 .34) Slightly ductil e
1100 1780 (12 .27) Slightly ductil e
1550 1750 (12 .07) Brittl e
3100 210 0 (14 .48 ) Slightly ductile

1p- 5 •
LX-14-0 450 (3 .1) Brittl e
10-4 540 (3 .7) Brittl e
10- 3 580 (4 .0) Brittl e

PBX-901 1 10- 4 340 (2 .34) Slightly ductile '

1050 1300 (8 .96) Brittl e
1100 1450 (10 .00) Brittl e
1300 1400 (9 .65) Brittl e

PBX-940 4 10 - 4 330 (2 .28) Slightly ductil e

950 1200 (8 .27) Brittl e
1070 1500 (10 .34) Slightly ductil e
1100 1340 (9 .24) Brittl e
1850 1510 {10 .41) Brittl e

PETN 1 0 -3 160 (1 .10) Brittl e

1 0 -2 215 (1 .48) Brittl e
10 - 1 215 (1 .48) Brittl e
1000 720 (4 .96) Brittl e
1120 700 (4 .83) Brittl e
1300 785 (5 .41) Brittl e
2600 840 (5 .79) Brittle

7-8 3/8 1
•

Strain rate - in ./in . -sec (m/m-s )

Fig . 7-6 . Tensile stress and tangent moduli of several explosives as a
function of strain rate ; the dashed line represents ultimate stress . Th e
curves for LX-04-1 and LX-07-1 show the ultrasonically determined modulus E u
and are shown for comparison . Conversion factor : 1 psi = 6 .895 kPa .

1/85 7-9
7 .1 .2 . Compressive test s

Com ressive stress-strain . Figure 7-7 shows the strain rate dependence
•
of stress-strain curves for a variety of PBXs . Some of these measurement s
were made using the Hopkinson split bar in uniaxial compression .

25

LX-04 15 0
LX-1 0
LX-1 4
20 -- LX-1 5
LX-17- 0
•----• PBX-950 1

15
100
Y
a
W
N

10

O. ••" ~,~----rte_

.,~ "'ar; --- 800

• --. .~.1 y 1800 - 5 0

,,~ ,• ♦ ~'~s» ..+.ir- - ~ . 100 0

260 0

' 10 ° d
7/ 10
... . ... . ........ .. .. ... .
10 4 . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0-s
. .... . .. .

- 0
2 4 6
Strain - %

Fig . 7-7 . Uniaxial compression data at ambient temperature for several HEs a t
different strain rates . Numbers on the curve are strain rates in s'l .
Conversion factor : 1 psi = 6 .895 kPa .

7-10 1/8 5
 Compressive creep . Figure 7-8 shows compressive creep data for LX-14 ,
LX-17, and PBX-9501 .
0

1
(a)
E 800 0
--
E
a

10 20 30
Time - h

O -E
E
a
2000

100 20 0
Time - h

Fig . 7-8 . Compressive creep data foe la) LX-14 and PBX-9501 at 100 ps i
ll) .6d') MPa), 12t?[ (322 K) and (b) LX-17-0 at 250 psi (1 .7 Oa) and 74° C
(347 K) . The shadec : region indicates the range of values observed .

3/81 7-11
7 .2 . COMPLEX MODULUS PROPERTIE S

7 .2 .1 . Crmplex shea r

The complex shear modulus (G*) has been determined by measuring it s

components : the shear storage modulus (C ' ) and the shear loss modulus (G " ) .
Plastic-bonded high explosives are treated here as homogeneous, isotropic ,
linear viscoelastic and thereto-Theologically simple materials . Measurement s
were made using a Rheometric Mechanical Spectrometer (RMS) .
The appropriate relationships are :

C^- C' + iG" ,

where i 1r-1 , an d

G " / i.% ' = tan 6 ,

where tan 6 (a damping term) also expresses the ratio of energy dissipate d
ns heat to the maximum energy stored in the sample during one oscillator y
cycle . Figures 7-9 and 7-10 show C', G", and tan 6 for various HEs an d
binders measured with the RMS at 1 Rz . 9 ' 43 Figure 7-11 shows the observe d
shear storage and shear loss moduli of LX-04 reduced to a temperature T of
r
22% (-95 K) by the WLF empirical equation t? over the frequency range fro m
10 -5 to 1 GRz .

7-12 3/81
 10 t2 1 1 1 3 .2
1 1 1 •1 1 1 1 1 1 1

w Comp B Storage modulus (G' )

a Loss modulus (G") 2 .8
•••••••••• Tan delta

-I 2 .4

2 .0

.
a

r
1 .2
108 -
.... 'r
` - 0 .8
EEO•

N 0 .4
•••• .•

0s 1 1 I 1 I 1 I I I 1
-150 - 130 110 - 90 - 70 - 50 C -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130
Temperature - °G
Fig . 7-9a . Values of C ' , and tan 6 for Comp 8 measured with the RMS a t
1 Hz . 9

10 12 r s 1 I i
3.2
i

LX-04
Storage modulus (G')
• Loss modulus QG") - 2 .8
Tan delta
. y 2.4

2.0

1 .2
'r w

0 .8

0. 4

d 1 . . .o . .p
1 L, . . .,J i•••••1 1 l -
106
-150 -130 110 -90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130
Temperature - ° C
Fig . 7-9b . Values of G ' , G " , and tan 6 for LX-04 measured with the RMS a t
1 tiz . 9

3/81 7-13
 10 12 1 1 3 .2
1 -T 1 1 I I 1 1
LX-07 -- Storage modulus (G' )
a Lou modulus (G"") 2.8 i
• Tan delta

2 .4

10 1 0

108

-1 0 .4

I
1 1 testis. . . . . . . . . . {•• ••"! ! I 1 1 1
106 0
-150 -130 110 90 -70 50 30 10 10 30 50 70 90 110 13 0
Temperature -- C
Fig . 7-9c . Values of G ' , G", ana tan 6 for LX-07 measured with the RMS a t
1 Hz . 9

10 1 2 1 3.2
•
LX-10
Storage modulus (G')
Loss modulus 1G") 2 .8
• Tan delta

2 .4

1010

108

4 ~ I • ► . .1. . .•
leer 1, 1 1 .-..-L.-.-L._ 0
106
-150 -130 110 -90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90 '. 10 130
Temperature -• ° C

Fig . 7-9d . Values of G', G " , and tan 6 for LX-10 mesured with the RMS a t
1 Hz . 9

7-14 3/81
 10 12 3.2

LX-1 1 Storage modulus (G' )

Loss modulus (G") -- 2 . 8
Tan delta

2 .4

2.0

1 .2

0 .8

••••• 0.4

1 I I . .4 . . .• 4 41 . .•• I I I 1 1 I Lam_ 0
106
-150 -130 - 110 - 90 - 70 - 50 - 30 -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130
Temperature -

Fig . 7-9e . Values of G ' , G " , and tan S for LX-11 measured with the RMS a t
1 Hz . 9

3 .2

---. Storage modulus (G ' )

a. LX-14
Loss modulus (G" ) 2 .8
•••••••••• Tan delta

2 .4

2 .0

.
..---'- 1 .2

0 .8

0A
U)

'• . .r t t' ' I I I I 0

.1 b 1 . . .* . .w
106
-150 -130 110 -90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 13 0
Temperature - ° C

Fig . 7-9f . Values of G ' , G " , and tan d for LX-14 measured with the RMS a t
1 Hz . 9

3/81 7-15
 101 2 I 3.2
1 1 !1 I I I I 1 1 1 1
Storage modulus (G' )
LX-17- 0
----
Loss modulus (G") - 2.8
Tan delta
s
2.4

.1.••- '-• .

1 .2
108

0.8

•• . 0.4
'* •

1061 I l I I 0
-150 -130 -110 -90 -70
-50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130
Temperature -°c
Fig . 7-9g . Values of G', G", and tan 6 for LX-17 measured with the RMS a t
1 Hz . 9

10 12
I r I 1 1 l 1 1 1 7-I 3.2
•
Storage modulus (G ')
Octol • Loss modulus (G ' - 2.8
•••••••••• Tan delta
2.4

1o' 0

1 .2
08
0.8

-~0.4

. . .t r. ... I`•••.I • I_
1 6 I0
-150 -130 - 110 -90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 :.0 110 130
Temperature - °c
Fig . 7-9h .
1 Hz . 9
Values of G', G''°, and tan 6 for Octol measured with the RMS a t •
7-16 3/81
 10 12 3 .2
1 1 1 I I I

ro - Storage modulus (G' )

PBX 9010
• Lass modulus (G") - 2 .8
Tan delta

2 .4

2 .0

L2

0.8

0 .4

---- roe s
106 i 1 1 1 I p
-150 -130 -110 -90 - 70 - 50 - 30 .-10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130
Temperature - ° C
Fig . 7-9i . Values of G ' , G " , and tan 6 for PBX-9010 measured with the RM S
at 1 Hz . 9

10 1 I I
3. 2

PBX 901 1 Storage modulus (G')

Loss modulus (G") - 2 .8
Tan delta

10 1

1 .2
108

0 .8

0.4

106 1 L, I .1 erY'•"4'0' l I 1 _ 1____ 0

-150 -130 -110 -90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130
Temperature - ° C

Fig . Values of G ' , G " , and tan 6 for PBX-9011 measured with the RM S
at 1 Hz .

3/81 7-17
 10 12 3.2

Storage cnodulus (G' )

--- Loss modulus (G " ) 2.8
•
•••••••• . . Tan delta

2 .4

10'

1 .2
1 08

0 .8

Temperature -- ° C

Fig . 7-9k . Values of G' , G " , and tan 6 for PBX-9404 measured with the RM S
at 1 Hz . 9

10 '2 3 .2
•
TNT Storage modulus (G')
Loss modulus (G") 2 .8
• .' Tan delta

2 .4

10' 0

1 .2
1oa

0 .8

- 0 .4

1 I I I I 1 1 • •••f''• . .1 1 I I 0
106
-150 -130 -110 - 90 - 70 - 50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130
Temperature - ° C

Fig . 7-91 . Values of G ' , G " , and tan 6 for TNT measured with the RMS a t
1 Hz . 9

7-18 3/81
•

10 12 I I 3. 2
- Storage modulus (G' )
XTX-8003 ---- Loss modulus (G ") - 2.8
Tan delta ,
2.4
10 1 0
E - 2.0

a -- 1.6 0.

1 .2
1 08 - /~^
v E - 0.8

0.4
ti
•••
.. . . .{ ' 1 l 1 l I I 1 I 0
196150
-150 -130 -110 -90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130
Temperature - °i;

Fig . 7-9m . Values of G', G ", and tan 6 for XTX-8003 measured with the RM S
at 1 Hz . 9

•
3/81 7-19
 •

10 1 0

•
106

Estane 5702-F 1
Phenoxy PKH H
Kraton 3608
Kraton G 165 0
KeI-F 800

I I I I 1
le-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 15 0
Temperature ,- °c

Fig . 7-10 . Values of G' for polymeric binders measured with the RMS at 1 Hz . 9

s
7-20 1/85
 800 5 .52

4 .14

c
0
2 .76 (:

1 .3 8
-

0 0
80 0 .5 5

60 ~- --1 0 .41

a
40 0 .28 6

20 0 .1 4

0
lU 5

Frequency- H z

Fig . 7-il . Complex shear moduli of LX-04 at frequencies from 0 .0004 to 1 GH z

measured and calculated for T of 22°C (295 K) over the temperature rang e
-15 to 125°F (247 to 325 K) . lu Conversion factor : 1 psi = 6 .895 kPa .

3/81 7-21
7 .3 . FRICTION

Static and kinematic coefficients of friction have been determined fo r

various HEs sliding on themselves and on surfaces of different materials .

7 .3 .1 . Static coefficient of friction

A static test was designed to simulate conditions found in th e

fabrication of explosive assemblies . ll The sample was placed on a Lil t
table, and the angle at which it would slide was measured . The coefficient o f
static friction is defined as the tangent of the angle of inclination from th e
horizontal plane at which th body just overcomes the frictional force . Th e
results are reported for dry and water-wet surfaces in Table 7-2 .

7 .3 .2 . Kinematic coefficient of frictio n

Kinematic coefficients of friction (f) have been obtained by slidin g

several REs on themselves and on aluminum 6061-T6 . Values of f wer e
determined as functions of sliding velocity (v), pressure (load) (P) ,
temperature, and surface finish (Tables 7-3 and 7-4) . It was found that th e
Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) shift equation 12 could be used to correlate th e
effects of sliding velocity and temperature on f ; thus, a curve could b e
calculated for some reduced temperature T r (Fig . 7-12 . )
For comparison, Viton sliding on polished steel at 900 in ./min has a
coefficient of friction at room temperature of about 0 .35 under a 9-kg loa d
and about 0 .45 under 18 kg .

7-22 3/81
 •

"
Table 7-2 . Coefficients of static friction .

Contact Surface and Roughnes s

Dry We t
Aluminum Plexiglas Mild Steel Aluminum Plexiglas Mild Stee l
Material Condition 8 10 I 3 7 10 14 8 10 1 3 7 10 14

LX-04 : Pressed 0 .425 0 .388 0 .231 0 .538 0 .310 0 .355 0 .200 0.645 0 .574 0 .771 0 .823 0 .701 0 .361 0 .306
Machined 0 .442 0 .315 0 .422 0 .290 0 .419 0 .388 0 .259 0 .978 0 .747 1 .246 0 .727 0 .671 0,384 0 .34 1

LX-07 : Pressed 0 .397 0 .391 0.315 0 .348 0 .341 0 .287 0.237 0 .514 0 .901 1 .725 1 .706 0 .617 0 .459 0 .38 1
Machined 0 .474 0,371 0 .315 0 .528 0 .449 0 .359 0.213 0 .674 3 .812 1 .095 1 .948 0 .834 0 .537 0 .35 4

LX-10 : Pressed 0 .474 0.446 0.723 0.661 0 .500 0 .361 0.231 0.635 0 .621 0 .945 1 .544 0 .729 0 .378 0 .35 1
Machined 0 .453 0-328 0 .348 0 .243 0 .515 0,354 0 .249 0 .519 0 .659 0 .899 1 .480 0 .813 0 .408 0 .33 2
LX-14 : Pressed 0 .391 0 .335 0 .418 0,391 0 .517 0 .338 0.216 0.502 0.402 0 .648 1 .381 0.565 0.281 0 .18 5
Machined 0 .481 0 .495 0 .520 0 .354 0 .397 0 .287 0 .243 0.441 0 .634 0 .557 0 .579 0,544 0 .315 0 .25 2

PBX-9404 : Pressed 0 .339 0 .210 0 .240 0.462 0 .268 0 .210 0.185 0.351 0.441 0 .515 1 .238 0,447 0.243 0 .21 0
Machined 0 .371 0 .281 0 .185 0 .361 0 .325 0 .210 0 .159 0 .542 0 .915 0 .672 0 .696 0 .538 0 .303 0 .22 8

PBX-9407 : Pressed 0 .351 0 .284 0 .191 0 .228 0 .284 0 .222 0 .155 0 .439 0 .463 0 .728 0 .949 0 .401 0.234 0 .19 1
Machined 0 .351 0 .284 0 .155 0 .354 0 .290 0 .231 0 .176 0 .408 0 .338 0 .290 0 .246 0 .323 0 .237 0 .18 8

PBX-9501 : Pressed 0 .328 0 .252 0 .325 0 .335 0 .348 0 .293 0,219 0 .408 0 .890 1 .601 2 .709 1 .006 0 .569 0 .416
Machined 0 .418 0 .404 0 .415 0 .470 0 .388 0 .197 0 .161 0 .467 0 .662 1 .095 0 .415 0 .518 0 .341 0 .30 0

PBX-9502 : Pressed 0.243 0 .243 0 .197 0.315 0.259 0 .191 0 .144 0 .368 0 .729 1 .228 0 .715 0 .496 0 .222 0 .24 3
Machined 0 .256 0 .207 0 .201 0 .216 0 .253 0.194 0 .129 0 .458 1 .012 1 .253 0 .845 0 .425 0,216 0 .271
 Table 7-3 . Coefficients of friction (f) as functions of sliding velocity v and pressure P at roo m
temperature . 13

Coefficient of friction (f )

when v = 10 2 in ./min a when v = 10 1 in ./mina when v = 100 in ./mina

at P [ si (MPa)] at P [psi (MPa)] at P [psi (ta'a) ]
12 5 25 0 500 75 0 100 0 12 5 25 0 500 75 0 100 0 12 5 25 0 50 0 75 0 100 0
Explosive Materialb (0 .86) (1 .7) (3 .5) (5 .2) (6 .9) (0 .86) (1 .7) (3 .5) (5 .2) (6 .9) (0 .86) (1 .7) (3 .5) (5 .2) (6 .9 )

Comp B-3/Al 1 0 .38 0 .36 0 .35 0 .36 0 .33 0 .31 0 .35 0 .34 0 .3 1
2 0 .31 0 .30 0 .29 0 .28 0 .27 0 .26 0 .27 0 .265 0 .2 6

Comp B-3/ 1 0 .33 0 .32 0 .33 0 .32 0 .32 0 .31 0 .3 0

Comp B-3 2 0 .24 0 .23 0 .25 0 .24 0 .26 0 .24 0 .2 3

LX-041A1 1 0 .75 0 .72 0 .81 0 .76 0 .80 0 .74 0 .7 3

2 0 .70 0 .67 0 .62 0 .69 0 .67 0 .62 0 .65 0 .72 0 .5 7

LX-04!LX-04 1 0 .95 0 .90 0 .98 0 .93 1 .3 0 .9 4

2 0 .86 0 .83 0 .90 0 .88 0 .94 0 .9 1

PBX-9011/Al 1 0 .71 0 .68 0 .73 0 .7 4

2 0 .5E, 0 .52 0 .61 0 .59 0 .62 0 .5 9

PBX-9011/ 1 0 .94 0 .92 0 .98 0 .95 1 .1 0 .9 8

PBX-9011 2 0 .90 0 .87 0 .94 0 .90 0 .95 0 .92
•

?able 7-3 . Coefficients of friction (f) as functions of sliding velocity v and pressure P at roo m
temperature . " (Continued )

Coefficient of friction (f )

when v = 10 1 in ./min a when v = 10 2 in ./mina when v = 10 3 in ./min a

at P [psi (MPa)] at P [psi (MPa)] at P [psi (MPa) ]
125 250 500 750 1000 125 250 500 750 1000 125 250 500 750 100 0
Explosive Materialb (0 .86) (1 .7) (3 .5) (5 .2) (6 .9) (0 .86) (1 .7) (3 .5) (5 .2) (6 .9) (0 .86) (1 .7) (3 .5) (5 .2) (6 .9 )

Comp B-3/A1
1 0 .35 0 .34 0 .32 0 .37 0 .35 0 .34 0 .39 0 .3 8
2 0 .28 0 .27 0 .27 0 .30 0 .30 0 .35 0 .34
Comp B-3/ 1 0 .31 0 .30 0 .28 0 .31 0.30 0 .29 0 .3 3
Comp B-3 2 0 .265 0 .25 0 .24 0 .27 0 .28 5
LX-ir '~' 1 0 .75 0 .71 0.69 0 .73 0 .71 0 .69 0 .73 0 .7 2
2 0 .63 0 .59 0 .56 0 .61 0 .56 0 .61 0 .58
LX-04/LX-04 1 1 .1 0.9 1
2 0 .92 0 .89 0 .89 0 .86
PBX-9011/Al 1 0 .71 0 .70 0 .72
2 0.57 0 .51 0 .57 0 .50 0 .54 0 .5 2

PBX-9011/ 1 1 .0 0 .98
PBX-9011 2 0 .90 0 .89 0 .89

a One in ./min = 4 .23 x 10-4 m/s .

b 1 is aluminum, surface finish 125 ; 2 is aluminum, surface finish 32 .
 0 .7

LX-04-1 on aluminu m
P = 250 psi (1 .7 M Pa )

0.6

-
1

C
0
U

0 .50

PBX-9404 on aluminu m
P = 50 psi (0 .3MPa )

0 .40 I I
10'6 10 -4 10 -2 1 1 02
Sliding velocity -- In ./ mi n

I
(10 -10 ) (10 -8 ) (10 -6 ) (10 ) (10-2 )
-4
Sliding velocity - 4,23 m/ s

Fig . 7-12 . Coefficients of friction (f) for LX-04-1 and PBX-9404 as a

function of sliding velocity (v) . Curves calculated for reduce d
temperatures (Tr) using the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) shift equation .1 2
Conversion factor : 1 in ./min = 4 .23 x 10 -4 m/s . 0
7-26 3/81
Table 7-4 . Coefficients of friction (f) for single crystals of different HE s
-4 I4
at constant temperature (20°C) and sliding velocity (v = 2 x 10 m/s) .

Material f

PETN/glass 0 .4 0

HW4/glass 0 .5 5

RDX/glass 0 .3 5

Pb(N3)2/glass 0 .2 8

PETN/PETN 0 .40

7 .4 . HUGONIOT DAT A

7 .4 .1 . Shockloadings

Figures 7-13 and 7-14 show narrow-pulse and sustained shock-loadin g

effects obtained at LANL and LLNL using the flyer-plate technique . Th e
transducer data were normalized to a plate-impact velocity of 0 .3 mm/pse c
(0 .3 km/s) for the LLNL data, 15 while the impact velocities are reporte d
6
directly for the LANL results . 1
Figure 7-15 shows representative data from gas gun experiments usin g
17
dextrinated lead azide .

1/85 7-2 7
 I I I I i
2. 0 (a) -

1.6

1 .2

0.8

2 .0 (d) - -

1 .6

1 .2

0.8 _

0 .4

- ---- ft. I

0 .2 0 .4 C .6 0 .8 1 .0 0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 .0
Time - A s

Fig, 7-13 . Input and output pulses generated experimentally at three depth s
in explosives by a 0 .28-mm-thick (nominal) aluminum driver plate backed wit h
foam . 15 Conversion factor : 1 bar = 10 5 Pa .

7-28 3/81
 r 1 ' 1
Barato l 0.6

0.4
0.4

0.2

0
0 4 6 8 2 4 6 8

Time - lAs
0.8 t I r
(e )
TN T

0 .4

0 0

0 2 4
Time - µs

Fig . 7-14 . Output pulses generated experimentally at three depths (2, 6, an d

10 mm) in different explosives by a 3 .05-rim thicl' aluminum, foam supporte d
impactor . The impact : velocities (km/s) were (a) 0 .176, (b) 0 .266, (c) 0 .248 ,
(d) 0 .252, and (e) 0 .294 . 1 6

3/8). 7-29
 I 1 1

Input pulse

0 .1

0'
0 2 4 6 8
Time - p s

Fig . 7-15 . Input and output pulses at four depths in lead azide by a 5 .08-mm
thick Plexiglas support plate . l 7

7-30 3/81
7 .4 .2 . Unreacted Hugonio t

The Hugoniot of unreacted HEs can also be expressed by a simple leas t

squares relationship :

U s = A+BU-CU
p 2

where
U s = shock velocity in km/s ,
U p = particle velocity in km/s ,
A, B, C = materials constants .

The data (at ambient temperature) have been compiled from various sources fo r
the compositions listed in Tables 3-1 to 3-3 . The GrUrLeisen constant y i s
expressed as :

V = v (8E)
V - - CV V
where
P = pressure ,
E = energy ,
V = volume ,
'Ye = bulk modulus ,
8 = cubic coefficient of thermal expansion .

Least squares relationships for unreacted Hugoniots are given in Table 7-5 .

3/81 7-31
 Table 7-5 . Least squares fits for unreacted Hugoniots .

Density, p
0
Explosive [g/cm3 (Mg/m 3 )] Equation Range a (km/s) y Ref .

AN 0 .8 6 Us = 0 .84 + 1 .42 U p 0 .9 18

1 .7 3 Us a 2 .20 + 1 .96 U p 18

Baratol 2 .61 1 U s - 2 .40 + 1 .66 U p co < Us < 3 .66 19

Us = 1 .5 + 2 .16 U p 3 .66 < Us 'j 4 .0 19

2 .6 3 Us - 2 .79 + 1 .25 U p 20

Comp B 1 .7 0 Us a 2 .95 + 1 .58 U p 20

1 .71 0 U s = 1 .20 + 2 .81 U p 4 .40 < Us < 5 .04 21

Comp B 1 .70 0 Us = 2 .49 + 1 .99 U p 3 .57 < Us < 5 .02 21

(cast )

Comp B-3 1 .7 0 Us = 3 .03 + 1 .73 U p 20

1 .7 0 Us a 2 .88 + 1 .60 U p 4 .24 < Us < 7 .01 21
Co - 2 .9 3

1 .7 2 U s - 2 .71 + 1 .86 U p 3 .42 < Us < 4 .45

1 .72 3 Us = 1 .23 + 2 .81 Up 4 .42 < Us < 5 .07

21

21
s
Comp B-3 1 .68 0 Us a 2 .710 + 1 .860 Up 3 .387 < Us < 4 .469 0 .94 7 21,2 2
(cast ) c0 - 2 .73 6

Cyclotol 1 .72 9 Us - 2 .02 + 2 .36 Up 4 .67 < Us < 5 .2 2 21

75/2 5

DATB 1 .78 0 Us a 2 .449 + 1 .892 11p 3 .159 < Us < 4 .492 1 .7 6 21,2 2
c l - 2 .66 0

H-6 (cast) 1 .76 0 Us - 2 .832 + 1 .695 Up 2 .832 < Us < 4 .53 5 21,2 2
co = 2 .75 9

1 .7 6 Us a 2 .654 + 1 .984 Us < 3 . 7 29

HBX-1 (cast) 1 .75 0 Us = 2 .936 + 1 .651 Up cb - 2 .86 0 22

HBX-3 (cast) 1 .850 Us = 3 .134 + 1 .605 Up cb = 3 .09 5 22

HMX 1 .90 3 Us - 2 .74 + 2 .6 Up 1 .1 0 23

1 .89 1 Us = 2 .901 + 2 .058 U p 19

HNS 1 .3 8 Us = 0 .61 + 2 .77 Up 1 .44 < Us < 1 .99 5 24

1 .5 7 Us = 1 .00 + 3 .21 Up 1 .00 < Us < 3 .1 8 24

co a 1 .00

7-32 3/8 1
 Table 7-5 . Leant squares fits for unreacted Hugoniots . (Continued )

Density, p 0

Explosive [g/cm3 (Mg/m 3 )] Equation Range s (km/s) y Ref .

HNS-II 1 .4 7 Us a 1 .10 + 3 .48 U p 25

1 .5 8 Us = 1 .98 + 1 .93 U p 25

Kel-F 2 .1 0 U8 = 1 .73 + 1 .61 U p 2 .65 < Us < 3 .7 8 21

LX'04-1 1 .860 - Us a 2 .36 + 2 .43 U p 2 .61 < Us < 3 .2 4 21

1 .86 3

LX-09-0 1 .83 9 Us a 2 .43 + 2 .90 U p 26

LX-17-0 1 .9 0 Us = 2 .33 + 2 .32 U p 44

NG 1 .5 9 U 8 - 2 .24 + 1 .66 U p 28

NM 1 .1 3 Us = 2 .00 + 1 .38 U p 2 .83 < U 8 < 4 .4 0 21

1 .123- U8 a 1 .560 + 1 .721 U p 2 .918 < Us < 4 .63 9 21

1 .12 8 + 1 .082(1 .125 - P0 )

NQ b U 8 a 3 .544 + 1 .459 U p

c U s - 3 .048 + 1 .725 U p

Octol 1 .8 0 U 8 = 3 .01 + 1 .72 U p 20

(cast) 1 .80 3 U 8 a 2 .21 + 2 .51 U p 3 .24 < Ua < 4 .9 7 21

PBX-9011-06 1 .79 0 U8 a 2 .225 + 2 .644 U p 4 .1 <Us <6 . 1 19

PAX-9404-03 1 .72 1 Us a 1 .89 + 1 .57 U p 2 .4 < Us 3.7 19

1 .84 U 8 =2 .45+ 2 .48 U p 2 .45 < Us < 6 .0 5 24

co 2 .6 0

PBX-9404 1 .8 4 Us a 2 .310 + 2 .767 U p Us < 3 . 2 29

Cb = 2 .31 0

PBX-9407 1 .6 0 Us = 1 .328 + 1 .993 U p 2 .11 < U 8 < 3 .1 8 30

PBX-9501-01 1 .84 4 Us = 2 .683 + 1 .906 U p 2 .9 < Us < 4 . 4 19

PBX-9604 1 .49 1 U s a 0 .987 + 2 .509 U p 27

Pentolite 1 .6 7 U 8 a 2 .83 + 1 .91 U p 20

50/51)
1 .676 Us a 2 .885 + 3 .20 Up 4 .52 < Us < 5 .25 21

1/85 7-33
 Table 7-5 . Least squares fits for unreacted Hugoniots . (Continued )

Density, p 0

Explosive [g/cm3 (Mg/m3 )] Equation Range a (km/s) v Ref .

PETN 0 .8 2 Us - 0 .47 + 1 .73 U p 1 .7 18

1 .5 9 Us - 1 .33 + 2 .18 U p 1 .40 < Us < 2 .1 4 24

cov 2 .4 5

U s - 0 .64 + 4 .19 U p 1 .86 < Us < 2 .65 24

co - 2 .4 5

1 .6 0 Us a 1 .32 + 2 .58 U p 1 .89 < Us < 2 .56 0 .77 31

1 .7 2 Us = 2 .326 + 2 .342 U p 2 .83 < Us < 3 .1 8 32

cb = 2 .32 6

Us = 1 .83 + 3 .45 U p 2 .52 < Us < 3 .8 7 0 .77 31

cb - 2 .2 4

1 .7 5 U 8 - 2 .53 + 1 .88 U p 33

1 .7 7 Us - 2 .42 + 1 .91 U p 18

1 .77 4 Us = 2 .320 + , 2 .61 U p Us < 4 .1648 34

- 0 .38U p Cb - 2 .32

Us - 2 .811 + 1 .73 U p Us > 4 .19 5 1 .15 34

•
Polystyrene 1 .0 5 Us - 2 .40 + 1 .637 U p 3 .87 < Us < 6 .493 21

RDX Us - 0 .4 + 2 .00 U p 2 .6 18

Us - 1 .93 + 0 .666 U p 2 .00 < Us < 2 .16 24

co - 2 .8 0

Us - 0 .70 + 4 .11 U p 2 .14 < Us < 2 .63 24

co - 2 .80

1 .79 9 Us = 2 .78 + 1 .9 U p 1 .29 23

1 .8 0 Us - 2 .87 + 1 .61 U p 4 .21 < Us < 5 .45 19

TATB 1 .84 7 U s - 2 .340 + 2 .316 U p 3 .125 < Us < 5 .629 1 .60 20,2 1
co - 2 .050 22,2 6

1 .87 6 U s - 1 .46 + 3 .68 U p co < Us < 3 .23 19

Us = 2 .037 + 2 .497 U p 3 .23 < Us < 5 .9 19

1 .937 U s = 1 .43 + 10 .13 U p U s < 3 .4412 33

- 11 .42 U p

U s - 2 .90 + 1 .68 Up U 8 > 3 .404 0 .20 33

Cb - 1 .4 3

0
7-34 3/81
 Table 7-5 . Least squares fits for unreacted Hugoniots . (Continued )

Density, p 0

Explosive [g/cm3 (Mg/m3 )] Equation Range s (km/s) Ref .

Tetryl 0 .86 U s - 0 .35 + 1 .75 U . 1 .65 18

1 .30 U s = 2 .1620 + 1 .4271 U p 2 .58 < U, - < 4 .16 35

- (0 .4993/Up ) c t =1 . 1

Us = 1 .6111 + 1 .9658 U p 2 .20 < Us < 4 .07 35

- (0 .2784/Up ) ct = 1 .1 3

1 .50 U s = 2 .1674 + 1 .6225 U p 2 .63 < Us < 4 .1 7 35

- (0 .3411/Up ) c t = 1 .3 6

1 .60 U s = 2 .3621 + 1 .5285 U p 2 .86 < Us < 4 .2 5 35

- (0 .2519/U p ) ct = 1 .66

1 .70 U s - 2 .4763 + 1 .416 Up 3 .08 < Us < 4 .1 7 35

c t =-2 .035

1 .73 U s - 2 .17 + 1 .91 U p 18

TNT 0 .98 U s = 0 .366 + 1 .813 U p 1 .05 < Us < 3 .26 18

1 .643- Us = 2 .372 + 2 .16 U p 2 .78 < Us 21

1 .64 8 co - 2 .3 0

2 .345 < Us < 3 .37 5

cast 1 .614 U s .. 2 .390 + 2 .050 U p 3 .034 < Us < 5 .414 0 .737 21,2 2
co - 2 .57 2

1 .62 Us - 2 .274 + 2 .652 U p Us < 3 . 7 29

Us - 2 .987 + 1 .363 U p 3 .7 < U s 29

ct - 2 .297

1 .63 Us = 2 .57 + 1 .88 U p 20

(liquid) 1 .472 Us - 2 .14 + 1 .57 U p 3 .49 < Us < 4 .65 21,2 2

(82°C ) co - 1 .3 7

Tritonal 1 .73 Us = 2 .313 + 2 .769 U p Us < 3 .8 29

(cast )

XTX-8003 1 .53 Us = 1 .49 + 3 .30 Up 2 .38 < Us t 4 .06 0 .77 31

a Sound velocities through the sample are in km/s ; co - initial sound velocity ,
c t - longitudinal sound velocity, co = bulk sound velocity . Pressures wer e
converted to pascal .
b Large grain .
c Commercial grain .

3/81 7-35
7 .4 .3 . Sound velocit y

Longitudinal and transverse shear sound velocities (c t and c s , respec -

tively) were measured by Marsh of LANL for materials with large acousti c
attenuation . 36 The arrival times of signals traveling through differen t
thicknesses of stacked samples were measured, and the sound velocities wer e
determined by a differential technique, i .e ., by measuring the transit time s
of the signals through the measured thicknesses of the samples .
The bulk sound velocities (c b ) compiled in Table 7-6 were determine d
from the expression for isotropic materials :

12 - 4 2
Cb cs

•
 Table 7-6 . Sound velocities c R , c s , and c b .

cQ
Density, p cs cb Ref .
Material
(preparation) [g/cm 3 (Mg/m 3 )J (km/s) (km/s) (km/s )

AP (bulk, 500 u) 1 .20 0 .57 37

1 .55 1 .79 37
1 .90 2 .18 37

AP (bulk) 1 .95 2 .84 38

Baratol 2 .61 2 .90 1 .54 2 .29 16

(cast) 2 .611 2 .95 1 .48 2 .40 36

Comp B-3 1 .70 3 .00 1 .62 2 .35 ' 16

(cast) 1 .726 3 .12 1 .71 2 .42 36

Cyclotol 75/25 (cast) 1 .752 3 .12 1 .69 2 .43 36

DATB (pressed) 1 .78 2 .99 1 .55 2 .40 36

Estane 1 .18 2 .35 39

H-6 1 .75 2 .46 1 .55 40

UNAB 1 .577 0 .853 0 .465 0 .663 41

Kel-F 2 .02 1 .50 39

LX-15-0 1 .58 1 .749 1 .038 1 .274 41

LX-17•'0 1 .899 2 .815 1 .366 2 .24 43

NM 1 .14 1 .33 38

Octal (cast) 1 .80 3 .14 1 .66 2 .49 36

PBX-9010-02 1 .78 2 .72 1 .47 2 .13 36

PBX-901I-06 1 .790 2 .89 1 .38 2 .41 36

P 13X-9404-03 1 .840 2 .90 1 .57 2 .26 36

PBX-9407 1 .78 3 .04 1 .70 2 .32 36

1 .608 1 .922 1 .26 1 .256 41

3/81 7-3 7
 Table 7-6 . Sound velocities c R , c s , and c b . (Continued )

c~
Density, p _ Cs cb _ Ref .
Material
(preparaLion ) [g/cm' (Mg/ n 3 )] (km/s) (km/s) (km/s )

PBX-9501 1 .82 2 .97 1 .39 2 .50 16

PBX-9502 1 .88 2 .74 1 .38 2 .20 a 16

PBX-9604 1 .491 0 .996 27

PETN 1 .77 2 .32 38

Polystyrene 1 .06 1 .98 38

'.DX (pressed) 1 .80 2 .65 38

TATB 1868 1 .907 1 .083 1 .439 41

(pressed) 1 .87 2 .00 6 1 .18 b 1 .43f 16,4 2
1 .87 2 .55c -- 1 .43 f 16,4 2
1 .87 I .24d 1 .43f 16 , E+ 2
1 .87 1 .35 e 1 .43 f 16,4 2
(isotropic purified) 1 .876 1 .98 1 .16 1 .4E 36

Tetryl 1 .73 2 .19 38

(pressed) 1 .68 2 .27 1 .24 1 .76 36

TNT 1 .63 2 .68 1 .35 2 .1`' 16

(creamed, cast) 1 .624 2 .48 1 .34 16
(crystal) -- 2 .20 38
(liquid) 1 .47 -- 1 .55 38
(molten) 1 .47 -- 2 .1 36
(pressed) 1 .61 2 .48 1 .34 1 .94 36
(pressed) 1 .632 2 .58 1 .35 2 .08 36

a No check was made of other sample orientations .

b Parallel to pressing direction .
c Perpendicular to pressing direction .
d Perpendicular to pressing direction and particle motion parallel t o
pressing direction .
e Perpendicular to pressing direction and particle motion perpendicular t o
pressing direction .
f Assuming that TATB is transverse isotropic, the velocities were converte d
to elastic constants from which the bulk sound speed was calculated .
7 .5 . REFERENCE S

1. J . O . Haliquist, User ' s Manual for DYNA2D--An Explicit Two-Dimensiona l

Idrojnamic Finite Element -Code with Interactive Rezoning, Lawrenc e
Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCID-18756 (1980) ;
Preliminary User ' s Manual for DYNA3I) and DYNAP, Lawrence Livermor e
National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCID-17268 Rev . 1 (1979) .

2. J . O . Hallquist NIKE2D : An Implicit, Finite-Deformation, Finite Elemen t

Code for Analzzing the Static andDynamic -Response of Two-Dimensiona l
Solids, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-5267 8
(1979) ; NIKE3D : AnImplicit, Finite-Deformation, Finite Element Code fo r
Analvzina the Static andl namic Response of Three-Dimensional Solids ,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCID-18822 (1981) .

3. R . C . Murray, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1970) .

4. U . D . Johnson, Mechanical -ProEerties of LX-10_l, Mason & Hanger-Sila s

Mason .Co ., Inc ., Amarillo, PX, MRSMP-77-58 (1977) .

5. J . R . Humphrey, LX-14, A New _11 -[finer t' Plastic-Bonded Explosive ,

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-52350 (1977) .

6. K . G . Hoge, Appl_Polym . Sym _, 5, 19-40 (1967) .

7. D . Breithaupt, iawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1974) .

H . K . C . Hoge, ExElosivstoffe 18, 39-41 (1970) .

9. D . M . Hoffman, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1980) .

10. M . A . Hamstead, Complex Shear Modulus - of a HighExE_losive, Lawrenc e

Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-50357 (1967) .

11. J, R . Anthony and R . W . Ashcraft, Coefficient of Static_ Friction Betwee n

E2losives and Machine Surfaces, Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Co ., Inc . ,
Pantex Plant, Amarillo, TX, MHSMP-79-11 (1979) .

12. J . D . Ferry, Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers ( .I . Wiley and Sons ,

Inc ., New Ynr'.c,NY, 1970), 2nd ed .

13. K . G . Hoge, Frictional and V_i.scoelastic Properties of Highly Fille d

Polymers : Plastic-Bonded Exalosives, Lawrence Livermore Nationa l
Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-70588 Rev . 1 (1968) .

14. J . K . A . Amuzu, B . J . Briscoe, and M . M . Chaudhri, J . Phys . D 9, 133-14 3

(1976) .

15. R . J . Wasley and R . H . Valentine, Shock-Pulse Attenuation and Hugonio t

Studies of Three Explosives and Three Mock Explosives, Lawrence Livermor e
National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-50950 (1970) .

7-39
3/81
16. B . Olinger and J . W . Hopson, "Dynamic Properties of Some Explosives an d
Explosive Simulants, " in Proc . Symp . (Int .) on High Dynamic Pressures ,
Paris, France (1979), pp . 9-19 .

17. F . W . Davies, A . B . Zimmerschied, F . G . Borgardt, and L . Avrami, J . Chem .

Phys . 64, 2295-2302 (1976) .

18. J . E . Erkman and D . J . Edwards, "Computed and Experimental Hugoniots Fo r

Unreacted Porous High Explosives, " in Proc . 6th Symp . (Int .) o n
Detonation, Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA, ACR-221 (1976) ,
pp . 766-776 .

19. B . G . Craig, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, persona l
communication (1974) .

20. V . M . Boyle, R . L . Jameson, and M . Sultanoff, "Determination of Shoc k

Hugoniots for Several Condensed Phase Explosives, " in Proc . 4th Symp .
(Int .) on Detonation, U .S . Office of Naval Research, Washington, DC ,
ACR-126 (1965), pp . 241-247 .

21. M . Van Thiel, Compendium of Shock Wave Data, Vol . 2, Lawrence Livermor e
National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-50108, vol . 2 (1967) .

22. N . L . Coleburn and T . P . Liddiard, Jr ., J . Chem. Phys . 44, 1929-193 6

(1966) .

23. . Olinger, B . Roof, H . Cady, "The Linear and Volume Compression o f

N-}l?D( and RDX to 9 GPa (90 kilobars ) " in Proc . Smp .(Int .) onHih
Dynamic Pressures, Paris, France (1979), pp . 3-8 . •

24. J . Roth, "Shock Sensitivity and Shock Hugoniots of High-Density Granula r

Explosives, " in Proc ._5th Symp ` (Int .) on Detonation, U .S . Office o f
Naval Research, Arlington, VA, ACR-184 (1970), pp . 219-230 .

25. F . W . Davies, J . E . Shrader, A . B . Zimmerschied and J . F . Riley, "Th e

Equation of State and Shock Initiation of }INS II," in Proc . 6th Symp .
(Int .) on Detonation, Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA, ACR-22 1
(1976), pp . 740-747 .

26. L . G . Green, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1971) .

27. L . C . Green, E . J . Nidick, Jr . and J . D . Longwith, Shock Initiation o f

PBXN-5_and PBX-9604,
. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore ,
CA, UCRI.-52273 1977) .

28. S . S . Nabatov, V . V . Yakushev and A . N . Dremin, Combust . Expl . Shoc k

Waves 12, 222-226 (1976) .

29. V . M . Boyle, W . G . Smothers, and L . H . Ervin, "The Shock Hugoniot o f

Unreacted Explosives " ; in Proc . 5th Symp . (Int .) on Detonation, U .S .
Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VAACR-184 (1970" ; pp . 251-257 .

30. J . E . Lindstrom, i . Appl . Phys . 37, 4873-6880 (1966) .

1-40
 31. D . Stirpe, J . O . Johnson, and J . Wackerle, J . Appl . Phys . 41, 3884-389 3
(1970) .

32. J . Wackerle and J . O . Johnson, Pressure Measurements_ on the Shock-Induce d

Decomposition of High-Density PETN, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lo s
Alamos, NM, LA-5131 (1973) .

33. J . Wackerle and J . O . Johnson, Pressure Observations on the Shock-Induce d

Decomposition of 1 .75 g/cm3 PETN, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lo s
Alamos, NM, LA-DC-72-1015 (1972) .

34. B . Olinger and H . Cady, "The Hydrostatic Compression of Explosives an d

Detonation Products to 10 GPa (100 krlobars) and Their Calculated Shoc k
Compression : Results for PETN, TATB, C02 and H20, " in Proc . 6t h
~Sy mp (Int. .) on Detonation, Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA ,
A C R-221 7 197 , pp . 700. 709 .
-

35. J . E . Lindstrom, J . Appl . Phys_ 41, 337-350 (1970) .

36. S . Marsh, LASL Shock (Hugoniot) Data (University of California Press ,

Berkeley, CA, 1980) .

37. B . 0 . Reese, J . H . Blackburn, L . B . Seely, and M . W . Evans, Combust .

Flame 11, 262-264 (1967) .

38. A . P . Belyaev, V . K . Bobolev, A . I . Korotkov, A . A . Sulimov and S . V .

Chuiko, " Shock-Initiated Detonation : Determination of Critica l
Initiation Pressures," in Transition of Combustion of Condensed System s
to Detonation, Ch . 5, Part B, Section 29, pp . 182-189, Moscow, 1973, 29 2
pages, translated by P . Newman, Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM ,
SAND76-6016 (1976) .

39. H . Flaugh, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, persona l
communication (1975) .

40. J . E . Ablard, H-6 Explosive History and Properties, Ablard Enterprises ,

Inc ., Silver Spring, MD, NAVSEA-03-TR-044, AD-B022383L (1977) .

41. L . G . Green, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1975) .

42. B . Olinger, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, persona l
communication (1976) .

43. J . R . Humphrey and H . F . Rizzo, A New TATB Plastic-Bonded Exylosive ,

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-82675 Rev . 1
Preprint (1979) .

44. R . K . Jackson, L . G . Green, R . H . Barlett, W . W . Hofer, P . E . Kramer ,

R . S . Lee, E . J . Ic.idick, Jr ., L . L . Shaw, and R . C . Weingart, "Initiatio n
and Detonatiot Characteristics of TATL, " in Proc . 6th Symp . (Int .) o n
Detonation, Of ice of Naval Research, Arlington, VA, ACk-221 1976
pp . 755-765 .

45. E . E . Thielker, J . Elastoplast . 1, 133-142 (1969) .

1/85 7-41/7-42
 8 . PERFORMANC E

This section contains tables of detonation velocities and methods fo r

their estimation, detonation velocity equ a . ions, Chapman-Jouguet detonatio n
pressures, reaction-zone lengths, cylinder test measurements of explosiv e
energies, equation-of-state parameters, detonation energies, Gurney values ,
and failure diameters .

8 .1 . DETONATION VELOCITY

Detonation velocities (D) can be determined experimentally (Table 8-1) ,

calculated for variations in composition and temperature, or estimated wit h
the use of empirical relationships .

Table 8-1 . Detonation velocities (D) measured at nominal composition an d

density p, under ambient conditions in large charges .

Density, p Detonation velocity, D

Explosive [g/cm3 (Mg/m3 )] [mm/psec (km/0] a Ref .

Amatol 80/20 1 .6 5 .2 1

AN 4,0 .7 4,1 . 5 2
0 .82 3 .49 (in paper tubes ) 3
1 .30 5 .27 (in paper tubes ) 3

Baratol 2 .55 4 .8 7

Black powder 4,0 .7 4,1 . 3 2

4,0 .9-1 .1 4,1 .3 5 2

Boracitol 1 .55 4 .8 6

BTF 1 .86 8 .4 9

Comp A-3 1 .61 8 .2 7 4

1 .64 8 .4 7 5

Comp B 1 .56 7 .48 (in paper tubes ) 3

1 .61 7 .6 7 4
(cast) 1 .72 7 .92 5
Table 8-1 . Detonation velocities D measured at nominal composition an d
density p, under ambient conditions in large charges . (Continued )

Density, P Detonation velocity, D

Explosive [g/cm3 (Mg/m3 )] [mm/usec (km/s)] a Ref .

Comp B, Grade A 1 .72 7 .9 9

(pressed)

Comp B-3 (cast) 1 .62 7 .7 0

1 .72 7 .89 5

Coup C-3 1 .60 7 .63 8

Comp C-4 1 .59 8 .04 8

1 .601 8 .1 9
1 .66 8 .37 5

Cyclotol 60/40 1 .72 7 .90 8

Cyclotol 75/25 1 .74 8 .20 5

1 .76 8 .30 8

DATB 1 .79 7 .5 2

DEGN 1 .38 6 .71, 8

•
DIPAM 1 .76 7 .40 6

EL-506A 1 .48 7 .0

EL-506C 1 .4. 8 7 .03 7

Explosive D 1 .55 6 .85 8

FEFG 1 .607 7 .5 0

H-6 1 .71 7 .19 8

1 .75 7 .9 9

HBX-1 •l .60 5 .38 10

1 .712 7 .31 10

HBX-3 1 .81 6 .92 8

1 .84 7 .12 5

HMX 1 .89 9 .1 1

HNAB (pressed) 1 .60 7 .311 11

8-2 3/81
Table 8-1 . Detonation velocities D measured at nominal composition an d
density p, under ambient conditions in large charges . (Continued )

Density, p _ Detonation velocity, D

Explosive [g/cm3 (Mg/m 3 )] [mm/Msec (km/s)) a Ref .

HNS I 1 .60 6 .80 6,1 2

HNS II 1 .70 7 .00 6,1 2

Lead az ; A.e 3 .8 5 .5 13

Lead styphnate 2 .9 5 .2 '

LX-01 1 .24 6 .8 4

LX-02 1 .44 7 .3 7

LX-04 1 .86 8 .4 6
1 .87 8 .54 5

LX-07-2 1 .87 8 .6 4

LX-08 >1 .42 6 .5 6

LX-09-1 : .84 8 .81 14

LX-10-0 1 .86 8 .8 2

LX-10-1 1 .87 8 .85 14

LX-1'i 1 .87 8, .3 2

LX-13 (See XTX-8003)

[.X-14-0 1 .83 5 8 .83 15

LX-15 1 .58 6 .84 16

LX-17-0 1 .903 7 .63 30

MEN-II 1 .02 5 .4 9

Minol-2 1 .68 5 .82 8

NC (13 .45% N) 1 .20 7 .3 0

NG 1 .59 7 .65 17
1 .60 7 .70

3/81 8- 3
table 8-1 . Detonation velocities D measured at nominal composition an d
density p, under ambient conditions in large charges . (Continued )

Density, p Detonation velocity, D

Explosive [g/cm3 (Mg/m3 )] [mm/usec (km/s)] a Ref .

NM 1 .13 6 .35 18

NQ 1 .55 7 .6 5
1 .62 7 .93 36

Octol 75/25 1 .81 8 .4 8

PBX-9007 1 .64 8 .0 9

PBX-9010 1 .78 8 .3 7

PBX-9011 1 .77 8 .5 0

PBX-9205 1 .67 8 .1 7

PBX-9404 1 .84 8 .8 0

PBX-9407 1 .60 7 .9 1

PBX-9501 1 .84 8 .83 19

PAX-9502 1 .90 7 .71 20

PBX-9503 1 .90 7 .72 21

Pentolite 50/50 1 .68 7 .52 23

1 .70 7 .53 22

PETN 1.i 7 .9 1
1 .76 8 .2 6

Picric acid 1 .6 7 .1 1
(cast) 1 .71 7 .26 23

RDX 1 .6 8 .25 1
1 .77 8 .7 0

TACOT 1 .85 7 .2 5

TATS 1 .88 7 .'7 6

Tetryl 1 .51 7 .15 23

(pressed) 1 .6 7 .5 1
1 .71 7 .85

8-4 3/8 1
Table 8-1 . Detonation velocities D measured at nominal composition an d
density p, under ambient conditions in large charges . (Continued )

DensaILzp __ Detonation velocity, D

3 3
Explosive [g/cm (mg/m )) [mm/pssc (km/s)l a Ref .

TNM 1 .6 6 .4 [15--20°C (288-298 K)) 24

TNT 0 .9 5 4 .85 3
1 .4 7 6 .48 3
1 .5 9 6 .95 8
1 .6 6 .9 1
(pressed) 1 .6 4 6 .93 18
(cast) 1 .6 1 6 .73 5
(cast at 291 K) 1 .6 2 6 .97 25
(cast at 77 .4 K) 1 .7 0 6 .99 25
(cast at 20 .4 K) 1 .7 1 7 .00 25
(liquid at 373 K ) '.6 .52 in 70-mm-diam x 510- 26
mm-long Pyrex tub e
(powder) 1 .0 0 4 .65 23

X'TX- 800 3 4,1 .5 3 7 .30 (in 2-mm-diam channel) 2 7

XTX-8004 'ti1 .55 7 .22 (in 2-mm-diam channel) 2 7

a One mm/psec z 1 km/s .

8 .1 .1 . Equation s

To calculate detonation velocities at conditions other than thos e

specified in Table 8-1, the equations in Table 8-2 were developed to take int o
account composition and density of the explosive, the charge diameter, and th e
temperature .

3/81 8-5
 Table 8-2 . Detonation velocity equations .

Explosive Equation s Condition Ref .

AP D = 1 .146 + 2 .576 p (1 .146 + (2 .576 x 10 3 n) ) 0 .55 < p < 1 .0 33

Barato l D = 4 .96 - (0 .454/ : ) (4 .96 - [(4 .54 x 10-3 )/R] ) 27% TNT, p '.2 .60, 2 .5<R<i :: 35

Boracito l D = 5 .15 - (6 .25/R ) (5 .15 - [(62 .5 x 10-3 )R] ) R > 5 (0 .05) 35

BT F D = 4 .265 + 2 .27 p (4 .265 + (2 .27 x 10-3 p) ) 30

Comp B , D = 7 .99 - [75 .6 x 10- 3 )/R ] (7 .99 - [(0 .756 x 10 -3 )/R] ) p = 1 .71 5 35
Grade A AD/AT = -0 .5 x 10 - 3

Cyclotol 75/25 D = 8 .298 - [(57 .7 x 1 0-3 )/R ] (8 .298 - [(0 .577 x 1 0 -3 )/R] ) 77% RDX, p = 1 .75 5 35
00
a, DAT B D = 7 .52 - [52 .76 x 10 -3 )/R ] (7 .52 - [(0 .528 x 1 0-3 )/R] ) p = 1 .78 8
D = 2 .495 + 2 .834p (2 .495 + (2 .834 x 10 -3 p) )

HBX- 1 D m = - 0 .063 + 4 .305 p (-0 .063 + (4 .305 x 10- 3 p) ) 10

HNA B D = 18 .579p - 5 .233 p 2 - 9 .03 3 1 .40 < p < 1 .6 5 30

LX-01- 0 AD/AT = -3 .8 x 10 -' 3

LX-02 D = 7 .44 - [(4 .31 x 10- 3 )/R] (7 .44 - [(43 .1 x 1 0-6 )/R]) Brass confinement ;
varies with confinement .

LX-04- 1 D = 1 .733 + 3 .62p (1 .733 + (3 .62 x 1 0 -3 p) )

D . = 8 .46 - [(24 .015 x 10 -3 )/R] (8,46 - [(0 .24 x 1 0 -3 )/R] ) p = 1 .8 6
AD/AT = - 1 .55 x 10 -3 -54 to 74°C (219-347 K )
AD/Aw = - 38 x 10- 3 (w = wt% Viton )

LX-07 AD/AT = -1 .55 x 1 0- 3 -54 to 74°C (219-347 K )

AD/AW = -35 x 10 -3 (w = wt% H1X )
0 S

Table 8-2 . Detonation velocity equrtions . (Continued )

Explosive Equationa Condition Ref .

LX-J8 4D/4T = -3 .56 x 10' 3 -36 to 23°C (237-296 K )

LX-09 AD/4T = -3 .31 x 10 -3 -54 to 74°C (219-347 K) 37

LX-13 (See XTX-8003 )

NM AD/AT = -3 .7 x 10- 3 -20 to 70°C (253-343 K ) 38

D = 6 .268 - [(4 .23 x 10- 3 )(T - TO) ] 39
AD/GP = 0 .197 x 10-3 mm/ps-atm (19 .96 km/s-Pa) 4°C (277 K), infinite diam

NQ D = 1 .44 + 4 .015 p (1 .44 + (4 .015 x 10-3p) ) 0 .4 < p < 1 .6 3 36

Octol 75/25 D = 8 .48 - [(64 .97 x 10-3)/R ] (8 .48 - [(0 .65 x 10-3)/R] ) 77% HMX, p = 1 .81 4 35

PBX-9010 D = 2 .843 + 3 .1 p (2 .843 + (3 .1 x 10-3p) )

D = 8 .371 - [(10 .16 x 1 0-3 )/R ] (8 .371 - [(0 .102 x 1 0-3 )/R] ) p = 1 .78 1 "30

PBX-9205 D = 2 .41 + 3 .44 p (2 .41 + (3 .44 x 10-3p) )

D = 4 .995 + (36 .54 x 10 - 3V ) V = vol% RDX ; p = 97 .5% TMD

PBX-9404 D = 8 .8 - ((24 .12 x 10 -3 )/K ] (8 .8 - [(0 .24 x 10-3)/R) ]

D = 2 .176 + 3 .6 p (2 .176 + (3 .6 x 10-3p) )
4D/AT = -1 .165 x 10- 3 -54 to 74°C (219-347 K)

Pentolite 50/50 4D/AT = -0 .4 x 10- 3 -54 to 74°C (219-347 K)

PETN D = 2 .14 + 2 .84p (2 .14 + (2-84 x 10' 3p)) p < 0 .3 7 40

D = 3 .19 + 3 .7(p - 0 37 ) 0 .37 < p < 1 .6 5 40
D = 7 .92 + 3 .05(p - 1 .65) p > 1 .65 40
 Table 8-2 . Detonation velocity equations . (Continued )

Explosive Equationa Condition Ref .

Picric acid D = 5 .255 + 3 .045(p - 1 .00) 41

RD : D = 2 .56 + 3 .47p (2 .56 + (3 .47 x 10-3p)) p > 1 .0 42

TATB D = 0 .343 + 3 .94p (0 .343 + (3 .94 x 10° 3 p)) p > 1 .2 35

D = 7 .79 - [(16 .8 x 10-3)/R] (7 .79 - [(0 .168 x 10-3)/R]) p = 1 .87 6

O0i TNT D . = 1 .873 + 3 .187p (1 .873 + (3 .187 x 10° 3 p)) 0 .9 < p < 1 .534 43
°o D . = 6 .763 + 3 .187(p - 1 .534) 1 .534 < p < 1 .636 43
- 25 .1(p - 1 .534) 2
+ 115 .1(p - 1 .534) 3
D. = 1 .67 + 3 .342p (1 .67 + (3 .34 x 10 -3 p) 48

XTX-8003 D = 7 .26 - [(3 .02 x 10- 3 )/R] (7 .26 - [(30 .2 x 10- 6 )/R]) p 1 .53 37
D = 3 .68 + (44 .8 x 1Q-31 .) -- (W = s,'t% PETN )
AD/AT = -2 .34 x 10-3 -54 to 74°C (219-347 K )

a Symbols and units are : D = detonation velocity in mm/psec (km/s), p = density in g/cm 3 (Mg/m3 ), R = charge
radius in cm (m), W = composition in wt%, V = composition in volt, T = temperature in °C (K) . Values or equations in
parentheses are in SI units .

on
cn
8 .1 .2 . Estimatio n

Method a . One method for estimating the detonation velocity and pressur e
of an organic C-H-N-O explosive from its chemical structure was devised b y
Kamlet and Jacobs of the U .S . Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oa k
Laboratory . 28 Detonation pressures (P) in kbars and detonation velocitie s
(D) in km/s of C-H-N-O ea, " osives at initial densities above 1 .0 g/cm 3 ca n

be calculated by means of the simple empirical equation s

P Kp2 m

A.
D 1/2 (1 + Bp 0 )

NM1/2 Q 1/2 ,
m

where
K = 15 .58 ,
P O = initial density of HE [g/cm 3 (Mg/m 3 )1 ,
A = 1 .01 ,
B = 1 .30 ,
N = moles of gaseous detonation products per gram of HE (mol gas/g HE) ,
M = average molecular weight of detonation product gas (g gas/mol gas) ,
Q = chemical energy of the detonation reaction (cal/g) .
Values of N, M, and Q can be estimated from the H 2 O-C O2 decompositio n
assumption . The other input parameters are the elemental compositiort, th e
GH f in kcal/mol, and the loading density of the HE .

- b CO2 + `a - d + b
C a Hb N c Od c2 + 2b H Z O+ ( d2 C
4 4

The n

2c + 2d + b
N 48a ;-4b + 56c + 64d '

56c+88d-8 b
M=
2c + 2d + b '

1/82 8-9
 GH f (detonation products) - f (HE )
Q = -AH0 =
formula weigh t
,w
28 .9b + 47 .0 (d + Ali f (HE )
- -)
12a + b + 14c + 16 d

Method b . Another simple empirical equation was demonstrated by Uriza r

at LANL in the late 1940s and gives good agreement with measured detonatio n
velocities of mixtures . The detonation velocity of a mixture or formulatio n
can be estimated or predicted as the sum of the detonation or shock velocitie s
of the components weighted by their individual volume fractions . Table 8-3
gives values of characteristic velocities D . for use in the equation :

D = (V .D .) ,

where D is the detonation velocity of the mixture of infinite diameter, V i s

the volume fraction, and subscript i refers to each of the i component s
including void space . 29,3 0

Method c . Russian researchers have also developed generalized, simpl e

relationships to estimate detonation velocities of explosives, taking int o
account the state of the detonation products . Borzykh and Kondrikov 3 1
developed a generalized relationship for D vs p from the many experimenta l
results available . Their formula for secoe-lary HEs is :

D 2 .395 + 3 .589 p, where p is the charge density .

A comparable generalized relationship for the case where the detonatio n

products are completely gaseous is given by Pepekin and Lebedev 32 as :

D=4 .2+2 .0 * p

where 4 is nQ l/2 , n is mol of gaseous detonation products per gram of HE ,

Q is the heat of explosion in kcal/g, and p is the charge density in g/cm 3 .

m
8--10 1/82
 Table 8-3 . Characteristic velocities D . . 29 ' 3 °
1

Characteristic velocity, D .
Density, p
Material [g/cm3 (Mg/m3 )) [nun/psec (km/s) )

Polymers and plasticizer s

Adiprene I. 1 .15 5 .6 9
AFNOL 1 .48 6 .3 5
Beeswax 0 .92 6 .5 0
BDNPA-F (50/50 wt% eutectic) 1 .39 6 .3 1
BDNPF 1 .42 6 .5 0
CEF 1 .45 5 .1 5
DNPA 1 .47 6 .1 0
EDNP 1 .28 6 .3 0
Estane 5740-X2 1 .2 5 .5 2
Exon-400 XR61 1 .7 5 .4 7
Exon-454 (85/15 wt% PVC/PVA) 1 .35 4 .9 0
FEFO (as constituent to ti35%) 1 .60 7 .2 0
Fluoronitroso rubber 1 .92 6 .0 9
Halowax 1014 1 .78 4 .2 2
Kel-F wax 5 .6 2
Kel-F elastomer 1 .85 5 .3 8
Kel-F 800/827 2 .00 5 .83 a
Kel-F 800 2 .02 5 .5 0
Neoprene CNA 1 .23 5 .0 2
NC 1 .58 6 .7 0
Paracril BJ (Buna-N nitrile rubber) 0 .97 5 .3 9
Polyethylene (' .93 5 .5 5
Polystyrene 1 .05 5 .2 8
Saran F-242 .3 .5 5
Silastic 160 5 .7 2
Sylgard 182 1 .05 5 .1 0
Teflon 2 .15 5 .3 3
Viton A 1 .82 5 .39

3/81 8-1 1
 Table 8-3 . Characteristic velocities D . . 29,3 0 (Continued )
1

Characteristic velocity, D i
Density,p
Material [g/cm3 (Mg/m3 )] [rnm/usec (km/s) ]

Inorganic additive s

Air or void 1 .5
Al 2 .70 6 .8 5
Ba(NO 3 ) 2 3 .24 3 .8 0
KC104 2 .52 5 .4 7
LiC10 4 2 .43 6 .3 2
LiF 2 .64 6,0 7
Mg 1 .74 7 .2
Mg/Al alloy (61 .5/38 .5 wt%) 2 .02 6.9
NH 4 C104 1 .95 6 .2 5

SiO 2 (Cab-O-Sil) 2 .21 4 .0

Pare explosives at TM D

DATB 1 .84 7 .5 2
FEFO (invalid when <35% present) 1 .61 7 .5 0
HMX 1 .90 9 .1 5
NQ 1 .81 8 .7 4
PETN 1 .78 8 .5 9
RDX 1 .81 8 .8 0
TATB 1 .94 8 .0 0
TNT 1 .654 6 .97

a One shot only .

8-12 3/81
 94
Method d . Rothstein and Peterson found that a linear relationshi p
exists for ideal explosives between the detonation velocity at TMD and a
factor F, which is dependent only on the chemical composition and structure o f
the HE . On the basis of experimental data, the following relationship i s
applicable to C-H-N-O-F explosives . Detonation velocities can be predicte d
quickly and easily for newly developed compositions .

D F 0 .5526 = DO + 3 .0 ( pTM - p 0 ) ,

wher e
D' = estimated detonation velocity at TMD p
TM' .
DO = experimental detonation velocity at p 0 , an d

n(H) - n(HF) A _ n(B/F) n(C) _ n(D) _ n(E )

n(O) + n(N) + n(F)
- 2n(O) + 3 1 .75 2 .5 4 5
F [100 - n(G ,
MW

where
G = 0 .4 for each liquid explosive component and 0 for soli d
explosives ,
A = 1 for aromatic compounds ; otherwise A = 0 ,
and where, for 1 mol of the composition ,
n(O) = number of oxygen atoms ,
n(N) = number of nitrogen atoms ,
n(H) = number of hydrogen atoms ,
n(F) number of fluorine atoms ,
n(HF) = number of hydrogen fluoride molecules that can possibl y
form from available hydrogen ,
n(B/F) = number of oxygen atoms in excess of those available to for m
CO2 and h 2 0 and/or the number of fluorine atoms i n
excess of those available to form HF ,
n(C) = number of oxygen atoms doubly bonded directly to carbon (a s
in a ketone or ester) ,
n(D) = number of oxygen atoms singly bonded directly to carbon (a s
in >C-0-R and where R can be -H, NH 4 , -C, etc .) ,
n(E) = number of nitrato groups existing either as a nitrate este r
or as a nitric acid salt such as hydrazine mononitrate .
The relation [n(H) - n(HF)]/2n(O) is 0 if n(O) = 0 or if n(HF) > n(H) .

1/85 8-13
8 .2 . CNAPMAN-JOUGUT.T DETONATION PRESSURE

in idealized detonation theory, a detonation front consists of severa l

•
regions :
(1) The leading surface is a chemically unreactive shock front with a
discontinuous high pressure .
(2) The reaction zone, which follows the shock front, is where chemica l
reactions take place that release the bulk of the detonation energy ; it s
thickness is estimated to be about 1 0 -1 mm for some pure explosives, but ma y
vary by several powers of IC depending on the HE .
(3) The Chapman-Jouguet (C-J) plane is the surface at the rear of th e
reaction zone .
(4) The Taylor wave, a rarefaction wave, is the expansion flow followin g
the C-J state .

Complete thermodynamic equilibrium is assumed to exist at the C-J plane ,

and the detonation products are sal( to be at the C-J state . Detonatio n
pressure normally refers to the prss,s re in the C-J state, which is somewha t
lower than the pressure at the shock front .
Experimentally, C-J pressures (lable 8-4) are measured by variou s
indirect hydrodynamic methods . These measurements may span a range of 10-20% ,
and their exact interpretation is uncertain . The calculated C-J pressure s
(Table 8-4) are obtained with the TIGER hydrodynamic-thermodynamic compute r
code, which combines the Rankine-Hugoniot conservation equations, the C- J
condition, the density p and enthalpy of formation AH f of the explosive ,
the laws of chemical thermodynamic equilibrium, and the Brinkley-Kistiakowsky -
Wilson (BKW) equation of state for the gaseous products . The code parameter s
are normalized with measured detonation velocities and C-J pressures o f
several explosives .

8-14 1/82
 Table 8-4 . Detonation pressures, P .

Density, p PCJ [kbai (10 -1 GPa)) a

Explosive [g/cm3 (Mg/m3 )] Measured Calculate d Ref .

AP 1 .95 187 44
Baratol L .61 14 0
BTF 1 .859 360 309 45
Comp B, Grade A 1 .717 295 1 i
Comp B-3 1 .715 28 7
Comp C-4 1 .59 25 7
Cyclotol 77/23 1 .752 316 -
DATB 1 .78 259 25 0
FE FO 1 .59 250 232 45
HBX-1 1 .712 220 .4 10
HMX 1 .89 390 394 45
HNAB 1 .60 . 205 - 11
HNS 1 .60 200 46
LX-01 1 .31 156 17 7
LX-04 1 .865 350 33 0
LX-07-2 1 .865 34 6
LX-09°-0 1 .837 377 37 3
LX-10 1 .860 375 36 0
LX-ll 1 .87 31 0
LX-13 (See XTX-8003 )
LX-14 1 133 37 0
LX-15 1 .58 188 16
LX-17-J 1 .900 300 92
MEN-II 1 .017 11 3

NC (12 .0% N) 1 .58 20 0

NC (13 .35% N) 1 .58 21 0

NG 1 .59 253 25 1

NM 1 .135 125 144 45

Octol 77 .6/22 .4 1 .821 342

1/85 8-1 5
 Table 8-4 . Detonation pressures, P CJ . (Continued )

~ 1 a •
Density, p 1 Cd [kbar (10• GPa)J
Explosive [g/cm3 (mg/m')) Measured Calculate d Ref .

PBX-9007 1 .60 26 5
PBX-9010 1 .783 328± 5
PBX-9011 1 .767 324± 5
PBX-9205 1 .69 - 28 8
PBX-9404 1 .840 375 35 4
PBX-9407 1 .60 287 30 0
Pentolite 50/50 1 .70 - 255 22
PETN 1 .77 335 332 45
1 .67 300 28 0
0 .99 87 10 0
Picric acid 1 .76 - 265 35
1 .00 - 88 35
RDX 1 .767 338 34 8
TACOT 1 .61 - 18 1
TATB 1 .88 ~• 29 1
Tetryl 1 .71 - 26 0
TNM 1 .65 - 14 4
TNT 1 .630 210 223 45
XTX-8003 1 .546 170 210

a One GPa = 10 kbar .

b Pressure can be corrected for small changes in % RDX and density by th e
formula P = 295 + 1 .57 (%RDX - 64) + 678 .5 [(p0 - 1 .717)/pOJ .

8-16 3/81
8 .2 .1 Reaction zon e

Defining the thickness of the reaction zone is open to some questio n

because the zone cannot be measured directly . The thickness (also calle d
length or width) is generally inferred from hydrodynamic experiments, but th e
techniques used are frequently questionable, and the equations are based on o r
inferred from measurements of detonation velocity vs charge diameter .
Eyring 47 determined that the reaction zone is about 1 mm long fo r
typical HEs . He resoned that reaction zones for primary HEs would be smalle r
than 0 .1 mm and would therefore be difficult--if not impossible--to determine .
The values given in Table 8-5 are approximations . Experimental
techniques and results should be verified with the original author (se e
references) . Figure 8-1 compares the derived reaction tone " length" for TNT
as a function of loading density for confined and unconfined charges, a s
reported by Urizar, James, and Smith 43 and by Stesik and Akimova 48 .

6 ()Confined charge s
O Unconfined charges
E
Z 95% confidence interva l

c0 4
N
C
O
11
-
m
d
CC

Q 1 __
0 .8 1 .0 1 .2 1 .4 1 .6 1 .8
Loading density (p) - g/crn 3

Fig„ 8-1 . The detonation reaction zone length for TNT as a function o f
loading density .13,4 8

1/85 8-1 7
 Table 8-5 . Reaction zone length .

Density, p
Approximate Condition s
Explosive [glen? (Mg/m:3 )] length (mm) Charge diameter (mm ) Ref .

Amatol 80/20 1 .67 4 47

AP (10p) 1 .00 6 .3 203 mm long 34

1 .10 6 .7 203 mm long 34
1 .20 8 .0 203 mm long 34
1 .26 10 .0 203 mm long 34

Comp B 1 .67 0 .13 (Al plate) 140x140x76 49

HBX-1 1 .60 0 .19 10

NG 0 .21 47

NM 1 .128 0 .3-0 .6 0 .25-mm thick-walled 50

paper tub e
1 .128 0 .03 Pyrex cylinder 39
0 .08 at -5°C 25 .4-mmrOD brass tube 51
0 .27 at 33°C 25 .4-mm-OD brass tube 51

NM/acetone 75/25 0 .21 52

1 .05 1 .60 80 53
1 .05 0 .80 55 53

PBX-9502 1 .895 3 .3 200 20

Picric acid 2 .2 glass cylinc'r 47

RDX 0 .826 47
(microporous) 1 .30 1 .82 cylinder 5l
(single crystal) 1 .30 2 .9C DxL=1 .23 5 1:

TATS 0 .5-0 .65 cylinder 91

TNT 0 .36 steel cylinder 47

1 .00 0 .32 (Mg plate) 140, 90 mm long 55
1 .55 0 .18 (Al plate) 40, 90 mm long 55
0 .13 (Cu plate) 140, 90 mm long 55
0 .21 (Mg plate) 1+0, 90 mm long 55
1 .59 0 .70 60 mm long 53
(pressed) ]. .63 0 .3 90 mm long 56
(cast) 1 .615 0 . 112 at 291 K 25
1 .70 0 .55 at77 .4K 8-56 in . 0 .2-mm 25
1 .71 0 .62 r .t 20 .4 K paper cylinder 25
(liquid) 0 .9 at 100°C glass cylinder 26
1 .1 at 100°C Dural cylinder 26

TNT/RDX 50/50 1 .67 0 .12 90 56

8-18 1/8 5
8 .3 . CYLINDER-TEST MEASUREMENTS OFEXPLOSIVE ENERG Y

The cylinder test gives a measure of the hydrodynamic performance of a n

explosive . The test geometry is based on a constant volume of RE . The tes t
system consists of an explosive charge 1 in . in diameter and 12 in . long (2 5
by 310 mm) in a tightly fitting copper tuba with a wall 0 .1022 in . (2 .6 mm )
thick . The charge is initiated at one end . The radial motion of the cylinde r
wall is measured at about 8 in . (200 mm) from the initiated end using a strea k
camera . The camera records are reduced to provide detailed radius-tim e
information .
The kinetic energy imparted to a copper wall in a given geometry leads t o
a simple way of expressing the performance of the explosive . In this range o f
the mass ratio of explosive to metal, two extreme geometric arrangements ar e
considered for transfer of explosive energy to adjacent metal : 1) detonatio n
that is normal or head-on to the metal and (2) detonation that is tangentia l
or sideways to the metal . The effective explosive energy frequently differ s
for the two cases, even on a relative basis, because of the effects of th e
equations of state of the detonation products .
The cylinder test provides a measure of the relative effective explosiv e
energy for detonations in both head-on and tangential geometries . Th e
radial-wall velocity at 5-6 mm wall displacement, expressed as volume rati o
V = V/V O 2, indicates the explosive energy of head-on detonation . Th e
radial-wall velocity at 19 mm displacement, where V/V 0 7, indicate s
energy in tangential geometry .
Table 8-6 lists the specific wall kinetic energies at 6 and 19 mm wal l
displacement ; terminal wall velocities at breakup are about 7-10% higher .
About 50% of the detonation energy is transferred to the cylinder wall .
 Table 8-6 . Cylinder tests .

E cyl

(mm/1as ) 2 (MJ/kg )
Density, p 2
Head on Tan' emi ial
Explosive [g/em 3 (Mg/m 3) ] (6 mm) 19 .an) Ref .

BTF 1 .859 1 .305 1 .680 30

Comp A-3 1 .59 _1 .20 30
Comp B, Grade A 1 .717 1 .035 1 .330 30
Comp B-3 1 .728 1 .01 1 .322 30
Comp C-4 1 .601 0 .962 1 .258 30
Cyclotol 77/23 1 .754 1 .140 1 .445 30
H-6 1 .76 0 .769 1 .066 30
IIMX 1 .894 1 .410 1 .745 30
Lx-04-1 1 .865 1 .170 1 .470 30
LX-07-1 1 .857 1 . 250 1 .575 30
LX-09-0 1 .836 1 .320 1 .675 30
LX-10 1 .862 1 .315 1 .670 30
LX-11 1 .876 1 .105 1 .360 3o
LX-13 (See XTX-8003 )
LX-14 1 .835 0 .985 1 .614 30
LX-15 1 .58 0 .700 0 .929 30
LX-17 1 .908 0 .87 1 .07 30
NM 1 .14a 0 .560 0 .745 30
Octol 78/22 1 .813 1 .215 1 .535 30
PBX-9010 1 .788 1 .16o 1 .470 30
PBX-9011 1 .777 1 .120 1 .415 30
PBX-9404 1 .843 1 .295 1 .620 30
PBX-9501 1 .834 1 .177 1 .577 21
PBX-9502 1 .839 0 .845 1 .037 96
Pentolite 50/50 3. .696 0 .960 1 .260 30
PETN 1 .765 1 .255 1 .575 30
RDX 1 .80 _1 .60 30
TATB 1 .854 0 .874 1 .079 30
TNT 1 .630 0 .735 0 .975 30
XTX-8003 1 .554 0 .710 0 .950 30

aDensity at 11-15°C (284-288 K) .

8-20 1/8 5
8 .3 .1 . Equation of stat e

The Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL) equation of state has been used to describ e

accurately the pressure-volume-energy behavior of the detonation products o f
explosives in applications involving metal acceleration . All values are vali d
only for large charges . 57 The equation for pressure P is :

-RV -R V
P=A(1 +23(1-2)e 2 +
-RwV)e E
1 rl \\ / 2

and that for P s , pressure as a function of volume at constant entropy (i .e . ,

the isentrope), is :

)
P s m Ae -R1V + Be -R2 V + CV -(w+1

where
A, B, and C = linear coefficients in Mbar (GPa) ,
R 1 , R 2 , and w = nonlinear coefficients ,
V = v/v 0 = the volume of detonation products/volume of undetonate d
HE ,
P and P = pressure in Mbar (GPa) ,
a
E = the detonation energy per unit volume in (Mbar-c m 3 )/c m 3
[(GPa-m3)/m3] .
Table 8-7 lists equation-of-state parameters . For some explosives, th e
coefficients were determined by rigorously comparing values calculated usin g
the equation with experimental C-J conditions, calorimetric data, an d
expansion behavior (usually cylinder-test data) . These explosives are liste d
in Table 8-7 wit ;:out additional noeation . If only limited data wer e
available, the coefficients were estimated ; for these H Es, the estimate d
parameters are listed as noted . The best estimates are those for whic h
cylinder-test data were available . In many instances, P CJ was estimated b y
assuming that 2 .7 < r < 2 .8, where r is the adiabatic coefficient o f
expansion ; r = (aln Plain V) s at the Chapman-Jouguet plane . If th e
data were extremely limited, estimates were made using TIGER code calculations .

3/81 8-21
 Table 8-7 . Equation-of-state parameters . a

C-J parameters Equation-of-state parameter s

p0 P D EO F A E C
3
(g/cm3 (Mbar (cm/0sec (Mbar-cm /cm3
Explosive (Mg/m3 )1 (100 GPa)) (10 -1 km/s)) (100 GPa-m3 /m3 )) (Mbar (100 GPa)) RI R2 w Ref .

BTFa 1 .859 0 .3608 0 .848 0 .1150 2 .717 8 .407 0 .14960 0 .01368 4 .60 1 .20 0 .30 58
Comp A-3 a 1 .65 0 .300 0 .83 0 .089 2 .79 6 .113 0 .1065 0 .0108 4 .4 1 .2 0 .32 59
Comp B, Grade A 1 .717 0 .295 0 .798 0 .0850 2 .706 5 .242 0 .G7678 0 .01082 4 .20 1 .10 0 .34 58
Comp C-4 1 .601 0 .280 0 .8193 0 .090 2 .838 6 .0977 0 .1295 0 .01043 4 .5 1 .4 0 .25 60

Cyclotol 77/23 1 .754 0 .320 0 .825 0 .0920 8 2 .731 6 .034 0 .09924 0 .01075 4 .30 1 .10 0 .35 58
DIPAMa 1 .550 0,180b 0 .670 0 .0620 b 2 .842 4 .254 0 .08007 0 .01175 4 .70 1 .30 0 .39 58
EL-506A I 1 .480 0 .205 8 0 .720 0 .0700b 2 .752 3 .738 0 .03647 0 .01138 4 .20 1 .10 0 .20 58
EL-5060a 1 .480 0 .195 b 0 .700 0 .0620b 2 .719 3 .490 0,04524 0 .00854 4 .10 1 .20 0 .30 58
Explosive D a 1 .42 0 .160 0 .65 0 .054 2 .75 3 .007 0 .0394 0 .0100 4 .3 1 .2 0 .35 59
FEFO a 1 .590 0 .250 0 .750 0 .0800 2 .578 3 .824 0 .06635 0 .01444 4 .10 1 .20 0 .38 45
H-6 c 1 .76 0 .240 0 .747 0 .103 3 .092 7 .5807 0 .08513 0 .01143 4 .9 1 .1 0 .20 70
HMX 1 .891 0 .420 8 0 .911 0 .1050 2 .740 7 .783 0 .07071 0 .00643 4 .20 1 .00 0 .30 58
HNS 1 .00 0 .075 0 .510 0 .041 2 .468 1 .627 0 .1082 0 .006580 5 .4 1 .8 0 .25 46
HNS 1 .40 0 .145 0 .634 0 .060 2 .881 3 .665 0 .06750 0 .01163 4 .8 1 .40 0 .32 46
HNS 1 .65 0 .215 0 .703 0 .0745 2 .804 4 .631 0 .08873 0 .01349 4 .i5 1 .35 0 .35 46
LX-01 a 1 .230 0 .155 0 .684 0 .0610 8 2 .711 3 .110 0 .04761 0 .01039 4 .50 1 .00 0 .35 58
LX-04-1 1 .865 0 .340 0 .847 0 .0950 2 .935 8 .364 0 .1298 0 .01471 4 .62 1 .25 0 .42 62
LX-07 1 .865 0 .355 0 .864 0 .1000 2 .922 8 .710 0 .1390 C .00891 4 .60 1 .15 0 .30 62
LX-09-1 1 .84 0 .375 0 .884 0 .105 2 .834 8 .481 0 .1710 0 .01308 4 .58 1 .25 0 .40 62
LX-10-1 1 .865 0 .375 0 .882 0 .104 2 .868 8 .807 0 .1836 0 .01296 4 .62 1 .32 0 .38 62
LX-11 1,875 0 .330 0 .832 0 .0900 b 2 .868 7 .791 0 .10668 0 .00885 4 .50 1 .15 0 .30 61

LX-13 (See XTX-8003 )

LX-14-0 1 .835 0 .370 0 .88 0 .102 2 .841 8 .261 0 .1724 0 .01295 4 .55 1 .32 0 .38 62
LX-17-0 1 .900 0 .300 0 .7600 0 .0690 2 .658 4 .46 0 .01339 0 .01306 3 .85 1 .03 0 .46 92
NM 1 .128 0 .125 0 .628 0 .0510 2 .559 2 .092 0 .05689 0 .00770 4 .40 1 .20 0 .30 58
Cctol 78/22 1 .821 0 .342 0 .848 0 .0960 b 2 .830 7 .486 0 .13380 0 .01167 4 .50 1 .20 0 .38 58

• 0
s • s

Table 8-7 . Equation-of-state parameters . a (Continued )

C-J parameters Equation-of-state parameter s

Po P D EO P A C

[glen? [Mbar [cm/usec [Mbar-cm3 /c m

Explosive (Mg/ m3 )] (100 GPa)] (1 0-1 km/s)J (100 GPa- m3 / m 3 )J [Mbar (100 GPa)] kl R2 m Ref .

PBX-9010 1 .787 0 .340 0 .839 0 .0900 2 .700 5 .814 0 .06801 0 .00234 4 .10 1 .00 0 .35 58
PBX-9011 1 .777 0 .340 0 .850 0,0890 b 2 .77E 6 .347 0 .07998 0 .00727 4 .20 1 .00 0 .30 58
PBX-9404-3 1 .840 0 .370 0 .880 0 .1020 2 .851 6 .524 0 .1802 0 .01207 4,60 1 .30 0 .38 62
PBX-9407 1 .600 0 .265 6 0 .791 0 .0860b 2 .513 5-73187 0 .146390 0 .01200 4 .60 1 .40 0 .32 58

PBX-9501 1 .840 0 .370 0 .880 0 .102) 2 .851 8 .524 0 .1802 4 .55 1 .30 0 .38
0 .01207 61
PBX-9502 1 .895 0 .302 0 .771 0 .0707 2 .648 4 .603 0 .09 114 0 .01343 4 .0 1 .70 0 .48 y7
Pentolite 50/50 1 .70 0 .255 0 .753 0 .081 2 .73 5 .4094 0 .093726 0 .01033 4 .5 1 .1 0 .35 22
PF.TN a 0 .880 0 .062 0 .517 0 .0502 b 2 .o68 3 .486 0 .11288 0 .00941 7 .00 2 .00 0 .24 58
PETN 1 .260 0 .140 0 .654 d .0719 b 2 .831 5 .731 0 .20160 0 .01267 6 .00 1 .80 0 .28 58
1 .500 0 .220 0 .745 fl .0856 b 2 .788 6 .253 0 .23290 0 .01152 5 .25 1 .60 0 .28 58
1 .770 0 .335 0 .830 0 .1010 2 .640 6 .170 0 .16926 0 .00699 4 .40 1 .20 0 .25 58
Tetryl 1 .730 0 .285 0 .791 0 .0820 2 .798 5 .868 0 .10671 0 .00774 4 .40 1 .20 0 .18 58
TNT 1 .630 0 .210 0 .693 0 .07 2 .727 3 .712 0 .03231 0 .01045 4 .15 0 .95 C .30 58

a Cylinder data are not available .

b Estimated quantities .
c This is a composite dE with non-ideal behavior .
8 .3 . :: . Detonation energ y

Detonation energies 63 (as measured by metal acceleration in th e

•
cylinder test) of formulations containing mostly HMX can be correlated wit h
the volum . . fraction of additives by a simple linear relationship :

EEHMX
C 1-ES i V
i1
, (8-1 )

where
E = detonation energy per un4, 'volume of a formulation at its loade d
density .
E Hmx = detonation energy per unit volume of pure HMX at its TMD of 1 .9 0
g/c m 3 (Mg/ m 3 ) . The reference value is (wall velocity ) 2 a t
19 mm displacement in the cylinder test, corrected to TMD . Th e
corrected wall velocity is 1 .872 mm/user (km/s) .
= characteristic energy decrement for each diluent .
= volume fraction of each additive .

The energy decrement for a fixed combination of two or more ingredients i s

readily computed as ;
0
ES .V .
Sb EV
and Vb =
Vi ,
(8-2)
i

where the subscript b denotes the fixed combination . The quantity S b V b

for the combination becomes one of the terms in Eq . (8-1) . An S .V . term
for air or void takes account of porosity in the actual explosive . A
convenient form of Eq . (8-1) gives relative energy as a percentage of HM X
energy, and as a finction of the volume percent, V iz , of additives :
ERel%,

100 E
= 100 S iVi % (8-3 )
E Re1% E E
HMX
The characteristic energy decrement S i can be recognized as a percent energ y
degradation from pure HMX for each volume percent of the additive . The S i
values for a number of additives are given in Table 8-8 . Neither th e
applicable range of composition nor the exact linearity of Eq . (8-1) has bee n
tested, but all formulations contained at least 70 wt% HMX .
•
8-24 3/81
Table 8-8 . Characteristic energy decrement S i from pure HMX for additive s
to HMX .

S S
i i
i)
Additive L Relh /V i ) Additive (ERel%/V

AFNOL 0 .75 FEFO 0 .3

Air 1 .3 Graphite 1 .3
BEAF 0 .75 HNS a 0 .5
BDNPA 0 .75 Kel-F 1 .0
BDNPA-F 50/50 0 .75 NC 0 .7 5
BDNPF 0 .75 NG a 0 .3
CAB 1 .3 Nitrosorubber 0 .7 5
CEF 1 .3 NONA a 0.5
DATB a 0 .5 Polyethylene 1.3
DFTNB 0 .25 Sylgard 1.3
DIPAM a 0 .5 TACOT a 0 .5
DNPA 0 .75 . TATB a 0 .5
DNPN 0 .75 Teflon 1 .0
EDNP 0 .75 TNT 0.5
Estane 1 .3 Viton 1 .0
Exon (polyvinyl chloride/ Void 1 .3

polyvinyl alcohol 85/15) 1 .0 Wax 1 .3

a Materials were not actually tested ; values were estimated with the TIGE R
code .

3/81 8-2 5
8 .4 . GURNEY METHO D

R . W . Gurney 64 ' 65 devised a simple model that permits estimation of th e

velocity of metal driven by a detonating explosive . The method assumes tha t •

1) on detonation, a given explosive liberates a fixed amount of specifi c

energy (E) that is converted co kinetic energy partitioned between the drive n
metal and the product gases, and 2) the velocity profile in the product gase s
is linear in material coordinates . For symmetric geometries, an energ y
balance then indicates that the terminal metal velocity (V M ) is a functio n
of the ratio of the metal mass M to the explosive charge mass C . Fo r
asymmetric geometries, a momentum balance must be solved simultaneously . Th e
Gurney characteristic velocity for a given explosive is 2E . A solution fo r
the acceleration of flat plates has been worked out as a function of plat e
displacement by making a further assumption : an ideal gas equation of stat e
describes the behavior of the detonation product gas .
The Gurney velocities for simple geometries are summarized below :

-1/ 2
Symmetric sandwich : VM = V1T (g ,
+ 3)

Flat plate : VM = 1 - XM (A + 1) - A -B/F 1/ 2

•
\XM JC /

-1/ 2
Sphere : V M = 2E (C + 5
)

1) -1/ 2
Cylindrical tube : V M = 'CEO +

where

M/C = [(OD/ID) 2 -1) ] Pm/Pc

,
XM = position of product gas/metal interface ,
XM = initial thickness of explosive, which equals the initial value of X M ,
A ° = (2M/C + 1)/(2N/C +1) ,
N = mass of tamper plate (on explosive surface opposite plate M) ; N
may assume any value ,
Y = polytropic exponent of ideal (product) gas ,

B =N A2 + M + 1 1+A 3
C C \j+A) '
__ M (A + 1 )
C (y - 1)
8-26
1/85
 The efficiency E for converting chemical energy to kinetic energy o f
plate M may be written as :

MV /2 M VM 2
M
CE C
2E

Two other correlations for estimating Gurney velocities are based o n

Kamlet and Jacob ' s characteristic value $ (see Section 8 .1 .2 .) used t o
estimate detonation velocities . The equations are :

s 0 .6 + 0 .54 1 .44~p 0 , developed by Hardesty and Kennedy . 6 6

67
2E s 0 .887 . 0 .5 , 0 .4 developed by Kamlet and Finger .

Table 8-9 gives two Gurney constants, one used for warheads in whic h
confining cases rupture at small expansions (prompt) and the other fo r
warheads in which more ductile case materials expand further before rupturin g
(terminal) .
 Table 8-9 . Gurney,values ( ).

•
'112T
2Eat cylinder expansiona
Density, p
prompt termina l
[g/c m3 (Mg/m3 ) ] (5-7 mm) (19-26 mm) Ref .
[mm/psec (km/s)]

1 .6 1 2 .40 2 68
1 .59 2 .63 69

1 .7 1 2 .70 69
1 .71 7 2 .350 2 .756-2 .821 68
1 .71 7 2 .71 66
(cast ) 1 .68 2 .402 68
1 .6 2 2 .32 68
(pressed ) 1 .5 9 2 .335 68

Comp C 1 .52 2 .176 68

Comp C-3 1 .6 0 2 .68 71

Cyclotol 75/2 5 1 .75 4 2 .7 9 66

(cast ) 1 .69 2 .28 6 66
(pressed) 1 .64 2 .362 68

DAT B 1 .68 1 .975 68

Explosive D 1 .50 1 .942 68 •

H- 6 1 .7 1 2 .350 68
(25 .4-mm diam ) 1 .7 6 2 .000 2 .433-2 .517 70
(50 .8-mm diam ) 1 .76 2 .035 2 .519-2 .636 70

H BX- 1 1 .7 0 2 .213 68

HBX- 3 1 .8 1 1 .984 68
HMX 1 .8 9 2 .97 66

LX-14 2 .80 69

Minol- 2 1 .68 1 .789 68

NM 1 .14 2 .41 66

NQ 1 .44 1 .896 68

Octol 75/25 1 .8 1 2 .80 69

1 .821 2 .83 66

•
 Table 8-9 . Gurney values ( ) . (Continued )

at. cylinder expansion a

prcmpt~ termina l
Density, p
-- (5-7 mm) (19-26 mm )
Explosive [g/cm3 (Mg/m3 ) ] [mm/psuc (km/s) ] Ref .

PBX-9011 2 .82 69

PBX-9404 1 .84 2 .90 71

PBX-9502 1 .885 2 .377 69

Pentolite 50/5 0
(cast) 1 .64 2 .301 68
(pressed) 1 .57 2 .317 68

PETN 1 .76 2 .93 66

RDX 1 .59 2 .451 68

1 .77 2 .93 66

TACOT 1 .61 2 .12 71

Tetryl . 1 .63 2 .274 68

1 .62 2 .50 66

TNT 1 .630 2 .039 2 .419-2 .505 70

1 .63 2 .37 66
(cast) 1 .61 2 .097 68
(pressed) 1 .54 1 .103 68

a The number in the second decimal place is the last significant figure .
8 .5 . CRITICAL DIAMETE R

Critical diameter, also called failure diameter, is the minimum diamete r

at which a cylindrical charge of HE sustains a high-order steady-stat e
detonation . This critical diameter (d c ) is affected by changes i n
confinement, density, particle size, and initial temperature of the sample .
The addition of wax to HMX and RDX (i .e ., coating the grains) affects th e
critical diameter only slightly . The failure diameters of various explosive s
are given in Table 8-10 . Critical diameters as a function of temperature ar e
shown in Figs . 8-2 and 8-3 for NG and liquid TNT . 8 9

Table 8-10 . Critical diameter (d c ) .

Density, p Critical diam ( d )

c
Explosive t g/ c n3 (Mg/ m3 ) (mm) Conditions Ref .

Amatol 80/2 0 80 47
(cast)

AN low-density ml00 Confined in steel tube . 72

%0 .9 .5 X12 . 7 Encased in paper tube, 3
poor reproducibility .
(pressed ) 1 .4 no detonatio n 100-mm-diam charge 73
confined in glass tubing .

1 .61 no detonatio n 36 .5-mm-diam charge 73

confined in 11-mar-
thick steel tube .

AP (particl e 0 .8-1 .0 14 74
size 5p ; sifted 1 .1 23 at 20° C Charge length is 8-10 75
through nylo n times the diem .
mesh havin g 1 .1 12 at 200° C Charge length is 8-10 75
70+10p openings ) times the diem .
1 .2 A.28 at 20° C In Cellophane tube . 75
(poured, 2G0u ) 1 .29 >76 . 2 203-em-long charge . 34
(pressed, 10p ) 1 .56 76 . 2 203-mm-long charge . 34

Banat:el (cast ) 2 .619 43 . 2 Unconfined . 20

BlaLk powde r ot10 0 Confined in steel tube . 72

(low-density )

Comp A- 3 1 .63 <2 .2 - 95

(pressed)

8-30 1/8 2
 Table 8-10 . Critical diameter (d ) . (Continued )
c

Density, p Critical diam (d )

c
Explosive Cg/cm (Mg/m3 )) (mm) Condition s Ref .

Comp B 36/63/ 1 1 .70 4 .28 Unconfined . 20

(cast)

Comp B-3 3 .73-4 .24 Unconfined . 76

(cast) 1.3 .18 Encased in Plexiglas tube . 76
.2 .54
1 Confined in steel tube . 76

Comp C-4 1 .53-1 .56 3 .81<dc<5 .08 Confined . 77

Cyclotol 77/2 3 1 .740 6 .0 Unconfined . 20

(cast)

LATB 1 .800 5 .3 Unconfined . 78

Explosive D 1 .65 <25 .4 Unconfined . 93

FEFO <3 .43 Confined in 3 .18-mm-thic k 76

102-mm-long steel tube .

HXB-i (pressed) 1 .72 6 .35 Unconfined . 10

(case) 1 .'/2 >6 .35 10

HMX/Wax 90/10 1 .10 6 ..0<dc<7 .0 79

78/22 1 .28 7 .0<dc<8 .0 79
70/30 1 .42 8 .0<dc<9 .0 79

Lead awide 3 .14 0 .4-0 .6 80

NM 1 .128 2 .86 Encased in 3 .18-mnrthic k 20

brass tube .
1 .127 <3 Encased in 12 .7-mm-diam 81
6 .4-mm-long pellet .
1 .127 >11 .76 Unconfined at 1.25°C . 81
1 .128 16 .2 Encased in 22-mm-I D 39
Pyrex tube at 24 .5°C .
1 .128 36 Encased in 16,3-mm-I D 38
glass tube at -24°C .
1 .128 28 Encased in 16 .3-mm-I D 38
glass tube at -8°C .
1 .128 20 Encased in 16 .3-mm-I D 38
glass tube at 12°C .
1 .128 14 Encased in 16 .3-mm-I D 38
glass tube at 34°C .
1 .128 27 Encased in 0 .25-mm-thick - 50
walled paper tube at
18-22°C .

1/82 8-3 1
 Table 8-10 . Critical diameter (d c ) . (Continued )

Density, p Critical diam (d c )

Explosive [g/cm3 (Mg/m3 )] (mm) Condition s Ref .

NQ 1 .52 1 .27<dc<1 .43 36

Octol 75/25 1 .81 4 <6 .4 Unconfined . 20

(cast)

PBX-9404 ti1 .02 Encased in Plexigla s 76

or steel tubes .
1 .846 til .18 Unconfined . 20,3 9

PBX-9501 1 .832 <1 .52 Unconfined . 20

PBX-9502 1 .893 10<d c <12 At -55°C . 82

1 .894 8<dc<10 At 24°C . 82
1 .895 9 Unconfined . 20

PBX-9503 1 .897 4<d c < 6 - 21

Pentolite 50/50 - 6 .7 Unconfined . 83

(cast)

PETN (powder) 0 .4-0 .7 >0 .3 Encased in 0 .05-mm-thic k 84

cellophane casing .
(single crystal) - 8 .38 <dc<19 6 .4 x 11 .1-mm rod . 72

Picric acid 0 .9 5 .20 - 85

RDX 0 .9 5 .20 - 85 _

RDX/TNT 100/0 1 .0 3 - 74
90/10 1 .0 3 .5 74
80/20 1 .0 3 .75 - 74
70/30 1 .0 4 .25 - 74
50/50 1 .0 5 .25 74
40/60 1 .0 5 .75 - 74
20/80 1 .0 7 .0 - 74
10/90 1 .0 7 .5 - 74
0/100 1 .0 7 .5 - 74

RDX/Wax 95/5 1 .05 4 .0<d c <5 .0 79

90/10 1 .10 4 .0<dc<5 .0 Encased in cellophane 79
80/20 1 .25 3 .8<dc<5 .0 shells with D :L = 1 :>10 79
72/28 1 .39 3 .8<dc<5 .0 79

TACOT 1 .45 3 Unconfined . 86

TAT13 (60v) 1 .6-1 .7 6 .35<dc<9 .53 87

(201x) 1 .6-1 .7 <6 .37a 87

8-32 1/8 5
 Table 8-10 . Critical diameter ( dc ) . (Continued )

Density, p Critical diam (d c )

Explosive [g/cm 3 (Mg/ (mm ) Conditions Ref .

TNT (cast) a 1 .70 9 Encased in 0 .2-mm paper 88

T= 77 .4 K.
1 .71 11 Encased in 0 .2-mm paper 88
T=20 .4 K.
1 .62 15 Encased in 0 .2-mm paper 88
T=291 K .
1 .61 7 Encased in 0 .2-mm paper 88
T=290 K after one tem p
cycle to 77 K .
(pov9er) 0 .5-0 .8 7. 5 Encased in 0 .05-mm-thick 84
cellophane casing .
1 .0 6 Encased in glass tube 89
T=20°C .
(84% 0 .5 mm, 0 .95 22 .52 85
16% 0 .1 mm )
(cast) 1 .6 27 .4 3 85
(cast, poured as 1 .615 r_2 .0< dc< 25 . 4 Unconfined . 23
cloudy slurry) b
(cast, creamed.) 1 .605 12 .6<d <16 . 6 Unconfined . 23
c
(cast) 1 .62 14 .5 Unconfined 20
(cast, poured 1 .625 >31 . 7 Unconfined 23
clear at 368 K )
(liquid) 1 .443 62 . 6 Encased in 2 .54-mm-thick 20,3 9
glass tube .
30<32 . 5 Encased in 70-mm-diam by 26
510-mm-long Pyrex tub e
T=100°C .
xTx-8003 1 .53 0 .3 6 Encased in polycarbonate 20
"1 .53 >0 .3 9 at 2-mm diam . 27
xTx-8oo4 ti1 .53 '1 . 4 Encased in polycarbonate 27
1 .553 1 .78 at 2-mm diam . 90

a
5-10% finely divided picric acid added to TNT melt before casting.

10% finely divided TNT added to slurry melt before casting .

1/85 8-3 3
 8 80
I I I

60

U
-3-,
20

I I 0' I- 1
-25 0 25 50 75 100 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature- ° C Temperature - 0 C

Fig . 8-2 . Critical diameter of nitroglycerine Fig . 8-3 . Critical diameter of liquid TNT a s
as a function of temperature . 8r') a function of temperature . 89
8 .6 . REFERENCE S

1. '4 . M . Evans, Roy . Soc . London Proc . 204A, 12-17 (1951) .

2. A . F . Belyaev and R . Kh . Kurbangalina, Russ . J . Phys . Chem . 38, 309-31 0

(1964) .

3. M . A . Cook, E . B . Mayfield, and W . S . Partridge, J . Phys . Chem . 59 ,

675-680 (1955) .

4. J . E . Ablard, Comp B :A. Very Useful Explosive, Ablard Enterprises, Inc . ,

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6. E . Kilmer, J . Spacecr . Rockets 5, 1216-1219 (1968) .

7. F . B . Wells, SomeProperties of the Flexible Explosive EL 506Cj,e 2 ,

U .S . Army Armament Research and Development Command, Dover, NJ, x'ATR-461 2
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8. U .S . Army Materiel Command, Engineering Design Handbook., Explosive s

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9. J . E . Ablard, 11-6 Ex plosive History andPropextzes l_ lblard Enterprises ,

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13. E . A . Vlasov, L . I . Muravina, and F . A . Chumak, Combust . Exp1 . .Shoc k

Waves 13, 555-556 (1976) .

14. J . R . Humphrey, LX-10 A . High-Energy Plastic-Bonded Explosives Lawrenc e

Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-51629 (1974) .

15. J . R . Humphrey, LX-1L, A New High-Energy Plastic- Bonded Explosive ,

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, C!',, UCRL-52350 (1977) .

16. H . A . Golopol, D . B . Fields, G . L . Moody, A New Booster Ex`1osive, LX-1 5

(RX-28-•AS), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,
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8-35
17. A . N . Dremin, O . K . Rozanov, S . D . Sav :ov, and V . V . Yakushev, Combust .
Expl . Shock Waves 3, 6--10 (1967) .

18. A . W . Campbell, M . E . Malin, T . J . Boyd, and J . A . Hull . Rev . Sci .

Instrum . 27, 567-574 (1956) .

19. T . M . Benziger, X-0242 : A High-Energ y '_'lactic-Bonded Exp'osive , Lo s

Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, LA-4372-MS (1972) .

20. A . W . Campbell and R . Engelke, " Diameter Effect in High-Densit y

Heterogeneous Explosives, " in Proc . 6th Symp . (Int .) or Detonation ,
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21. H . Flaugh, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, persona l
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22. E . L . Lee and J . R . Walton, Equation of State for Pentolite, Lawrenc e

Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCID-16953 (1975) .

23. W . B . Cybulski, W . Payman and D . W . Woodhead, Roy . Soc . London Proc .

197A, 51-72 (1949) .

24. A . N . Dremin, Combust . Pxplos . Shock Waves 2, 45-51 (1966) .

25. V . M . Titov, V . V . Silvestrov, V . V . Kravtsov and I .A . Stadnitshenko ,

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6th Stn (Int .) on Detonation, Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA ,
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26. E . A . Igel and L . B . Seely, Jr ., "The Detonation Behavior of Liquid TNT, "
in Second ONR Symp . on Detonation, Office of Naval Research, Washington ,
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27. H . A . Golopol, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1980) .

28. M . J . Kamlet and S . J . Jacobs, J . Chem . Phys . 48, 23-35 (1968) .

29. J . B . Panowski, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, persona l
communication (1974) .

30. F . E . McMurphy, Cylinder Tests fo HE Materials, Lawrence Livermor e

National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, M-118 (1930-0 .

31. M . N . Borzykh and B . N . Kondrikov, Combust . Expl . Shock Waves 14, 95-9 9
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32. V . I . Pepekin and Yu . A . Lebedev, Acad . Sci . USSR: Dokl ._ 234, 630-63 3
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33. D . Price, A . R . Clairmont, Jr ., J . O . Erkman, and D . J . Edwards, Combust .

Flame 13, 104-108 (1969 )

34. D . Price, A . R . Clairmont, Jr . and I . Jaffe, Combust .Flame 11, 415-42 5

(1967) .

8-3 6

r~~7r
4 ! ~,. fi~ !•.~ t i/ Y ~
p w ; j ~ ThR.
.K ~ r ~ • !1 fie'. ~
,,;,r4".~n 4'..
Sr r ) yry~ L
•1G @ . ~ti'~J~~ ,' b~':n,. rl'1f b}"i~ "
35. A . Popolato, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, persona l
communication (1957) .

36. D . Price and A . R . Clairmont, Jr ., "Explosive Behavior o f

Nitroguanidine," in Symp .(Int .) on Combustion, 12th, Combustio n
Institute, Pittsburgh, PA (1969), pp . 761-770 .

37. M . Finger, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1971) .

38. A . W . Campbell, M . E . Malin, and T . E . Holland, J . Appl . Phys . 27, 96 3

(1965) .

39. R . Engelke, Phys . Fluids 22, 1623-1630 (1979) .

40. H . C . Hornig, E . L . Lee, M . Finger, and K . E . Kurrle, " Equation of Stat e

of Detonation Products," in Proc . 5th Symp .(Int .) on Detonation, Offic e
of Naval Research, Washington, DC, ACR-184 (1970), >o . 503-512 .

41. M . A . Cook, The Science of High Explosives, ACS Moi . . graph Series (Rober t
E . Krieger Publishing Co ., Inc ., Huntington, NY, 1971) .

42. E . L . Lee, Lawrenc Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1971) .

43. M . J . Urizar, E . James, Jr ., and L . C . Smith, Phys . Fluids 4, 262-27 4

(1961) .

44. M . W . Evans, b . 0 . Reese, L . B . Seely, and E . L . Lee, "Shock Initiatio n

of Low-Density Pressings of Ammonium Perchlorate, " in Proc . 4th Symy .
(Int .) on Detonation, Office of Naval Research, Washington, DC, ACR-12 6
(1965), pp . 359-371 .

45. M . Finger, E . Lee, F . J . Helm, B . Hayes, H . Hornig, R . McGuire, M . Kahar a

and M . Guidry, " Effect of Elemental Composition on Detonation Behavior o f
Explosives, " in Proc . 6th Sym .(Int .) on Detonation, Office of Nava l
Research, Arlington, VA, ACR-221 (1976), pp . 710-722 .

46. L . L . Lee, J . R . Walton (Lawrence Livermore i .ati.onal Laboratory) an d

P . E . Kramer (Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Co ., Inc ., Amarillo, TX) ,
Equation of State for the Detonation Products of Hexanitrostilbene a t
Various Charge Densities, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ,
Livermore, CA, UCID-17134 (1976) .

47. H . Eyring, R . E . Powell, C . H . Duffey, and R . B . Prelin, Chem . Rev . 45 ,

69-181 (1949) .

48. L . N . Stesik and L . N . Akimova, Russ . J . Phys . Chem . 33, 148-151 (1959) .

49. " . E . Duff and E . Houston, J . Chem . Phys . 23, 1268-1273 (1955) .

50. G . Nahmani and Y . Manheimer, J . Chem . Phys . 24, 1074-1077 (1 .956) .

8-37
51. A . W . Campbell, M . E . Malin and T . E . Holland, "Detonation in Homogeneou s
Explosives, " in Second ONR Symp . on 'Detonation, Office of Naval Research ,
Washington, DC, AD-52144 (1955), pp . 336-359 .
•
52. H . D . Mallory, Phys . Fluids 14, 1361-1365 (1971) .

53. V . A . Veretennikov, A . N . P-emin, O . K . Rozanov and K . K . Shvedov ,

Combust . Expi . Shock Waves 3, 1-5 (1967) .

54. E . N . Aleskandrov, V . A . Veretennikov, A . N . Dremin and K . K . Shvedov ,

Combust . Expl . Shock Waves 3, 285-293 (1967) .

55. A . N . Dremin, V . M . Zaitsev, V . S . Ilyukhin and P . F . Pokhil, "Detonatio n

Parameters , " in 8th Symp . _Sint .) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute ,
William : . & Wilkins Co ., Baltimore, MD (1962), pp . 610-619 .

56. V . N . Zubarev, N . V . Panov and G . S . Telegin, Combust .Expl .Shock Wave s

6, 102-106 (1970) .

57. E . L . Lee, H . C . Hornig, and J . W . Kury, Adiabatic Expansion of Hig h

ExplosiveDetonation Products, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ,
Livermore, CA, UCRL-50422 (1968) .

58. E . Lee, M . Finger, and W . Collins, JWL Equation ofState Coefficients fo r

High Explosives, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore . C A
UCID-16189 (1973) .

59. E . L . Lee, F . H . Helm, M . Finger, and J . R . Walton, Equations of Stat e

For Detonation Products of High Ene.rl;y PBX Ex losives, Lawrence Livermor e
National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCID-17540 1977 . •

60. E . L . Lee and M . Finger, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ,

Livermore, CA, personal communication (1975) .

61. E . L . Lee and M . Finger, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ,

Livermore, CA, personal communication (1974) .

62. E . L . Lee, Laurence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1979) .

63. J . W . Kury . H . C . Hornig, E . L . Let, J . L . McDonnel, D . L . Ornellas, M .

Finger, F . M . Strange, and M . L . Wilkins, "Metal Acceleration by Chemica l
Explosives, " in Prnc . 4th Symp . (Int .) on Detonation, Office of Nava l
Research, Washington, DC, ACR-126 (1965), pp . 3-13 .

64. R . W . Gurney, The Initial Velocities of Frazments From Bombs, Shells an d

Grenades, Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, MD, BRL-405 (1943) .

65. G . E . Jones, J . E . Kennedy, and L . D . Bertholf, Am . J . Phys . 48, 264-26 9

(1980) .

66. D . R . Hardesty and J . E . Kennedy, Combust . Flame 28, 45-59 (1977) .

8-38
67. M . J . Kamlet and M . Finger, Combust . Flame 34, 213-214 (1979) .

68. J . Petes, N .Y . Acad . Sci . Annals 152, 283 (1968) .

69. M . Finger, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, personal communicatio n

(1979) .

70. R . J . Slape, J . A . Crutchmer, and G . T . West, Some Sensitivity an d

Performance Characteristics of the Explosives H-6 _and Tritonal, Mason &
Hanger-Silas Mason Co ., Inc ., Amarillo, TX, AFATu-TR-74-104, AD-80135634
(1974) .

71. J . E . Kennedy, "Explosive Output for Driving Metal," in Proc 12th Ann .
Symp . Behavior and Utilization of Ex losives in Engineering Design, Ne w
Mexico Section, ASME, Albuquerque, NM 1972 , pp . 109-124 .

72. T . E . Holland, A . W . Campbell, and M . E . Malin, J . Appl . Phys . 28, 121 7

(1957) .

73. M . W . Evans, J . Chem .Phu . 36, 19 .4-201 (1962) .

74. L . N . Akimova and L . N . Stesik, Combust . Expl . Shock Waves 12, 218-22 2
(1976) .

75. V . A . Gorkov and R . Kh . Kurbangalina, Combust . Expl . Shock Waves 2, 12-1 6

(1966) .

76. M . Finger, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1974) .

77. R . C . Myers, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1979) .

78. N . L . Coleburn and B . E . Drimmer, Explosive Properties of th e

Amino-Substituted, Symmetrical Trinitrobenzene, Naval Surface Weapon s
Center, White Oak Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, NOLTR 63-81 (1963) .

79. G . V . Dimza, Combust .Expl .Shock Waves 12, 216-218 (1976) .

80. F . P . Bowden and A . C . McLaren, "Detonation in Azides When the Dimension s

Are Comparable With the Length of the Reaction Zone," in Second ONR Symp .
on Detonation, Office of Naval Research, Washington, DC ., AD-5214 4
T1955), pp . 443-452 .
te
'

81. C . M . Tarver, R . Shaw and M . Cowpert'r-ite, J . Chem . Phys . 64, 2665-267 3

(1976) .

82. A . W . Campbell, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, persona l
communication (1978) .

83. I . Jaffee and D . Price, ARS Journal 32, 1060-1065 (1962) .

1/85
8-39
84. L .N . Akimova, M .F . Gogu].ya and V .N . Galkin, Combust .. Expl . Shoc k
Waves , l4, 248-251 (1978) . •

85. L .G . Bolkhovitinov and S .D . Victorov, Combust . Expl . Shock Waves 12 ,

715-717 (1976) .

86. M .F . Murphy and N .L . Coleburn, A Preliminary Evaluation of Tacot, A Ne w

Heat Resistant Explosive, U .S . Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak
Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, NOLTE 61-155 (1961) .

87. B .M . Dobratz, M . Finger, L .G . Green, J .R . Humphrey, R .R . McGuire and

H .F . Rizzo, Selected Sensitivity Tests of Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB )
and TATB Formulations and their Evaluation, Lawrence Livermore Nationa l
Laboratory, Livermore, CA UCID•-18026 (1979) .

88. V .V . Kravtsov and V .V . Silvestrov, Combust . Expl . Shock Waves 22,

387-390 (1979) .
89. A .F . Belyaev and R . Kh . Kurbangalina, Russ . J . Phys . Chem . 34, 285-289
(1960) .

90. C .A . Campos, The Effects of Diameter and Temperature on XTX-800 4

Detonation Velocity, Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Co ., Inc ., Pantex
Plant, Amarillo, TX, MHSMP-80-50 (1980) . '

91. J . Thoui r Pnin, " Influence of the Reaction Zone on the State of Detonatio n
in a Steady Axial Wave", in Proc . Seventh Symp . (Int .) on Detonation ,
Naval Surface Weapons Center, Dahlgren, VA, White Oak, MD, NNWC, RP-82-334
(1982), pp 661-668 .

92. E .L . Lee, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1981) .

93. D . Price, Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak Laboratory, Silve r
Spring, MD, NOLTE 70-137 (1970) .

94. L .R . Rothstein and R . Petersen, Propellants Expl .4, 56-60 (1979) an d

Propellants Expl . 6, 91-93 (1981) .

95. D . Price, Critical Parameters for Detonation, Propagation, an d

Initiation of Solid Exp losives, U .S . Naval Surface Weapons Center ,
White Oak Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, NWSC TR 80-339 (1981) .

96. I: .B . Akst, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, persona l
communication (1982) .

97. H . Luke, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, persona l
communication (1984) .

98. D . Price, J . of Energetic Materials 1, 55 (1983) .

1/85
8-40
 9 . INITIATION AND SENSITIVITY

Several tests have been designed tc evaluate the sensitivity of HEs t o

different kinds of impact under, different conditions . This section treat s
sensitivity of explosives in some detail in describing drop-weight impact ,
Susan, skid, and gap tests . The sensitivity of liquid explosives can b e
assessed by determining their low-velocity detonation (LVD) and high-velocit y
detonation (HVD) characteristics . Some critical energies for shock initiatio n
and run distances to detonation are also given in this section .

9 . 1 . DROP-WEIGHT TES T

The drop-weight machine, or drop hammer, offers one means of evaluatin g

impact sensitivity . In the test, a 2 .5- or 5-kg weight is dropped from a
pre-set height onto a small sample of explosive (about 35-mg) . A series o f
drops is made from different heights, and explosion or nonexplosion i s
recorded . Tne criterion for " explosion " is an arbitrarily set level of soun d
produced by the explosive on impact . The test results are summarized a s
H 50 , the height in m at which the probability of explosion is 50% .
Values in Table 9-1 were determined on a machine patterned after the on e
designed at the Explosives Division, Atomic Weapons Research Establishmen t
(AWRE), during World Way II . Because of the extremely complicated proces s
involved in initiation by impact, these drop-hammer data serve only a s
approximate indications of sensitivity . The H 50 values are quite dependen t
on the anvil surface . Two surfaces are usually used : sandpaper (Type 1 2
tooling) and roughened steel (Type 12B tooling) .
In general, values below 0 .25 m usually indicate relative sensitivity t o
impact . Values between 0 .25 to 0 .70 m indicate a material of moderat e
sensitivity that possibly can be handled in accordance with standar d
procedures . Values ,hove 0 .7U m usually indicate relative insensitivity t o
impact . The maximum crop heights of the LLNL and LANL drop weight apparatu s
are 1 .77 and 3 .20 m, respectively .
The indications of sensitivity given by the drop-hammer test are alway s
verified by large-scale testing before any material is handled in larg e
quantities . (These tests are described below . )

3/81 9-1
 Table 9-1 . Drop-weight impact tests .

H 50 (m )

5-kg weight a 2 .5-kg weight b

Type 1 2 Type 12 B Type 1 2 Type 12 B
Explosive tooling tooling tooling toolin g

AN 1 .36 >3 .2 0

Baratol 0 .95 0 .68-1 .4 0 .98-1 . 8

Boracitol >1 .77 >3 .20 >3 .2 0

BTF C 0 .11 4,0 .21 --

(fluffy powder) 2 .27 --
(long needles) 1 .38 4,0 .5 9

Comp A-3 -- -- 0 .81 2 .4 5

Comp A-4 0 .37 1 .1 2

Comp B 0 .45 0 .49-0 .85 0 .98-3 . 0

Comp B-3 0 .29 0 .65 0 .4-0 .8 0 .69-1 . 2

Camp C 0 .42 0 .3 6

Cyclotol 75/25 0 .33 0 .47 1 .1 4

DATB >1 .77 >1,77 >3 .20 >3 .2 0

DIPAM 0 .95 0 .85 0 .9 6

DNPA >1 .77 -•- -- --

EDNP d >1 .7 7

EL-506A 0 .22 -- _-

EL-506C 0 .5 6

Explosive D 1 .36 >3 .2 0

FEFO d 0 .28 0 .6 0

H-6 0 .6 0

HMX d 0 .33 0 .40 0 .32 0 .3 0

HNAB 0 .37 0 .32

0
9-2 3/8 1
 Table 9-1 . Drop-weight impact tests (Continued )

H50 (m )

_ 5-kg weight a 2 .5-kg weight ')

Type 1 2 Type 12 B Type 1 2 Type 12 B
Explosive tooling tooling tooling toolin g

HNS 0 .54 0 .6 6

LX-02-1 0 .8 0

LX-04-1 0 .41 0 .5 5

LX-07-2 0 .3 8

LX-09-0 0 .3 2

LX-YO-O d 0 .35 0 .4 0

LX-10-1 0 .3 5

LX-11-0 0 .5 9

LX-13 (See XTX-8003 )

LX-14-'O d 0 .53 0 .5 1

LX-15 d 0 .8 3

LX-16 0 .1 8

LX-17-0 >1 .77 --

NC (11 .8-12 .2% N) 0 .50 0 .5 7

NG d 0 .2 0

NM (Liquid) >3 .2 0

NQ >1 .77 >3 .20 >3 .2 0

Octol 0 .41 0 .35-0 .52 0 .49-2 . 7

PBX-9007 0 .35 0 .28 0 .3 9

PBX-9010 0 .30 0 .45 0 .31-0 .41 0 .31-0 .9 2

PBX-9011 0 .44 0 .98 0 .45-0 .89 0 .53-0 .9 8

PBX-9205 0 .42 0 .36 0 .44-0 .60 0 .48-0 .56

3/81 9-3
 Table 9-1 . Drop-weight impact tests (Continued )

]i
m
50 (m )
5-kg weight s 2 .5-kg weighE h
Type 12 Type ]2B Type 12 Type I2 B
Explosiv e tooling tooling tooling toolin g

PBX-940 4 0 .34 0 .35 0 .33-0 .48 0 .35-0 .5 7

PBX-940 7 0 .33 0 .30 0 .46 0 .4 6

PBX-950 1 0 .44 0 .80 0 .42-0 .57 0 .41-0 .8 4

PBX-950 2 >3 .20 >3 .2 0

PBX-9503 e 1,74 5

Pentolite 50/5 0 'v0 .3 5

PET N 0 .11 0 .13-0 .16 0 .14-0 .2 0

Picric aci d 0 .73 1 .9 1

RD X 0 .28 0 .28 0 .3 2

TAT B >1 .77 >3 .20 >3 .2 0

Tetry l 0 .28 0 .37 0 .4 1

TNT c 0 .80 >1 .77 1 .48 wl

XTX-800 3 0 .31 0 .4 2
(uncured ) 0 .2 5
(cured ) 0 .21

XTX-800 4 0 .65-0 .70 1 .45-1 .70

a Reference I .
b Reference 2 .
c Reference 3 .
d Reference 4 .
e Reference 5 .

9- 4
9 .2 . SUSAN TES T

6
The Susan test is a projectile impact test designed to assess th e
relative sensitivity of an explosive under field conditions of impact . A n
explosive test sample weighing about 0 .9 lb (0 .4 kg) is loaded into a Mod I
Susan projectile (Fig . 9-1) and gunfired at the desired velocity at a n
armor-plate target . The resulting overpressure from the impact-induce d
reaction is measured using four pressure gauges about 10 ft (3 m) from th e
point of impact . To show the results graphically, the equivalent grams of TN T
(the amount of TNT required to give the observed overpressure if detonated i n
the Susan ' .est geometry) is plotted as a function of projectile velocity .
The "relative energy " values quoted in the earlier editions of thi s
handbook (UCRL-51319 Rev . 1) cannot be translated to equivalent grams of TN T
by simple arithmetic conversion (i .e ., if a relative energy of 10 i s
equivalent to 54 g of TNT, a relative energy of 20 is equivalent to 85 g o f
TNT on the new scale--not to 108 g) .
On the figures in this section, the explosive yield ranges from 0 t o
340 g of detonated TNT . The 340-g value is arbitrarily set as the maximu m
Susan test reaction level, even though a larger value might be measured .
Detonations rarely occur in the Susan test, but variations in sample geometr y
(shape) at the time of maximum-level events give variable calculated maximu m

yields .

Fig . 9-1 . Scaled drawing of the Susan projectile . The high explosive head i s
4 in . long and 2 in . in diameter (0 .102 m x 0 .051 m) .

1/82 9-5
 Test results are summarized in Figs 9-2 through 9-6 . Figure 9-2 show s
the HEs that proved most sensitive in the'Susari test, followed by the H E
groups having high and low intermediate sensitivities (Figs . 9-3 and 9-4 ,
•
respectively) . The relatively insensitive explosives are grouped in Fig . 9-5 ,
and the IHE (also called " wooden" explosives) are grouped in Fig . 9-6 ; al l
sensitivities are ranked in response to the Susan projectile impact test . Th e
responses of LX-04-1, an HE of moderate sensitivity in this test, are plotte d
separately in Fig . 9-7 because many tests have been fired on this material .
The relatively insensitive explosives, whose Susan test sensitivities ar e
shown graphically in Fig . 9-5, can be divided into those having moderately lo w
sensitivity that are used as main-charge HEs (H-6, Comp A-3) and those wit h
low sensitivity that are useful as bomb loadings .
The following subsections supply details of the impact process pertinen t
to the `mpact safety of an explosive . Remarks about probabilities of larg e
reactions are relevant to unconfined charges in the 25-lb (11-kg) class .
Smaller unconfined charges show a trend of decreasing reaction level as th e
charge size decreases . References to the "pinch" stage of impact refer to th e
terminal stage of the test when the nose cap has completely split ope n
longitudinally and has peeled back to the steel projectile body, which i s
rapidly brought to a halt .
 040

q o LX-07-2
® LX-09
A LX-10--
0
255 ♦ PBX-901 0
0 S
q PBX-9404
C)
0
A 0 0

0
0 0
0
1 1
200 400 600
Projectile velocity at impact - ft/se c
1 ~ - 1 J
(0) (61) (122) (183) (244 )
Projectile velocity at impact - m/s

Fig . 9-2 . PBXs showing high sensitivity in the Susan test . Conversion
factor : 1 ft/sec = 0 .3048 m/s .

1/82 9-7
 340

o Cyclotol 75/25
LX-1 4
a Octol 75/2 5
255 ♦ PBX-920 5
q PBX-950 1

170

q 0
A A
0 A A
a 0
85 A°
A
0

0 I
0 250 500 750 1000
Projectile velocity at impact - ft/sec
I I I t I , I
(0) (76) (153) (228) (305)
Projectile velocity at impact - m/ s

Fig . 9-3 . Explosives showing somewhat lower sensitivity in the Susan tes t
than the PBXs in Fig . 9-2 . COnvErsion factor : 1 ft/sec = 0 .3048 m/s .

9 -8 1/82
 18 0

o Comp 13-3
• LX-11- 0 O
135 A PBX-901 1
A XTX-8003
A
0
o
0
90 A

45
♦ A
O
A
A O
♦
oo 0 °
0 O d O I i I t
0 400 800 1204
Projectile velocity at impact -- ft/se c
I I I I
(0) (122) (244) (366)
Projectile velocity at impact - m/s

Fig . 9-4 . Explosives showing sensitivities in the Susan test intermediat e

between the sensitive and insensitive compositions . Conversion factor :
1 ft/sec = 0 .3048 m/s .
 280 1

o Comp A-3
• Explosive D A
21 0 L H- 6
A TN T 0
m

q Tritonal
rn

0 0
140

° 0
0

o 4►
70

4 i

I..,.► o~eg I l
0
0 400 800 120 0
Projectile velocity at impact - ft/se c

(122) (244 ) (366)

Projectile velocity at impact - m/s

Fig . 9-5 . Explosives showing relatively low sensitivity in the Susan test .
Conversion factor : 1 ft/sec = 0 .3048 m/s .

'? , . 10 1/82
 100 1

A
O LX-17-0 • o
•TAT6 (p = 1 .7001 0
75 ATATB (p = 1 .840) •

0
0

50
A

o •

25 A
0
A
0

00
850 1700 2550 3400
Projectile velocity at impact - ft/se c

(0) (260 (520 ) (780) (1040 )

Projectile velocity at impact - m/s

Fig . 9-6 . Susan,test results for insensitive explosives (IRE) . Conversio n

factor : 1 ft/sec = 0 .3048 m/s .
 180 1 0
I

135 0
0 0
0
0
0 0
0

90 0
0
0 0
0 0 00
0 00 0
0 00 0°
45 0 0
00 0
0

0
0• G'o~ I I
0 250 500 750
Projectile velocity at impact - ft/sec

(0) (76) (153) (228) (305)

Projectile velocity at impact -rn/s

b'ig . 9-7 . Susan test data for LX-04 . Conversion factor : 1 ft/sec = 0 .3048 m/s .

9-12 1/82
9 .2 .1 . Comp A- 3

Comp A-3 has shown only minor reactions in the Susan test at impac t
velocities between 275 and 640 ft/sec (84 and 195 m/s) (Fig . 9-5) . T%re e
impacts at nearly 200 ft/sec (61 m/s) resulted in no detectable reaction .
This low-velocity behavior is very similar to that of TNT . On the other hand ,
the response at higher impact velocities is generally greater than that of TN T
for the same velocity, and there is occasionally a quite violent reaction .
Not enough experimental data is available to determine with certainty if th e
higher-density Comp A-3 is more likely to give a violent reaction than th e
lower-density Comp A-3, although it appears that this may be so . Comp A- 3
should be considered difficult to ignite by mechanical means ; any reactio n
from such an ignition has a low probability of building to violent level s
where there is relatively little confinement .

9 .2 .2 . Comp B- 3

Comp B-3 (RDX/TNT 60/40) behaves reasonably well in the Susan tes t
(Fig . 9-4) . Ignition is observed only after extensive splitting an d

deformation of the projectile nosecap, and it occurs more or less at th e

beginning of the pinch stage of impact . This results in a threshold velocit y
of about 180 ft/sec (55 m/s) . The reaction level is quite dependent on impac t
velocity ; it never rises to its full potential even at an impact velocity o f
1500 ft/sec (457 m/s) . Any reaction enhancement appears quite soon afte r
initial ignition . Comp B-3 should be considered as generally rather difficul t
to ignite by mechanical means and as having a low probability for violen t
reaction once ignited, provided the relative confinement is rather low . I t
has given substantially larger reactions in the Mod-IA projectile than in th e
standard Mod I ; the important difference between the two projectiles appear s
to be the exceptionally straight flight of the Mod-IA, which results in highe r
pressures on the explosive and more effective confinement . Comp B-3 has bee n
observed to detonate in impact geometries where there was good inerti p. l
confinement at the time of ignition and where the impact subjected it t o
mechanical work .
9 .2 .3 . Cyclotol 75/2 5

Cyclotol 75/25 (RDX/TNT 75/2 .5) has both good and bad properties, a s
measured by the Susan test (Fig . 9-3) . The threshold velocity for reaction i s
s
probably about 180 ft/sec (55 m/s), which is rather typical of the TNT-bonde d
cast explosives and higher than most plastic-bonded explosives . On the othe r
hand, reaction levels generally are moderately high at relatively lo w
velocities and on occasion are considerably higher . Cyclotol 75/25 should b e
considered as generally rather difficult to ignite by mechanical means bu t
capable of a large reaction once ignited . Note that a very ) .ow drop heigh t
was sufficient for ignition in the 14-deg (0 .24-rad) skid test (Table 9-2) .

9 .2 .4 . ExplosiveD

Explosive D has shown no undesirable properties in the Susan test . I t

may be somewhat less reactive than TNT, but the number of experiments is to o
limited to he certain (Fig . 9-5) . Explosive D should be considered ver y
difficult to ignite accidentally by mechanical• means ; any reaction from suc h
an ignition has an extremely low probability of building to violent level s
where there is relatively little Lsnfinement .
0
9 .2 .5 . H- 6

H-6 behaves very much like Comp B-3 in the Susan test at the lower impac t
velocities (Fig . 9-5) . At the higher velocities, the reaction levels excee d
those of LX-04-1 and are quite violent . P . should be considered difficult t o
ignite by mechanical means ; any reaction ztam such an ignition has a lo w
probability of building to violent levels where there is relatively littl e
confinement .

•
9-14 1/82
9 .2 .6 . LX-04- 1

LX-04-1 (HMX/Viton 85/15) is moderately easy to ignite in the Susan tes t

(Fig . 9-7), requiring an impact velocity of 140 to 150 ft/sec (43 to 46 m/s) .
At impact velocities higher than threshold, the nosecap deforms about an inc h
(25 mm) before ignition is observed . Reaction levels are dependent on impac t
velocity, rising very slowly from threshold to about 350 ft/sec (107 m/s) an d
then rising more rapidly as impact velocity increases . Thus, while LX-04-1 i s
moderately easy to ignite from mechanical impact, it has a low probability o f
building to a violent reaction or detonating from a minor ignition where ther e
is little or no confinement . Note that LX-04-1 frequently has been observe d
to detonate high-order in other impact test geometries where the effectiv e
confinement was rather good and where the explosive was well pulverized t o
give a large surface area at the time of ignition .

9 .2 .7 . LX-07- 2

LX-07-2 (HMX/Viton 90/10) is intermediate in sensitivity between PBX-940 4

and LX-04-1 . The threshold for reaction is about 125 ft/sec (38 m/s), and th e
reaction level, while dependent on impact velocity, becomes large at a rathe r
low velocity (Fig . 9-2) . Small changes in manufacturing variables can affec t
the extent of reaction in the Susan test . The LX-07--2 initially tested was a
handmade batch that gave appreciably larger reactions than previously teste d
LX-07-type explosives . Figure 9-2 also includes the results for LX-07- 2
manufactured at the Holston Army Ammunition Plant . On the basis of th e
results of three shots, this material may be slightly less sensitive than th e
handmade batch . Thus, LX'-07-2 has a low threshold for reaction but only a
moderate rate of buildup to violent reaction . It appears that accidenta l
mechanical ignition o f LX-07-2 would have a moderate probability of buildin g
to violent deflagration or detonation where the relative confinement is rathe r
low and the expl( . ;ive mass relatively small .
9 .2 .8 . LX-09- 0

LX-09-0 (HMX/pDNPA/FEFO 93/4 .6/2 .4) displays some very undesirabl e

•
properties in the Susan test (Fig . 9-2) ; it is very similar to PBX-9404 i n
many respects . Ignition occurs after about 0 .5-in . (13-mm) deformation of th e
projectile nosecap, which is consistent with the very low threshold velocit y
of 110 ft/sec (34 m/s) . As with PBX-9404, pinch-stage enhancement of th e

reaction is observed only at impact velocities greater than about 200 ft/se c
(51 m/s) . At lower impact velocities, reactions build to violent levels wit h

sufficient rapidity that no pinch-stage enhancement is observed . The reactio n

levels observed are generally quite high and independent of impact velocity .
Thus, LX-09-0 exhibits both low-threshold velocity for reaction and rapi d
buildup to violent reaction . Any accidental mechanical ignition has a larg e
probability of building to a violent deflagration or detonaticn .

9 .2 .9 . LX-10- 0

LX--10-0 (HMX/Vitcn 95/5) displays some very undesirable properties in th e

Susan test (Fig . 9-2) . Ignition is observed after about 0 .6-in . (15 mm) o f
projectile nosecap deformation, which is consistent with the low threshol d
•
velocity of about 120 ft/sec (37 m/s) . The reaction levels observed ar e
generally quite high and independent of impact velocity . The reaction buildu p
is sufficiently rapid that no pinch-stage enhancement of the reaction i s
observed at the lower velocities . LX-10-0 exhibits both a low threshold fo r
reaction and an extremely rapid buildup to violent reaction . Any accidenta l
mechanical ignition of LX-10-0 has a very large probability of building t o
violent deflagration or detonation .

9-16 1/82
 9 .2 .10 . LX-11- 0

• LX-11-0 (HMX/Viton 80/20) is among the least reactive of the P Xs teste d

in the Susan test (Fig . 9-4) . The threshold for reaction is probably abou t
170 ft/sec (52 .8 m/s), judging from the nosecap deformation of 1 .8 to 1 .9 in .
(46 to 49 mm) at the time ignitions were observed for the higher velocit y
shots . Most TNT-containing cast explosives require even more deformation fo r
ignition ; however, the reaction level is quite dependent on impact velocit y
and is generally lower than that observed for LX-04-1, although not as low a s
that observed for Comp B-3 . The rather high value of 141 g of TNT-equivalen t
yield at 612 ft/sec (187 m/s) is considered atypical and possibly resulte d
from axisymmetric impact . Reaction enhancement is observed at the pinch stag e
of the impact . LX-11-0 should be considered as moderately difficult to ignit e
by mechanical means and as having very low probability of building to violen t
reaction from a minor ignition where there is relatively little confinement .

9 .2 .11 . LX-14- 0

LX-14-0 (UMX/Estane 95 .5/4 .5) is moderately easy to ignite in the Susa n

• test, requiring an impact velocity of about 48 m/s (Fig . 9-3) . Thia i s
slightly higher than that required for LX-04-1 . Nosecap deformation i s
generally greater than 25 mm before ignition is observed . Reaction level s
tend to be somewhat large once the threshold velocity is exceeded, somewha t
like those of LX-07-2 . In support of this tendency, skid test results o n
LX-14-0 are i-termediate in reaction level between LX-04-1 and LX-07- 2
(Table 9-2) . It appears that accidental mechanical ignition of LX-14-0 has a
moderately low probability of building to a violent reaction or detonation
where there is little or no confinement .

1/82 9-17
9 .2 .12 . LX-17- 0

LX-17-0 (TATB/Kel-F 800 92 .5/7 .5), like its major component, is among th e •
least reactive of the HEs tested in the Susan test (Fig . 9-6) . The explosiv e
response is scarcely distinguishable from that of an inert material at impac t
velocities up to 1000 m/s . There is no evidence of accelerated burnin g
reactions at the higher impact velocities such as occur with almost al l
commonly used explosives .

9 .2 .13 . Octol 75/2 5

Octol 75/25 (1D /TNT 75/25) has both good and bad properties, as measure d
by the Susan test (Fig . 9-3) . The threshold velocity for reaction is probabl y
about 180 ft/sec (55 m/s), which is rather typical of the TNT-bonded cas t
explosives and higher than most PBXs . On the other hand, reaction level s
become moderately high, generally at relatively low velocity . The variabilit y
of results is less than that observed witn Cyclotol 75/25 . Octol 75/25 shoul d
be considered as rather difficult to ignite accidentally by mechanical mean s
but capable of a large reaction once ignited under certain conditions .

9 .2 .14 . PBX-901 0

PBX-9010 (RD(/Kel F 90/10) displays some very undesirable properties i n

the Susan test (Fig . 9-2) . Ignition is observed after about 0 .5-in . (13 mm )
of projectile nosecap deformation, which would make the threshold velocity fo r
reaction about 110 ft/sec (34 m/s) . The reaction levels observed are high an d
independent of impact geometry, The observed energy release is not as high a s
that often seen with the more energetic explosives PBX-9404, LX-09-0, an d
1X-10-0, but intrinsic energy content does not completely explain th e
difference ; geometric factors at the time of maximum reaction are thought t o
also contribute to the observed results . The reaction buildup is sufficientl y
rapid that no pinch-stage enhancement of the reaction is observed . PBX-901 0
exhibits both a low threshold for reaction and sufficient reactivity t o
indicate a very large probability of violent reaction or detonation from en y
accidental mechanical ignition .

9-18 1/82
9 .2 .15 . PBX-901 1

PBX-9011 (HMX/Estane 90/10) is among the least reactive of the PBX s

tested in the Susan test (Fig . 9-4) . The threshold for reaction is probabl y
about 165 ft/sec (50 m/s), judging from the nosecap deformation of abou t
1 .7-in . (43 mm) at the time of observed ignition for the higher-velocit y
shots . The reaction level is quite dependent on the impact velocity ; i t

appears to be slightly lower than that observed for LX-04-1 but not as low a s
for Comp B-3 . Reaction enhancement is observed only at the pinch stage of th e
impact . PBX-9011 should be considered as moderately difficult to ignite b y
mechanical impact and as having very low probability of building to violen t
reaction from a minor ignition where there is relatively little confinement .
PBX-9011 has given only mild reactions in other impact geometries that ofte n
give detonations with explosives such as LX-04-1 .

9 .2 .16 . PBX-920 5

PBX-9205 (RDX/polystyrene/di-2-ethylhexyiphthalate 92/6/2) is similar t o

LX-07-2 in some of its properties (Fig . 9-3) . The threshold velocity fo r
reaction is probably about 120 ft/sec (37 m/s), judging from the noseca p
crush-up at the time of observed ignition with higher-velocity impacts . A s
with LX-07-2, the response is dependent on impact velocity and is intermediat e
between that of PBX-9404 and LX-04--1 . Thus, PBX-9205 has a low threshold fo r
reaction but only a moderate rate of buildup to violent reaction . It appear s
that accidental mechanical ignition of PBX-9205 has a moderate probability o f
building to violent deflagration or detonation .
9 .2 .17 . PBX-9404-0 3

PBX-9404 (HMX/NC/Cris-8-chloroethyl phosphate 94/3/3) displays som e

'very undesirable properties in the Susan test (Fig . 9-2) . Ignition is see n
after only about 0 .35 in . (8 .9 mm) of deformation of the projectile nosecap ,
which is consistent with the very low threshold velocity of 105 ft/se c
(32 m/s) . The reaction levels are generally quite high for impacts in th e
range of 105 to 200 ft/sec (32 to 61 m/s) . These reactions build to violen t
levels with sufficient rapidity that no pinch-stage enhancement of th e
reaction is observed . At higher impact velocities, the reaction level seem s

to depend somewhat on impact velocity, but it is always at least moderatel y

high . Pinch-stage enhancement of the reaction at these higher impac t
velocities is very noticeable . PBX-9404 exhibits both a very low threshol d
velocity for reaction and rapid buildup to violent reaction . Any mechanica l
ignition of PBX-9404 has a very large probability of building to violen t
deflagration or detonation .

9 .2 .18 . PBX-950 1

PBX-'9501 (HMX/Estane/BDNPA-F 95/2 .5/2 .5) is a high-energy explosive wit h •

low impact sensitivity for an explosive of its power (Fig . 9-3) . Th e
threshold velocity for reaction is about 200 ft/sec (61 m/s), which is highe r
than that for most PBXs and about equal to that for many TNT-base d
explosives . Reactions start after about 2 .5 in . (64 mm) of projectil e

deformation, which is consistent with the observed threshold velocity . Onc e

threshold velocity is exceeded, reactions become violent over a rather narro w
velocity range . Small reactions de not automatically grow to large reaction s
as they do in many other high-energy PBXs . Skid-test ignitions, for example ,
give very low reactions .

9 .2 .19 . TAT B

TATB is among the least responsive of the HEs ever tested in the Susa n
test (Fig . 9-6) . The explosive response is scarcely distinguishable from tha t
of a mock HE at impact velocities up to 1000 m/s . There is no evidence o f
accelerated burning reactions at the higher impact velocities such as occu r
with almost all commonly used explosives .

9-20 1/82
9 .2 .20 . TN T

TNT shows no undesirable properties by the Susan test (Fig . 9-5) . Mino r
ignitions occur at impact velocities eown to about 235 ft/sec (72 m/s) bu t
only after extensive splitting of the projectile nosecap and abrupt halting o f
the projectile at the final (or pinch) stage of impact . No violent reaction s
are observed even at impact velocities above 1200 ft/sec (366 a/s) . Further ,
the TNT response is independent of whether it is cast or is a high- o r
medium-density pressing . TNT should be considered very difficult to ignit e
accidentally by mechanical means ; any reaction from such an ignition has a n
extremely low probability of building to violent levels where there i s
relatively little confinement .

9 .2 .21 . Tr itona l

Tritonal behaves very much like Comp B-3 in the Susan test at the lowe r
impact velocities (Fig . 9-5) . At the higher velocities the reaction level s
approximate those of LX-04-1 and are quite violent . Tritonal should b e
considered difficult to ignite by mechanical means ; and reaction from such a n
ignition has a low probability of building to violent levels where there i s
relatively little confinement .

9 .2 .22 . XTX-800 3

XTX-8003 (PETN/Sylgard 182 80/20) is moderately difficult to ignite i n

the Susan test (Fig . 9-4) and requires an impact velocity of about 160 ft/se c
(49 m/s), judging from the 1 .4-in . (36 mm) of projectile nosecap deformatio n
at the time of observed ignition . Reaction levels ranged from quite low t o
moderately low over the velocity range tested . Although the number of test s
is limited, it appears that XTX-8003 has a very small probability of buildin g
to violent reaction from an accidental ignition where there is relativel y
little or no confinement .

1/82 9-21/9-25
9 .3 . SKID TEST

Results from a sliding-impact sensitivity test (skid test) using larg e

•
hemispherical billets of RE have proved valuable for evaluating th e
7-11
plant-handling safety of HEs . The test was developed at AWRE in England ,
In the LLNL-Pantex version of this test, the explosive billet, supporte d
on a pendulum device, is allowed to swing down from preset heights and strik e
at an angle on a sand-coated steel target plate . The two impact angle s
employed [14 and 45 deg (0 .79 and 0 .24 rad, respectively)] are defined as th e
angle between the line of billet travel and the horizontal target surface .
The spherical surface of the billet concentrates the force of the impact in a
small area . The pendulum arrangement gives the impact a sliding or skiddin g
component as well as a vertical one . Results of the test are expressed i n
terms of the type of chemical event produced by the impact as a function o f
impact angle and vertical drop . The chemical events are defined as follows :
0 No reaction ; charge retains integrity .
1 Burn or scorch marks on HE or target ; charge retains integrity .
2 Puff of smoke, but no flame or light visible in high-speed
photography . Charge may retain integrity or may be broken int o
large pieces .
3 Mild low-order reaction with flame or light ; charge broken up an d
scattered .
4 Medium low-order reaction with flame or light ; major part of H E
consumed .
5 Violent deflagration ; virtually all HE consumed .
6 Detonation .
The sliding-impact test results are significant indications o f
plant-handling safety because the drop heights and impact angles used in th e
test are quite within the limits encountered when an explosive billet i s
accidentally dropped . The test is used not only to evaluate the relativ e
sensitivity of different explosives, using the sand-coated target as a
reference surface (Tables 9-2 and 9-3), but also to evaluate typical plan t
floor coverings, using PBX-9010 as a reference explosive (Table 9-4) .
The floor-covering skid test has been modified and standardized at Pante x
using results from ten 14 .1-ft (4 .33-m) drops of a 10 .7-kg LX-10 billet at a
45-deg angle (0 .79 rad) as the safety criterion (Table 9-5) . 15

t
9-26 1/82
 Table 9-2 . Standard LLNL-Pantex skid test . a

Impact angle Vertical dro p

Explosive deg (rad) ft (m) Chemical event Condition s

Comp B-3 14 (0 .24) 0 .88 (0 .27) 0,0,0,0,0, 0

1 .25 (0 .38) 2
1 .25 (0 .38) 0,0,0,0,0,0 -30°C (243 K )
1 .75 (0 .53 0,2 -30°C (243 K )
1 .75 (0 .53) 2
2 .5 (0 .76) 0,0,2,2,0, 2
3 .5 (1 .07) 2,0,0,2, 2
5 .0 (1 .52) 0,2,2,2,2, 2
7 .1 (2 .16) 3, 2

45 (0 .79) 1 .75 (0 .53) 0

2 .5 (0 .76) 0
3 .5 (1 .07) 0
3 .5 (1 .07) 0,0,0 -30°C (243 K )
5 .0 (1 .53) 0
7 .1 (2 .16) 0
10 .0 (3 .05) 0
14 .1 (4 .30) 2
20 .0 (6 .10) 0

Cyclotol 75/25 14 ;0 .24) 0 .625 (0 .19) 1

0 .88 (0 .27) 4
1 .75 (0 .53) 3
2 .5 (0 .76) 3

45 (0 .79) 5 .0 . (1 .52) 0
7 .1 (2 .16) 0
14 .1 (4 .30) 0
LX-04-0 14 (0 .24) 1 .25 (0 .38) 0
1 .75 (0 .53) 2
2 .5 (0 .76) 2
3 .5 (1 .07) 2, 2
5 .0 (1 .52) 2, 0
5 .0 (1 .52) 0 235°F (385 K )
7 .1 (2 .16) 2, 2
10 .0 (3 .05) 2
14 .1 (4 .30) 2

45 (0 .79) 3 .5 (1 .07) 0, 1
3 .5 (1 .07) 2 -57 ' F (224 K)
5 .0 (1 .52) 3
10 .0 (3 .05) 3
14 .1 (4 .30) 0
14 .1 (4 .30) 0 230°F (383 K)

3/81 9-2 7

. r~
t ~:.~ w. ~ - t . . ~. -t i .• .~ } `~ 'T ~~ n ~.- ._ ±::~ ~ 1 ~~ . ` 1 } . ei . ~' , . ~' . .~,
r..J "r, .,
` ...
.~~1 : i~ . 4 , f} :.4 ~~ ,
 Table 9-2 . Standard LLNL-Pantex skid test . a (Continued )

Impact angle Vertical dro p

Explosive deg (rad) ft (m) Chemical event Condition s

LX-P4-1 14 (0 .24) 1 .75 (0 .53) 0, 0

2 .5 (0 .76) 2,2, 1
3 .5 (1 .07) 0
5 .0 (1 .52) 2
7 .1 (2 .16) 1
14 .1 (4 .30) 2

45 (0 .79) 3 .5 (1 .07) 0,2,0,0, 0

5 .0 (1 .52) 0,3,0,0, 0
7 .1 (2 .16) 1,0, 0
10 .0 (3 .05) 2, 3
14 .1 (4 .30) 2, 3

LX-07 14 (0 .24) 1 .25 (0 .38) 0

1 .75 (0 .53) 0
2 .5 (0 .76) 4
3 .5 (1 .07) 4

45 (0 .79) 1 .75 (0 .53) 0

2 .5 (0 .76) 2
3 .5 (1 .07) 6

LX-07-1 14 (0 .24) 0 .88 (0 .27) 0,0, 0

1 .25 (0 .38) 0,0, 0
1 .75 (0 .53) 0,0, 0
2 .5 (0 .76) 3,3, 6

45 (0 .79) 2 .5 (0 .76) 0, 0
3 .5 (1 .07) 0,0, 0
5 .0 (1 .52) 0,0, 0
7 .1 (2 .16) 0,0,0,5,0, 0

LX-09-0 14 (0 .24) 0 .88 (0 .27) 0,0,0, 0

1 .25 (0 .38) 0,0, 6

45 (0 .79) 3 .5 (1 .07) 0,0,0,0,0,0, 0

5 .0 (1 .52) 0,0,0, 6
7 .1 (2 .16) 0

LX-10-0 14 (0 .24) 0 .62 (0 .19) 6 -34°C (239 K )

0 .88 (0 .27) 0,0,0,0,0,0, 16°C (289 K )
0,0,0,0,0, 0
0 .88 (0 .27) 0,0,0,0,0,0, 0
1 .25 (0 .38) 0,6, 6
1 .25 (0 .38) 6,6,0 16°C (289 K)
•

9-28 3/8 1
 Table 9-2 . Standard LLNL-Pantex skid test . a (Continued )

Impact angle Vertical dro p

Explosive deg (rad) ft (m) Chemical event Condition s

LX-10-0 45 (0 .79) 0 .88 (0 .27) Ob -34°C (239 K )

1 .25 (0 .38) Ob -34°C (239 K )
1 .75 (0 .53) Ob -34°C (239 K )
2 .5 (0 .76) 0,0,0 -34°C (239 K )
2 .5 (0 .76) Ob -34°C (239 K )
2 .5 (0 .76) 0,0,0 16°C (289 K )
2 .5 (0 .76) 0 71°C (344 K)
3 .5 (1 .07) 0,0,0,0,6,0 ,
0,0, 0
3 .5 (1 .07) Ob -34°C (239 K )
3 .5 (1 .07) 6,6,0,0,0,0, 16°C (289 K )
0,0,0,0, 0
0,0,0,0,0,0, 0
3 .5 (1 .07) 0 71°C (344 K )
5 .0 (1 .52) 6 -34°C (239 K )
5 .0 (1 .52) 0 71°0 (344 K )
7 .1 (2 .16) 0 71°C (344 K)
LX-10-1 14 (0 .24) 0 .88 (0 .27) 0,0,0,0,0,0, 0
1 .25 (0 .38) 0,6,6,0,6, 6
1 .75 (0 .53) 0, 6

45 (0 .79) 2 .5 (0 .76) 0,0, 0

3 .5 (1 .07) 0,0,0,0,6,6,0, 0
5 .0 (1 .52) 6
LX-14-0 14 (0 .24) 0 .88 (0 .27) 0,0,0,0,0, 0
1 .25 (0 .38) 3,0,0, 0

45 (0 .79) 3 .5 (1 .07) 0,0,0,0,0, 0

5 .0 (1 .52) 0,0,0,0,0, 4
7 .1 (2 .16) 4

LX-17-0 No reactio n
Octol 75/25 14 (0 .24) 2 .5 (0 .76) 0
3 .5 (1 .07) 3

PBX-9010 14 (0 .24) 0 .88 (0 .27) 0

1 .25 (0 .38) 6,0,0,6,0, 0
1 .50 (0 .46) 0, 5
1 .75 (0 .53) 6, 0
3 .5 (1 .07) 0
15 .0 (4 .57) 6

3/81 9-29
 Table 9-2 . Standard LLNL-Pantex skid test . a (Continued )

Impact angle Vertical dro p

Explosive deg (rad) ft (m) Chemical event Condition s

PBX-9010 45 (0 .79) 2 .5 (0 .76) 0, 0

3 .5 (1 .07) 6,6,6,0, 6
5 .0 (1 .52) 0,6, 0
7 .1 (2 .1.6) 6
14 .1 (4 .30) 6, 6
PBX-9011 14 (0 .24) 5 .0 (1 .52) 0
10 .0 (3 .05) 0, 0
20 .0 (6 .10) 1
28 .0 (8 .53) 1
45 (0 .79) 5 .0 (1 .52) 0
7 .1 (2 .16) 0
10 .0 (3 .05) 0
20 .0 (6 .10) 0
PBX-9205 14 (0 .24) 0 .88 (0 .27) 0
1 .25 (0 .38) 2
1 .7 5 (0 .53 ) 3
45 .(0 .79) 2 .5 (0 .76) 4 •

PBX-9404 14 (0 .24) 0 .625 (0 .19) 0,0,0,0,0, 0

0 .88 (0 .27) 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,6,0,0, 6
1 .25 (0 .38) 0,0,0,6,6, 6
1 .75 (0 .53) 6,0,6,0,0,2,0,0,0, 6
1 .9 (0 .58) 6
2 .5 (0 .76) 6,0,3, 0
3 .5 (1 .07) 6, 6

45 (0 .79) 1 .75 (0 .53) 0,0,0,0,0,0, 0

2 .5 (0 .76) 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0, 0
3 .5 (1 .07) 0,6,0,0,0,0,0,6,0, 0
0,0,0,0,0,0, 6
5 .0 (1 .52) 6,6,6,0,6 0 0,0,6,0, 0
7 .1 (2 .16) 6, 6
10 .0 (3 .05) 6, 6
15 .0 (4 .75) 6
PBX-9501 14 (0 .24) 2 .5 (0 .76) 0, 0
3 .5 (1 .07) 0,0, 0
5 .0 (1 .52) 0
10 .0 (3 .05) 3

9-30 3/8 1
 Table 9-2 . Standard LLNL-Pantex skid test . a (Continued )

Impact angle Vertical dro p

Explosive deg (rad) ft (m) Chemical event Condition s

PBX-9501 45 (0 .79) 5 .0 (1 .52) 0,0, 0

7 .1 (2 .16) 0,0, 0
10,0 (3 .05) 0,0, 0

(as pressed) 14 (0 .24) 1 .25 (0 .38) 0,0,0,0,0, 0

1 .75 (0 .53) 0,0,0,0, 3
2 .5 (0 .76) 0,3

45 (0 .79) 5 .0 (1 .52) 0,0,0,0,0, 0

7 .1 (2 .16) 0,0,0,0, 3
10 .0 (3 .05) 0,0, 3
14 .1 (4 .30) 4

TNT 14 (0 .24) 3 .5 (1 .07) 0,0,0,0,0, 0

10 .0 (3 .05) 2
14 .1 (4 .30) 0
20 .0 (6 .10) 0

a Tests were conducted with 23-lb (10 .4-kg) hemispheres of explosive 11 in .

(0 .28 m) in diameter at ambient temperature unless indicated otherwise . One
in . 2 .54 x 10- 2 m ; 1 lb = 4 .54 x 10-1 kg ; 1 ft = 3 .05 x 10' 1 in;
1 deg 1 .75 x 10- 2 rad .
b An acrid or burnt odor was noticed after the test .

3/81 9-3 1
 Table 9-3 . Nonstandard skid,tests of interest . a,12,1 3

•
Vertica l
Weigh t Impact. angle dro p Chemica l
Explosive lb (k J deg (rad) ft (m) event Condition s

Baratol 50 (22 .7 ) 45 (0 .79) 3 (0 .9) 2

5 (1 .5) 3

Comp B-3 50 (22 .7 ) 14 (0 .24) 5 .0 (1 .52) 4

45 (0 .79) 5 .0 (1 .52) 0
10 .0 (3 .05) 0,0,0, 2

Cyclotol 75/25 50 (22 .7 ) 45 (0 .79) 3 .0 (0 .9) 0,0, 2

5 .0 (1 .52) 3, 3

LX-04- 0 50 (22 .7 ) 45 (0 .79) 7 .1 (2 .16) 0 230*F ( :383 K )

LX-04-1 298 (135 .2 ) 45 (0 .79) 0 .88 (0 .27) 0

1 .25 (0 .38) 0
1 .75 (0 .53) 5

LX-09-0 28 (12 .7 ) 14 (0 .24) 0 .88 (0 .27) 0 b

0 .88 (0 .27) 6 Contro l
19 (8 .6 ) 1 .25 (0 .38) 0,0,0,0, 0 c
1 .25 (0 .38) 0,4,4, 0 Contro l
0,0, 4 •
28 (12 .7 ) 45 (0 .79) 2 .5 (0 .76) 0 b
2 .5 (0 .76) 0 Contro l
19 (8 .6 ) 2 .5 (0 .76) 4,0,0,0 , c
0,0,0, 0
28 (12 .7 ) 3 .5 (1 .07) 6, 0 b
3 .5 (1 .07) 0, 0 Contro l
19 (8 .6 ) 3 .5 (1 .07) 0, 5 c
3 .5 (1 .07) 5 Contro l
5 .0 (1 .52) 4,0, 5 c
5 .0 (1 .52) 0,0, 0 Contro l

LX-10-0 23 (10 .4 ) 14 (0 .24) 0 .88 (0 .27) 0,0,0, 0 d

45 (0 .79) 3 .5 (1 .07) 0,0, 0
69 (31 .3 ) 14 (0 .24) 0 .44 (0 .13) 0 e
70 (31 .8 ) 0 .66 (0 .20) 6

LX-14-0 291 (132 ) 45 (0 .79) 0 .88 (0 .27) 0

292 (132 .4 ) 1 .25 (0 .38) 0
291 (132 ) 1 .50 (0 .46) 0
290 (131 .6 ) 1 .75 (0 .53) 0
2 .5 (0 .76) 0
5 .0 (1 .52) 6

0
9-32 3/8 1
 Table 9-3 . Nonstandard skid tests of interest . a ' 12 ' 13 (Continued )

Vertica l
Weight Impact angle drop Chemica l
Explosive lb (kg) deg (rad ) ft (m) event Condition s

PBX-9404 296 (134 .3) 14 (0 .24) 0 .25 (0 .08) 0

292 (132 .4) 0 .33 (0 .10) 6
296 (134 .3) 0 .48 (0 .15) 6
296 (134 .3) 45 (0 .79) 0 .33 (0 .10) 0
298 (135 .2) ;x .44 (0 .13) 0
293 (132 .9) 0 .60 (0 .18) 0
291 (132 .0) 0 .63 (0 .19) 0
287 (130 .2) 1 .23 (0 .38) 0
296 (134 .3) 2 .5 (0 .76) 0

(as-pressed) (13 .2) 14 (0 .24) 0 .31 (0 .09) 0

0 .44 (0 .13) 0
0 .63 (0 .19) 0
0 .88 (0 .27) 0,0,0,0,0, 0
2 .50 (0 .76) 0
3 .50 (1 .07) 0,0,0,0,0, 0
5 .00 (1 .52) 0, 6

PBX-9404 50 (22 .7) 45 (0 .79) 2 .00 (0 .6) 0

3 .0 (0 .9) 0, 6
5 .0 (1 .5) 6

a Target was standard sand-coated steel (1/4-in . (6 .375-mm)) bonded t o

concrete . One in . ' 2 .54 x 1C- 2 m; 1 lb = 4 .54 x 1 0-1 kg ; 1 ft =
3 .05 x 10- 1 m; 1 deg = 1 .75 x 10-2 rad .
b Aged 11 months at 70°C (373 K) .
c Stockpile aged .
d Made with Fluorel .
e Made with 48 lb (21 .8 kg) of steel plate on the HE equator .
 Table 9-4 . Evaluation of plant floorings by LLNL-Pantex t es t . a , 1 , 14 , 15

Thickness Vertical dro Chemica l •

floor material in . (mm) ft (m) event Condition s

Brigantine b 0 .090 (2 .29) 7 .1 (2 .16) 0 New

10 .0 (3 .05) 0
14 .1 (4 .3) 0

Brigantine b 0 .090 (2 .29) 7 .1 (2 .16) 0 Wor n

10 .0 (3 .05) lc
10 .0 (3 .05) 0
10 .0 (3 .05) 0

Corrugated rubber 10 .0 (3 .05) 0,0 Agains t

floor covering grai n
10 .0 (3 .05) 0 With grai n
20 .0 (6 .10) 0

Linoleum 0 .125 (3 .18) 7 .1 (2 .16) 0

10 .0 (3 .05) 0
14 .1 (4 .30) 0
20 .0 (6 .10) 0

Poly-Con d 2 .5 (0 .76) 0
3 .5 (1 .07) 0
5 .0 (h,52) 0
•
7 .1 (2 .16) 6
1 .25 (0 .38) 0 14-de g
1 .75 (0 .53) 0 (0 .24-rad )
2 .5 (0 .76) 0 impac t
3 .5 (1 .07) 0 angl e
5 .0 (1 .52) 6

Quiet Zone b 0 .17 (4 .32) 7 .1 (2 .16) 0 New

10 .0 (3 .05) 0
14 .1 (4 .3) 0

Quiet Zone b 0 .17 (4 .32) 7 .1 (2 .16) 0 Wor n

10 .0 (3 .05) 0
14 .1 (4 .3) 0

Sanded steel 1 .75 (0 .53) 0

2 .5 (0 .76) 6, 6

Torginal 0 .0625 (1 .59) 14 .0 (4 .27) 0

(Torga-Deck) 20 .0 (6 .10) 6
(0 .188 (4 .76 20 .0 (6 .10) 0
to 0 .25) to 6 .35) 28 .0 (8 .53) 1

9-34 3/8 1
Table 9-4 . Evaluation of plant floorings by LLNL-Pantex test . a,1,14,1 5
(Continued )

Thickness Vertical dro Chemica l

Floor material in . (mm) ft (m ) event Condition :

Urapol floor 0 .094 (2 .38) 10 .0 (3 .05) 0

coveringb 14 .1 (4 .30) 0
20 .0 (6 .10) 0
0 .125 (3 .18) 10 .0 (3 .05) 0
14 .1 (4 .30) 0
20 .0 (6 .10) 0
20 .0 (6 .10) 0 14 de g
(0 .24-rad )
impac t
angl e

Vinyl 5 .0 (1 .52) 0,0

7 .1 (2 .16) 6,6

a The test was conducted using 50-lb (22 .7-kg) hemispheres of PBX-9010 and ,
except where otherwise noted, 45-deg (0 .79-rad) impact angle .
One in . = 2 .54 x 10-2 m ; I lb = 4 .54 x 10-1 . kg ; 1 ft 3 .05 x 10'1 m ;
1 deg 3. 1 .75 x 10-2 rad .
b Billet weighed 46 lb (21 kg) .
c Wind-blown sand and grit on impact target may have caused this event .
Wind gusting to 40 mph was evident during this test . As shown, two repetition s
of this test produced no further reaction .
d A poured polyurethane floor covering .
Table 9-5 . Evaluation of plant floorings by the Pantex standard test . 1 5

Thickness _ Chemica l 0
floor material in . (mm) event Condition s

Adiprene 0 .125 (3 .18) 0 With raise d

1-mm button s

DuPont entrance mat 0 .094 a (2 .38) 6 On concret e

0 .094 (2 .38+3 .18+1 .0) 0 On 3 .18-mm-
+0 .125+0 .04 thick adipren e
with raise d
1-mm button s

Flexco radial rubber tile 0 .10+0 .025 (2 .54+0 .64) 0 With raise d
0 .64-mm
button s
0 .185+0 .025 (4 .7+0 .64) 0 With raise d
0 .64-mm
button s
0 .075+0 .050 (1 .9+1 .3) 3 With raise d
1 .3-mm button s
0 .185+0 .050 (4 .7+1 .3) With raise d
1 .3-mm
buttons ;
indirect hi t
on third dro p
destroyed pa d

Neoprene 0 .132 (3 .35) 0 3 .18-mm thick ,

nomina l

Torgina1-type 0 .04-0 .06 (1 .0-1 .5) 0 2 of 1 0

billet s
cracked

a Foam base with intertwined rubber loops .

9-36 3/8 1
9 .4 .1 . Gap tes t

The gap test data are indicative of the shock sensitivity of a n

explosive . The values are reported as the thickness of an inert space r
material that has a 50% probability of allowing detonation when placed betwee n
the test explosive and a standard detonating charge . In general, the large r
the spacer gap, the more shock-sensitive is the HE . The values, however ,
depend on test size and geometry and on the sample (the particular lot, it s
method of preparation, its density, and percent voids) . Gap test results ,
therefore, are only approximate indications of relative shock sensitivity .
Tests have been developed covering a wide range of sensitivities fo r
solid and liquid explosives at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Nava l
Surface Weapons Center (NSWC), Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Co ., Inc ., Pante x
Plant (PX), and Stanford Research Institute (SRI) . Test results are listed i n
Table 9-6 .
The test configurations are briefly described below . In all cases ,
detonation of the acceptor charge is ascertained by the dent produced in a
"witness plate . "

• NSWC small scale gap test (SSGT) 16 :

Donor : 25 .4-mm-O .D . x 38 .1-mm-long RDX pellet .

Acceptor : 25 .4-mm O .D . x 38 .1-mm long .
Spacer : 25 .4-mm-diam Lucite disks at different thickness .
Results are reported in decibangs (DBG) and analyzed by the
Bruceton method .

• LANL small scale gap test (SSGT) 17 :

Donor : Modified SE-1 detonator with PBX-9407 pellet 0 .300-in . dia m

x 0 .207 in . long (7 .62 x 5 .26 mm) .
Acceptor : 0 .5-in . diam x 1 .5-in . long (12 .7 x 38 .1 mm) .
Spacer : Brass shims in 0 .01 in . (0 .25 mm) increments .
Results are reported in in . (mm) and analyzed by the Bruceton
method .
• LANL large scale gap test (LSGT) 17 :

Donor : 1 .625-in .-diam x 4-in .-long (41 .3 x 102 mm) PBX-9205 pellet .
Acceptor : 1 .625-in . diam x 4-in . long (41 .3 x 102 mm) .
Spacer : 1 625-in .-diam (41 .3 mm) disks of 2020-T4 Dural (aluminum) .
Results are reported in in . (mm) and analyzed by the Bruceton
method .

• PX gap test l8 :

Donor : 25 .4-mm-diam x 38 .1-mm-long LX-04 pellet .

Acceptor : 25 .4 x 25 .4-mm right cylinder .
Spacer : 25 .4-nmr diam brass shims in 0 .25-mm increments .

Results are reported in in . (mm) and analyzed by the Bruceto n

method .

• SRI gap test for liquid HB 19 :

Donor : Two 1 .625-in .-diam x 0 .5-in .-long (41 .3 x 12 .7 mm) Tetry l

pellets, each weighing about 50 g . •
Acceptor : 0 .5-in .-I .D . x 0 .1-in .-thick x 4-in .-long (12 .7 x 2 .54 x
102 mm) steel tubes .
Spacer : 0 .01-in .-thick x 1 .625-in .-diam (0 .25 x 41 .3 mm) cellulose -
acetate disks, called " cards " , used here as a unit of measurement .
 Table 9-6a . 16
NSWC small scale gap tests .

Density, P Percent Loadin g

• ,ids pressure Sensitivit y
'Explosive [g/cm3 (Mg/m3 )] % ksi (MPa) DBGa (m,n)

Comp A-5 1 .700 4 .5 16 110 4 .616 (8 .79 )

Comp B 1 .735 0 64 441 7 .277 (4 .75 )

1 .473 14 .4 4 28 4 .904 (8 .20 )

Comp C-3 1 .612 4 28 7 .510 (4 .50 )

Comp C-4 1 .643 4 28 8 .508 (3 .53 )

DATB 1 .775 3 .5 64 441 8 .882 (3 .28 )

1 .233 33 4 28 6 .909 (5 .18 )

DIPAM 1 .784 0 .3 64 441 7 .539 (4 .48 )

1 .216 32 .1 4 28 5 .233 (7 .62 )

H-6 1 .708 5 .1 40 276 7 .182 (4 .85 )

HBX-3 1 .827 3 .3 -- 9 .938 (2 .57 )

1 .732 5 .9 50 345 8 .535 (3 .56 )

HMX 1 .814 4 .7 64 441 4 .644 (8 .71 )

1 .517 20 .3 8 55 3 .526 (11 .28 )

HNAB 1 .774 -- 64 441 6 .003 (6 .38 )

1 .383 -- 4 28 3 .21,4 (12 .04 )

HNS-I 1 .694 2 .6 64 441 6 .903 (5 .18 )

1 .122 35 .5 4 28 5 .556 (7 .06 )

HNS-II 1 .725 0 .9 64 441 6 .684 (5 .46 )

1 .644 -- 32 221 (7 .52 )
1 .322 24 .0 4 28 4 .264 (9 .53 )

Lead azide (dext .) 3 .663 22 .2 64 441 -0 .303 (27 .23 )

2 .535 46 .2 4 28 -3 .622 (58 . 50 )

LX•-04-0 1 .828 3 .3 64 441 6 .199 (6 .10 )

NQ (bulk) 1 .273 28 .5 8 55 9 .689 (2 .72 )

(bulk) 0 .954 46 .4 1 .3 9 6 .387 (5 .84 )

Octol 75/25 1 .829 0 64 441 7 .086 (4 .88 )

1 .541 15 .8 4 28 3 .795 (10 .90)

1/85 9-3 9
 Table 9-6a . NSWC small scale gap tests . 16 (Continued )

•
Density, P Percen t Loading
voids pressur e Sensitivit y
Explosive [g/cm 3 (Mg/m3 )) % ksi (MPa) DBGa (mm )

PBX-9407 1 .755 3 .0 64 441 5 .884 (6 .55 )

1 .653 8 .7 32 221 5 .008 (6 .03 )
1 .269 29 .9 4 28 3 .627 (11 .02 )

Pentolite 50/50 1 .671 2 .3 32 221 4 .030 (10 .03 )

1 .363 30 .3 4 28 3 .097 (12 .45 )

PETN 1 .775 0 .3 64 441 4 .998 (6 .03 )

1 .576 11 .5 16 110 2 .476 (14 .38 )
1 .355 27 .9 4 28 2 .726 (13 .56 )

RDX 1 .717 4 .7 38 .2 263 5.073 (7 .90 )

1 .546 14 .2 10 69 3 .250 (12 .01 )
1 .188 34 .1 2 14 3 .569 (11 .18 )

TACOT 1 .698 8 .2 64 441 7 .487 (4 .52 )

1 .162 37 .2 4 28 5 .562 (7 .06 )

TATB 1 .887 2 .2 64 441 13 .604 (1 .12 )

1 .519 21 .3 4 28 7 .918 (4 .12 )
0
Tetry 1 1 .687 2 .5 32 221 5 .133 (7 .60 )
1 .434 17 .1 4 28 3 .267 (11 .96 )

TNT 1 .651 0 64 441 8 .066 (3 .96 )

1 .561 5 .5 19 131 6 .095 (6 .25 )
1 .353 18 .0 4 28 5 .067 (7 .90)

a 1 DBG = 30 - 10 log gap (10 -3 in .) .

3-40 1/8 5
 1 '17
Table 9-6b . LANL small scale gap tests .

0 Explosive Preparation
Density, p

[ g /cm 3 (M g /m 3 )]
Percen t
voids
(%)
50% poin t
mils (mm )

Baratol Cast 2 .565 2 .6 -- NO G O

Comp A-3 Hot-pressed 1 .635 3 .1 -- (0 .8 9

Bulk 0 .90 46 .7 (0 .6 4

Comp B, Grade A Vacuum cast 1 .710 1 .5 -- (0 .53 )

Comp B-3 Cast 1 .72 1 .8 (1 .22 )

Cyclotol 75/25 Cast 1 .752 1 .1 (0 .34 )

DATB Hot-pressed 1 .801 2 .0 (0 .36 )

Hot-pressed 1 .714 6 .7 -- (1 .22 )

Explosive D Hot-pressed 1 .675 2 .4 (0 .51 )

Hot-pressed 1 .604 6 .6 (0 .13 )
Bulk 1 .05 38 .8 -- NO G O

HMX Hot-pressed 1 .840 3 .2 (3 .43 )

Hot-pressed 1 .790 5 .8 -- (4 .27 )

0 Bulk (coarse)
Flash-crystal -
lized (fine)
1 .20

0 .7
36 .8

63
-- (8 .53 )

(6 .45 )

HNAB 20 Pressed 1 .601 219 (5 .6 )

21
HNS- I 1 .669 4 .1 208 (5 .28 )
1 .566 10 230 (5 .84 )
1 .376 20 .9 264 (6 .71 )

LX-04-0 Hot-pressed 1 .852 2 .1 (2 .41 )

Hot-pressed 1 .840 2 .7 (2 .31 )

LX-04-1 Hot-pressed 1 .868 1 .4 -- (1 .78 )

(pre-6/65) Hot-pressed 1 .865 1 .3 60-80 (1 .5-2 .0 )
(post-6/65) Hot-pressed 1 .865 1 .3 40-60 (1 .0-1 .5 )

LX-07-1 Hot-pressed 1 .857 1 .8 70-90 (1 .8•-2 .3 )

LX-07-2 Hot-pressed 1 .859 1 .3 70-90 (1 .8-2 .3 )

LX-09-O Hot-pressed 1 .835 1,3 75-105 (1 .9-2 .7 )

LX-10-0 Hot-pressed 1 .872 1 .7 80-100 (2 .0-2 .5 )

Hot-pressed 1 .857 2 .1 -- (2 .29 )

LX-11-O Hot-pressed 1 .867 0 .3 45-65 (1 .1-1 .7) '

1/85 9-41
 '
Table 9-6b . LANL small scale gap tests . 1 17 (Continued )

Percen t
Density, p voids 50% point
Explosive Preparation [g/cm 3 (Mg/m 3 )] (%) mils (mm )

LX-13 (See XTX-8003)

LX-14 Hot-pressed 1 .833 0 .9 60-80 (1 .5-2 .0 )

'
LX-1521 234 (5 .94 )

NM (mod . test), 7-17 (0 .18-0 .43 )

(mod . test) 2-8 (0 .05-0 .20 )

NQ Hot-pressed 1 .575 11,8 -- NO GO

Octol 75/25 Vacuum cast 1 .810 1 .4 -- (C .58 )

PBX-9007 Hot-pressed 1 .638 3 .4 (2 .01 )

PBX-9010-02 Hot-pressed 1 .783 1 .7 -- (2 .16 )

Hot-pressed 1,742 4 .0 -- (2 .7 2
Bulk 0 .88 51 .5 (5 .1 6

PBX-0911-03 Hot-pressed 1 .783 0 .7 -- (1 .60 )

Hot-pressed 1 :731 3 .5 (1 .75 )

PBX-9205 Hot-pressed 1,682 1 .6 -- (0 .76 ) •

Bulk 0 .91 46 .7 -- (7 .52 )

PBX-9404-03 Hot-pressed 1,850 0 .9 -- (2 .44 )

Cold-pressed 1 .801 3 .5 -- 2 .3 7
Hot-pressed 1 .792 4 .0 -- 3 .40 ;

PBX-9407 Hot-pressed 1,770 1 .8 -- (2 .57 )

Hot-pressed 1,696 5 .9 -- (3 .91 )
Cold-pressed 1 .598 11 .4 -- (5 .13 )
Bulk 0 .68 62 .3 -- (6 .63 )

PBX-9501 Hot-pressed 1 .843 0 .6 50-70 (1 .3-1 .8 )

Hot-pressed 1 .825 1 .3 -- (1 .52 )

Pentolite 50/50 Vacuum Cast 1 .700 0 .9 -- (0 .86 )

Hot-pressed 1 .676 2 .0 •.- (3 .12 )
Bulk 0 .75 56 .1 -- (4 .80 )

PETN Hot-pressed 1 .75 7

Bulk (coarse) 0 .89 49 .7 -- (9 .30)

1/8 5
9-42
 Table 9-6b . LANE. small scale gap tests . ' ' " (Continued )

Percen t
Density, p voids 50% poin t
Explosive Preparation [g/cm 3 (Mg/m 3 )] (%) mils (mm )

RDX Hot-pressed 1 .735 4 .1 (5 .18 )

Bulk (coarse) 1 .11 38 .7 (8 .86 )
Bulk (fine) 1 .00 44 .8 (7 .82 )
Flash-crystal -
ized (fine) 0 .7 61 (6 .77 )

TATB Hot-pressed 1 .872 3 .4 (0 .13 )

Tetryl Hot-pressed 1 .684 2 .7 -- (3 .84 )

Hot-pressed 1 .676 3 .1 -- (4 .04 )
Bulk 0 .93 46 .2 -- (7 .44 )

TNT Hot-pressed 1 .633 1 .3 -- (0 33 )

Bulk (flake) 0 .84 49 .2 -- NO CO
Bulk (granular) 0 .77 53 .4 -- (4 .11 )

XTX-8003 Uncured 1 .53 1 .7 160-190 (4 .1-4 .8 )

Cured 1 .53 1 .7 130-160 (3 .3-4 .1)

a In brass sleeve 0 .200 in . I .U . x 0 .147 in . thick (5 .08 by 3 .73 mm) .

b in brass sleeve 0 .400 in I .D . x 0 .43 in . thick (10 .2 by 10 .9 mm) .

•
1/85
9-4 3
 '1 7
Table 9-6c . LANL large scale gap tests . 1

Percen t
Density, p voids 50% poin t
•
Explosive Preparation [g/cm 3 ( Mg /m3 )] (%) in . (mm)

Baratol Vacuum cast 2 .597 1 .4 1 .705 (27 .30 )

Comp A-3 Pressed 1 .638 2 .9 (54 .51 )

Comp B, Grade A Cast 1 .712 2 .2 1 .755 (44 .58 )

Comp B-3 Cast 1 .727 1 .4 1 .982 (50 .34 )

Cyclotol 75/25 Cast 1 .757 0 .6 1 .699 (43 .15 )

Cast 1 .734 2 .2 1 .801 (45 .74 )

DATB Hot-pressed 1 .786 2 .8 1 .641 (41 .68 )

Hot-pressed 1 .705 7 .2 1 .786 (45 .36 )
Bulk 0 .81 56 .0 1 .940 (49 .3 )

Explosive D Pressed 1 .668 2 .9 (42 .42 )

Pressed 1 .604 6 .6 (42 .98 )

HMX 1 .07 43 .7 2 .783 (70 .7 )

LX-04-0 Pressed 1 .853 2 .1 (50 .16 )

LX-04-1 Pressed 1 .855 2 .1 2 .036 (51 .71 )

LX-09-0 Hot-pressed 1 .834 1 .8 (58 .47 )

NQ Pressed 1 .715 3 .5 NO GO --
Pressed 1 .609 9 .6 0 .197 (5 .00 )

Octo l
(regular HMX) Cast 1 .822 0 .7 1 .947 (49 .45 )
(large HMX) Cast 1 .815 1 .4 1 .863 (47 .32 )
Vacuum cast 1 .795 2 .0 (43 .56 )

PBX-9007 Pressed 1 .u46 2 .9 -- (52 .91 )

PBX-9010-01 Pressed 1 .786 1 .5 2 .090 (53 .09 )

Bulk 0 .81 55 .3 2 .654 (67 .4 )

PBX-9010-02 Pressed 1 .782 1 .8 2 .157 (54 .79 )

Bulk 0 .85 53 .1 2 .617 (66 .5 )

PBX-9011 Pressed 1 .761 1 .9 (51 .97 )

PBX-9205 Pressed 1 .682 1 .6 2 .001 (50 .83)

9-44 1/8 5
 Table 9-6c . LANL large scale gap tests . 1 ' 17 (Continued )

Percen t
Density, p voids 50% poin t
Explosive Preparation {g/cm 3 (Mg/m 3 )] (%) in . (mm )

PBX-9404-03 Biomodel HMX, 1 .841 1 .3 2 .268 (57 .61 )

presse d
Slurry mix, 1 .825 2 .2 2 .223 (56 .46 )
presse d
Ground, pressed 1 .755 5 .9 2 .410 (61 .21 )
Ground, pressed 1 .400 25 .0 2 .483 (63 .07 )
Ground, pressed 1 .230 34 .1 2 .526 (64 .16 )
Ground bulk, 0 .920 50 .7 2 .694 (68 .43 )
presse d

PBX-9407 Pressed 1 .772 1 .7 2 .155 (54 .74 )

Bulk 0 .60 66 .7 2 .465 (62 .4 )

PBX-9502 Pressed 1 .895 2 .4 0 .879 (22 .33 )

PBX-9503 Pressed 1 .88 2 .9 -- (42 .8 )

Pressed 1 .59 17 .9 (47 .0 )

Pentolite 50/50 Cast 1 .702 0 .8 2 .549 (64 .74 )

Pressed 1 .635 4 .4 2 .703 (68 .66 )

PETN Raw 0 .81 54 .2 2 .732 (69 .4 )

RDX Pressed 1 .750 3 .3 2 .434 (61 .82 )

1 .09 39 .8 2 .764 (70 .2 )

TATB Pressed 1 .870 3 .6 0 .863 (21 .92 )

Tetryl Hot-pressed 1 .690 2 .3 -- (59 .82 )

Pressed 1 .666 3 .7 2 .386 (60 .60 )
0 .85 50 .9 2 .725 (69 .2 )

TNT Pressed at 70° 1 .626 1 .7 1 .944 (49 .38 )

Cast 1 .615 2 .4 1 .114 (28 .30 )
Creamed 1 .582 4 .2 0 .814 (20 .68 )
Pressed at 65°C 1 .631 1 .4 1 .828 (46 .43 )
Pressed at 25°C 1 .505 9 .0 -- (54 .92 )
Pressed at 25°C 1 .220 26 .2 -- (56 .26 )
Flake 0 .87 47 .4 1 .460 (37 .1 )
Granular 0 .73 55 .9 2 .268 (60 .8 )

Tritonal Cast 1 .792 _1 .0 0 .870 (22 .10)

1/85
9-4 5
 Table 9-6d . PX gap tests for insensitive HE .

Percent t
Density, P 50% point
voids
Explosive Preparation [g/cm 3 (Mg/m3)]T-) in . (mm )

Baratol l8 Machined 2 .610 0 .7 (8 .76 )

Comp B 22 Cast 1 .714 2 .2 (23 .2 )

DATB22 1 .781 3 .2 (17 .86 )

1 .446 21 .3 (19 .94 )

LX-04 23 Machined 1 .862 1 .4 (20 .3 )

LX-17-0 23 Pressed 1 .902 (1 .35 )

Machined 1 .899 (2 .29 )

PBX-9404 22 Pressed -- -- (27 .3 )

PBX-9502 23 1 .884 2 .4 (2 .11)

TATB18'G3 Pressed 1 .883 -- -- ( .5 .3 )

Pressed 1 .861 4 .0 -- (5 .61 )
Pressed 1 .700 12 .3 -- (14 .10 )
Bulk 1.03 --- (10 .2-16 .3 )

Table 9-6e . SRI gap test sensitivities of liquid explosives . 19

LVD gap HVD gap HVD velocity

Explosive cards a (mm) cards a (mm) (km/s )

FEFO 1500-1800 (381-457) 77 (19 .6) 7 .2

FEFO/AFNOL 87/13 <70 (<17 .5 )

NG/EGDN 50/50 11,000 (2790) 180 (45 .7) 7 .6 1

NM 20-44 (5 .1-10 .2) 6.3

NM/TNM 50/50 354-394 (90-100) 4o (10) 7 .4

aCellulosA acetate disk, .010 in . thick

1/85
9-46
 9 .4 .2 . Critical energ y

Data from a number of sources show that a rather strict boundary exist s
between shock initiation and noninitiation of an explosive when critica l
energy is plotted as a function of the energy fluence of the shock wave . Eac h
explosive studied has a specific critical energy fluence value . Critica l
energy as a function of pressure and time has not been explored widely, bu t
the data to date indicate that the critical energy fluence for initiation i s
probably reasonably constant over the . initiation-pressure ranges of interest . 2 4
A critical energy equation has been derived from the conservation and Hugonio t
relationships . The equation is :

2
tP '
Ec
pUs
where
E c = critical energy in cal/cm 2 (J/m2 ) ,
t = pulse-width of the incident shock in us ,
P = shock pressure in kbar (GPa) ,
p = density of the explosive in g/cm 3 (Mg/m3 ) ,
U shock velocity in cm/psec (km/s) in the explosive at pressure P .
s

Table 9-7 gives i:he E c values for several l1Es .

3/81 9-47
 Table 9-7 . Critical energies for shock initiation .

Density, _ E a
P c
Explosiv e [g/cm 3 (Mg/m3 )] [cal/c m2 (kJ/ m2 )] Ref .

Comp B 1 .73 1 (1850) 39

Comp B- 3 1 .727 33 (1381) 38
DAT B 1 .676 39 (1632) 24
HNS- I 1 .555 <34 (<1422 )
Lead azid e 4 .93 0 .03 (1 .255) 1i 24
LX-04 1 .865 26 (1090) 24
LX-0 9 1 .84 23 (962) 26
NM 1 .13 404 .7 (17,000 ) 1' 24
PBX-940 4 1 .84 15 (630) 24
1 .842 15 (644) 27
PET N =1 .0 1,2 (ti84) 24
1 .0 2 .7 (120) 24
=1 .6 ti4 (ti167) 24
RDX 1 .55 (680) c 38
TATB 1 .93 226 (9500) b 24
1 .762 72-88 (30)3-3682) 24
Tetry l 1 .655 10 (420) 28
TNT (cast ) 1 .6 100 (4200) b 29
1 .620 32 (1339) 24
(pressed) 1 .645 34 (1420) 24

a One cal/cm` = 4 .184 x 104 J/m2 .

b Values were estimcted from data other than critical energy determination s
and should be considered tentative .
c Constant energy threshold not confirmed .

9-4 8
9 .4 .3 . LVD screening tes t

A donor-acceptor test was developed at LLNL to determine the relativ e

shock sensitivities of liquid explosives . 30 In this test, a thin ,
wedge-shaped film is spread on an aluminum tray, which also serves as a
witness plate . The sample is initiated by a donor system consisting of a
detonator and a variable-PETN-content booster . The booster pellet varies fro m
20 to 100 wt% PETN (p = 0 .95 Mg/m3 ), and the output pressure varies fro m
4 .9 to 17 .9 GPa . Transitions between HVD, LVD, and failure are discernible o n
the witness plate . Transition thresholds and failure are shown in Table 9- 8
as a function of output pressure .

Table 9-8 . Pressure at transition threshold and detonation failure thickness .

Deusi.ty, p Failure Failur e

Pressure thickness thicknes s
Liquid HE [g/cm3 (Mg/m 3 )] (GPa) HVD (mm) LVD (mm )

NG 1 .6 <4 .9 NO GO GO 0 .0
1 .6 <4 .9 HVD 0 .6 GO 0 .0
FEFO 1 .6 8 .9 NO GO GO 0 .0
1 .6 17 .1 HVD 2 .8 GO 0 .2

9 .4 .4 . Initial shock pressur e

Shock initiation experiments, such as wedge tests, provide records o f

initial shock pressure-distance histories characteristic to each HE . Th e
log P-log x equations in Table 9-9 represent least squares fits in th e
pressure ranges indicated . 31 The P-x 1 equations in the table represen t
least squares fits for runs (x) of less than 25 mm . Some of the fits ar e
shown graphically in Figs . 9-21a through 9-21d, known as Pop plots .

1/82 9-4 9
 Table 9-9 . Least squares fits for shock initiation data .31-33,3 7

Density, p
Pressure Range, P
Explosive [g/c m 3 (Mg/ m3 ) ] Equation a (GPa )

Baratol 2 .61 1 log P = 1 .2352 - 0 .3383 log x 6 .8 < P < 1 2

P = 5 .44+22 .47 x1 6 .8 < P < 1 2

Comp B 1 .7 2 log P = 1 .5587 - 0 .7614 log x 3 .7 < P < 12 . 6

HMX 1 .89 1 log P = 1 .18 - 0 .59 log x 4 .4 < P < 9 . 6

LX-04-1 1 .86 2 log P = 1 .338 - 0 .656 log x 6 .8 < P < 16 . 7

LX-17 1 .90 log P = 1 .4925 - 0 .5657 log x 6 < P < 23 . 5

NQ (large grain) 1 .659-1 .723 log P = 1 .44 - 0 .15 log x 13 .4 < P < 26 . 3
(commercial) 1 .68 8 log P = 1 .51 - 0 .26 log x 21 .2 < P < 29 . 1

PBX-9011-06 1 .79 0 log P = 1 .1835 - 0 .6570 log x 4 .8 < P 16 •

P - 2 .59 + 13 .55 x 4 .8 < P < 1 6

PBX-9404 1 .84 0 log P - 1 .1192 - 0 .6696 log x 2 <P <2 5

P - 2 .17 + 9 .88 xl 3 < P < 25
1 .72.. 1 log P - 0 .9597 - 0 .7148 log x 1 .2 < P 6 .3
P - 1 .09 + 8 .71 x 2 .0 <P < 6 . 3

PBX-9407 1 .6 0 log P = 0 .57 - 0 .49 log x 1 .4 < P < 4 . 7

PBX-9501-01 1 .83 3 log P - 1 .0999 - 0 .5878 log x 2 .5 < P < 6 . 9

1 .84 4 log P - 1 .1029 - 0 .5064 log x 2 .5 < P 7 .2

PBX-9502 1 .89 6 log P - 1 .39 - 0 .31 log x 10 .1 < P < 1 5

9-50 1/8 5
Table 9-9 . Least squares fits for shock initiation data . 31-33,37 (Continued )

Density, p
Pressure Range,P
Explosive [g/c m3 (Mg/m3 )] Equation a (GPa )

PETN 1 .7 5 log P = 0 .57 - 0 .41 log x 1 .7 < P < 2 . 6

1 .7 2 log P 0 .6526 - 0 .5959 log x 2 .0 < P < 4 . 2
1 .60 log P = 0 .3872 - 0 .5038 log x 1 .2 < P < 2 . 0
1 .0 log P = -0 .3855 - 0 .2916 log x 0 .2 < P < 0 . 5

TATE 1 .87 6 log P = 1 .4170 - 0 .4030 log x 11 < P < 1 6

P = 8 .24 + 26 .01 x- l 11 < P < 1 6
(superfine) 1 .8 1 log P = 1 .31 - 0 .43 log x 10 < P < 2 8
(micronized) 1 .8 1 log P = 1 .41 - 0 .38 log x 14 .3 <P < 27 . 8

Tetryl 1 .70 log P = 0 .79 - 0 .42 log x 2 .2 < P < 8 . 5

1 .30 log P = 0 .87 - 1 .11 log x 0 .37 < P < 6 . 9

TNT (cast) 1 .63 5 log P = 1 .40 - 0 .32 log x 9 .2 < P < 17 . 1

(pressed) 1 .6 3 log P = 1 .0792 - 0 .3919 log x 4 < P < 12

XTX-8003 1 .53 log P as 0 .7957 - 0 .463 log x 3 .0 < P < 5 .0

$Where x = run distance to detonation in mm ; P = initial shock pressure in GPa .

l/Sb 9-51
Fig . 9-21a . Pop plots of representative explosives .

Density (p )
Curve number Explosive [g/cm 3 (Mg/m 3 )] Ref .

1 Baratol (cast) 2 .6-2 .62 37

2 Comp B 1 .72 34
3 LX-17 1 .90 23
4 PBX-9404 1 .84 37
5 PBX-9407 1 .6 37
6 Tetryl 1 .70 37
7 Tetryl 1 .30 37
8 TNT (cast) 1 .62-1 .63a 37
9 TNT (pressed) 1 .63 34

a 25-73°C .

9-52 1/8 2
Fig . 9-21b . PETN and PETN-based explosives as a function of density .

Density (p )

Curve number Explosive [g/cm3 (Mg/m 3 )] Ref .

1 PETN 1 .0 33,3 4
2 PETN 1 .6 33,3 6
3 PETN 1 .72 33,3 6
4 PETN 1 .75 36
5 XTX-8003 1 .53 33,37

i
 10 0

10

1 1 1 l l l l 1 1 1 1 , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l

1 10 100
Pressure - GP a

Fig . 9-21b . (Continued )

1/82 9-5 5
 •

Fig . 9-21c . Pop plots of insensitive explosives as functions of densit y ;

particle size, and temperature . a

Density (p )

Curve number Exnlosive [g/cm3 (Mg/m 3 )] Particle size Ref .

1 LX-17 1 .90 Coarse 23

2 LX-17 1 .81 Coarse 23
3 LX-17 1 .92 13 Coarse 23
4 LX-17 I .88 c Coarse 23
5 NQ l .i9 34
6 NQ 1 .72 Large grain 37
7 NQ ,1 .69 Commercial 37
8 PBX-9502 1 .90 Standard 37
9 PBX-9502 1 .89 Standard 40
10 TATB 1 .84 Med . coarse 23
11 TATB 1 .88 Purified 37
12 TATB 1 .81 Micronized 37
13 TATB 1 .81 Superfine 37

a Temperature is ambient unless noted otherwise .

b -44°C .
c 68°C .

9-56 1/8 2
100 1 l I - 1 I I 1 1 I 1 - I I T 1 f I 1 - 1 I I I

3 1
2 \ 3
10 .1 1 0 '
I
4
13 7

1
12

0.1 I 1 1 I I ► i ~ l i l t < < 1 I t

0.1 1 10 100
Pressure - GPa

Fig . 9-21c . (Continued )

Fig . 9-21d . Pop plots of HMX and HMX-based explosives .

Density (p )

Curve number Explosive [g/cm3 (Mg/m3 )] Ref .

1 HMX 1 .89 37
2 LX-04-1 1 .86 41
3 LX-07-2 1 .86 42
LX-09-0 1 .84 41
5 LX-10-0 1 .86 42
6 PBX-9011 1 .79 37
PBX-9404 1 .72 37
PBX-9404 1 .84 37
9 PBX-9501 1 .83 37
10 PBX-9501 1 .84 41

9-58 1/8 2
100 r- 1 ~ I I I

10

'7 J

10
- 1
3~ 2

t l 11 I! I I I I 1 19 1 i 11

1 10 100
Pressure - GPa

Fig . 9-21d . (Continued)

9 .5 . REFERENCE S

1. B . M . Dobratz, Properties of Chemical Explosives and Explosive Simulants ,

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-51319 Rev . 1
(1974) .

2. R . N . Rogers, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, persona l

communication (1979) .

3. R . R . McGuire, The Properties of Benzotrifuroxan, Lawrence Livermor e

National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-52353 Rev . 1 (1978) .

4. D . Breithaupt, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1975) .

5. P . E . Kramer, Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Co ., Inc ., Pantex Plant ,

. Amarillo, TX, personal communication (1980) .

6. L . G . Green and A . M . Weston, Data Analysis of the Reaction Behavior o f

E xplosive Materials Subjected to Susan Test Impacts, Lawrence Livermor e
National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-13480 (1970) .

7. L . G . Green, A . M . Weston, and J . H . van Velkinburg, Mechanical Behavio r

of Plastic-Bonded Explosives Vertically Dropped on a Smooth . Rigid, Stee l
Target Surface, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . Livermore, CA ,
UCRL-51022 1971) .

8. L . G . Green, A . M . Weston, and J . H . van Velkinburg, Mechanical an d

Functional Behavior of Skid Test Hemispherical Billets, Lawrenc e
Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-51085 (1971) . •

9. J . A . Crutchmer, Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Co ., Inc ., Pantex Plant ,

Amarillo, TX, personal communication (1979) .

10. J . A . Crutchmer, Skid Test Sensitivity of Cast Composition B-3 at Ambien t

and Low Temperatures, Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason & Co ., Inc ., Pante x
Plant, Amarillo, TX, MHSMP-80-35 (1980) .

11. Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason, Co ., Inc ., Pantex Plant, Amarillo, TX ,

Monthly Progress Report, Process Development and R&D Purchase Orders ,
MHSMP-80-25 (1980) .

12. A . S . Dyer and J . W . Taylor, "Initiation of Detonation by Friction on a

High Explosive Charge," in Proc . 5th Symp . (Int .) on Detonation, Offic e
of Naval Research, Arlington, VA, ACR-184 (197077 -57- 291-300 .

13. J . A . Crutchmer, Skid Sensitivity of As-Pressed PBX-9404, Mason &

Hanger-Silas Mason Co ., Inc ., Pantex Plant, Amarillo, TX, MHSMP-79-5 0
(1979) .

14. R . E . Henry, Evaluation of. Floor Coverings For Explosives Work Areas ,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCID-16887 (1975) .

0
9-6C 1/82
 15. J . A . Crutchmer, Development of the Pantex Floor Covering Skid Tes t
Criteria, Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Co ., Inc ., Pantex Plant, Amarillo ,

0 16.
TX, MHS17 P-78-44 (1978 )

J . N . Ayers, L . J . Montesi and R . J . Bauer, SmallScale Ga Test (SSCT )

Data Compilation : 1959-1972 . Volume 1-Unclassified Explosives, U .S .
Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD ,
NOLTR 73-132, AD-773743 (1973) .

17. M . J . Urizar, S . W . Peterson, and L . C . Smith, Detonation Sensitiv e

Tests, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, LA-7193-MS (1978) .

18. P . E . Kramer, TATB Sensitivity Testing, Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Co . ,

Inc ., Pantex Plant, Amarillo TX, MHSMP-74-35T (1 .974) . ,

19. R . W . Woolfolk, Stanford Research Institute, 'Menlo Park, CA, persona l

communication (1970) .

20. D . M . O'Keefe, HNAB : Synthesis and Characterization, Sandia Nationa l

Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, SAND 74-0239 (1976)7-

21. H . Golopol, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1979) .

22. T . E . Larsen, Los Alamos National Labors , :ory, Los Alamos, NM, persona l
communications (1978, 1979) .

23. B . M . Dobratz, M . Finger, L . G . Green, J . R . Humphrey, R . R . McGuire, and

H . F . Rizzo, Selected Sensitivity Tests of Triami .notrinitrobenzene_ (TATB )
Formulations and Their Evaluation, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ,
Livermore, CA, UCID-18026 (1979) .

24. Walker, F . E ., R . J . Wasley, L . G . Green and E . J . Nidick, Jr ., Critica l

Energy For Shock Initiation of Fuze Train Explosives, Lawrence Livermor e
National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-75339 Preprint (1974) .

25. D . Price, U .S . Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak Laboratory, Silve r
Spring, MD, personal communication (1967) .

26. L . G . Green, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1972) .

27. L . G . Green, E . J . Nidick, Jr ., and F . E . Walker, Critical Shoc k

Initiation of PBX-9404, A NewApproach, Lawrence Livermore Nationa l
Laboratory, Rapt . UCRL-51522 (1974) .

28. L . G . Green, E . J . Nidick, Jr ., and F . E . Walker, Critical Energy fo r

Shock Initiation of Tetryl and A-5, Lawrence Livermore Nationa l
Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCID-16469 (1974) .

29. M . L . Schimmel, QUEST-Quantitative Understanding of_Explosive Stimulu s

Transfer, Summary Report--Tasks 1 through 6 . McDonnell Aircraft Co . ,
St . Louis, MO, NASA-CR-2341 (1973) .

1/82 9-61
30. K . Scribner, R . Elson, R . Fyfe and J . P . Cramer, "Physical Stability an d
Sensitivity Properties of Liquid Explosives", in Proc . 6th Symp . (Int . )
on Detonation, Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA, ACR-221 (1976) ,
57-466-474 . •

31. B . G . Craig, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, persona l
communication (1974) .

32. J . Wackerle and J . O . Johnson, Pressure Measurements on the Shock-Induce d

Decomposition of High-Density PETN, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lo s
Alamos, NM, LA-5131 (1973) .

33. D . Stirpe, J . O . Johnson, and J . Wackerle, J . Appl . Phys . 41, 3884-389 3

(1970) .

34. J . B . Ramsey and A . Popolato, "Analysis of Shock Wave and Initiation Dat a
for Solid Explosives," in Proc . 4th Symp . (Int .) on Detonation, Office o f
Naval Research, Washington, DC, ACR-126 {1965), pp . 233-238 .

35. I . E . Lindstrom, J . Appl . Phys . 37, 4873-3880 (1966) .

36. J . Wackerle, J . O . Johnson and P . M . Halleck, "Shock Initiation o f

High-Density PETN," in Proc . 6th Symp . (Int .) on Detonation, Office o f
Naval Research, Arlington, VA, ACR-221 (1976), pp . 20-28 .

37. T . R . Gibbs and A . Popolato, LASL Explosive Property Data (University o f

California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1980) .

38. Y . de Longueville, C . Fauquignon, and H . Moulard, "Initiation of Severa l

Condensed Explosives by a Given Duration Shock Wave," in Proc . 6tti Symp . 0
(Int .) on Detonation (Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA, 1976 )
ACR-221, pp . 105-114 .

39. H . Moulard, "Critical Conditions For Shock 1 :t.itiation of Detonation B y

Small Projectile Impact," in 7thSymp.:_ (Int .) on Detonation (Annapolis ,
MD, June 16-19, 1981) Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA, Preprints ,
pp . 182-189 .

40. W . Seitz, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, persona l
communication (1980) .

41. L . G . Green and R . J . Wasley, Shock Initiation of LX-04-1 and LX-09-0 ,

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-50672 (1969) .

42. L . G . Green, R . J . Wasley, and P . Kramer, Shock Initiation of LX-07-2 an d

LX-10-0, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,
5CRL-50851 (1970) .

•
9-62 1/82
 10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIE S

Like other polymeric materials, the secondary HEs discussed here are goo d
electrical insulators . They are not considered sensitive to accidenta l
initiatic :i from electric spark ; . Primary explosives are more easily initiate d
by accidental electrical stimuli . Table 10-1 lists the highest electrostatic-
discharge energies tolerated by an explosive at 5000 V without ignition .

Table 10-1 . Highest electrostatic-discharge energy at 5000 V for zerc ignitio n

probability of explosives . l

Energy ( .7 ) _ Type of ignitio n

Explosive Unconfined Confine d Unconfined Confine d

Black powder a >>1.2 .5 0 .8 None Deflagratio n

Explosive Db >12 .5 6 .0 None Detonatio n

a 0 .02 5 6 .0 Deflagration Detonatio n

Lead aside 0 .0 ( '70

} 0 .0070 Detonation Detons ien

Lead styphnate 0 .0009 0 .0009 Detonation Deton4 tio n

NC (13,4% N) 0 .061 3 .1 Deflagration Deflagratio n

NG (25°C) >12 .5 0 .90 None Detonation

PETNb >11 .0 0 .21 None Detonatio n

a 0 .062 0 .21 Deflagration Det:onatie r

Tetrylb >11 .0 4 .68 None Detonatio n

a 0 .007 4 .38 Deflagration Detonation

TNT b >11 .0 4 .68 None Detonatio n

a 0 .062 4 .38 Deflagration Detonation

a Through 100 mesh .

b As received .

3/81 10-1 .
10 .1 . DIELECTRIC CONSTAN T

The dielectric constant (c), also called relative permittivity, i s

density- and temperature-dependent ; it is defined as the ratio of th e
capacitance of a condenser filled with the samnle material to the capacitanc e
of the condenser having a vacuum between its plates . Table 10-2 gives th e
dielectric constants of several explosives .
An empirical, logarithmic relationship has been established fo r
two-component HEs composed of the same materials in different proportions . 2
Figure 10-1 illustrates this mixing rule for TNT/RDX compositions . Th e
relationship is expressed as :

log e t = 8 1 log e l + 0 2 log e 2 ,

where

!= relative permittivity of the mixture ,

et
relative permittivities of components ,
el, e2
6 1 , 02 in volume ratios of components .

10-2 1/85
 RDX - wt o

Fig . 10-1 . Logarithmic mixing rule applied to TNT/RDX mixtures .2

 Table 10-2 . Dielectric constant, c, at room temperature .

Density, p Eg/cm3 (Mg/m 3 ) ]

Material 0-0 .99 1 .C-1 .19 1 .2-1 .39 1 .4-1 .59 1 .6-1 .79 1 .8-1 .99 2 .0-2 .19 2 .2-2 .39 2 .4-2 .59 <4 1•

AN ti7 .l a 3

Baratol 4 .12 1) 2

Boracitoi 2 .84 b 2

Comp B 3 .25 1) 2

Comp B-3 (pressed) 3 .41 c 4

Cyclotol 75,1 25 3 .30 2, 5

FPC 461 2 .82 d 6, 7

HMX-I(b ) 3 .087 e 8

HMX-I I (u ) 4 .671 E 8

HMX-III(y ) 3 .867 E 8

Kel-F 3 .00 d 9

Lead azide 15
(a axis) 17 f
(b axis) 120 E
(c axis) 40 f

LX-04-1 3 .44 c 4
 •

Table 10-2 . Diel .ctric constant (£) at room temperature . (Continued )

Density, p [g/cm3 (Mg/m3 )]

Materia l 0-0 .99 1 .0-1 .19 1 .2-1 .39 1 .4-1 .59 1 .6-1 .79 1 .8-1 .99 2 .0-2 .19 2 .2-2 .39 2 .4-2 .59 <4 Ref .

Octo l 3 .20 e 2

PBX-940 4 3 .52 c 4
(pressed )

PETN 2 .1028 2 .3108 2 .4478 2 .727g 2,6, 7

2 .5778 2 .897 g

PETN 2 .95 c 4
(detonator grade ) 3 .5 d 2, 5

Picric aci d 3 .5 9 16

Polystyren e 2 .49-2 .554 10,1 1

2 .61 d

RDX 3 .14 d 12

Sylgar d 2 .77 b 10,1 1

Tetryl 2 .059 g 2 .1638 2 .728 g 3 .097 g 2, 6

2 .9058 3 .3048
 Table 10-2 . Dielectric constant (e) at room temperature . (Continued )

Density, p jg/cm3 (Mg/m3) ]

Material 0-0 .99 1 .0-1 .19 1 .2-1,39 1 .4-1 .59 1 .6-1 .79 1 .8-1 .99 2 .0-2 .19 2 .2-2 .39 2 .4-2 .59 <4 Ref .

TNT (cryst .) 2 .048 g 2 .131 g 2 .629 g 6

2 .795 g

(cast ) 2 .88 e 2, 6
( a axis ) 2 .564 h 13
( b axis ) 2 .347 h 13
(c axis ) 2 .083 h 13

Vitcn A 10 .5d 14

a Measured at 9 .52 GHz .

b Measured at 3 GHz .
c Measured at 25 CHz .
d Measured at I kHz .
e Measured at 5 Fitz .
f Measured at 10 2-10 6 Hz .
g Measured at 35 GHz .
Measured at 10 kHz .
10 .2 . REFERENCE S

1. B . T . Fedoroff and O . E . Sheffield, Encyclopedia of Explosives an d

Related Items, Army Armament Research and Development Command, Dover, NJ ,
PATR-2700 1972) -ol . 5, p . E43 .

2. B . Hayes, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, persona l

communication (1956) .

3. J . J . Makosz and A . Gonsior, Acta Phys . Polonica 39, 371-373 (1970) .

4. K . Ernst, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, persona l

communication (1972) .

5. M . Fulk, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, persona l

communication (1972) .

6. G . F . Cawsey, J . L . Farrands, and S . Thomas, Proc . Roy . Soc . (London )

248A, 499-521 (1958) .

7. Firestone Plastics Company, Pottstown, PA, Exon, Sales Service Bulleti n

No . 20 (1956) .

8. M . Bedard, H . Huber, J . L . Meyers, and G . F . Wright, Can . J . Chem . 40 ,

2278-2299 (1962) .

9. Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co ., St . Paul, MN, Kel- F

Elastomer-Properties and Applications, Service Bulletin (no date) .

10. J . Brandrup and E . H . Immergut, Eds ., Polymer Handbook (Interscience, Ne w

York, NY, 1975) .

11. Dow Corning, Hemlock, MI, Information About Electronic Materials ,

Bulletin 07-123 (May 1964) .

12. P . G . Hall and G . S . Horsfall, Chem . Soc . (London) J . Farad . T"runs . I I

69, 1515-1521 (1973) .

13. D . C . Heberlein, Dielectric Changes in a-Trinitrotoluene, U .S . Arm y

Mobility Equipment Research and Development Center, Fort Beivoir, VA ,
Rpt . 2160 (1975) .

14. E . I . DuPont de Nemours and Co ., Inc ., Wilmington, DE, The Engineerin g

Properties of Viton Fluoroelastomer, (Bulletin) A-99064 (no date.

15. W . L . Garrett and P . J . Kemmey, Dielectric Constant Measurements on Lea d

AzideSingle_Crystals, U .S . Army Armament Research and Developmen t
Command, Dover, NJ,ARLCD-TR-80023, AD-E400469 (1980) .

16. H . Kronberger and J . Weiss, Chem . Soc . (London) J ., 464-469 (1944) .

 11 . TOXICITY

Toxic reactions can result from exposure to some HEs and components b y
inhalation of the dust or vapor, by ingestion, or by contact with the skin .
Most explosives are not hignly toxic, but careless handling can result i n
systemic poisoning, usually affecting the bone marrow (blood-cell-producin g
system) and the liver .
The following general precautions (LLNL standard operating procedures )
should be observed on all HEs :
1. The material should be handled only in a well-ventilated area .
2. Skin contact should be avoided . Explosives can 1 , e absorbed throug h
the skin, or they may cause skin rash (which is the most commo n
symptom among explosives handlers) . Daily baths and changes o f
clothing are recommended for persons engaged in HE processing .
Toxicities, when known, are listed in Table 11-1 . The toxicities o f
mixtures are like those of their components .

Table 11-1 . Health hazards of explosives and binders .

Material Degree of toxicity Ref . Material Degree of toxicity Ref .

AN Low 6 HMX Low 6

AP Low 6 HNAB Low 12
BDNP-F None 1 HNS Low 12
BTF Low 16 Lead azide High 6
Cab-O-Sil Low 2 NC None 6
CEF Moderate 3 NC High 6
when ingested NM Moderate 6
Comp C-4 Moderate 4 NQ High 6
DATB Low 14 PETN High 6,1 5
DEGN Moderate 5 Picric acid Moderate 9
DIPAM Moderate 6 RDX Low 13,1 5
DOP Low 7 TATB Low 14
Es tare None 8 Tetryl High 6,1 5
Explosive 0 Moderate 9 TNM Very high 6
FEFO High 10 TNT Moderate 6
FPC 461 Low 11

I/8 5
11 .1 . REFERENCE S

1. M . Finger, Properties of Bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)acetal an d

Bis(2,2-dinitrcpropyl)forma], EutecticMixture, Lawrence Livermor e
National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCID-16088 (1972) .

2. H . G . Hammon, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1974) .

3. Celanese Corporation, Chemical Division, New York, NY, Celluflex CEF ,

Products Bulletin N-46-2 (1955) .

4. A . J . Hollander, Mil . Med . 134, 1529-1530 (1969) .

5. W . H . Rinkenbach and H . A . Aaronson, Ind . Eng . Chem . 23, 160-163 (1931) .

6. N . I . Sax, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials (Reinhold, Ne w

York, NY, 1979) .

7. M . Radeva and S . Dinoeva, Khig . Zdraveopazvane 9(5), 510-16 (1966) ; cite d

in Chem . Abstr . 66, Abstr . 103632 (1967) .

8. B . F . Goodrich Company, Cleveland, OH,Estane Polyurethane Solutio n

Systems, TSR 64-18 (1964) .

9. The Merck Index, 9th ed . (Merck and Co ., Inc ., Rahway, NJ, 1976) .

10. B . J . Mechalas and P . H . Allen, Toxicology Screening of FEFO, Lawrenc e

Livermore National Labor atory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-13372 (1968) .
•
11. Firestone Plastics Co ., Pottstown, PA, Sales Service Bulletin No . 20 (n o
date) .

12. A . C . Schwarz, Applications of Hexanitrostilbene (HNS) in Explosiv e

Components, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, SC-RR-71067 3
21972 .

13. A . S . Kaplan, C . F . Berghout, and A . Peczenik, Arch . Environ . Health 10 ,

877-883 (1965) .

14. T . R . Gibbs and A . Popolato, LASL Explosives Properties Data (Universit y

of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1981) .

15. W . Z . Whong, N . D . Speciner, and G . S Edwards, Toxicol . Lett .,_, 11-1 7

(1980) .

16. R . J . Slape, Mason & Hanger, Silas Mason Co ., Inc ., Pantex Plant ,
Amarillo, TX, personal communication (1972) .

11-2 1,/0)5
 II . MOCK EXPLOSIVE S

12 . INTRODUCTION

A series of mock materials has been formulated that duplicat e

compositional, mechanical, or other properties of HEs but lack their hazards .
These explosive simular"s have proven convenient for test purposes because o f
their relative insensitivity . Characteristics and properties of these mock s
are summarized in this section acr e rding to the same scheme used for HEs i n
the preceding section .
A mock HE is a nonexplosive equivalent of a particular explosiv e
formulation . The approved all-purpose mock for LX-04-1 might be calle d
LM-04-1 at LLNL . However, mocks seldom pair in one-to-one relation with th e
corresponding HE . For PBX-9404, for example, there are three separate mocks :
a compositional mock, a physical-property mock, and a thermal mock . For thi s
and other reasons too involved to explain here, no attempt is made to achiev e
correspondence beyond the class designation .
Selection of the best mock HE for a specific purpose involves th e
following steps :
• Selection of the properties to be mocked . Some examples are :

1. Atomic composition .
2. Density .
3. Thermal properties .
a. Coefficient of thermal expansion .
b. Heat transfer properties (see Section 15) .
4. Mechanical properties .
a. Elastic behavior .
b. Viscoelastic behavior .
c. Failure behavior .

• Comparison with the HE of interest over the appropriate temperatur e

range . This may be done either by direct comparison of propertie s
or by comparison of results from analytical calculations .

3/81 12-1/12-2
 13 . MOCK EXPLOSIVES - NAMES AND FORMULATION S

Formulations of mock explosives contain about 0 .05% of a red pigment tha t

uniquely identifies them as a class of materials . Table 13-1 lists thei r
compositions .

Table 13-1 . Formulations of mock explosives .

Explosive an d
Mock HE properties mocked Composition, wt %

900-10 PBX-9404 : mechanical Pentaerythritol 48 . 0

properties Ba(N03)2 46 . 0
NC 2.8
CEF 3 .2

900-15 PBX-9501 : thermal Ba(N0 3 ) 2 84 . 5

properties Polystyrene 11 . 6
DOP 3 .9

900-19 PBX-9502 Cyanuric acid 95

Kel-F 800 5

905-03 PBX-9404 and LX-10 : Cyanuric acid 60

atomic composition Melamine 32
NC 4
CEF 4

LM-04-0 LX-04 : atomic composition a Cyanuric acid 59 . 7

Melamine 23 . 5
Viton A 16 . 8

RM-04-BG LX-04 : mechanical properties-- Cyanuric acid 70 . 5

static and dynamic Ba(N03) 2 14 . 5
Viton A 15

a Although designed as an atomic-composition mock, LM-04-0 can also be use d

as an approximate mock of the mechanical properties of LX-04-1 at ambien t
conditions .

11/8 . 13-1/13- 2
 14+ . MOCK EXPLOSIVES - PHYSICAL PROPERTIE S

Table 14-1 gives the densities and elemental compositions of moc k

explosives .

Table 14 . 1 .' Physical states, densities, and atomic compositions of mock HEs .

D eusity, p
;-
TMD Nominal density
Physica l Elemental composition $_-_ -
3
Mock HE state (g/cm (Mg/m3 )) (g/cm3 (Mg/m3 )) C H N 0 Othe r

900-10 Solid 1 .89 1 .88 1 .89 4 .44 J .38 2 .62 Ba 0 .1 8

Cl 0 .0 3
P 0 .0 1

900-15 Solid 2 .30 2 .23 2 .21 2 .21 Cl 0 .0 4

F 0 .1 3

900-19 Solid - 1 .64 2 .32 3 .18 2 .96 : .60 Cl 0 .0 4

P 0 .0 1

905-03 Solid 1 . :•';:, 1 :60 1 .13 1 .27 0 .65 1 .98 Bs 0 .3 2

LM-04-0 Solid 1 .727 1 .70 2 .34 2 .66 2 .51 1 .39 F 0 .6 3

RM-04-BG Solid 1 .914 1 .87 2 .02 1 .86 1 .75 1 .97 Ba 0 .06

F 0 .5 4

a Molecular weights of these mixtures are arbitrarily taken as 100 .

11/84 14-1/ 14- 2

 15 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S

This section contains information oh the selection of heat transfe r

properties, thermal conductivities (A), coefficients of thermal expansio n
(CTE), glass transition points (T g ), specific heats ( C p ), and indication s
of thermal stability (DTA) .
Table 15-1 shows how to select the appropriate heat-transfer propertie s
to be simulated . This table is based on mocking the temperature unde r
specific conditions . In steady-state problems with insulated o r
prescribed-temperature boundary condit:iona, thermal properties have n o
significance and any material could be used .

Table 15-1 . Criteria for selection of heat-transfer properties to be mocked .

Transient Steady-stat e
Boundary conditions problems a problems a

No heat generatio n
Insulated a
Prescribed temperature a
Prescribed heat flux a,A A
Convection a,A A

Heat Generatio n
InsulaL d a,A A
Prescribed temperature a,A A
Prescribed heat flux a,A A
Convection a,A A

a Here A M thermal conductivity, a == A/p .

3/81 13- 1
15 .1 . THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND SPECIFIC HEA T

Specific heats were determined by an ice calorimetric technique . Tabl e •

15-2 gives the data ; Figs . 15-1 and 15-2 show thermal conductivity an d
specific heat as functions of temperature .

Table 15-2 . Thermal conductivities (0 1 and specific heats (C ) . 2

Cp
x
[Btu/lb-°F ,
Mock HE Btu/hr-ft-°F (10 -4 ca1/cnr-sec°C) (W/m-K) a c al/8-°C] (kJ/kg- :;) b

900-10 0 .31 (12 .8) (0 .54) 0 .23 (0 .96 )

900-15 -- 10 .8 (0 .45 )
900-19 24 .9 (1 .04) --
905-03 0 .36 (14 .9) (0 .62) 0 .29 (1 .21 )
LM-04-0 0 .59 (24 .3) (1 .02) 0 .28 (1 .17 )
RM-04-BG 0 .66 (27 .2) (1 .14) 0 .24 (1 .004)

a One cal/cm-sec-°C = 4 .184 x 102 W/w-K ; 1 Btu/hr-ft-°F r 0 .0041 4

cal/cm-sec-°C = 1 .73 W/m-K .
bOne Btu/lb-°F = 1 cal/g-°C 4 .184 kJ/kg-K .

15-2 3/8 1

tAtleligfitift&I
 0.7 --j 30

0 .6 25

1 .0

0.8

EL
Q)

0 .4

15

0.6

c I
0 .3 -
-120 0 120
Temperature -° F
l.-_ I 1
200 250 300 35U
Temperature - K

Fig . 15-1 . Thermal conductivity (A) of LM-04-0 and 905-03 as a function o f

temperature . Conversion factors : 1 Btu/hr-ft-°F 1 .73 W/m-K ; 1
cal/cm-sec-°C 4 .184 x 10 2 W/m-K .
 0 .3 5

W 0 .2 6

0 .20

L I 1 10 .76
-120 -60 0 60 120 180
Temperature - ° F

200 250 300 36 0

Temperature - K

Fig . 15-2 . Specific heat (C p ) of mock HEs as a function of temperature .

Conversion factors : 1 Btu/hr-ft-°F - 1 .73 W/m-K ; I cal/cm-sec-°C 'm 4 .184 x
10 2 W/m-K .

15-4 3/81
 15 .2 . THERMAL EXPANSION

Early CTE data for cyanuric acid-type mock HEs were affected by surfac e
chalking rnd growth ; this is now prevented by a Parylene coating . CTE dat a
are given in Table 15-3 .

Table 15-3 . Coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE)a,3 and glass transitio n

temperatures (T g ) .

Linear CTE (a)

[10- 6 cm/cm-° C Tntn erature
Mock HE 10 -6 in ./in .-°F (Um/m-K)] °F (K )

900-10 15 .5 (27 .9) -65 to -30 (219-239 )

23 .3 (41 .9) -10 to 165 (250-347 )

905-03 20 .8 (37 .4) -65 to -10 (219-250 )

29 .5 (53 .1) 10 to .65 (261-347 )

LM-04-0 2' .5 (38 .7) -65 to -24 (219-243 )

43 .9 (79 .0) 10 to 165 (261-347 )

RM-04-SG 19 .2 (34 .6) -65 to -20 (219-244 )

37 .5 (67 .5) U to 165 (255-347 )

Cubic CTE (0 ) _
T
[10- 6 cm/cm-°C Temperature g Pressed density p
Mock HE (pnt/m-K)) ° C (K) °F (K) [g/cnf (Mg/rn3 ) ]

900-10 -18 (245) 1 .880-1 .88 2

905-03 -18 (245) 1 .574-1 .58 9

LM-0/e-0 -18 (245) 1 .705-1 .71 5

KM-04-BG 199 .4 meas .4 -30 to 70 --18 (245) 1 .8 0

198 talc . (243-343)

a One in ./in .-°F = 1 .8 cm/cm-°C = 1 .8 m/m-K .

3/81 15- 5
15 .3 . THERMAL STABILITY

Mock HE 900-10 has been widely used for many years, both at LLNL and a t
LANL, where it was originally formulated . However, it can be considered a
low-grade propellant since it contains a fair amount of Bak_ )3 ) 2 . It
burns in air with a sooty flame . Decomposition at 250°C (523 K) results i n
about 117 ml of gas evolved per gram of material . TIGER calculations wer e
made for approximations of volume burn . The solid products of combustion hav e
not been clearly identified ; they could be either BaCO 3 or BaO . If we
assume that the more energetic BaCO 3 is a product, the calculated energ y
equivalent is about one-third that calculated for TNT . Many differentia l
thermal analyses (DTAs) have been made ; they all show a characteristi c
exotherm (see Fig . 15-3) . Mock HE 900-10 is difficult to ignite and does no t
propagate a detonation, but it is definitely an exothermic material . It i s
strongly recommended that 900-10 not be used in experiments involving fissil e
materials . 5
RM-04-BG contains relatively less Ba(NO3 ) 2 . TIGER calculations fo r
its volume burn indicate that more heat is required to decompose it than i s
provided by the final oxidation ; nevertheless, RM-04-BC; does show a smal l
exotherm at 400°C (673 K), Clearly RM-04-BG presents less of a potentia l
hazard than mock 900-10, but it also should not be used for experiments wit h
0
fissile materials . 5
The thermal stability of explosive simulants was studied using DTA (se e
Fig . 15-3) . 6

e
15-6 3/81
+3
900-1 0

+2

100 200 300 400 500

Temperature - ° c

Fig . 15-3a . DTA curve for, mock HE 900-10 . 46

+1 2
900-1 3

+8

+4

-4

-8

-12 L. . .~ l
0 100 200 300 400 500
Temperature °c

Fig . 15-3b . DTA curve for mock HE 900-13 .4 6

15-8 3/8 1
 +3
905-0 3

+2

+1

d 0

-2

-3
l l I 1
0 100 200 300 4 00 500

Temperature - ° C

Fig . 15-3c . DTA curve for mock HE 905-03 . 4 6

3/81 15- 9
 0
3/81
 +6
RM-04-B G

+4

+2

< 0

-2

-4

-6- _I - 200l I I I
0 100 300 400 500

Temperature - ° C

Fig . 15-3e . DTA curve for RM-04-BG .4 6

15-11
15 .4 . REFERENCE S

1. R . C . Murray, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1972) .

2. T . Hoheisel, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1969) .

3. R . C . Murray, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1968) .

4. M . Finger, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1965) .

5. E . James, Jr ., Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1973) .

6. P . Crawford, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1980) .

•
15-12 3/81
 16 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

The data presented here l are for each mock HE without comparison wit h
the corresponding live HE . A mechanical mock can best be selected b y
selecting the appropriate mechanical property to be simulated and the n
comparing. that property with the available data for the HE .

16 .1 . TIME- AND RATE-DEPENDENT MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Included here are data on failure envelope, initial modulus ( E O ), an d

tension creep .

16 .1 .1 . Tensile test s

Failure envelope . Figure 16-1 shows failure envelopes of mock HEs a t

constant strain rate .

Initial uniaxial modulus . Figure 16-2 shows initial uniaxial modulu s

E O vs temperature .

Tensile creep . Figure 16-3 shows tensile creep compliance for explosiv e
simulates at different temperatures at 50 psi (0 .345 MPa) .

High-strain-rate tensile tests . The Hopkinson split-bar technique wa s

used to determine the compressive stress-strain properties of mock HE an d
Viton . 3 The results are shown in Fig . 16-4 .

16 .1 .2 . Compressive test s

Compressive stress-strain . Figure 16-5 shows uniaxial compression dat a

for RM-04-BG at various strain rates . 2

Compressivecreep . Figure 16-6 shows compressive creep of RM-04-BG a t

constant strain rate of 0 .1 s -l and at ambient temperature .
 2000 13 .79

-r---- LM-04- 0
AM-04-8 G
-30°F (236 K)
900-1 0
905-03

Strain - pin ./in . (mm/in )

Fig . 16-1 . Failure envelopes of mock HEs at constant strain rat e

(1 .25 x 10-5s-1) . Conversion factor : 1 psi = 6 .895 kPa .

16-2 3/81
 2.5

2, 0 RM-04-9 v 13 . 8
to
0 --- 1 -00 900 . 1 0
--~- • 905-0 3
a

6 .8 9

Temperature - ° F

250 300 350 400

Temperature - K

Fig . 16-2 . Initial uniaxial modulus E 0 vs temperature . Conversion factor :

1 psi gm 6 .895 kPa .

3/81 16-3
 160 23 2

• RM-04-B G
-• 900-1 0
d-~-• -- 906-03

11 6

58

10 20 30
Time - h

Fig . 16-3 . Tensile creep compliance for explosive simulants at differen t

temperatures at 50 psi (0 .345 MPa) . Conversion factor : 1 in2/lbf s
1 .45 x 10- 4 m2 /N .

16-4 3/81
 RM .-04--BG dat a
Viton-A dat a
Extrapolation

rig . 16-4 . 'tensile stress and tangent moduli for RM-04-BG and Viton as a
function of strain rate . l Also shown is the ultrasonically determine d
modulus Eu . Conversion factor : 1 psi = 6 .$95 kPa .
 103 .43
15

2000 s

68 .95
10

-134 .47
5

Strain -- `yo

Fig . 16-5 . Uniaxial compression data for RN-04-BG at various strain rates a t
ambient temperature . Conversion factor : 1 psi 6 .895 kPa .

16-6 3/81
 I 'r-
101 psi (6696 kPa )
70°C ..•
RM-04-BG

b
r+
r 77 psi (531 kPa )
0°C
•• . •• •

' • . •' ' • 5 ps. . ...

psi (695 kPa )

22° C

d L_J
0,01 0 .1 1 10 10 0
Time - h

Fig . 16-6 . Compressive creep o ,f RM-Q4-BG at constant strain rate of 0 .1.s 1 . 4

3/81 16- 7

-tr•~v;w; i ?~k.,r ;~. ~~u r '4 . . r s,,. ~ .i ' r,` .e~~'~`a-~a ,~ .. t- r .:r 4r?. j^'~t 4 4 ,f1•. Ki .: : .µ'~•.~ Tl.'.~r~ r~~~ .
 16 .2 . COMPLEX MODULUS PROPERTIE S

16 .2 .1 . Complex shea r
•

The components of the complex shear modulus G* (storage modulus G ' , los s
modulus G", and tan 6 = G'/G") have been measured with a Rheometri c
Mechanical Spectrometer (RMS) . Results are shown in Fig . 16-7 .

16 .3 . FRICTION

Static coefficients of friction are listed in Table 16-1 . The kinemati c

coefficient of friction for RM-04-BG is shown in Fig . 16-8 .

10 1 2 1- 1 3.2
I I I 1 I I i- 1 I I
900. 10 Storage modulus (G' )
0. Loss modulus (r") -- 2 . 8
Tan delt a
0
N 2.4

2.0

1 .2

0.8

N 0.4

... . I
. . . . . .Iy . .r. .e. . . . .• ____
106 rrrr, s+w~r .r. . -

-150 -130 -110 -90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130
Temperature - °C

Fig . 16-7 . Shear storage and loss moduli and tan 6 for 900-10 . 5
 Table 16-1 . Static friction of mock HEs . 6

Contact surface and roughnes s

Dry_

Aluminum Plexiglas Mild stee l

Material Roughness 8 10 1 3 7 8 10

900-10 : Pressed 0 .414 0 .364 0 .319 0 .332 0 .381 0 .310 0 .21 0

Machined 0 .374 0 .332 0 .306 0 .290 0 .384 0 .287 0 .21 0

905-03 : Pressed 0 .319 0 .322 0 .595 0 .456 0 .312 0 .265 0 .22 2

Machined 0 .381 0 .351 0 .423 0 .291 0 .312 0 .281 0 .18 8

KM-04-W : Pressed 0 .428 0 .439 0 .481 0 .541 0 .547 0 .433 0 .30 6

Machined 0 .381 0 .445 0 .590 0 .344 0 .578 0 .537 0 .361

10-2
Sliding velocity - in ./min (4 .23 m/s )

(1 0 -6 ) (1o-4 )
Sliding velocity - 4 .23 X m/ s

Fig . 16-8 . Kinematic coefficient or friction for RM-04-$C . 7

3/81 16- 9
16 .4 . HUOONIOT DATA

16 .4 .1 . Shock loadin &

•

Results from narrow-pulse flyer plate impact tests are shown in Fig . 16- 9
as a plot of particle velocity vs shock velocity . Input and output pulse s
were generated experimentally at three depths in explosive simulants by a
0 .28-mm thick, foam-backed aluminum plate . Figure 16-10 shows sustaine d
shock-loading effects from flyer-plate impact tests . Output pulses wer e
generated experimentally at three depths (nun) in explosive simulants by a
3 .05-mm thick, foam-backed aluminum impactor .

16 .4 .2 . Sound velocities and unreacted Huoniot s

The Hugoniots of unreacted mock HEs were determined from Marsh's measure d
sound velocities 8 (Table 16-2) and are summarized in Table 16-3 .

3 .2

E 2.8

2 .4 0
0 .2 0 .4

Particle velocity - mm/µsec (km/s )

Fig . 16-9 . Shock velocity vs particle velocity for mock HEs and LX-04-1 . 9

16-10 3/81
 2 .4
(a) (b)
LM-04- 0
••••••••• RM-04-B G

1 .6

0. 8

o, O J 1
cD

(c ) (d )

0
1. 6

0. 8

1 .0 0 0 .5 1 .0
Time- p s

Fig . 16-10 . Input and output pulses generated experimentally at three depth s
in LL-04-0 and RM-04-BG by a 0 .28-mm-thick (nominal) aluminum driver plat e
backed with foam . (a) Input pulse, (b) 3 .1-mm depth, (c) 6 .2-mm depth, an d
(d) 9 .5-mm depth . Conversion factor : 1 bar = 10 5 Pa . 9

3/81 16-11
 •

Time -- p s

Fig . 16-11 . Output pulses generated experimentally at three depths (2, 6 ,

and 10 mm) in mock 900-10, 900-19, and 905-03 by a 3 .05-mm-thick aluminum ,
foam-supported impactor . The impact velocities (km/s) were (a) 0 .210 ,
(b) 0 .298, and (c) 0 .416 . 10

16-12 3/81
 Table 16-2 . Sound velocities .

Density, p C A, cs cb

Mock [g/cm (Mg/m3 )) (km/s) (km/s) (km/s )

900-10 1 .84 3 .22 1 .56 2 .6 7

1 .88 3 .21 1 .56 2 .6 5

900-19 1 .64 2 .59 1 .29 2 .1 2

905-03 1 .61 2 .70 1 .48 2 .0 9

1 .60 2 .22 1 .16 1 .96 a

a This sample was found to be anisotropic, and its bulk velocity wa s

estimated from additional measurements on another sample .

Table lb-3 . Least squares fits for Hugoniots of unreacted mock HEs .

Density, p
Mock [g/cm (Mg/m3 ) Equation Range (km/s )

900-10 1 .84 U - 2 .70 + 1 .62 U

s p

905-03 1 .61 U = 2 .67 + 1 .57 U U < 6 .2 8

s p s
1 .61 U s = 3 .39 + 1 .25 U p U s > 6 .27

3/81 16-1 3
1 .6 .5 . REFERENCE S

1. R . C . Murray, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication (1970) .

2. K . G . Hoge, Applied Polymer Symposia 5, 19-40 (1967) .

3. K . G . Hoge, Explosivstoffe 18, 39-41 (1970) .

4. K . Scribner, A Physical Properties Mock For LX-04-1, Lawrence Livermor e

National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCID-15495 (1965) .

5. D . M . Hoffman, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,

personal communication, 1980 .

6. J . R . Anthony and R . W. Ashcraft, Coefficient of Static Friction Betwee n

Explosives and Machine Surfaces, Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Co ., Inc . ,
Pantex Plant, Amarillo, TX, MHSMP-79-11 (1979) .

7. K . G . Hoge, "Friction and Viscoelastic Properties of Highly Fille d

Polymers : Plastic-Bonded Explosives," in Developments in Theoretical an d
Applied Mechanics, Vol . 4 (Pergamon Press, Oxford, f7), pp . .71-' .

8. S . Marsh, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, persona l

communication (1974) .

9. R . J . Wasley and R . H . Valentine, Shock-Pulse Attenuation and Hugonio t

Studies . )f Three Explosives and Three Mock Explosives, Lawrence Livermor e
National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-50950 (1970) .

10. B . Olinger and J . W . Hopson, "Dynamic Properties of Some Explosives an d

Explosive Simulents," in Proc . Symp . (Int .) on High Dynamic Pressures ,
Paris, France (1979), pp . 9-19 .
 III . FORMULATION DESIGNATIONS (CODES )

This section defines and describes the codes in use at LLNL and LANL fo r
designating explosive materials . Three categories of explosives are covered :
LLNL formulations in production, LLNL research formulations, and LANL PB X
designations . The code for each type is distinctive and easily recognized .

17 . LLNL CODE DESIGNATION S

17 .1 . FORMULATIONS IN PRODUCTION (LX CODE )

A specific code designation in this category is assigned to an explosiv e

when the state of development of its formulation has reached the point where :

1. A set of reasonable manufacturing specifications can be written fo r

the developed formulation .
2. The evaluation of the material's chemical, physical, explosiv e
properties and sensitivity is essentially complete .
3. The material has a definite application .

This code consists of the two letters (LX), a dash, two digits, a secon d
dash, and a single digit . Thus we have LX-Oi-O, LX-02-1, . . ., LX-05-O, etc .
The first pair of digits is an arbitrary serial number assigned in sequence .
The final digit denotes a subclass in the series ; it indicates the smal l
changes in manufacturing specifications that inevitably occur . For example ,
when LX-04-0 has undergone a revision of explosive particle size, new lot s
manufactured under the revised specification are identified as LX-04-1 .

LX-01 A liquid material, characterized by a wide liquid range [-65° t o

+165°F (219-347 K)], moderate energy release, and good stability an d
sensitivity properties .
LX-02 A material of puttylike texture characterized by its ability t o
propagate in very small diameters . LX-02 is derived from a series o f
DuPont formulations, the EL-506 series . Its immediate predecessor i n
development, called EL-506 L-3, represented one of several LLN L

3/81 17-1
 modifications to DuPont's EL-506D . EL-506 L-3 became LX-02-0, an d
differed from the above composition by including a few tenths of a
percent of a red dye (DuPont Oil Red) . Later, the dye was omitte d
because it tended to migrate out of the explosive under certai n
conditions .
LX-04 A solid explosive characterized by excellent mechanical an d
compatibility properties, an energy release about 9% less than LX-09 ,
and sensitivity properties much superior to LX-09 .
LX-07-2 A modification of LX-04 with a higher energy release (5% less tha n
LX-09) obtained at the expense of some degradation in mechanica l
properties (e .g ., less elongation) and in sensitivity .
LX-08 An extrudable, curable explosive developed for use in Dautrich e
timing tests .
LX-09 An explosive similar to the LANL explosive PBX-9404 but wit h
significantly improved thermal stability and slightly poorer physica l
properties .
LX-10 An explosive in the same energy class as LX-09 and PBX-9404 but tha t
uses HMX and Viton A like LX-04 and has excellent therma l
characteristics . It also exhibits high creep resistance but may b e
somewhat more sensitive than the other HEs .
LX-11 An explosive like LX-04 but intentionally degraded in energy b y
adding an additional 5% binder .
LX-A3 A variant of the LANL explosive XTX-8003 .
LX-14 An explosive similar to PBX-9404 in energy but that uses HMX an d
Estane (like PBX-9011) and has excellent thermal characteristics . I t
exhibits higher creep resistance than LX-10 and sensitivity simila r
to LX-04 .
LX-15 A booster explosive based on HNS and used for detonator applications .
LX-l6 A booster explosive based on PETN and used for detonator applications .
LX--17 A solid explosive characterized by dramatic insensitivity t o
mechanical stimuli, outstanding mechanical and compatibilit y
properties, and an energy release about two-thirds that of PBX-9404 .
It uses TATB and Kel-F 800 .

17-2 3/81
17 .2 . RESEARCH EXPLOSIVES (RX CODE )

Research and development programs generate a great variety of explosiv e

formulations that never enter " production . " These materials are designate d
" Research " explosives, and are identified by a code patterned after the L X
code . The code is applied to all materials formulated in large amounts o r
handled by large numbers of people .
The RX code consists of the letters RX, a dash, two digits, another dash ,
and two capital alphabetic characters . Thus we might have RX-01-AA, RX-13-XD ,
etc . The two digits, assigned arbitrarily in sequence, define a general clas s
of formulation . Thus, RX-01 refers to nitromethane liquid formulations, RX-0 2
to PETN extrudable formulations, etc . The two final letters in the code, als o
assigned arbitrarily in sequence (AA, AB, etc .) refer to a specifi c
formulation within that general class . No correlation exists between RX an d
LX code-number sequences .

RX-01 Liquid materials containing nitromethane .

RX-02 Extrudable materials containing PETN .
RX-03 Solid, plastic-bonded materials containing DA B€'B or TATB .
RX-04 Solid, plastic-bonded materials composed of RMX and fluorocarbo n
elastomer . A specific example is RX-04-AB (HMX/Viton A 85/15) ; th e
HMX is defined as Holston's Class A . This material is for researc h
purposes only ; it is very much more sensitive than LX-04 having th e
identical chemical composition .
RX-05 Solid, plastic-bonded materials based on HMX and polystyrene .
RX-06 Extrudable materials based on RMX/4,4-dinitropentanoic acid este r
formulations .
RX-07 Series A : Cyclotols (RDX/TNT) containing various additives . Series B :
LX-07-type explosives .
RX-08 Research explosives based on formulations of HMX, energetic liquids ,
and polymers . These explosives are primarily for use i n
polymerization/pressure-casting experiments .
RX-09 Research explosives based on formulations of HMX and energeti c
binders . The binders are primarily based on plasticize d
poly(2,2-dinitropropylacrylate) . These explosives are intended to b e
high-energy formulations replacing PBX-9404 .

3/81 17-3
RX-10 Rigid plastic-bonded explosives containing RDX and a fluorocarbo n
binder . They are primarily designed as insensitive replacements o f
PBX-9010 .
RX-1' Rigid plastic-bonded explosives containing HMX and a light meta l
perchlorate .
RX-12 Inert metal-loaded formulations of HMX/Viton .
RX-13 Potentially explosive materials compounded to produce color change s
from the heat produced upon impact .
RX-14 HMX/polyethylene formulations . These explosives possess a very hig h
degree of insensitivity, even though they are formulated wit h
relatively low volume percentages of binder .
RX-15 PETN-or BTF-based rigid PBXs .
RX-16 HMX/silicone formulations made in paste or putty form using a spray-o n
catalyst .
RX-17 HMX-based rigid explosives using various binders and energeti c
plasticizers .
RX-18 Paste explosives containing HMX and a perchlorate . The carrier flui d
is energetic (e .g ., EUNP or FEFO) .
RX-19 An extrudable explosive consisting of Class-E HMX and water with a
reinforcing agent (such as milled glass fibers) and a wetting agent .
RX-20 Research explosives based on BMX and an energetic binder .
RX-21 Research explosives based on !MX, a perchlorate, and energetic binders .
RX-22 Research explosives for exploring advanced energy concepts .
RX-23 Liquid explosives based on hydrazine .
RX-24 Research explosives containing HMX, PVC/PVA, and graphite ,
RX-25 Research explosives based on MX, a light metal, a perchlorate, and a
binder .
RX-26 High-temperature composite explosives based en TATB .
RX-27 High-temperature explosives based on TACOT .
RX-28 Conventional high-temperature plastic-bonded explosives .
RX-29 Explosives consisting of separate components that ara nondetonabl e
until mixed .
RX-30 Research explosives based on gelled nitromethane and variou s

perchlorates .
RX-31 Blasting agants containing aluminum, gelled nitromethane, and ammoniu m
nitrate .

17-4 3/81
RX-32 Explosives containing RDX, perchlorates, and curable binders .
Primarily for use in polymerization casting experiments .
RX-33 Low-density explosives containing appreciable bulking agents such a s
foam, hollow beads, etc . Density is generally less than 1 .2 g/cm 3 .
RX-34 Non-ideal research explosives based on ammonium nitrate .
RX-36 Explosives containing HMX, TATB, and BTF .
 18 . LANL CODE DESIGNATION S

The Los Alamos National Laboratory has a number code for designating PB X
materials that reach the stage of pilot or full-scale production . The cod e
consists of four digits, a dash, and two more digits (for example, 9010-02) .
The first two digits give the weight percentage of the major explosiv e
ingredient in the formulation . The next two digits represent an arbitrar y
serial number, assigned in sequence as materials are developed . The digit s
following the dash represent a second arbitrarily assigned serial number t o
designate different modifications of a given formulation . Thus, PBX-9010-0 2
is a material that contains 90 wt% of the major explosive ingredient, is th e
tenth 90%-material to be developed, and is the second modification of tha t
particular composition .
The last two digits are often deleted in references to LANL materials .
Thus, production PBX-9404 should, strictly speaking, be designate d
PBX-9404-03 . The -03 designates a product manufactured in Holston equipmen t
from W( with a particular particle-size distribution .
LANL research explosives carry the designation X followed by a four-digi t
number .

18-1/18-2 3/81
 IV . DATA SHEETS : COLLECTED PROPERTIES O F
EXPLOSIVES, ADDITIVES, AND BINDER S

19 . DATA SHEET S

This section contains the assembled data sheets of properties o f

individual explosives and related materials of continuing interest to thi s
Laboratory . Some property data given in Section I have been omitted from th e
data sheets . For example, critical diameters are listed only in Table 8-10 .
For details, conversion factors, and references, please refer to Section I .
The symbols and units used in these data sheets are listed in Table 19-1 .

Table 19-1 . Symbols and units used in the data sheets .

Property Symbol Uni t

Boiling point b .p . °C (K )
Chapman-Jouguet pressure P kbar (GPa )
CJ
4110 Coefficient of thermal expansion :
linear a um/ m- K
cubic S um/ m- K
Complex shear modulus G* Pa
Creep complianc e J m2/N
Crystal dat a A
Density P g/cm3 (Mg/m3 )
Detonation velocity D mm/t'sec (km/s )
Dielectric constant e
Drop weight sensitivity H m
50
Energy (cylinder test) (mm/usec) 2 (MJ/kg )
E cy l
Gap test Ga p mil (mm )
Glass transition temperature T °F (K )
g
Heat of detonation kcal/g (kJ/kg )
AH de t
Heat of formation AH f kcal/mol (kJ/mol )
Initial modulus Eo GP a
Melting point m .p . °C (K)

3/81 19- 1
 Table 19-1 . Symbols and units used in the data sheets . (Continued )

Property Symbol Uni t

Molecular refractio n R
Molecular weigh t MW
Refractive inde x n
Skid tes t Ski d ft (In )

Solubilit y sol :
Sound velocity :
bul k Cb km/ s
longitudina l 'km/ s
shea r Cs km/ s
Specific hea t C cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K )
P
Thermal conductivit y A cal/sec-cm-°C (W/m-K )
Btu/hr-ft-°'P (W/m-K )
Vapor pressure v .p . mm Hg (Pa )

19-2 3/81
 EXPLOSIVE : ANATOL 80/20 DESIGNATION : E~>n]at0~ 8 O
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )
wt% Tg (°F (K)) :
Ammonium nitrate R0
TNT 20 Cp (col/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :

Thermal stability (cm' of gas evolved c ; 120 ° C

(393 K1 :
4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr :
Physical state : soli d 1 g for 48 hr :
Color : buff/yellow
At . comp. : C0 .62 H 4 .44 N 2 .2G o 3 .5 3 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
MW : 100 D (mm /µsec (km/s)) : 5 .2 ( P = 1 .6 }
Density (gTMD: 1 .71 0
Nominal : 1 .46 cast PCJ (kbar (10-1 GPs)): (P =

b .p
p. ° C )
v .p . ( ram (K ) Hg (Pa)) : Calc .:

Ecyl ((mm/µsec)2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : ( p= )

6 mm:
Crystal data :
19 mm :
9 . SENSITIVIT Y

N50 (m) : 12 tool 1213 too l

~R.
Susan test :
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

A Hdet (kcal /a (MJ/kg)) : H2O ( 1 )_ H2O (

g)
Calc : 1 .20 (5 .02) 0 .976 (4 .08 )
Exp: 1 .02 (4 .27) Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Even t
A Hf (kcal/lOOg (kJ/1000 ) : -88 .6 (-370 .8 )

Solubility (s-sal ., sl -sl . sol ., i-insol .):

Gap test (mils (mm)) : ( p=

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES _
10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
A:
CTE :

11 . TOXICIT Y
Moderate

1/85 19- 3
Amatol 80/2 0
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modulus

Creep Failure envelop e

NOTES
-"t I 1 1 ( I

0 200 35 0
Temperature - ' C
OTA curve

3/8 1
19-4
 EXPLOSIVE : AMMONIUM NITRATE DESIGNATION : AN
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . 1HERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

Tg (°F (K)) :

0 0
H-N^H C p (cal I g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
H a Est . 0 .4 at 0•C (1 .67 at 273 K )

r r Thermal stability (cm 3 crr yas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 ;ir :
Physical state : soli d 1 g for 48 hr:
Color : clea r
At . comp . : NH 4 NO 3 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
MW : 80 .05 D (mm /µsec (kni/s)) : -1 .5 (p = -0 .7 )
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD : 1 .72 5
Nominal : 1 .72 P CJ (kbar (14-1 GPa)) : (P = )
m .p . (o C (K)) : 169 (442 )
b .p . ( C (K)) : dec . 210 (483 ) dec . Meas . :
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Calc . .

E cyl ((mm/µsec ) 2 /2 (M J /kg)) : ( p= )

6 mm :
Crystal data : AN II I AN II AN I
Orthorhomi c Tetragonal. Cubi c 19 mm :
(Prima ) (P4/mbm) (Pm3m)
9 . SENSITIVITY
a • 7 .7 2 5 .7 4 .3 7
b •n 5 .85 H 50 (m) : 12 tool 128 too l
c - 7 .1 6 4 .93
5 kg : -- --
2 .5 kg : 1 .36 >3 .2 0
R:
Susan test :
n: 1 .53
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

...I Hdet (kcal/9 (MJ/kg)) : H 2O (R ) H2O (g )

-
Cale :
Exp: Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Event
H f (kcal/moI (kJ/mol)) : -87 .27 (-365 .1 )

Solubility (s- ol ., sl -sI . sol ., i -insol .) :

s--,.p ater, DMFA, nitric aci d Gap test (mils (mm) ) : (p = )
al--ethanol, pyridin e
i--acetone, ethyl acetate, ethyl ethe r

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
X : 2 .9-3 .9 r 10 - 4 cal/cm-sec-°C (0 .121-0 .163 W/m-K)

CTE : 0 . 982 Wn/m-K at 293 K e: -7 .1 (p '' 1 .67 )

11 . TOXICITY
Low

1/82 19- 5
AN
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

lnitioi modulus

Creep Failure envelope

NOTES

100 - 1 1

75 -

50 - -

25 -

_ 1 i 1
00 100 200 300 400 50 0
Temperature - ' C
TGA curv e

_
0 Z~0 35 0
Temperature - ' C

DTA (-) and pyrolysis (--) curves

1/8 2
19-6
 EXPLOSIVE : AMMONIUM PERCHLORATE DESIGNATION: AP
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

+ _. Tg (°F (K)) :
r
H-N--H 1-O C p (ca :/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
H Est . 0 .31 at 15-240•C (1 .29 at 288-513 K )
Est . 0 .37 at >240'C (1 .53 at >513 K )
Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C
(393 K l :
L . PHYSICAL PROPERTIE S 0 .25 g for 22 hr :
Physical state : soli d 1 g for 48 hr :
Colrr :whit e
8 . DETONATION PROPER,iE S
At . comp . : NH4C10 4
MW : 117 .5 D (mm /µsec (k,n/s) ) : (p =
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD: 1 .95

Nominal : PCJ (kbar (10 -1 GPs)) : (P = 1 .9 5

m .p . (°C(K)) : >220 with dec . (493 dec . )

b .p . (°C (K)) : Maas . :
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : Calc . : 18 7

Ecyl ((mm/µsec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : (p = )

6 mm :
Crystal data : Orthorhomi c Cubi c
<240 0 C (Pnma) >240°C (F43m ) 19 mm:
a - 9 .2 3 7 .6 7 9 . SENSITIVIT Y
b - 7 .4 5
c - 5 .8 2 H~ (m) : 12 tool 12B tool

R:
n: 1 .48 Susan test :

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

D H it (kcal/ 9 (MJ/kg)) : H2O (1) H2O (g )

Colc :
Exp : Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
H i (kcal/ mol(k.J/mol)) : -70 .58 (-295 )

Solubility (s -sol ., sl -sl . sol ., i - insol . ) : Gap test (mils (mm)) : ( FP' )
s--DMFA, wate r
sl--acetone, ethano l
i--ethyl ether, ethyl acetat e

b . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
A: 12 .0 x 10-4 cal/cm-sec- ' C (0 .502 W/m-K) at 323 K

CTE : u - -40 Um/m-K at 293 K :

11 . TOXICITY

L
Low

1/82 19- 7
AP
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S
Sound velocity (km/a) : c R c8 cb

( p - 1 .95) 2 .8 4

Initial modulus

Creep Failure envelop e

NOTES

100

75

V 5

25

1 I I 1
00 100 200 300 400 500
Temperature - '' C
TGA curv e

iIi
I
0 200 50 0
Temperature - . 0
DTA (-) and pyrolysis (--) curves

1/82
19-8
EXPLOSIVE : BARATOL DESIGNATION : Baratol
?. STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )
wt %
T g (°F (K)) :
TNT 24
Ba(NG 3 ) 2 76
C p (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
Exp . 0 .157 at 30'C (0 .657 at 303 K )

Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K1 :

4 . PHYSIC' L PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : 0 .015-0 .0 2

Physical state : solid 1 g for 48 hr: 0 .1 9

Color : --
8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
At, comp . : c tl N o Ba
0 .74 0 .53 0 .90 7., 38 0 .2 9
MW : 10 0 D (mm // .tsec (km/s) ) : 4 .87 (P = 2 .5 5
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD: 2 .63
^
Nominal : 2 .60-2 .61 PCJ (khan ( ' -1 GPa) ) : ( p= 2 .6 1
m .p . (°C(K)) : 79-3J (352-353 ) Meas . : - -
( °C (K)) :
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : 0 .1 3t 100'C (13 .33 at 373 K ) CaIc . : ]4 0

E cyl ((mm/ p sec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg j ) : ( p= )

6 mm :
Crystal data :
19 mm:
9. SENSITIVIT Y

H 50 (m) : 12 tool 12B too l

5 kg : 0 .95 --
2 .5 kg : 0 .68--1 .4 0 .98--1 . 8

Susan test :

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

a Hd.t (kcal/g (M J /ke)) : H2O

H 2O (A) (g )
Calc : 0 .74 (3 .10) 0 .72 (3 .01 )
Exp: Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Event
H f (kcal/].00q (kJ/1008)) : -70 .6 (-296 )

Solubility (ssl-sl . sal ., i-insol .) : Gap test (mils (mm)) : (p''

NSWC-SSGT :
LANL-SSGP : NO GO (p - 2 .565 )
I.ANL-LSGT : (27 .30) ( p - 2 .597 )
PX-GT : (8 .76) (p - 2 .610 )
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES SR1-GT : _
1 0, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES:
A: 11 .84 X 10 -4 cal/cm-sec-'C (0 .495 W/m-K) a t
291-348 K c ;
CIE : 4 .12 (p 2 .59 )
a - 33 + 0 .26T pm/rn-K at 233-333 K

11 , TOXICITY

1/85 19- 9
 Barato l
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S
Sound velocity (km/0 : CR c8 cb

(p - 2 .611) 2 .95 1 .48 2 .4 0

Initial modulu s

Creep Failure envelop e

NOTES

*---,

_
I

0 200 35 0

Temperature - . C

[TA (--) and pyrolysis (-) curves

3/8 1
19-10
MATERIAL : BIS(2,2-DINITBOPROPYL)ACETAL / DESIGNA" ION : BDNPA-F
FiIS(2,2-DINITROPROPYL)FORMAL (Plasticizer )
50/50 wtZ SUPPLIER : -
2 . STRUCTURAL FORMULATIO N
Cu .
wt%
F3DNPA 515 - CH 3C(N02 ) 2 CH2 -O-CH-O-C11 2 C(NO 2 ) 2 CH 3
I3DNPI 5U
CH 3C(No2 ) 2 C 1 2 -0-CH 2-o-CH2 c(NO 2 ) 2 CH 3

4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIE S
Physical state : liqui d Crystal data :
Color : straw
At . comp . .
MW
Density (g/cm3) : TMD :
Nominal : 1 .383-1 .397 a t
m .p . (° C (K) ) : 25°C (298 K ) R :
150 at 0 .01 mm Hg ( ..423 at : 1 .33 Pa ) n : 1 .462-1 .464 at 25°C (298 K )
bp (°C
V .P .. (m m () )pa~
rthe poin H9 `C' )(K)) : Shore hardness
f .p . (°C (K) ) : <-6 (<268)

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

AH f ('Kcal/mol (kJ/mol) ) Tensile strength (psi (kPa) ) :
-46 .38 kcal/100 g (-194 .1 kJ/0 .1 kg )
Solubility (s-sol ., sl-sl . sal ., i- insol .) : Elongation (04 :
s - benzene, toluen e
i - water

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES 10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIE S

CTE :

II . TOXICIT Y
None .
Tg (°F (K) ) :

C p (cal/g-°C(kJ/kg-K) ) :

NOTES

3/81 19-1 1
EXPLOSIVE : BLACK POWDER DESIGNATION : Black Powd;l
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )
wt %
95 T9 ( r (K)) :
KNO 3 or NaNO 3
Charcoal 15
Cp (col /g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
S 10

I Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K1 :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr :
Physical state : granular 1 g for 48 hr :
Color : gray to blac k
At . camp . : C.10-•12 H _0 .5 N11 0,36 K_2 9 S,10 Ash -0 .5 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
MW : D (mm /µse : (km/s)) : -1 .35 (p = -0 .9-1 .1 )
Density (g/cm3 ) : TMD : S2 . 0
Nominal : -1 .91-1 .9 5 P C J (kbar (10-1 GPa) ) : (P '
m .p . ( o C (K)) : Meas . :
v .p . ( mm Hg (PO) : Calc . :

E cyl ((mm/i.eec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : (p=

6 mm :
Crystal data:
17 mm :
• 9 . SENSITIVITY
12B too l
H50 (m) : 12 tool

R:
Susan test :

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

1120 (
Hdet (kcal/9 (M J /kg)) : H2O ) g)
Calc :
Exp: Skid test:
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (in)) Even t
d H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol)) :

Solubility (s-sot ., sl -sI . sol ., i -insol .) :

Gap test (mils (mm)) : ( p= )

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES
10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :

CTE: E

1 . TOXICITY

3/81 19-1 3
Black Powder
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modulu s

0
Creep Failure envelope
NOTES
1 I
100-1-- I I -)

75 -

V 50 -
t
25 -

I I 1
00 100 200 300 400 50 0
Temperature - ' C
TGA curv e

0 200 35 0
Temperature - '' C
DTA curve

19-14 3/8 1
 Boracito l
EXPLOSIVE : BORACITOL DESIGNATION :

2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION b . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

ut ;G
T e (°F (K)) :
TNT 40
Boric acid 60
Cp (cal/g-°C (k,i/kg-K)) :

Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K1 :
4 . PHYSICAL Pt?OMERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr :
Physical state : soli d i for 48 hr: 0 .02-0 .0 4
Color :
At . comp . : C 1 .23H 3 .19 N0 .53O 3 .97 B0 . 9 7 (1 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
--~

MJV : 100 D (rr:m/ sec (km/s)) : 4 .8 6 ( p= 1 .55 )

Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD:
Nominal : 1 .53-1 .5 4 P cj (kbar (10-1 GPs)) : (p= )
m .p . ( u C (i;)) : 79-80 (352-353 )
b .p . ( °C ( K ) ) Meas .:
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : C:alc . :

Ecyl((mm/icaec)2/2 (MJ/kg)) : (p . )

6 mm:
Crystal data :
19 mm:
9 . SENSITIVIT Y
H50 (cm (10-2 my)) ) : 12 teal 12B too l
5 kg : >1 .7 7
2 .5 lsg : >3 .20 >3 .2 0
R:
Susa :t test :

.
5 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

O H det (kcal /g (MJ/kg)) : H2 O

(1) 1i1 2 0
(g )
Cole : 0 .40 (1 .67) 0 .20 (0 .84 )
Exp : Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod )) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
Hf (local/100g (kJ/1008)) : -256 .6 (-1074 )

Solubility (s -sot ., sI -sl . sol ., i -insol .) :

. Gap test (mils (mm)) : (p =

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
k 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :

CTE : a - 46 .7 tm:/m-K at 273-333 K

E : 2 .84 (p - 1 .53 )

11 . TOXICITY

1/85 19-1 5
Boracito l ~ - - -~
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modulus

Creep Failure envelope

NOTE S

0 200 35 0
Temperatur e - ' C
OTA (-) and pyrolysis (--) curve s

3/8 1
19-16
 EXPLOSIVE : BENZOTRIS [ 1, 2, 5) OXADIAZOLE, DESIGNATION : BTF
_ 1,4,7-TRIOXID E
- 2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

N- 1 (°F (K)) :

\~ NCO Cp (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :

N
Est . 0 .3 (1 .25 )
N- O
O Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ' C
(393 K)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : 0 .24-0 .4 0
--~-'--`- '" 0 .05 (purified )
Physical state : solid 1 g for 4d hr:
Color : buff
8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
At . comp . : C G IV G 06
MW : 252,1 D (mm /).isec (km/s)) : 8 .49 ( p = 1 .86 )
Density (g/cm3 ) : TMD : 1 .901
Nominal : 1 .8 7 P C J (kbar (10 1 GPa) ) : (P = 1 .859 )
m .p . (°C (K)) : 198-200 (471-47'3 )
b .p . (°C (K)) : Meas . : 36 0
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : -- Calc . : 30 9

E cyl ((mm/msec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : (P = 1,859 )

6 mm: 1 .30 5
Cr ystal data : orthorhombic (Pna2 1 )
19 mm : 1 .G8 0
a n 6 .9
19 .522b 9 . SENSITIVITY
c- 6 .52
(m) : 12 tool 128 too l
H50
5 kg : 0 .11 --
2 .5 kg : -0 .21 --
R: ---
Susan test :

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

H2O (
Hdet (kcal/g ( MJ /kg)) : H 2O ) g)
Calc : 1 .69 (7 .07) 1 .69 (7 .07 )
Exp: 1 .41 (5 .90) 1,41 (5 .90) Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
G H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol)) : +144 .5 (+606) _ _

Solubility (s-sol ., sl -sl . sol ., i-insol .) : Gap test (mils (mm)) : (P = )

s-acetone, benzene, DMFA, DMSO, ethanol ,
ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, pyridin e
i-car bon tetrachloride, wate r

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
: _ 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :

CTE : - c : _

11 . TOXICITY

3/81. 19-1 7
BTF
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S
0

Initial modulus

•
Creep Failure envelop e

NOTES
,---,- - I I I
10U - I -
.
35-- -

50- -
V
25 - -

100 200 300 400 50 0

Temperature - 0 C
TGA curv e
-
A

0 200 35 0
Temperature - %
DTA (-) and pyrolysis (--) curves

19-18 3/81
MATERIAL : AMORPHOUS SILICON OXID E DESIGNATION : Cab-O-S 1 I
(Gelling agent)
SUPPLIER : Cabot Corp .
2. STRUCTURAL FORMULATIO N

O-Si--0]
n

4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIE S
Physical state : solid (fluffy powder ) Crystal data amorphou s
Color : whit e
At . comp . : SiO2
MW : [60 .091)n
Density (g/cm TMD : 2 . 3
Nominal : 2 .2
. . (°C° c K) ) :
mb .p R:
n : 1 .4 6
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Shore hardness :
Brittle point °C (K) ) :
f.p . (`C (K) .
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S
AHf (kcal/mol (kJ/moi)) : -215 .94 (-903 .5) Tensile strength (psi (kPa) ) :

Solubility (s-sol ., sI-sl . sol ., i- insol .) : nil Elongation (°/q) :

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES 10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIE S

A: E : (p -
CTE :

II . TOXICITY

T (°F (K) ) : Low .

9
Cp (col/g-°C (kJ/kg-K) )

NOTES

3/81
19-1 9
Cab-O-Sil

1U 0

75
0

25

100 200 300 40 no

Temperature - ' C

TGA curve
 MATERIAL : TRIS-)i-CHLOROETHYLPHOSPHATE DESIGNATION : CEF
(Plasticizer)
SUPPLIER :
2 . STRUCTURAL FORMULATIO N

P - (O- CH2 -CH2 CI) 3

4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIE S
Physical state : liquid Crystal data :
Color : clear
At. comp . : C6 H12 C1 3 04 P
MW : 285 . 5
Density (g/cm3) : TMD : 1 .42 5
Nominal :
m.p . (°C (K) ) : 203 (476 )
b. p. (°C (K) ) : n:
v.p. (mm Hg (Pa) ) Shore hardness :
Brittle point (°C (K) ) : -60 (213 K )
F . p . (°C (K) ) :
S. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S
G H1 (kcal/mol (kJ/mol) ) : -300 (-1255) Tensile strength (psi (Oa) ) :

Solubility (s-sal ., sl-sl sol ., i-insol .) : Elongation ('%) :

s - alcohols, benzene, carbon tetrachloride ,
.-hloroiorm, esters, ethers, ketones, toluene ,
xylen e
i - aliphatic hydrocarbons, wate r
r CTE THERMAL PROPERTIES 10 . ELECTRICAL "PROPERTIE S

:B 840 um/rn- K

II . TOXICIT Y
Moderate when ingested
Tg (°F (K)) :
Cp (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :

NOTES

3/81 19-2 1

ay
~ia1~'r 1~ .5 ~'1 i` r _ ^ ,_, n E~: ~
4•• ~.', ..IjSx .n1' {I hri q'1 r2'~
^ ,t',Y r 'w - r
i 4}''i1'ti;!r~~ n y li ..u P..Ij r .i V•,r lr 4
11 . . . ., ~a,+ .
. . 4. h.. ~ , . . ~ ~
~.~l, l~f• . i.t } ~ ~ ~.
CEF

0-
a

200 sac
Temperature - ' C
OTA curve

19-22 3/81
 EXPLOSIVE : COMP A-3, COMP A-S DESIGNATION: Comp A

2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL . PROPERTIES (continued )

wt %
A-3 A!5 Tg (°F (K)) :

RDX 91 98 .5-99 . 0
WAX 9 CP (cal /g-° e: (kJ/kg-K)) :
Stearic acid 1 .5- 1 .0

Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr:
Physical state : granular granula r 1 g for 48 hr :
Color : white/buff white/buff
8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
At . comp . : C 1 .87H 3 .74 N,1 .46o 2 .46 C H
1 .41-1 .44 2 .82-2 .8 8
MW : D (mm /µsec (kin/s) ) : A-3 : 8 .47 (p= 1 .6 4
N 2 .66-2 .6702 .66-2 . 6
' Density (g/cm3 ) : TMD : 1 .672 1 .75 7
Nominal : 1 .65 pressed 1 .70 pressed PCJ (kbar (1 0-1 G Pa)) : (P =
m .p . ( (K)) : A-3 :200 (473)
Meas . :
. p . (mm Hg )(Pa ) ) : Caic . :
v
((mm/µssc)2/2 (MJ/kg)) : ( per 1 .5 9
E cyl
6 mm :
Crystal data :
19 mm : A-3 : -1 .20
9 . SENSITIVITY
(M) : 12 tool 128 too l
5 kg : -- --
A-3 : 2 .5 kg : 0 .81 2 .45
A-4 : 2 .5 kg : 0 .37 1 .1 2
Susan test : A-3 : Difficult to ignite b y
mechanical means ; low probability fo r
C5.CHEMICAL PROPERTIES buildup to violent reaction at ligh t
confinement .

G Hdet (kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H2 O ( a ) H2O (g )

A-3 Colc : 1 .58 (6 .61) 1 .39 (5 .82 )

A-5 Calc : 1 .62 (6 .78) 1 .61 . 1 .62(6 .74- Skid test:
6 .78) Impact angle (dog (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
D H f (kcal/ moI (kJ/mol)) : A-3 : +2 .84 (+11 .9 )
A-5 : +-6 .1 (+.` 25 .5)

Solubility (s -so! " sl sot ., i-insol .) : Gap test (mils '(mm)) : (P = )

NSWC-SSCT : A-5 : (8 .79) ( p - 1 .700 )
LANL-SSCT : A-3 : (0 .89) (o 1 .635 )
LANL-LSCT : A-3 (54 .51) (P 1 .638 )
PX-CT .
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES SRI-CT :
10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :

C'1E : E :
Comp A-3 : a - 71 .7 Um/m-K at 253-293 K

11 . TOXICITY

1/82 19-2 3
 F Cramp A ;

2U 0
Temperature - ' C
OTA (--) and pyrolysis (--) curve s
EXPLOSIV E : COMP B, GRADE A, COMP B-3 DESIGNATION : Comp B
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 5 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )
Comp B Comp B- 3
T g (°F (K)) :
wt% wt%

RDX 63 60
TNT 36 40 C p (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
WAX 1
Comp B : Exp .0 .27 at 25°C (1 .13 at 298 K )
B•-3 : Exp . 0 .299 at 30°C (1 .25 at 303 K )
Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C
(393 K) :
4 . PHYSICAL . PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : 0,051 Comp B
0 .033 Comp B- 3
Physical state : solid 1 g for 48hr : 0 .05-0 .16 Comp 8
Color : yellow/buff 0 .27 _ O h

At, comp . : C 2 .0 3 H2 .64N 2 .18 O 2 .67 C 2 .0 5 x 2 N 2 .15 0 .67 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S

.51 2 Comp B:

MW: 100 D (mm /psec (km/s) ) : 7 .92 (p= 1 .72 )

Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD: 1 .742 1 .75 Comp B-3 : 7 .89 (P - 1 .72 )
Nominal : 1 .71 1 .72 P C J (kbor (10 -1 GPa) ) : (p= 1 .71 7
_80 (-353) 79-8 0
b .p . ( C (K)) : Meas . : 29 5
mm (Hg Pa)) ; --
V .P . (° B-3 : 0 .1 (13 .33) at 100°C Calc . : --
B-3 : Meas . : 287 (p - 1 .715 )
E cyl ((mm/µsec) 2 /2 (M J /kg)) : ( p= )
6 m m : Corp B (p - 1 .717) Comp B-3 (p - 1 .728 )
1 .035 1 .0 1
Crystal data :
19 mm: 1 .330 1 .32 2

9 . SENSITIVIT Y

H50
(m) : 12 tool 12B too l
Comp B : 5 kg 0 .45 --
2 .5 kg 0 .49-0 .85 0 .98-3 . 0
R; B-3 : 5 kg 0 .29 0 .6 5
2 .5 kg 0 .4-0 .8 0 .69-1 . 2
Susan test : B-3 : Threshold velocity i s
.180 ft/sec (55 m/s) ; generally diffi -
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
cult to ignite, low probability fo r
violent reaction at light confinement .
H det (kcal/g (MJ/kg) ) : H2O (1) H 2 O (g)
Calc : 1 .54 (6 .44) 1 .40 (5 .86) Skid test :
Exp: 1 .20 (5 .02) --
B-3 calls: : 1 .54 (6 .44) 1 .40 (5 .86) Impact angle ( deg (rad ) } Drop ht . ft m)) Even t
Exp : 1 .20 (5 .02) 1 .12 (4 .69) 8-3 :14 (0 .24) 1 .25 (8 .38) 2
H f (kcal/lOOg (kJ/100g)) : B : + 1 .28 (+ 5 .38) 45 (0 .79) 14 .1 (4 .30) 2
11-3 : + 1 .15 (+ 4 .81)
Gap test (mils (mm)) : (p = )
Solubility (s-sol ., sl-sI . sal ., i-insol .) : ((NSWC-SSGT : (4 .75) (p - 1 .735 )
Comp B :{LANL-SSGT : 16-26 (0 .41-0 .66) (P - 1 .710 )
l.LANL-LSGT : (44 .58) (p 1• .712 )
:{ LANL-SSGT :44-54 (1 .1-1 .4) (P - 1 .721 )
B-3 LANL-LSGT : 1 .982 (50 .34) (p - 1. .72.7 )
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES Comp B : PX-GT : (23 .2) (u ,. 1 .714 )

A:B: 5 .4 x 1 0-4 cal/cm-sec-°C (0 .226 W/m-K) at 298 K 10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :

B-3 : 6 .27 x 10 -4 cal/cm-sec- ' C (0 .262 W/m-K) a t e; Comp B : 3 .25 (p 1 .72 )
291-348K
B-3 : 3 .41 (p - 1 .73 )
CTE :
Comp B : a .• 54 .6 um/m-K at 279-298 K 11 . TOXICIT Y
a - 97,5 pm/m-K at 300-336 K

1/85 19-2 5

4, ~t~ '
.~ . i fl ;:I.~ti~tij,lr :.~1!.'~.rE~~i° i.. . .r,.~~~~!,~ ~.~7 .• ~~{ ~ .:;1 `. ,~ ~1~Tic ; .' . t9S;`~ ,~, t Jv.tnt' ~f ~.e~,r.
Comp B
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

B-3 : Sound velocity (knits) : C 54k C ss C

b 10" -
so., 4 .aa0n la'I
'7
----• Lm la "I - 74

(p - 1 .726) 3 .12 1 .71 2 .42 ••, T:

- 24
5
w.e
1 -7 0

-0 0

-0 4
' .
e J 1 _.
Id'iwi20 ilo w w 70 10 w 70 n Itl 1)) It
i

Complex shear modul i

Initial modulus

Creep Failure envelope

NOTES ~-~

200

75

50 -
I ii
I ii1
1
25 -
I I
0 100 200 300 400 500
\
' Temperature - ' C
~_ TOA curv e
0 100 200 300
Ter'ip. rature -°C

UTA (-) and pyrolysis (---) curve s

19-2 6

,
4 fTk~ .ti~' :0' ? °.r ,I:,Li,!iRv
Antil .;T;C' .i,1\ i8 .+~{u;:,'(4,4 4 ~a~ t h.!416`•5, . : :b° . ..{
0 `r v ~1 '~A > . V~ .A
 EXPLOSIVE : corm C-3, COMP C-4 DESIGNATION : Comp C
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )
A

C3 C 4 Tg (°F (K)) :
RDX 77 91
TNT 4 Di(2-ethylhexyl) 5 .3 C (col/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
DNT 10 sebacate P
MNT 5 Pulyisobutylene 2.1
NC 1 Motor oil 1.6
Tetryl 3 Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C
(393 K) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
0 .25 g for 22 hr : C-4 : 0 .02 6

Physical state : putty-like solid 1 g for 48 hr:

Color : yellow/it . brown whit e
At . comp . : C1 .90H2 .83 N2 .34 0 2 .60 C1 .82 H N 0 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
3 .54 2 .46 2 .51 C- 4
MW : 100 D (mm /psec (km/s) ) : F3 .37 (P = 1 .6 6
Density (g /cm ) : IMO : -- 1 .67 C-3 : 7 .63 (P o 1 .60 )

Nominal : 1 .58-1 .62 1 .64-1 .66 PCJ (kbar (i0 -1 GPO) : (P= 1 .5 9
m .p . (o C (K)) : Meas . :
la .p . C (K)
v .p . (mm fig (Pa)) : Cole
: C-4 :25 7
.

E cy l((G ~psec)2/2 ( MJ / kg )) : (P = 1 .601 . ) .

-
o wl : 0 .96 2
Crystal data :
19 mm: 1 .25 8
9 . SENSITIVIT Y

H50 ( :n) : 12 tool 12B too l

1R:
Swan test :

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

H2O H2O
Hdet (kcal/9 (MJ/kg)) : (1) (W )
C-3 Cale : 1 .45 (6 .07) 1 .44 (6 .02 )
C-4 1 .59 (6 .65) 1 .40 (5 .86)
Exp . Skid test :
Impact angle (osg rod ire ht . ft m Even t
H(kcul/ .OC,,3 (kT/100g)) : C-3 : +3 .74 (+15 .6 )
C-4 : +3 .33 (+13 .9 )

Solubility (ssl-sl . sol ., i-into! .) :

Gap test (mils (mm)) : (p =
NSWC-SSGT : C-3 : (4 .50) (p - 1 .612 )
C-4 : (3 .53) (p -. 1 .643 )

b . THERMAL PROPERTIES _
10, ELft :TiklCAL PROPERTIES :
X. : C-4 : 6 .22 x 10 -4 calfcm-sec-•C (0 .260 W/m-K)
' CT€: : r: :

11 . TOXICITY
C-4 : Moderate

1/85 19-2 7
Comp C
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modulu s

Creep Failure envelop .

i
NOTE S
----t'

26 0 35 0
Temperature - '' C
DTA (-) and pyrolysis (--) curves

3/8 1
19-28
 EXPLOSIVE : CYCLOTOL 75/25, DESIGNATION : CyCdoto l
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )
wt C Tg (°F ( K )) :
RDX 75
TNT 25 C p (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
Exp . 0 .254 at 25°C (1 .063 at 298 K )

Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : 0 .014-0 .0 4
Physical state : soli d 1 g for 48 hr : 0 .25-0 .9 4
Color : yellow/buf f
At . comp . : C1 .78H2 .58 N2 .360 2 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIES
.69 """"
MW: 100 D (mn /j sec (km/s)) : 8 .30 (P = 1 .7 6
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TM): 1 .7 7
Nominal : 1 .75-1 .76 P CB (kbar (10 -1 GPa) ) : ( p= 1 .752 )
m .p . (°C (K)) : 79-80 (352-353)
Macs . : 31 6
b .p . (°C (K )
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : 0 .1 at 100 C (13 .33 at 373 K) Calc . : --

n
Ecyl ((mm/µsec) ` /2 (MJ/kg)) : (p = 1 .75 4

6 mm : 1 .14 0
Crystal data . --
19 mm : 1 .44 5
9 . SENSITIVIT Y
H 50 (m) : 12 tool 12B too l
5 kg : 0 .33 --
2 .5 kg : 0 47 1 .1 4
R: --
Susan test:Threshold velocity - 180 ft/se c
(-55 m/s) ; generally difficult to ignite bu t
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES capable of large rea=tion .

D Hit (kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H2O

H2 O (i) (g )
Calc : 1 .57 (6 .57) 1 .44 (6 .02 )
Exp: -- __ SI-id test:
Impact angle (deg (rad)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
Hf (kcal/100g (kJ/100g) ) : +3 .21 (+13 . 1+)
14 (0 .24) 0 .625 (0 .19) 1
45 (0 .79) 14 .1 (4 .30) 0
Solubility (s -sol ., sI -sl . sol ., i - insol . ) : --
Grp test (mils (mm)) : (p = )
LANL-SSGT : 10-16 (0 .25-0 .41) (p 1 .753 )
LANL-LSGT : (43 .15) (p • 1 .757 )

6 THERMAL PROPERTIE S
10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
A: 75/25 : 5 .41 x 10 -4 cal/cm-sec-'C (0 .227 W/m-K)
CTE : -- e 3 .38 (p - 1 .75 )

11 . TOXICITY

1/85 19-2 9
Cycloto l
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Sound velocity (km/s) Ck C. Cb •

3 .12 1 .69 2 .4 3
(p - 1 .752)

Initial modulu s

Creep , .'Failure envelop e

NOTES

Cyclotol 0

r I \_

0 100 200 300

Temperature - ° C
9T1\ (-) and pyrolysis (--) curves

19-30 1/8 5
EXPLOSIVE : 2,4,6-TRINITRO-I,3-BENZENEDIAMINE DESIGNATION: DATB
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

NH Tg (°F (K)) : -
02N NO2
Cp (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) : -
NH 2 Exp . 0 .23 (0 .962 )

NO 2 Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K)) :
4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0.25 g for 22 hr: <0.03
Physical state: soli d 1 g for 48 hr: < 0.03
Color : yellow
At . comp .: C6 1-16N606 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
MW : 243. 1 D (mm /).isec (km/s) ) : 7 .52 ( P = 1 .79 ) .
Density (g/cm3 ) : TMD: 1.83 7
Nominal : 1 .7 9 PCJ (kbar (10-1 GPs)): ( p= 1 .78 )
((K)):: 286 (559 ) Meas .: 259
b .p. (° C ( K
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) - Calc .: 250

Ecyl ((men/psec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)): ( p= )

6 mm : --
Crystal data : (Pc)
a = 7.3 0 19 mm : -
b = 5.20 9 . SENSITIVIT Y
c = 11.6 3
B 95. 9 H50 (m) : 12 Pool 128 too l
5 kg: >1 .77 >1 .77
2 .5 kg : >3 .20 >3 .2 0
R: --
Susan test : -

5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

A H it (kcal /g (MJ/kg)): H2O ) H2O

( g)
Cale: 1.26 (5.27) 1.15 (4.81 )
Exp : 0.98 (4.10) 0.91 (3.81 ) Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
O Hi (kcal/mol (icJ/mol)) : -23 .6 (-98 .7 )

Solubility (s-sol ., sl -sl . sol ., i-insol .) :

al - acetone, D:PPA, DMSO, butyrolactone, N-methyl - Gap test (mils (mm)) :
pyrrolidone NSWC-SSGT : (3 .28) (p - 1 .775)
i - benzene, carbon disulfide, carbo n LANL-SSGT : (0 .36) (p - 1 .801 )
tetrachloride, ethanol, wate r .LANL-LSCT : 1 .641 (41 .68) (p 1 .786 )
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES PX-GT : (17 .86) (p - 1 .781)
10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
h : 6 .00 X 10- 4 cal/sec'•m-°C (0 .251 W/rn-K)
CTE : a = 32-45 pm/m-K at 253 K e
a = 52-66 pm/m-K at 358 K

11 . TOXICIT Y

Low

3/81 19-3 1
DAT B

7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Sound velocity (km/s) : CQ ' • .C s Cb

(p n 1 .78) 2 .99 1 .55 2 .4 0

Initial modulus

Creep Failure envottIop e

___ _ - -
NOl'ES

-T-T--T--1-1--T
.
i'

-2 . ,'
10 /-%-

- '
10 8
>

5015090 350 + :'/ •' Y

,
Temporcture -*C ;' -DATB- 1

DiA (-) and pyrolysis (--) curves 1o-14r ' +

4..1v 1
3 .4 2 .8 2. 2

Inverse ter.,peruture (1000/T) - K' 1

Vapor pressure vs 1/T

19-32 'i /3 5
EXPLOSIVE : 2,2' -OXYBISETHANOL, DINITRATE DESIGNATION : DEGN
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )
Tg (°F (K)) :

02N- /-N02 C p (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :

\ / \
CH 2 -CH 2 CH 2-CH 2

Thermal stability (cm3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 1(1 :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr:
Physical state : liqui d 1 g for 48 hr :
Color: clear
At. comp .: C 4 HSN 2 0 7 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
MW : 19 6 D (mm /piec (km/s)) : 6.7 6 (p= 1.38
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD : 1 .3 9

Nominal : PCJ 'kbar (10 -1 GPa) ) : (p=

m .p . (°C (K)) : Meas .:
b .p . (°C (K)) : (433-434 )
160-161
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : 0.00593 at 25•C(0 .78 9 at 298 K) Calc .:

E cyl ((mm/psec)2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : ( p= )

6 mm:
Crystal data :
19 mm :
9 . SENSITIVIT Y
H 50 (m) : 12 tool 12B tool

Rr
n 1 .450 Susan test:

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Hdet (kcal/g (MJ /kg)) : H2O (k) 1.120 (g)

Colo :
Exp: Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (Ft (m)) Even t
Hi (kcal/m.11 (kJ/mol)) : -99 .4 (-416 )

Solubility (s-sal ., sl -sl . sol ., i-insol .) :

al - water, alcohol . Gap test (mils (mm) ) : (p `
i acetone, ethyl ether

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES _
)0 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
CTE :

11 . TOXICIT Y

Moderate

3/81 1 9-3 3
DEGN
. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
•

Initial modulu s

Creep Failure envelope

NOTES

-DEGN ,.•

10-2 ,

1043

10-14
3 .4 2.8 2. 2
Inverse temperature (1000/T) - K' 1
Vapor pressure vs 1/T

19-34 1/85
 EXPLOSIVE : 2 .2',4,4',6,6'-HEXANITRO - DESIGNATION : DIPAM
[1,1-BIPHENYL]-3,3 ' -DIAMINE
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )
Tg (°F (K)) :
HN NO2 0 2N NH2

02 N / \ NO2 Cp (cai/ g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :

Exp . 0 .25 (1 .05 )
NO2 O2 N
Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C
(393 0:
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIE S 0.25 g for 22 hr : --
Physical state: soli d 1 g for 48hr :
Color : --
At . comp . : C 12 116N 8012 8. DETONATION PROPERTIE S
MW : 454 . 1 D (mm /µsec (km/s) ) : 7 .4Q (p= 1 .76
Density (g/cm 3 ): TMD : 1 .7 9
Nominal : -- PCJ (kbar (10 -1 GPa) ) : (p=
m .p• (°C (K)) : 304 (577 )
b .p . (° C (K)) : -- -- Meas . :
v.p . (mm Hg (Pa)): Calc . : --

Ecyl ((mm/Psec) 2/2 ( MJ /kg)) : ( p= )

6 mm: --
Crystal data : --
19 mm: --
9 . SENSITIVITY
H 50 (m) : 12 tool 12B tool
5 kg : 0 .95 --
2 .5 kg : 0 .85 0 .96
: --
Susan test : --
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

A Hdet (kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H2O ( .e ) H2 O (g)

Cale: 1 .35 (S .65) 1 .27 (5 .31 )
Exp : -- -- Skid test:
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (Ft (m)) Even t
A Hf (kcal/mod (k,J/mol)) : -6,8 (-28 .45 ) _-

Solubility (s-sol ., sI -sI . sol ., i-insol .) :

s - DMFA, DMSO, nitric aci d
sl - acetone, chloroform Gap test (mils (mm)) : ( p= )
NSWC-SSGT : (4 .48) (p - 1 .784 )

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
A : --
CTE : -- E :

11 . TOXICIT Y
Moderate
DIPA M
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modulu s

Creep Failure envelope

NOTES
'- "7_"'_"1'_ t I I "
_

h - -

I I I i I b

0 200 35 0
Temperature - ' C
OTA curve

19-36 3/8 1
 EXPLOSIVE : 2, 2-DINITROYROPYL ACRYLATE DESIGNATION: DN P A

2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

Tg (°F (K)) : -
0
NO,
02 H H
H
C=C-C---O-C-C°-C-
I H C p (cal /g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) : -
H/ I I I I
H H NO2 H
Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C
(393 K )) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : 0 .04-0 .0 6
Physical state : solid 1 g for 48 hr : -
Color : off-whit e
At, comp . : C 6 H8 N 2 06 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
MW: 204 .1 D (mm /µsec (km/s) ) : - (p =
Density (g/cm3 ) : TMD : 1 .4 7
Nominal : - PCJ (kbar (10-1 GPa)) : (P =
m .p . (°C (K)) :
b .p . (°C (K)) : - Meas . :
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : --- Calc . . -

E cy l(( mm /µsec )2 / 2 ( MJ /kg)): (p = )

6 mm : -
Crystal data : -
19 mm: -
9 . SENSITIVITY

H50 (m) : 12 tool 12B too l

5 kg : >1 .77
2 .5 kg : -- --
: --
Susan test : -

5 . CHZMICAL PROPERTIE S

(kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H2O (

O Hdet k) H2O (g )
Calc : 1 .06 (4 .44) 0 .85 (3 .57 )
Exp: Skid test ;
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol)) : -110 (-460)

Solubility (s-sol ., sl -sl . sol ., i--insol .) :

s-acetone Gap test (mils (mm)) : (p = )

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
A: -
CTE : - e: -

11 . TOXICITY

3/81 19-3 7
DNPA
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modulu s

Creep Failure e'Ivelop e

NOTES

Explosion -

-
I I

0 100 200 30 0
Tempenature - ° C
UTA (-) and pyrolysis (--) curves

19-38 3/8 1
 -
MATERIAL : DI-2-ETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE DESIGNATION : DOP
(Plasticizer)
SUPPLIER :

11
2 . STRUCTURAL FORMULATIO N
12 H5
12
C-O-C --CH-(CH ) 24 -H

C - 0 - C -CH-- (CH ) - H
rI
II 2 4

O H2 C2 H5
4, PHYSICAL PROPERTIE S
Physical state : liqui d Crystal data :
Color : clear
At . comp . : C 24 I-13804
MW : 390 . 6
Density (g/cm3 ) : TMD : 0 .58 6
Nominal
R:
.p . (°C (K) ) : :m
b .p . (°C (K) ) 222-230 (495-503 ) n : 1 .485 at 25°C (298 K )
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : <0 .06 at 150°C (<8 .0 at 423 K ) Shore hardness :
Brittle point (°C (K) ) :
f .p . (°C (K) ) : - 55 (218)

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

AH f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol)) : -268 .2 (-1122 ) Tensile strength (psi (kPa) ) :

Solubility (s-sol ., sl-'sl . sol ., insol .) : Elongation (°/a :

s - gasoline, mineral oil
i - glycerine, water

6 . 1HERMAL PROPERTIES 10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIE S

h :
(p-
CTE : 74 pm/m at283-313 K

II . TOXICIT Y

Low
Tg (°F (K) ) :
C p (col/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
-0 .57 at 50-150°C (-2 .39 at 323-423 K)
NOTES

3/81 19-3 9
DOP

0
19-40 3/81
 EXPLOSIVE : ETHYL 4,4-DINITROPENTANOATE DESIGNATION : EDN P

2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

H i•10 2 H H 0 H H T(°F (K)) ; -

9
1 I II I I

H - C - C - C -C -C - 0 -C - C- H Cp (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) : -
I
H NO 2 H H H H
Thermal stability (cm3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C
(393 K )) :
' 4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIE S 0 .25 g for 22 hr : 0 .04-0 .0 6
Physical state : liqui d 1 g for 48 hr: -
Color : yellow
At . comp . : 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
C 7 H12 N 2 0 6
MW : 220 . 2 D (mm /µsec (km/s)) : - (P =
Density (g/cm3 ) : TMD: 1 .2 8
Nominal : - P CJ (kbar (10-1 GPa)) : (P= )
m .p . (°C (K)) : -6 (268)
b .p . °C (K)) : 83 at 0 .00 mm (356 at 6 .7 Pa ) Meas . : -
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : - Cale . : -

E cyl ((mm/µsec) 2 /2 ( MJ /kg)) : ( p= )

6 n m: -
Crystal data : -
19 mm :
9 . SENSITIVIT Y
H50 (m) : 12 tool 12B too l
>1 .77 -

R; -
Susan test : -

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Hdet (kcal /g ( MJ / kg )) : H 2O (f) H2O

(g )
Calc : 1 .23 (5 .15) 0 .94 (3 .93 )
Exp: - - Skid test:
Impact angle (deg (rod )) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
Hf (kcal/mol (kJ/rnol)) : -140 (-586 )

Solubility ( s -soI ., sl -sl . sol ., i - insol . ) :

s-acetone, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, Gap test (mils (mm)) : - (p =
DMFA, DMSO, ethanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl
ether, pyridine
i-tivater
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
X: -
CTE : - E ; -

i 1 . TOXICITY

7/74
19-4 1
 EDNP
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modulu s

Creep Failure envelope

NOTES

100

75

50 -

25 - -

1 l 1 I
00 100 200 30U 400 50 0
Temperature - . C
TGA curve

I
19-42 3/8 1
MATERIAL : POLYURETHANE SOLUTION SYSTEM DESIGNATION : Estan e

(Binder)
SUPPLIER : B . F . Goodric h
2 . STRUCTURAL FORMULATIO N

O O O H H
II II II I /~, I
HO-(CH2 ) 4 --O -C -(CH2)4--C--O-(CH2)4 --0- C- N BC }► C QN = C = O
H
- -n
n = 5-1 0
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIE S
Physical state : rubbery soli d Crystal data :
Color : light ambe r
At . comp . : (C 5 .14 8 7 .50 N 0 .19 0 1 .76 ) n
MW : 10 0
Density (g/cm '; ) : TMD :
Nominal : 1 .1 8
m . p . (°C(K)) :
b . p . 0 C (K) ) : n :
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Shore hardness :
Brittle point (°C (K) ) : A 70
f .p . (°C (K) ) :

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

GH f (kcal/100g(kJ/1008)) : -95 (-397) Tensile strength (psi (kPa) ) :

Solubility (s-sol ., sl-sl . sol ., i- insol .) : Elongatio n (°k)

s - acetone, dichloroethane, DMFA, DMSO, MEK,
MIBK, THE' Sound velocit y (km/s) : CQ Cs Cb
(p - 1 .18) -- -- 2 .3 5
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
-4
A: 5703 : 3 .53 x 10 cal/cm-sec-°C (0 .148 W/m-K) '
CTE : 5702 : (0 .146 W/m•K )
5702 : 8 = 600 um/m- K
5703 : a - 245 um/m-K at 20-44°C
5703 : B = 600 um/m- K

H . TOXICIT Y
None .
Tg (°F (K)) : - 31 (242) : (5702 )
5702 5703
C p (col/g- 0 C (kJ/kg-K)) Exp . (1 .48 < 1'g) (1 .56 < Tg )
(1 .71 > Tg) (1 .68 > Tg )
NOTES

1/85 19-4',
Estane

4
100
Estane 5740-X2 Estane 5702-F1
75 _ Estan e

50

25

I I I I i
00 100 200 300 400 500
Temperature - ' O

TGA curv e

-100 0
1
100
Temperature - ' C

200 50 0 DSC curve

Temperature- 0 C

OTA (-) and pyrolysis (-) curve s

7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

104
-150 0 15 0
Temperature - ' C

Storage modulus

19-44 1/85
Explosive D
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modulus

Creep Failure envelope

NOTES

0 200 400
Temperature - . C
DTA (--) and pyrolysis (--) curves

19-46 1/8 2
EXPLOSIVE : 1, 1' •-[METHYLENEBIS (On)] BI S DESIGNATION : FEF O
[2-1'LUORO-2,2-DINITROETHANE]
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

Tg (°F (K)) : -
NO 2 H H H NO 2
_ _ I C P (cal /g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
F -CI I - 0--CI -0- I I -F Est . : 0 .36 at 25°C (1 .51 at 298 K )
NO 2 H H H NO
2 3
Thermal stability (cm of gas evolved at 120 ° C
(393 K)) :
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : 0 .04-0 .1 0
Physical state : liquid 1 g for 48 hr : -
Color : stra w
At . comp . : C 5 H6 N4 0 10 F2 8. DETONATION PROPERTIE S
MW : 320 .1 D (mm /µsec (km/s) ) : 7 .50 (p= 1 .60 7
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD : 1 .607
Nominal : - P CJ (kbar (10-1 GPa)) : (p= 1 .5 9
m .p . (°C (K)) : 14 .5 (287 .5)
b .p . (°C (K)) : 110 at 0 .3 mm (383 at 40 Pa ) Meas . : 25 0
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : 2 -4 Cale . : 23 2
.14 x 10 at 25'C
(2 .85 x 10-2 at 298 K)
Ecyl((mm/µsec)2/2 (MJ/kg)) : (p = )

6 mm: -
Crystal data : -
19 mm : -
9 . SENSITIVITY

H50 (m) : 12 tool 12B too l

--
5 kg : 0 .28
2 .5 kg : 0 .6 0

Susan test : -

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

G Hdet (kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H2O ( .Q)

112 0 ( g )
Calc : 1 .45 (6 .07) 1 .39 (5,82 )
Exp : 1 .28 (5 .36) 1 .21 (5 .06) Skid teat :
Impact angle (deg (rad)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
H i (kcal/mol (kJ/mol)) : -177 .5 -7 1 +3 )

Solubility (s-sol ., sl -sI . soii-Into! ,) :

s-acetone, chloroform, i`MFA, DMSO, ethanol , Gap test (mils (mm)) : (p =
ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, pyridine
1--carbon tetrachloride, wc'e r SRI-cT : (19 .6 )

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
A: - --•
CTE : - E : -,

11 . TOXICIT Y

Iligh .

1/85 19-4 7
 FEFO
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modulu s

w
Creep Failure envelope

NOTES

904 , ~

FEFO ,

r-"' 10"6 / /

,. /

10
1A r
p 200 350
33 . 4 2. 2. 2 1
Temperature - '
Inverse temperature (1000/li - K'
UTA curve
Vapor pressure vs 1/T

19-48 1/85
 MATERA1. : DESIGNATION : FPC 461
.VINYL CHLORIDE/TRIFLUOROCHLOROETHYLENE
COPOLYMER (Binder) 1 .5 :1
SUPPLIER : i :ooker Chemica l

2 . STRUCTURAL FORMULATIO N

H is CI F

H CI / F F
1 .5 -- n
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIE S
Physical state : soli d Crystal data :
Color : whit e
At. comp . : (C5114 .5C12 5 F 3 ) n
MW : (210) n
Density (g/cm 3) : TMD :
Nominal : 1 .70
m. p. (°C (K)) :
~ b • p. C (K) ) : n:
v .p . (°mm Hg (Pa) ) : Shore hardness :
Brittle point (°C (K) ) :
f.p . (°C (K)
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S
4.H f (kcal/mol (kJ/moI) ) - 190 (-795 ) Tensile strength (psi (kPa') ) :

Solubility (s-sal ., sI-sl . sol ., i-insol .) : Elongation (°X :

s - gasoline, MEK, toluene, xylene

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES 10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIE S

A: : 2 .82 (p- 1,7 )
CE :

II . TOXICIT Y

Tg (°F (K) ) : Low

Cp (cal/g-°C(kJ/kg-K) ) :

NOTES

1/85 19-4 9
 3/81.
19-50
EXPLOSIVE : H-6 DESIGNATION : H- 6
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )
%
Tg (°F (K)) :
RDX 45
TNT 30

D-2 wax 25
Cp (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
CaC1 2 added 0 .5 Exp . 0 .269 at 30'C (1 .13 at 303 K )

Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 10 :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr: 0 .09 6

Physical state : soli d 1 g for 48 hr :

Color :
At . comp . : C F1 N 0 Al Cl 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE
.~ S
Ca
1 .89 2 .59 1 .61 2 .01 0 .74 0 .005 0 .00 9
MW : 100 D (mm /psec (km/s) ) : 7 .9 (P = L7 5
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD : 1 .79 .1

Nominal : 1,7 5 P CJ (kbar (10-1 GPs)) : (P =

C
b . p . ( ° (K))
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) :
Meas . :
Calc . :

E cyl ((mm/µsec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : ( p= 1 .7 6

6 mm : 0 .769
Crystal data :
19 mm: 1 .06 6
9 . SENSITIVIT Y
' H50 (m) : 12 tool 128 too l
5 kg : 0 .60 --
2 .5 kg : -- --
R:
Susan test :
Difficult to ignite b y
mechanical means ; once ignited, lo w
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S probability for buildup to violen t
reaction at light confinement .

H2O (9
H,det (kcal /g (MJ/kg)) : H 2O (R) )
Cale :
Exp : Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Event
H f (kcal/long (kd/loog)) : -1 .75 (-7 .31 )

Solubility ( s -sol ., sl -s) . sol . , i - insol . ) :

Gap test (mils (mm)) : (p =
NSWC-SSCT : (4 .85) (p - 1 .708 )

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
A : 11 .0 x 10 -4 cal/cm-sec-•C (0 .460 Wm-K) at 308 K

CTE : a - 149 Um/m-K at 308 K E :

11 . TOXICITY

1/85 19-5 1
H-6
7 . MECHANICAL PROPER1 IE S
Sound velocity (km/s) : Ck Cs Cb •
(p - 1 .75) 2 .46 1 .55 --

Initial modulus

0
Creep Failure envelope

NOTES

_I
0 200 35 J
Temperature - ' C
DTA curve

19-52 118 2
 EXPLOSIVE : 86x-l HBX•-3 DESIGNATION : -IB X
. STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )
wt"/. (K)) :
T 9 (°F
IIBX-1 HBX- 3
RDX 40 31
TNT 38 29 C p (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
Al 17 35 HEX-1 : Exp . 0 .249 at 30• C (1 .04 at 303 K )
D-2 wa x 5 5 HBX-3 : Exp . 0 .254 at 30•C (1 .06 at 303 K )
CaC1 2 added 0 .5 0. 5 3
Thermal stability (cm or gas evolved at 120 ° C
(393 K) :

4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr :

Physical state : solid 1 g for 48 hr :
Color : gra y
At . comp . : 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
MW: 10 0 D (mill /psec (km/s) ) : (1) 7 .3 1 (p= 1 .71. 2
(3) 7 .1 2 (p - 1 .84 )
Density (p/cm 3 ) : TMD: 1 .7 6 1 .88 2

Nominal : 1 .71 cne t 1 .8!-1. .05 I'CJ (Lbcr (10 -1 GPo)) : (o = 1 .71 2
0 1 .74 pressed

b .pp. ( °C (K)) : Meas . : HBx-1 :220 . 4

. (mm Hg (Pa)) : Calc . :
IIBX-1 : C ti N 0 , Al Cl
2 .06 2 .62 1 .57 1 .0'T 0 .63 "0 .005 O .QU9
Ec 1((mm/µ,e0)2/2 (MJ/kg)) : (p =
HBX-3 : 0 1 .66 Al
H 2 .1 .8 N 1 .21 01 .60 1 .27 Ca 0 .005 ' 1 0 .00 9 Y
6 mm:
Crystal data :
19 ern :
9, SENSITIVITY

H 50 (0) :
1T tool 12L' .N I

Susan test :

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

A Het (kcal /g (MJ/kg)) : H2O (i) H2O (0

)
HBX-1 : Calc : 1 .84 (7 .7) 1 .8 (7 .53 )
Ex_p Skid test :
HBX-3 : CaI c : 2 .11 (8 .83 ) 2 .11 (8 .83) impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft Ln ) Event
Hf (kcal/100g (kJ/l00g)) : HEX-1 : -2 .64 .-11 .04 )
ILEX-3 : -2 .60 (-10 .89 )
Solubility (s -so! ., sl -sI . sol . , i - instal ) :
Gap test (mils (mm) ) : ( p= )
HBX-3 : NSWC-SSCT : (2 .57) (p - 1 .827 )

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
A: IIBX-l : 9 .7 x 10-4 cal/cm-sec-•C (0 .406 W/m-K) at
308 K
HBX-3 : 17 .0 x 10- 4 cal/cm-aec-°C (0 .711 W/m-K) at
308 K _
CTE : HBx-1 : a - 171 um/m-K at 308 K 11 . TOXICITY -
AU-3 : a - 149 um/m-K at 308 K '-

1 /85 19-5 3
HBX
MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modulus

Creep I Failure envelope

NOTES

.- .1
19-54 :3/81.
EXPLOSIVE : OCTAHYDRO-1, 3, 5, 7-TETRANITRO -
1,3,5,7-TETRAZOCINE
DESIGNATION: HMX
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

H2 Tg (°F (K)) : non e

°2 N N/` ,-
CP (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
2
H2 N
02N / \ C / \ N02 See Fig . 6- 4
H2
Thermal stability (c m3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C
(393 K)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : <0 .0 1
Physical state : soli d 1 g for 48 hr: 0 .0 7
Color : whit e
At . comp . : L N O 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
4 H8 8 8
MW: 296 . 2 D (mm /µsec (km/s)) : 9 .11 ( p= 1 .8 9
Dewily (g/cm 3 ) : TMD : 1 .905
Nominal : P CJ (kbar (10 -1 GPa) ) : (P = 1 .8 9
m .p . (°C (K)) : 28 5 (558)
b .p . (°C (K)) : --- Meas . : 390
v .p . (mm Hg (Pont 3 X 10 -9 at 100° C Calc . : 394
-7
(4 X 10 at 373 K)
Ecyl ((mm/ ssec ) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : (p= 1 .89 4

6 mm : 1 .41 0
Crystal data :
I : monoclin. II : orthorh . III : monoclin . IV : hexag. 19 mm: 1 .74 5
(P2 1 /c) ( .Fdd2) (Pc 1 F2/c) (P6 1 22) 9 . SENSITIVIT Y
a = 6 .54 a = 15 .1 4 a = 10 .95 a = 7 .7 1 H
(nt) : 12 tool 12B too l
b 11 .05 b = 23 .8 9 b 2 7 .9 3 50
c = 8 .70 c = 5 .9 1 c = 14 .61 c = 32 .5 5 5 kg : 0 .3 3 0 .4 0
ii .0124 .3 3 -119 .4 2 .5 kg : 0 .3 2 0 .3 0
R : I : 58 trait ., 56 .1 obs . ; 58 etlc ., 55 .7 obe . ;
III : 53 talc ., 55 .4 obs . ; IV : 58 talc ., 55 .9 obs . Susan test :
n : See Table 4-3 .
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

Hdet (kcal/g (MJ /kg)) : H2O (if ) , 1120 ( g ) .

Cola : 1 .62 (6 .78 ) 1 .48 (6 .19 )
Exp : 1 .48 (6 .19 ) 1 .37 (5 .73 ) Skid test :
Impac : angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
Hf (kcal/n.0 (kJ/mol)) : +1'7 .93 (+75 )

Solubility (s-sol ., sl -sI . sol ., i-insol .) :

solvate -- DMFA, DMSC', butyrolactone Gap test (mils (mm)) :
a1 - acetone, pyridin e NSWC-SSGT : (8 .71 ) ( p - i, 1% )
i - carbon disulfide , carbon tetrachloride , LANL-SSCT : (3 .43 ) ( o - 1 .u40 .
chloroform, ethyl ether, water LANL-LSGT : 2 .78 3 (70 .7) (p - 1 .07 )
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
-4 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
A: 12 .2-13 .3 x 10 cal/cm-sec-`C (0 .511-0 .556
W/m-K) at RT
e: I : 3 .087 (o = 1 .90 )
CTE : a = 22,0 u in ./in.-°F at -65 to 165°F II : 4 .671 (p = 1 .87 )
(a - 50 .4 pm/m-K at 219-347 K) , III : 3 .1}67 (q = 1 .82 )
i 11 . TOXICIT Y
(3 = 162 .5 gm/m-I{ at 243-343 K
Low

1/85 19-5 5
HMX 07ARYD,O-1,3,5,6-TF.TRANITRO-1,3, ,7=TETRAnCTNE

. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
•

10'4 T - T-T
J J

L /Ji
it
/ ~J J

1 10:

g 10 J/ /
I

//
HM X

N,/ /.
1o-14- 1 .
3 2 .8 2 .2
Inv any
.l t.mpontura (1000/Tl - K' 1

Vapor pressure vs 1/ T

NOTE S

OTA (-) and pyrolysis (--) curves

19-56 1/85
 EXPLOSIVE : BIS(2,4,6-TRINITROPHENYL)-DIAZINE DESIGNATION : u NAB
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

Tg (°F (K)) : -
02 02 N

ON N N C p (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) ;
NO
2
Est . 0 .3 (1 .25 )
NO 2 02N
Thermal stability (cm 3 of jas evolved & 120 ° C
(393 K)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr: -
Physical state : soli d g for 48 hr : -
Color : reddish-orang e
C 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
At, comp . : 12 H4 N 8 0 1 2
MW : 452 . 2 D (mm /µsec (km/s) ) : 7 .311 ( p= 1 .60 )
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD : I : 1 .79 9
II : 1 .75 0 P C J (kbar (10-1 GPa) ) : (p= 1 .60 )
m .p . (C (K)) : 220(493 )
b .p . (°C (K)) : - - Meas . lU 5
v .p . (rem Hg (Pa)) : 1 X 10 .7 at 100° C Calc . : -
(1 .33X10 5 at3731K )
E cyl ((mrn/µsec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : ( p= )
6 mm :
Crystal data : Monoclini c
19 mm:
I : (P2 1 /c) II : (P2 1 /a)
9. SENSITIVIT Y
a = 10 .15 a = 10,6 3
b = 8 .26 b = 21 .8 7 H50 (m) : 12 tool 12B foo l
c = 10 .06 r. = 7 .5 9
8 ° 97 .3 5 `102 . 6 5 kg : - -
2 .5 kg : 0 .37 0 .3 2
:
Susan test : •-

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

.
Hdet (kcal/g (M J /kg)) : H 2O ) '1 2 0 (g )
Calc : 1 .47 (6 .15) 1 .42 (5 .94 )
Skid test:
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht, (ft (m)) Even t
H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol)) : +67 .9 (+284 .1)
-
Solubility (s-sol ., sl-sl . sol ., i-insol .) :
s--acetone, butyrolactone, DMFA, DMSO, ethyl acetat e
N-methylpyrrolidone, pyridin e Gap test (mils (mm)) : (p = )
sl--chloroform, benzene, ethanol, sulfuric acid ,
wate r NSWC-SSGT : (6 .38) (p - 1 .774 )
i--carbon tetrachloride, ethyl ethe r LANL-SSGT : 219 (5 .6) (p - 1 .601 )

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES
- 10 . ELFCTRICAL PROPERTIES :

CTE : a = 80 µm /m -K ;

11 . TOXICIT Y
Low

3181
19-5 7
HNAB
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Sound velocity (km/s) : CQ Cs Cb •

(p - 1 .577) 0 .853 0 .465 0 .66 3

Initial modulus

Creep Failure envelope

NOTES

U 200 50 0
Temperature - * C
OTP curve

__--

3/8 1
19-58
 1, 1'-(i,2-ETHENEDIYL)BIS-
EXPLOSIVE : (2,4,6-TRINITROBENZENE) Di SIGNATION : HN S
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

T (°F (K)) : -
NO2 N 02 9
OC C ~~ Cp (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
Est . : 0 .40 (1 .67 )
02 N NO2 02N NO 2 F.xp . : 0 .23 (0 .962 )
Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C
(393 K)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr: 0 .0 1
Physical state : solid 1 g for 48 hr: -
Color: yellow _
At . comp . : C 14 1.1 6 N6 0 12 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
MW: 450 .3 D (min //Alec (km/s) ) : I : 6 .80 (p= 1 .60 )
Density (g/cm 3 ): TMD: 1.740 TI : 7 .00 (p - 1 .70 )

Nominal : 1 .72 PCJ (kbar (10-1 GPa) ) : (p= 1 .60 )

m .p . (°C (K)) : I : 315-316 (588-589) with disc . ;
b .p . °C (K)) : - II : 318 (591 ) Meas .: -
v.p . ( mm fig (Pa)) : Cafc .: 20 0

IL: 1 X 10- 9 at 100°C (1 .33 X 10' 7 at 373 K) Ecyl((mm//Asoc)2/2 (MJ/kg)) : (P )

6 mm : -
Crystal data : monoclinic P2 1 /c
19mm: -
a - 22 .1 3
b- 5 .57 9 . SENSITIVIT Y
c 14 .6 7
B - 108 .4 H50 (m) : '12 tool 12B too l
5 kg :
2 .5 kg : 0 .54 0 .6 6
R.
Susan test : --
5. CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

G Hdet (kcal /g (MJ/kg)) : H2O ( p ) H2 O (g )

Cale : 1 .42 (5.94) 1 .36 (5 .69 )
Exp : - - Skid test:
Impact tingle (dog (rod)) Drop ht . (Ft (m)) Event
G Hf (kcal/mol (kJ/mol)) : 418 .7 (+78 .74) -

Solubility (s-al ., slsol ., i-insol .) :

s1--butyrolactone, DMFA, DMSO, N-methylpyrrolidone
Gap test (mils (mm) ) : (p =
i--acetone I: NSWC-SSCT : (5 .18) (p - 1 .694 )
II : NSWC-SSCT : (5 .46) (p - 1 .725 )
I: LAM•-550T : 208 (5 .28) (p - 1 .669 )
6, THERMAL PROPERTIE S
10, ELEC1R1rAL PROPERTIES :
A : I : 2 .04 x 10-4 cal/cm-sec-'C (0 .085 W/m-K) at 293 K

II : 1 .91 x 10- 4 cal/cm-sec-"C (0 .080 W/m-K) at 293 K C: -

11 . TOXICIT Y
CTE : a = 92 pm/m-1t
Low

3/81
19-5 9
HNS
-
. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
•

Initial modulu s

Creep Failure envelope

NOTES
1 --T TT' --- 100 -
I I
-
~Q
104 1 1 I 1 1

------
1 I ~~ _

75 -

its 50 - - ° 10-2 '- ' '

'

25 - - a .. ' ," l
a
>z

00
-
I 1 l
100 200 300 400 500 0 ,/' /
a 10 ,
Temperature - >

'
TGA curve i
HN S
1 d ,/ /
/
/, /
0_111 ' ,'
1 I1 1

1 3 .4 2 .0 2. 2
0 200

Temperature - C
50 0
Inverse temperature (1000/Tl •y el
Vapor pressure vs 1/T
DTA curve

e
19-60 1/8 5
 MATERIAL : CHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE/VINYLIDINE DESIGNATION : Kel- F.8oo
FLUORIDE COPOLYMER 3 :1 (Binder )

SUPPLIER : 3 M
2 . STRUCTURAL FORMULATION

CI F ` H F -

F F H F /
L s \ 1 in
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIE S
Physical state : soli d Crystal data :
Color : off-whit e
At . comp . : (C 811 2 CR 3 F 11 ) n
MW : (413 .5) n
Density (g/cm 3) : TMD :
Nominal : 2 .02
m .p• (° C (K )) :
b . p . (°C (K) ) : n : 1 .4 6
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) :
Brittle point °C (K) ) Shore hardness : D 64
f . p . (°C (K) :

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

&H f (kcol/mol (kJ/mol) ) : -578(-2418) Tensile strength (psi (kPa) ) : 350-600 (2 .41-4 .1)4 )

Solubility (s-sol ., sl-sl . sol ., i-insol .) : Elongation (%) : 35 0

s - acetone, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, MEK ,
MIBK, TI!F Sound velocity Oasis) : CR Cs Cb
i - toluene
_ (p 2 .02) -- -- 1 .5 0
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES 10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIE S
?► : 1 .26 x 10- 4 cal/cm-sec-° C (0 .053 W/m-K) a t E : 3 .00 (p = 2 .02 )
CTE : 314 .4 K
a - 60-105 Um/m- K < Tg
- 300-1600 pm/m- K > Tg
8 = 700 um/m-K

II . TOXICIT Y

Tg (°F (K) ) : (301-311)

C p (cal/g-°c (kJ/kg-K) ) : Exp . 0 .239 < T g (1 .004 <Tg)

NOTES

1/85 19-6 1
Kel-F - Boo

T
10 0
•
75

50

25

0 I 1 _I I
0 100 200 300 400 50 0
Temperature - ' L

TGA curv e

7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S
s

orar r modu1ur

19-62 1/85
 EXPLOSIVE : LEAD AZIDE DESIGNATION : Lead azid e
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

Tg (°F (K)) :

IN-N-N1 - Pb++ IN-N-N1 - C p (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :

Exp . 0 .09 (0 .377 )

Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ` C

(393 0 :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
0 .25 g for 22 hr :
Physical state : solid 1 g for 48 hr: <0 . 4
Color : white-buf f
At . comp . : Pb(N 3 ) 2 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
MW: 291 D (mm /psec (km/s) ) : 5 .5 ( p= 3 .8 )
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD: 4 .80

Nominal : 4 .38 dextrin . CJ (kbar (10 1 GPa)) :

m .p . (°C (K)) : dec .
b,p . (°C (K)) : Meas . :
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : Calc . :

E cy l((mm/µsec) 2 / 2 (MJ/kg)) : ( p= )

6 mm :
Crystal data : a 13
Orthorhombic (Pnma) MonoclinicSC2.Ln).. 19 mm ;
a - 6 .63 a - 18 .49 9 . SENSITIVIT Y
b - 16 .25 b- 8 .8 4
c - 11 .31 c- 5 .1 2
S - 107 .4 850 (m) : 12 tool 128 too l

R: 35 .1 obs .
n: see Table 4-3 . Susan test :

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

H2O (k) H2O (g

Hdet (kcal /g (MJ/kg) ) : )
Colt : 0 .367 (1 .54) 0 .367 (1 .54 )
Exp: Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
H i (kcal/mol (kJ/mol)) : +112 (-4•469 )

Solubility (s-sol ., sl-sl . sol ., i-insol .) :

i--watar Gap test (mils (mm)) : (p =
NSWC-SSCT : (2723` (p 3 .663 )

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S _
10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
X : 4 .2 > 10- 4 cal/cm-sec-•C (0 .176 W/m-K)
CTE : a axis : a - 76 .9 a axis : 17 (p 4 .7 )
E: b axis : 12 0
b axis : a - 3 .4 lim/m- K at 286 K
c axis : 40
c axis : a = 18 .3
11 . TOXICIT Y
High

1/82
19-6 3
Lead azid e
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modulu s

Creep Failure envelop e

NOTES

I i 1' 4 y

l L I_ i _
0 200 35 0
Temperature - ' C
OTA curve
•
19-64 1/8 2
EXPLOSIVE : 2,4,6-TRINITRO-1,3-BENZENEDIOL, LEAD SALT DESIGNATION: Lead styphnate
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

02N 0 0

NO 2
Pb ++• H 2 O Tg (° F (K)) :

Cp (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :

02 stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 0 :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr:
Physical state : solid 1 g for 48hr : <0, 4
Color : orange-reddish brow n
DETONATION PROPERTIE S
At, compp . : C 6 R 3 N 3 0 9 1'b
MW: 468 .3 D (mm /µsec (km/s) ) : 5 .2 (p = 2 . 9
Density (g/cm3 j : TMD: 3 .0 2
Nominal : 2 .63 P CJ (kbar (10-1 GPa) ) : (p =
m .p . (°C !K)) : explodes 260-31.0 (533-583 ) Meas . :
b .p . °C (K)) :
v .p . ( mm Hg (Pa)) ; Caic . :

Ecyl((mm/psec)1/2 (MJ/kg)) : (P =
6 mm :
Crystal data : monoclini c
a - .10 .06 19 mm:
b 12 .58
c - 8 .0 5 9 . SENSITIVITY
E1 - 91 .9 : 12 tool 128 too l
H50 (m)

R: 73 .9 o'Js .
n: see Table 4-3 . Susan test :

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

Hclet (kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H2 0 (i) I'120

(g)
Cale : 0 .457 (1 .9i) 0 .457 (1 .91 )
Exp: Skid test:
I3act angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Event
A Hf (kcal/mot (1kJ/mol)) : -200 .0 (-837 )

Solubility (s--sot ., sI -sI . sal ., i -meal,) :

i--water, ether, CHC1 3 , benzene, toluene Gap test (mils (mm)) : (p =
al--acetone, ethanol
r_ ~~
d . THERMAL PROPEY TIES
10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :

CTF : e:

11 . TOXICITY

1/85 19-6 5
L11 styplinat e
'. MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modulu s

Creep Failure envelop e

NOTES
- '_
100 '1--c-L

75

50 -

25

00 100 200 300 440 500

Temperature -- ' C
TGA curv e
.
_..a L 1. . . . r-•-l_ . .L_._
0 200 35 0
Temperature - ' C
DTA (-) and pyrolysis (--) curves

3,'8 1
19-66
EXPLOSIVE : LX-01 DESIGNATION : LX-O 1
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

wt% 1' (°F (K)) : -

9
NM 51 . 7
TNM 33 . 2 Cp (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) : -
1-Nitropropane 15 .1

Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : 1 .8 at 80°C. (353 )
Physical state : liqui d 1 g for 48 hr: -
Color : clear
8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
At . comp . :
C 1 .52 H 3 .73 N 1 .69 03 .3 9
MW: D (mm /psec (km/s)) : 6 .8 4 (p = 1 .2 4
Density (g/cm3 ) : TMD : 1 .2 3
Nominal : - I PCJ (kbar (10-1 GPa)) : (p= 1 .3 1
-54 (219 )
b . p.
p . ( C (mm (K)) 15 6
v .p . (° : Hg (Pa)) : 29 .0 at 25°C (3866 at 29'3 K) Cale . : 17 7

E cy l((mm/µsec) 2 / 2 ( MJ /kg)) : (P = )
6 mm : -
Crystal data : -
19 mm: -
9 . SENSITIVIT Y

H50 (m) : 12 tool 1213 too l

-
Susan test : -

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

A Hdet (kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H2O ( H2O

1 ) (g) r
Calc : 1 .72 (7 .20 ) 1 .52 (6 .36)
Exp : - - Skid test:
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Evon t
A H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol)) : -27 .5 (-115.2) -

Solubility (s-sol ., sI -sI . sill ., i -insol .) : -

Gap test (mils (mm)) : - (p = )

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
- 10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :

CTE : - E

11 . TOXICITY

3/81
19-6 7
LX-01
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S -

Initial modulu s

Geep Failure envelope

NOTES

3/8 1
19-68
 EXPLOSIVE: LX-02-1 DESIGNATION : LX-012
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

Tg (°F (K)) : none above -4 (253 )

PETN 73 . 5
Butyl rubber 17 . 6
C p (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
Acetyltributyl citrate 6 .9 Est . : 0 .29 (1 .21 )
Cab-O-Sii 2 .0
Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C
(393 K )) :
-
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr: 0 .3-0 . 6
Physical state : puttylike soli d 1 g for 48 hr : -
Color: buff
At . comp . : C „ 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
. .77 II4 .86 N 0 .93 O 2 .99 Si 0 .0 3
MW : D (mm /psec (km/s) ) : 7 .37 ( p = 1 .4 4
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD : 1 .4 4
Nominal : 1 .43-1 .4 4 PC J (kbar (10 -1 GPa) ) : (P =
m .p . (°C (K)) : no fixed m .p .
b .p . (°C (K)) : - Meas . : -
V .P . (mm Hg (Pa)) - Calc . : -

E cyl ((mm/psec) 2 /2 (M J /kg)) : ( p= )

6 mm : -
Crystal data : -
19 mm: -
9 . SENSITIVIT Y

H 50 (m) : 12 tool 12B too l

5 kg : 0 .80 --
2 .5 kg : -- --
R: --
Susan test : Very difficult to ignite ; small
_ probability of building to a violent reaction .
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -

A Hdet (kcal /g (MJ/kg)) : H2O (1) H2O (9)

Calc : 1 .42 (5 .94 ) 1 .16 (4 .85 )
Exp : - -- Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
A Hf (kcal/mol (kJ/mol)) : -49,1 (-205 .3) -
-

Solubility (s-sol ., sl-sl . sol ., i-insol,) : -

Gap test (mils (mm)) : - (P = )

'6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S

~, - 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :

CTE : a = 128 .7 pm/m-K at 244-253 K e :

/3 = 385 {gym/m-K at 243-343 K

11 . TOXICITY

3/81
19-6 9
F LX-02
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modulus

Cree p
I Failure envelope
NOTES

3/8 1
19-70
EXPLOSIVE : LX-04-1 DESIGNATION : LX-04
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

wt% Tg (°F (K)) : -18 (245 )

fINfX 85
Vito . . A 15 Cp (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :

Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : 0 .01-0 .0 4
Physical state : soli d 1 g for 48hr : --
Color : yellow
8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
At, comp" C: 1 .55 H 2 .58 N 2 .30 O 2 .30 F 0 .52
MW : D (mm /Nsec (km/s) ) : 8 .46 ( p= 1 .86 )
Density (g/r.m 3 ) : TMD : 1 .889
Nominal : 1 .86-1 .8 7 PCJ (kbar (10-1 GPa)) : (p= 1 .865 )
m .p . (°C (K)) : dec . >250 (>523) Meas . : 35 0
b .p . (°C (K)) : -
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : - Calc . : 33 0

E cyl ((mm/isec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : (p = 1 .865 )

b mm : 1 .17 0
Crystal data : -
19 mm : 1 .47 0
9, SENSITIVITY

1 50 (m) : 12 tool 12B too l

5 kg : 0 .4 1 0 .5 5
2 .5 kg :
R : .-
Susan test: Threshold velocity 140-150 ft/se c
_ (43-46 m/s) ; moderately easy to ignite ; low
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES probability of building to a violent reaction ,
- ,~ Some geometries detonate high-order .

A (kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H 2 O (R) H2O (g) Skid test :

Hdet -- Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
Calc : 1 .42 (5 .94) 1 .31 (5 .49) 2 .5 (0 .76) 2
14 (0 .24)
Exp : 1 .31 ;5,49) 1 .25 (5 .23) 45 (0 .79) 3 .5 (1 .07) 1

A H i (kcal/mol (kJ/cool)) : -21 .5 (-90 .1)

Gap test (mils (mm)) :
NSWC-SSGT : LX-04-0 (6 .10) (p - 1 .828 )
Solubility (s-sol ., sl -sl . sol ., i -insol .) : __ LANL-SSGT : LX-04-1 (p - 1 .865 )
Pre-1965 : 60-80 (1 .5-2 .0 )
Post-1965 : 40-60 (1 .0-1 .5 )
LANL-SSGT : LX-04-0 (2 .31) (p - 1 .840 )
LANL-LSGT : LX--04•-1 (51 .71) (p - 1 .855 )
b . THERMAL PROPERTIES PX-CT : (20 .3) (p - 1 .86 )
10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
k : 10 .7 , 10 -4 cal/cm-sec-°C : (0 .448 W/m-K) at 293 n
CTE : c : 3,44 (p = 1,86 )
= 28 .5 uin ./in .-°F at -65 to -18°F
(51 .3 Um/m-K at 219-245 K )
= 39 .5 pin ./in .-°F at -18 to 165°F 11 . TOXICITY
(71 .1 Ism/m-K at 245-347 K )
= 228 .2 pm/m-K at 243-343 K

3/81
19-7 1
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

13 8 _ 1,0.a

., .- Complex shear modul i

200 260 300 350
Temperature- K 11 .05 -- -
Initial modulus
z 87 . 0

322 K
58 . 0 -
431' 5 .52 -
29 .0 -
294 K

12 I 8 24

Creep 0 2000 4000 600 0

NOTES Failure envelop e
1 .6 1

0 LX-04

/?,
1 .2
50 150 250 350 //
Temperature - 0C a) //

OTA (-) and pyrolysis (--) curves //'/F

200 300 400 500

Specific heat vs T

3/8 1
19-72
 EXPLOSIVE : LX-07-2 DESIGNATION : LX-07

%' . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

wt o Tg (°F (K)) : -18 (245 )

HMX 90
Viton A 10 C p (cal /g- ' C (kJ/kg-K)):

Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K)) :
----I
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : 0 .01-0 .0 4
Physical state : solir. 1 g for 48 hr : -
Color : orang e
At . comp, : 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
C 1 .48 H2 .62 N 2 .43 02 .43 F0 .3 5
MW: D (mm //tsec (km/s)) : 8 .6 4 (p= 1 .87 )
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD : 1 .89 2
Nominal : 1 .86 -1 .8 7 P CJ kbar (10-1 GPa)) : (P= 1 .865 )
dec . >250 (>523 )
b . p . (( ° C (K)) : Meas . : -
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : -- Calc . . 34 6

E cyl ((mm/psec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : (p = 1 .857 )

LX-07-1
Crystal data : 6 mm : 1 .25 0
19 nun : 1 .57 5
9 . SENSITIVIT Y

HS0 (m) : 12 tool 12B too l

5 kg : 0 .38 --
2 .5 kg : --
--
Susan test : Threshold velocity -' 125 ft/sec
_ (-38 m/s) ; has moderate buildup to violent
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S reaction (LX-07-2).

Hit (kcal/g (MJ /kg)) : H 2O (R) H2O (9)

Calc : 1 .49 (6 .23) 1 .37 (5 .73 )
Exp: - -- Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (Ft (m)) Even t
H f (kcal/mo) (kJ/rnol)) : -12 .3 (-51 .7 )
4 14 (0 .24) 2 .5 (0 .76) 6
X 45 (0 .79) 7 .1 (2 .16) 5
Solubility (s-sol ., sl -sl . col ., i -insal .) : - 'LX-07- 1
Gap test (mils (mm) ) : (p = 1 .857 )
LANL-SSCT : 70-90 (1 .8-2 .3) (LX-07-1 )
LANL-SSGT : 70-90 (1 .8-2 .3) (p - 1 .859) (L-07-2 )
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
10 . ELECTRICAL . PROPERTIES :
A : 12 .0 k 10 -4 cal/cm-sec-°C (0 .502 W/m-K) at 293 K
CTE : E : -
a - 26 .7 ;iin . /in .- F at -65 ' to -18° F
(48 pm/m-K at 21.9-245 K ) -
a - 34 .8 pin ./in .- F at -18° to 165° r
(63 pm/m-K at 245-347 K ) --11 . TOXICIT Y
0 - 182 .9 pm/m-K at 243-343 K

3/81
19-7 3
LX-07
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
10 '
• r- --- - 5.2 A, nAulo o IG I
--- - . 1mt,ooduko IG 29
1 . .. doll

-J2 n

70

I 2

0 .

0 4

.............. .
loo no
2 .8 90 70 50 30 10 10
'C
30 50 70 90 110 120

Complex shear modul i

200 250 300 350
Temperature - K
Initial modulu s
8 .2 7

5 .52

' 2 .7 6

00
2000 4000 6000
Strain -gm/ m
Failure envelop e
NOTES
1 .6

LX-07

1.2

'4# J
I .° L.
20U 300 400 50 0
Temperature - K
Specific heat vs T

3/81
19-74
EXPLOSIVE : LX-08-0 DESIGNATION : LX-0$
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

wt% Tg (°F (K)) : --

PETN 63 . 7
Sylgard 34, 3 C p (cal/9-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
Cab-O-Sil 2 .0 Est . : 0 .28 (1 .17 )

Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K )) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : -
Physical state : puttylike soli d 1 g for 48 hr : -
Color : blu e
At . comp . : 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
C H N O SI
1 .9.3 4 .39 0 .81 2995 0 .50
MW : 100 D (mm /µsec (km/s) ) : 6,56 (P = 2 1 .4 2
Density (g/cm3 ) : TMD : 1,43 9
Nominal : 21 .42 P C J (kbor (10-1 GPo)) : (P =
m .p . (°C (K))t 129-135 (402-408) with dec ,
b .p . (°C (K)' : - Meas . : -
v .p . (mm Hg (''a)) : - Calc . : -

E cyl ((mm/Nsec)2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : (P =

6 mm : -
Cry$tal data : -
19 mm : --
9, SENSITIVIT Y

H 50 (m) : 12 tool 12B too l

5 kg : Cured 0 .32 -
- Uncured 0 .54 --
R:
Susan test : -

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

A H et (kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H2O (R) H2O

(g)

Calc : 1 .98 (8,27) 1 .77 (7 .41 )

Exp: - -- Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
Hf (keel/1u08 (kJ/1008)) : -4 1+ (-18N .1)

Solubility (s -sal ., sI -sl . sal ., i -insol .) : - '

Gap test (mils (mm) ) : (P = )

b . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
1` - 10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :

CIE : r- : --
a - 104 .5 uin ./in . - O F (1E6 m/m-K )
is - 565 lam/m-tt
11 . TOXICITY

1/85
19-7 5
[ix-o8
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modulu s

Creep I Failure envelope

NOTES
- - ( ( -- r -- I

0 200 35 0

Temperature - ' C
DTA curve

3/8 1
19-76
 EXPLOSIVE : LX-09-0, LX-09-1 DESIGNATION : I,
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )
wt%
Tg (°F (K)) : -20 (244 )
LX-09-0 LX-09- 1
IIMX 93 93 . 3
C cal /g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
pDNPA 4 .6 4.4 P
F1:FO 2 .4 2 .3
Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C
(393 K)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : 0 .03-0 .07 LX-09- 0

Physical state : solid 1 g for 48 hr : --

Color : purple
At . comp" C 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
1 .43 H 2 .79 N 2 .59 O2 .72 1; 0 .0 2
M W: D (mm /Riser, (km/s) ) : LX-09-1 : ( p= 1 .8 4
8 .8 1
Density (g/crn3 ) : TMD: 1 .86 7
Nominal : 1 .84-1. .8 5 P CJ (kbar (10 -1 GPa) ) : (p = 1 .83 7
m .p . (°C (K)) : dec . >280 (>253 )
b .p . (°C (K)) : -- Meas . : 377
LX-09-0
V .P . (mm Hg (Pa)) : -- Colt: " 37 3

E cyl ((mm/psec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg) ) : (p = 1 .83 6

LX-09- 0
6 mm : 1 .32 0
Crystal date : - -
19 mm• 1 .67 5

9 . SENSITIVITY

H50 (m) : 12 tool 128 too l

LX-09-0 5 kg : 0 .3 2 -
2 .5 kg : --
R: -
Susan test : Threshold velocity -110 ft/ se c
(-34 m/s) ; has high probability of rapi d
. CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S buildup to violent reaction .

H2O
-A Hdet (kcal/g (MJ /kg)) : H 2O (R) (g)
Calc : 1,60 (6 .69 ) 1 .46 (6 .11 )
Exp: -, - Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (tad)) Drop hc' . (ft (m)) Even t
H f (kcol/mol (kJ/moI)) : +1 .82 (+7 .61) (LX-09-0 )
i1,004 (+8,38) (LX-09-1) T.X-09-0 : 14 (0 .24) 1,25 (0,38) 6
LX-09-0 : 45 (0 .79) 5 .0 (1 .52) 6
Solubility (s-sal ., sl-sl, sot ., i-insol .) : -
Gap test (mils (mm) ) :
LX-09'-0 : LANL-•SSCT : 75-105 (1 .9-2 .7)(p ,• 1 .835 )
LX-09-0 : LANL-LSCT : (58 .47) (p 1 .834 )

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
A: 12 .3 x 10 -" cal/cm-sec-°C (0 .515 W/m-K) at 293 IC
CIE : c :
27 .1 Uin ./in .-°F at -65 to -20° F
(48 .8 Um/m-•K at 219-244 K )
31 .0 pin ./ir, .- O F at -20 to 165° F
(55 .8 Um/m-K at 244-347 K) 11 . TOXICITY

3/81
19-7 7
LX-09
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S
0
13 . 8 - -
v `^-- _ LX-09-0 '2
5 .5 2

e 4 .1 4 -
d

2.8

200 260 300 360 1s

Tempered!*e - K 2 ,7 & -

Initial modulu s

z
"+ 1 .38- -
_oE r- 1 1
290 [ -
'-
322 K
X

' 145 - 294 K 0 2000 400 0

a Strain-km/ m
u 267K
a. I
u 0 6 12 18 24
Time--hr
Cree p Failure envelope
NOTES
-- 1 .6

v LX-09 -

x j

./•
Y

1 /

1 .2~ .
.
ucu /
/ t
I %%
;f
//,'/,'';;#
/,'
f

U 200 350 //i

Temperature - •C 1 .0 if
200 300 400 50 0
UTA curve
Temperature - K
Specific heat vs T

19-78 3/8 1
 EXPLOSIVE : LX-10-0, LX-10-1 DESIGNATION : ,-j®
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION
-
b . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )
wt % lg (° F (K)) :
LX-10-0- LX-10-1 -18 (245 )
HMX 95 94 . 5
Viton A 5 5 .5 Cst (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :

Thermal stability (cm 4 of gas 'valved at 120 ° C

(393 K)) :
LX-10-0 LX-10- 1
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 4 .25 g for 22 hr: 0,02 0 .04-0 .0 6
LX-1041 : L 1 .410 u '2 .663~2 .579 0 2 .579 1 0 .15 6
Physical state : solid 1 g for 48 hr : -
Color : blue-green spots on , hit s _
At, comp . : LX-10-0 : C 1 .42 II 2 .66 N,1 .57 O2 .57 P 0 .17 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S _M

MW : 100 LX-10-0 1,X-10-1 U (mm /pxec (km/s)) : LX-10-0 : ( p'= 1 .86 )

Density (g/cm3 ) : TMD : 1 .896 1,895 2
.85 (p
LX-10-1 : 883 1 .87 )
Nominal : 1 .858-1 .868 1 .870 P C J (kbor (10-1 GPa) ) : (p . 1,860 )
m .p . (°C (K)) : dec. >250 (>523 )
b .p . (°C (K)) : - Meas . : 37 5
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : Calc . : 36 0

E cyl ((mm/ psec) 2 /2 ( MJ /kg)) : (p 1,862 )

6 mm : 1 .31 5
Crystal data : -
19 mm : 1 .67 0
9, SENSITIVIT Y

H 50 (m) : 12 tool 128 too l

LX-10-0 5 kg : 0 .35 -
LX-10-0 2 .5 kg : 0 .40 -
: - LX-•10-1 2 .5 kg : -- 0 .3 5
Susan test : Threshold velocity ~120 ft/se c
(''37 m/s) ; has high probability of rapi d
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES buildup to violent reaction .

G H det (kcal/9 (MJ /kg)) : H2 O (k) H2O (9

)
Calc : 1 .55 (G .49) i .e (5 .94 )
Exp : Skid test:
Impact angle (deg (red )) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
H 1 (kcal/10og(kJ/1oog)) : -3 .14 (-13 .1) LX-10-0 : 14 (0 .24) 1 .25 (0 .38) 6
LX-10-0 : 45 (0 .79) 3 .5 (1 .07) 6
LX-10-1 : 14 (0 .24) 1 .25 (0 .38) 6
Solubility (s-sob ., sl -sl, sol ., i-insol .) : - LX-10-1 : 45 (0 .24) 3 .5 (1 .07) 6
Gap test (mils (mm)) : ( p= 1 .872 )
I .ANL-SSGT : 80-100 (2 .0-2 .5 )

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES _
10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
A: 12 .3 x 10 -4 cal/cm-sec-°C (0 .515 W/m-K) at 293 K
CTE : c: -
a 24 .8 tin ./in . - V F at: -65 to 0° F
(44 .6 pm/m-K at 219-255 K )
a - 26 .2 µin ./in .-°F at 0 to 165°F 11 . TOXICIT Y
(47 .0 Um/m-K at 255-347 K)

1/85 19-7 9
LX-10
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIES -
10 37

• -•lal roeAJUI IG"1 - t0

•• t.nal u
Il
2a V
at.
13.8 - 1010
-7 0

-o
0.1 t

-~\~•~ \ i la
1 2

LX-10-1 _
-o a
o
« -0 4
.:4
L' 10. .,.u .iu,, 1 :uu!:L1_Y,.._J..__ .-.-L.~l_ 1,~~ p
~, .• _ 1 i0 170 110 p 10 W 30 10 10 b 10 i0 i0 110 130

Complex shear modul i

1
200 250 300 360
10 .34 ~ -

Temperature- K

Initial modulus

B,Sf! --
I I -1
oC

rte.
58 .0 - 322K
0
a
X

3 .45 -
29 .0 -
c

° 294 K

_267 K
8 /---' 1
a
$ 0 6 12 18 24 0 I t

Time--h r 0 2000 4000 600 0

Creep Strain - einJin .

Failure envelope
NOTES

-1---T--I---T--I- 1 .6

a LX-1 0
7[
j7 -
.u
at 1 .4 -

tu
co . ~:

1 .2_ .//
/

0 200 350 ~%~

Temperature -- ' C ;~
DTA curve 1 200 300 400 50 0
Temperature - K
Specific heat vs T

19-80 3/8 1
EXPLOSIVE : LX-11-0 DESIGNATION : LX-l l
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

wt% Tg (°F (K)) : -18 (245 )

IIMX 80
Viton A 20 C p (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :

Est . : 0 .31 (1 .26 )

Thermul stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : 0 .01-0 .0 4
Physical state : soli d 1 g for 48 hr : -
Color : white
8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S -
At . corr. , - C: H N O F
1 .61 2 .53 2,16 '2 .16 0 .70
MW : D (mm /µsec (km/s)) : 8 .32 (P = 1 .87 )
Density (g/c . . . TMD : -
Nominal : 1 .87-1 .88 P~.J (kbar (10 -1 GPo)) : (p = 1 .87 )
m .p . (°C (K)) : dec . >250 (>523 ) -
° Meas .
P
v,p . (mm Hg (Pµ)) : - Calc . : 31 0

E cyl ((mm/µsec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : ( p= 1 .876 )

6 mm : 1 .10 5
Crystal data : -
19 mm: 1 .36 0
9 . SENSITIVITY -
H 5Q (m) : 12 tool 128 too l
5 kg : 0 .59 --
2 .5 kg ;
: -
Susan test: Threshold velocity - 170 ft/se c
("'53 m/s) ; is moderately difficult to ignit e
and has very low probabil :ty of buildup t o
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES violent reaction.

O Hdet (kcal/g (MJ/kg))

; H 2O ( .e ) H2 O ( g )
Calc : 1 .38 (5 .77) 1 .28 (5 .36 )
Exp: 1 .12 (4 .69) 1,16 (4 .85) Skid test :
Impact angle (dog (rod)) Drop ht, (it (m)) Event
H f (kcal/mol (kJ/m)l)) : -30 .73 (-128 .6 )

Solubility (s-sol ., sl-si . sol ., i-insol .) : --

Gap test (mils (mm)) : (P = 1 .867 )
LANL-SSGT : 45-65 (1 .1-1 .7 )

THERMAL PROPERTIE S
10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
A: (est .) 0 .21 Iltu/hr-ft-°C (0 .363 W/m-K) at 294 K

CTE :
.t - (est .) 31 uin ./in . - O F
at -65 to -10° F
(56 um/m-K at 219-249 K )
.. 46 uin ./in .-°F at 10-165°F 11 . TOXICIT Y
(83 um/m-K at 261-347 K)

3/81 19-8 1
LX-1 1
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

0
. .
Io'' I --- ._--

. . . . . . . . ..

1n 1
e.\\

... . . . n
5 0 .....
.D o

It
nD,

II
160 130 110 00 PO 30 "
100 ,,, )0 10 10 3D 60 ID OD 110

'D

Complex shear modul i

Initial modulus

Creep Failure envelope

NOTES

3/81
19-82
 EXPLOSIVE : .LX-14-0 DESIGNATION : LX-1 4
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

wt% T g (° F (K)) : -
I I MX 95 . 5
Estane 57 02-Fl 4,5 Cp (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :

Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K)) :
' 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : 0 .02
Physical state : solid 1 g for 48 hr : 0 .0 3
Color : violet spots on whit e
At . comp . : C 1 .5211 2 .92 1,1 2 .59 0 2 .66 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
MW : D (mm /Asec (km/s) ) : 8 .83 (p= 1 .835 )
Density (g/cm J ): TMD: 1 .84 9
Nominal : 1,83 PCJ (kbar (10-1 GPa)) : (p= 1 .833 )
m .p . (oC (K)) : dec . >270 (>543)
b .p . (°C (K) ) : Meas .: 370
v.p . (mm He (NO) : Caic .: ---

Ecyl ((mm/µsec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)): (p= 1 .835 )

6 mm: 0 .'985
Crystal data :
19 mm : 1 .614 3
9, SENSITIVIT Y
H 50 (m) : 12 tool 12B tool
2 .5 kg : 0 .53 0 .5 1

Susan test : Threshold velocity - .48 m/s ; is

moderately easy to ignite . Accidental
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES - mechanical ignition would have moderately lo w
probability of building to violent 'eaction or
detonation .
A Hdet (kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H2O ( .R) 1120 (g)
Colc : 1 .58 (6 .59) 1 .43 (5 .95 )
Exp: Skid test:
Impact angle (deg (rod") Drop ht . ft (m)) Even t
A H f (kcal/mu) (KJ/moi)): +1 .50 (+6 .28) 14 (0 .24) 1 .25 (0,38) 3
45 (0 .79) 5 .0 (1 .52) 4
Solubility (s-sol ., sl-sl . sol ., i-insol .): _
Gap test (mils (mm)) : (p= 1 .833 )
LANL-SSCT : 60-80 (1 .5-2 .0)

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
A : 10 .42 x 1o- 4 cal/cm-sec-°C (0 .439 W/rn K) at 293 K
10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
CTE : ., = 27 uin ./in .-°F <30°F e
(48.5 um/m-K <239 K)
k'r = 31 uin ./in . - O F >30° F
(55 .8 Urn/rn-K >239 K)
11 . TOXICITY
LX-1 4
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

13 .8 - - to“,

Iu I
C \yYY . .. . . . . . . .
.•
LX-140 ,y• ._-
Id
IW 130
U330.03 .3333330343.10-- .
110 p N W 711 10 10 30 10 MI110
~,
Iu
2.8 - '
hooon .w. C

Complex shear modul i

i L ` -I-•
200 250 300 35 0
10 .3 4 - I I
Temperature - K
Initial modulu s

87
."'^` 6 .88 -
,,,,,i•
z

I820 0322 :
3 .46 -

_
OQ 6 12 18 24 0
0
1
2000 4000 6000
A
Time - h r
Creep Strain - µinJin ,
Failure envelop e
NOTES
-t---,•----I-,- 1 .6 -_.~ .w

o LX-1 4
t:n
1 .4

.-
./'
-~-~~ `. 1 .2
:/ '
uv
rA

i ,r
0 200 35 0
/4'/
~i
Temperature - ' C
Temperature 4'
1
UTA curve 200 300 400 500
Temperature - K
Specific heat vs T

1/82
19-84

0 *: ,
 EXPLOSIVE : LX-15 DESIGNATION: LX-15
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )
wt% Tg (°F(K)) :
HNS-l 95
Kel-F 800 5
Cp (cii/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :

Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K)) :
4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0.25 g for 22 hr: 0 .06 9
Physical state : solid 1 g for 48hr:
Color : beige
At . comp . : 8. DETONATION PROPERTIE S
C3.0511 .29N1 .2702 .53 02F :0 .04
:0 .13
MW: 100 D (mm /µsac (krn/s) ) : 6 .84 (p= 1 .58 4
Density (g/cm3 ) : TMD: 1 .75 2
Nominal : P CJ (kiwi. (10-1 GPa) ) ; (P = 1 .5 8
m.p . ('C (K)) : 313(586 )
o .? Meas .:
v.p . ( mm )(Pa)) : Calc .: 188
Hg
Eayl((mm/µsec)2/2 (MJ/kg)) : (p= 1 .5 8

6 mm: 0 .700
Crystal data :
19 mm:0 .92 9
9. SENSITIVIT Y
H 50 (m) : 12 tool 128 too l
2 .5 kg : 0 .83 --

R:
Susan test :

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

O Hit (kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H2O (1) H2O

(9)
Cale: 1 .53 (6 .40) 1 .34 (5 .61 )
Exp: Skid test:
Impact angle (deg (rod)) D p ht . (ft (m)) Even t
4 H f (kcal/100g(kJ/loog)) : -4 .34 (-18 .16) (p _

Solubility (s-sol ., si -sI . sal ., i-insol .) :

Gap test (mils (mm)) : (P.° --
LANL-SSGT : 234 (5 .94 )

6. THERMAL PROPERTIES ..,.~

10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
CTE : :

TOXICITY
LX-fl y
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Sound velocity (km/s) :

R
C Cs Cb 0
(p - 1 .58) 1 .749 1 .038 1 .27 4

Initial modulus

Creep Failure envelope

NOTES

0 200 50 0

Temperature - * C
OTA curve

e
3/8 1
19-86
 EXPLOSIVE : LX-16 DESIGNATION: LX-1 6
2, STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )
wt %
Tg (°F (K)) :
PETN 96
FPC 461 4
Cp (cal/g-•'C (k.l/kg-K)) :

Thermal stabili'ry (( cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 Ki t
PHYSICAL PROPERTIE S 0 .25 g for 22 hr : 0 .3 8

Physical state : soli d 1 g for 48 hr :

Color : whit e ..
At . comp . : 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
C 1 . .61F12 .52 N 1 .22 0 3 .64 £ 0 .0 5
MW : D (mm /)Asec (km/s)) : (P =
Density (g/crn 3 ) : TMD: 1 .70 7

Nominal : 1 .59-1 .6 0 PCJ (kbar (10-1 GPO)) : (p =

m . p . (°C ( K )) :
b .p . (°C (K)) : Meas . :
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : Calc . :

E cyl ((mm/ psec) 2 /2 (MJ /kg)) : (P = )

6 mm :
Crystal data :
19 mm :
9 . SENSITIVIT Y

50 (m) : 12 tool 12B too l

5 kg : 0 .18

R: I
Susan test :

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

Hdet (kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H2O ( .Q) H2O (g

)
Calc : 1 .59 (6 .65) 1 .46 (6 .1 .1 )
Exp: Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
L Hi (kcal/mol (kJ/nal)) : -42 .71 (-178 .7 )

Solubility (ssI -sl . sol ., i-insol .) :

Gap test (mils (mm) ) : (r =

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S -.
10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
A:
CTE :

11 . TOXICIT Y

Moderate +

3/81 19-8 7
 F .iiur6 envelope

3/81
19-88
EXPLOSI\.E : LX-17-0 DESIGNATION : LX-1 7
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )
wt% Tg (°F (K)) :
TATS 92 .5
Kel-F 800 7 .5
Cp (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
Exp . 0,27 (1 .13 )

Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : <0 .0 2
Physical slate : soli d 1 g for 48 hr : <0 .0 2
Color : yellow
At . comp . : C ii N 0 C£ : 0 .05 4 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
22 . 29 2 . 18 2 . 15 2 . 1 5
MW : -- F :0 .2
D (mm /µsdc (km/s) ) : 7 .63 (o= 1 .908

Density (g /cm 3 ) : TMD : 1 . 94 4

1 .89-1 .9 4
Nominal ; P CJ (kbar (V) -1 GPa)) : (p = 1 .90 0
m .p . (° C (K)) :
b .p . (°C (K)) : Meas . : 300
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : 1 .1 x 10 -6 at 150°C (1 .46 x 10 -4 C.olc . :
at 423 K)
E cyl ((mm/µtec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : (p = 1 .90 8

6 mm : 0 .8 7
Crystal data :
19 mm: 1 .0 7
9 . SENS ;TIVITY

H50 (m) : 12 tool 12B too l

2 .5 kg : >1 .77 --

Susan test : Behaves like a mock HE t o

threshold velocity of •..1000 m/s .
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

(kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H 2O ) H2 O (g )
A Hdet
Calc : 1 .31 (5,48) 1 .02 (4 .27 )
Exp: -- -- Skid test :
pact angle (deg (rad)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Event
A Hf (kcal/mol (kj/mol)) : -24 .04 (-100 .6)
nu reaction

Solubility (s-sal ., sl-sl . sal ., i-lnsol .) :

Gap test (mils (mm)) : (1 .35) (p= 1 .90 2
PX-CT presse d
(2 .29) (p - 1 .89 9
machine d
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
A : 19 .1 x 10- 4 cal/sec•-cm-°C at (0 .799 w/m-K) at 293 K
CTE : a - 40 .4 um/n-K at 219-288 K E ;
a - 60 .2 0m/m-K at 288-347 K

I i . TOXICITY

1/82 19-8 9
 LX-1 7
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

10 .
'-uund velocity (km/s) : CQ Cs Cb s
` --- - Sru .q. mswf~uG )
. tollmoewh. 0 78

(t. . 1 .899) 2 .815 1 .366 2 .2 4 - H

111 n
70

-. -
.J-
1 2
10 "

0n

n .. 04

150 100 110 W 70 50 30 10 10 30 W 70 20 110 10 0

'
Ixnpr.Nr . C

Complex shear modul i

Initial modulus

r----7--__ I _. t

10 / ' i -14.s

E
s ~/ -7 .25 '
(d

00 b r 10 is 20
Tun. - h

Cree p Failure envelop e

NOTES

C SOU 50 0
Temperature - .' C
UTA curve

1/8 2
19-90

NIMNSOMMISiltalifittOSEINKIMMORAW
 EXPLOSIVE : /LEN- I I DESIGNATION : MEN-I I
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )
wt %
T g (°F (K)) :
NM 72 . 2
Methanol 23 . 4
Ethylene diamine 4 .4 Cp (cal/g'-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :

Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 Kl :
4 . ?HYSICAL PROPERTIE S 0 .25 g for 22 hr :
Physical state : liqui d 1 g for 48 hr :
Color : clea r
At, comp . : C 2 .06 41 7 .0G N 1 .33G 3 .1 0 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
MW : D (mm /Nsec (km/s)) : 5 .49 ( p = 1 .0 2
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD: 1 .01 7
Nominal : PCJ (kbar (10 -1 GPa) ) : ( p= 1 .01 7
m .p . (°C (K)) : 313 (586 )
b .p . (°C (K)) : Maas . : --
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : Caic . : 11 3

Ecyl((mm/µsec)2/2 (MJ/kg)) : ( p= )
6 mm :
Crystal data :
19mm :
9 . SENSITIVIT Y
H 50 (m) : 12 tool 12Btoo l

R:
Susan test :

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES `

cS Hdet (kcal/g (M J /kg)) : H 2 O (R) 11 2 0 (g )

1 .38 (5 .77) 1 .05 (4 .39 )
Exp : Skid test ;
impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
/a Hf (kcal/moi (kJ/mol)) : -74 .3 (-310 .7) I

Solubility (s-sol ., sl sol ., i-insol .) :

Gap test (mils (mm) ) : (p = )

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES _
[10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :

CTE :

11 . TOXICITY

3/81
19-9 1
MEN-I I
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modules

Creep Failure envelope

NOTES

s
3/8 1
19-92
 EXPLOSIVE : MINOL-2 DESIGNATION : Minos- 2

2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

wt% Tg (°F (K)) :
AN 40
TNT 40 Cp (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
Al 20
Exp . 0.30 at -5°C (1 .25 at 268 K )
Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C
(393 K)) :
4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0.25 g for 22 hr: 0.105
Physical state : soli d 1 g for 48 hr :
Color : gray
At, comp .: C 23 II2 .88N1 .5342 .56 Al 0.74 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIES
MW : 100 1' D (mm /µsec (km/s)) : 5 .82 (P = 1 .68
Density (g/cm 3): TMD:
Nominal : 1 .70 PCJ (kbar (101 GPa) ) : ( p' )

b .p. (4( 'C (K) ): Meas .:

v .p .(mmHg(~Pa)) : Calc .:

Ecyl ((mm/Asec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)): ( p= )

6 mm :
Crystal data :
19mm:
9, SENSITIVITY
H 50 (m) : 12 tool 12B too l

Susan test :

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

~A Hit (kcal /g (MJ/kg)) : H2O (2)

H20
(g )
Calc: 2 .01 (8.41) 1 .86 (7 .78)
Exp : Skid test :
pact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Event
Hf (kcal/100g(ka/1ooa))1 -46 .43 (-1.94 .3)

Solubility (s-sol ., sl -sl . zol ., i • insol .) :

Gap test (mils (mm)): (p= )

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
: 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERT IES
A: 16 .5 x 10-4 cal/cm-Rec-°C (0 .690 W/u :-K)

11 . TOXICITY

1/85 19-9 3
EXPLOSIVE : NITROCELLULOSE DESIGNATION: NC
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

0 2 N0 N0 2 Tg (°F (K)) : -
H) H
C p (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
H H Exp . 0 .268 at 25°C (1 .12 at 298 K) :12% N
H Exp . 0 .247 at 25°C (1 .033 at 298 K) :13 .35% N

~~ CH 2ONO 2 Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

-n (39 3
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : 1 .0-1 . 2
Physical state : soli d 14 .14%N (C 6 117 N 3 011 ] n 1g for 48 hr : 5.0
Color : white 12%N 13.35% N
At . comp . : 0
E6 7 .74 N 2.25 9 .5 2] n
H C ;[ i .29N 2 .71 010 .41)n 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
[6
MW : (263 .9) n (283 .9) n (297 .1 ) D (mm /psec (km/s)) : (p= 1 .20 )
Density (g/cm ) : 1.65 3 1 .656 1 .65 9 13 .35% N : 7 .30
IMO :
Nominal : 1.50 ?
CJ
(kbar (10-1 GPa) ) : (P = 1 .58 )
b .p . ( C (K)) : dec . >135 (408 ) Meas . :
(° Hg (Pa)) ;
V .P . (mm - Calc . : 200 (12% N )
210 (13 .35% N) (p - 1 .58 )
E cyi ((mm/µsec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : ( p= )

6 mm: -
Crystal data : --- -
19 mm :
9 . SENSITIVIT Y

H50 (m) : 12 tool 1213 too l

--
5 kg : -
12% N : 2 .5 kg : 0 .50 0 .5 7
R: ..-
Susan test : -- -

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

Hdei (kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H2O ( 1 ) H2O

(g) {

i2% N Calc : 1,1G (4 .85 ) 1 .02 (4 .27 )

13 .35% N Cale : 1 .16 (4 .85 ) 1 .02 (4 .27 ) Skid test :
Impact angle (dog (rod)) Drop ht, (ft (m)) Even t
H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol)) : 12% N: -174 (-727 )
13 .35% N : -163 (-682 ) - -
14 .14%N : 1'6 (-653 )
Solubility (s-sol ., sI-sI . i-insol .)5 :
s--acetone, ethyl acetat e Gap test (mils (mm)) : (P =
sl.--e :hano l
i--carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, ethyl ether ,
wate r
b . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
-4 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
A: 5 .5 x 10 cal/cm-sec-°C (0 .230 W/m-K) :12% N
CTE : a - 80-120 pm/m-K ct: 219-239 K 12% N ty _,

11 . TOXICITY
None

1/85
19--9 5
 NC
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modulus

0
Creep Failure envelope
NOTE S

Explosion

\
•

0 100 200 300

Temperature - ° C
DTA (-) and pyrolysis (--) curve s

19-96 3/8 1
 EXPLOSIVE : 1,2,3-PROPANETR1OL TRINITRATE DESIGNATION : NG
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

Tg (°F(K)) : -
H, H H2

C-C -C -.0 - NO2 Cp (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :

O N-O 0- NO Exp . 0 .356 at 35-200°C (1 .49 at 308-473 K )

2 2
Thermal stability (cm3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C
(393 K)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : --
Physical state : liqui d 1 g for 48 hr : -
Color : clear -,
At . comp, : 0 3 H5 N 3 O9 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
MW : 227 .). D (mm /Ftsec (km/s) ) : 7 .70 (p= 1 .60 )
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD : 1 .596
Nominal : -- P C J (kbar (10 -1 GPO) : (p= 1 .5 9
13 .2 (286) Meas . : 25 3
b . p. ( °C (K)):
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : 0 .0015 at 20°C (0 .2 at 293 K) Calc . : 25 1

E cyi ((mrn/psec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg) ) : ( per )

6 mm : -
Crystal data : -
19 mm: -
9 . SENSITIVIT Y

N50 (m) : 12 tool 12B too l

5 kg :
2 .5 kg : 0 .20
R: --
n: 1 .4732 at 20 ° C (293 1t) Susan test : -

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

4 H it (kcal /g (MJ/kg)) : H 2O (R) H2O (g

)
Caic : 1 .59 (6 .65) 1 .48 (6 .19 )
Exp : - - Skid test:
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol)) : -88 .6 (-371 )

Solubility (s-sol ., sI-si . vol ., i-insol .) :

s-acetone, benzene, chloroform, ethanol, ethyl Gap test (mils (mm)) : --- (p' )
acetate, ethyl ether, nitric acid, sulfuric acid ,
pyridin e
sl•-carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, wate r
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
- 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :

CTE : -

11 . TOXICIT Y

High
NG
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modulus.

Creep -i Foiiure envelope

'NOTES

Idf~ ----r---r --r-r

--
r
G
..
I° 10-2
? :: 7'•: 1

10
,

1G -14 -
I', 1 / I
3 .4 2 .8 2.2
Inve,•se temperature (1000/T) - ICI
Vapor pressure vs 1/T

e
1/8 5
19-98
EXPLOSIVE : NITROMETHANE DESIGNATION : NM
2. STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )
Tg (°F (K)) : -
H
H -- i - NO 2 Cp (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) : -

H
Thermal stability (cm ' of gas evolved at 120 ° C
(393 K)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : -
Physical state: liquid 1 g for 48 hr: --
Color : clear
At . comp .: C 1 H3 iV 1 02 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIES
MW : 61 . 0 D (mm /Nsec (km/s) ) : 6 .35 ( p= 1 .13 )
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD : 1 .13 at 293 K
Nominal : (kbar (10-1 GPa)) : (P = 1 .135 )
m .p . (°C (K)) : -29 (244 )
b.p . (°C (K)) : 101 (374 ) Meas .: 12 5
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : 37 at 25°C (4933 at 298 K ) Calc .: 144

Ecyl ((mm/µsec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : (P = 1 .14 )

0.580 at 284-288 K
Crystal Batas (P2 1 2 1 2 1 ) at -268 .8° C
mm : 0.745
619mm;
a 5 .1 8
b - 6 .2 4 9. SENSITIVITY
c 8 .5 2
H50 (m) : 12 tool 12B tool
5 kg : - -
_ 2 .5 kg : >3 .20 --
Rc
Susan test: -
n: 1 .641 at 20 .4°C and 8 .65 (;Pa

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

G Hdet (kcal /g (M J /kg) ) : H2O (A) H2O (g )

Colc : 1.62 (6 .78) 1.36 (5 .69)
Exp: 1 .23 (5.15) 1.06 (4 .44) Skid test :
~`t
Impact angle (deg (rod )) Drop ht. (ft (m)) Even
O Hf (kcal/mol (kJ/mol)) : -27 (-113 )

Solubility (s-sol ., sl -sI . sol ., 1-insol .) :

o--DM1P A, DMSO, ethanol, ethyl ether, water Gap test (mils (mm)) : (modified) (P= -
1 .ANL-SSCT : 7-17 (0 .1.8-0 .43 )
I.ANL-SSCT : 2-8 (0 .05-0 .20 )
SRI-CT : (5 .1-10 .2 )
6. THERMAL PROPERTIES _
10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
CTE: - c. -

11 . TOXICITY
Moderate

1/82
19-9 9
LN M
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Sound velocity (km/a) : CR Cs Cb

(p ,• 1 .14) -- -- 1 .3 3

Initial modulus
J

Cree p Failure envelope

NOTES

104 I r --r -r--r-r-T-T

-
---
NM J i ,' y r .,
.p '

50-8 ' /
' ''
' /,y /
,' /
,.

10-14 - -

3 .4 2 .8 2 .2
Inverre temperature ( 1 000/TS -. K' 1
Vapor pressure vs l/T

19-100 1/8 5
 EXPLOSIVE : NITROGUANIDINE DESIGNATION : NQ
27 STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

Tg (°F f, K)) : -
NO2 H
C (AI/9-°C (kJ/kg . .K)) : -
H - N--- C --N---- H P
Exp . 6 + O .Oii ; at 200-460 ` C
NI H
Thermal stability (cm 3 of 905 evolved at 120 ° C
(393 K)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : 0 :02-0 .0 5
Physical state : solid 1 q for 48 hr : --
Color : white
8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
At . comp . : C 1 1H4 N402
MW : 104 . 1 D (mm /cosec (km/s) ) : 7 .6 5 (p = 1 .5 5
Density (9 /cm') : TMD: 1 .77 5
Nominal : 1 .55-1 .7 5 P CJ (kbar (10" 1 GPO)) : (P =
m .p . (°C (10) : 257(530 ) Meas . : -
b .p . (°C (K)) : --
v .p . (mm Hg ((Pa)) : -- Calc . . -

Ecyl ((mm/Msec) 2 / 2 (M J /k g )) : (P° )

6 mm: ---
Crystal data : orthorhombic (Fdd2 )
19 mm: -
a 17 .6 2
b - 24 .8 5 9 . SENSITIVITY
c 3 .5 9
12 tool 12B too l
H50 (m) :
5 kg : `1 .77 --
2 .5 kg : >3 .20 >3 .20
R: 25 .2 (talc .) . 22 .2 ((As . )
n: see Table 4-3 . Susan test :

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

t1 Hd
.t (kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H2O (g
H 2O ( 1 ) )
Calc : 1 .06 (4 .44 ) 0 .88 (3 .68 )
Exp: - - Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod )) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
H f (kcal/mol (kJ/cool)) : -22 .1 (-92 .5) - -
Solubility (s-sot ., si•-sl . sol ., i-insol .) :
a--DHFA, sulfuric aci d
al--ethanol, nitric acid Gap test (mils (mm)) : (P = )
i--acetone, benzene, carbon disulfide, carbo n NSWC-SSGT : (2 .72) (p - 1 .273 )
tetrachloride, chloroform, ethyl acetate , LANL-SSGT : NO GO ( p - 1 .575 )
ethp ether) wate r LANL-LSGT : NO CO (p 1 .715 )
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
10 .14 X 1o- 4 eal/cm-sec-°C (0 .424 41/m-LC) at 314 K 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :

CIE : - c : -

11 . TOXICIT Y
High
tl

1/85 19-10 1
 7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modulus

Creep Failure envelop e

I NOTES

---,- 100 1 i -!

75 -

50 -

25

00 100 200 300 400 50 0

Temperature - ' C
TGA curv e
50 150 250 350
Temperature - ° C
0T (-) and pyrolysis (---) curves

1/8 2
19-102
EXPLOSIVE : OCTOL 75/25 DESIGNATION : OCtol
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

wL% Tg ( `' F 'K)) : -

HMX 75
TNT 25 Cp A . °C (kJ/kg-K)) :
Est . : 0 .27 (1 .13 )

Thermal stability (cm3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K )) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : 0 .02 8

Physical state : soli d 1 g for 48 hr: 0 .1 8

Color : be:f f
At . comp . : C 1 .78 H2 .58 N2 .36 0 2.6 9 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
MW : 10 0 D (mm /).isec (km/s)) : 8 .4 8 ( P= 1,8 1
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD : 1 .84 3
Nominal : 1 .80-1 .82 P CJ (kbar (10-1 GPa) ) : (P = 1 .82 1
m .p . (°C (K)) : 7 9-80 (352-353 )
b .p . (°C ( K )) : - Meas . : 34 2
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : 0 .1 at 100°C (13 .33 at 373 K) Caic . : •-

E cyl ((mm/µsec ) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : (p= 1,813 )

6 mm : 1 .21 5
Crystal data :
19 mm: 1 .53 5

9 . SENSITIVIT Y
12 tool 128 too l
H50 (m) :
5 kg : 0 .41 _-
2 .5 kg : 0 .35-0 .52 0 .49-2 .7 0
R: -
Susan test: Threshold velocity -180 ft/ se c
_ (^' 55 m/s) ; is rather difficult to ignit e
accidentally, but capable of large reaction
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES _ once ignited .

Hdet (kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H2O (1) 112 0

(g )
Calc : 1 .57 (6 .57 ) 1 .43 (5 .98 )
Exp : - - Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
G Hf (kcal/100g (kJ/100g)) : +2 .78 (411 .63) 75/25 : 14 (0 .24) 3 .5 (1 .07) 3

Solubility (s-sol ., sl -sl . sol ., i -insol .) : -

Gap test (mils (mm) ) :
75,'25 : NSWC-SSGT : (4 .88) (p - 1 .829 )
75/25 : LANL-SSGT : 22-2 8 (0 .56-0 .71) 1 .8]0 )
_ 75/25 : LANL-LSCT : 1 .94 7 (49 .5) (r . = 1 .822 )
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S -
10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
A: -
CTE : - E : 3 .20 (p - 1 .81 )

11 . TOXICITY

1/85
19-10 3
Octo l

7 . MECHANICAL Pi:OPERTIE S
•
-~- 61.49. mN~hil IG I

Sound velocity (km/s) : CR CA Cb • --- . L oomNI41414'IG

-
)In
I -i 20

u 1it 71
(p - 1 .80) 3 .14 1 .66 2 .49 0 .9
a
1 ¢
1 6

`-1 2
,d
0 8
s
- 0♦

1 60 170 110 90 70 50 30 10 10 70 f0 70 90 110 170

Complex shear modul i

Initial modulus

0
NOTES
Creep
L Failure envelope

Explosion'
11
11
/
11

/I 1 \~ -

0 100 200 30 0
Temperature - ° C
DTA (-) and pyrolysis (--) curves

•
3/8 1
19-104
 1
[EXPLOSIVE : PBX-9007 1 DESIGNATION : PBX-9007
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued ;
• wt°lo T (°F (K)) : -
1tl)X 90 9
Polystyrene 9.1 Cp (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
0.5 Est . : 0 .28 (1 .17 )
Rosin 0 .4
Thermal stability (cm3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C
(393 Ir)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0.25 g for 22 hr: 0,03-0 .0 7
Physical state : solid 1 g for 48 hr: ---
Color: white or mottled gray
At . comp" C 1 .9? H33,22 N 2,43 O 2 .44 8. DETONATION PROPERTIE S
MW : D (mm/.sec (km/s)) : 8,09 (1,64 )
Density (g/cm 3 ): TMD : 1 .697
Nominal : 1 .66 PCJ (kbar (10 -1 GPa))' ( p= 1 .60 )
m .p . (°C (K)) : dec . >200 (>473 ) Meas .: 26 5
b .p . (°C (K)) : '-
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : -- Calc .: -
!
Ecy1((mm/usec)2/2 (MJ/kg)) : (p = )
6 mm: ---
Crystal data : --
19 mm : -
9 . SENSITIVIT Y

50 (m) : 12 tool 12B tool

5 kg : 0 .35 0 .2 8
2 .5 kg : 0 .39 --
R; --
Susan test: -

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

Hdet (kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H2O (R) 112 0 (g)

Calc: 1,56 (6 .53) 1.39 (5 .82 )
Exp: Skid test :
impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
Hi (kcal/moi (kJ'/mo1)) : +7.13 (+29 .8 )

Solubility (s-sol ., sl --sl . sol ., i-insr' .) :

Gap test (mils (mm)) ;
LANL-SSGT : (2 .01) (p 1 .638 )
LANL-LSGT : (52 .91) (p - 1 .646 )

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES
10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
CTE : -- E : -

11 . TOXICITY

3/81 19-10 5
PBX-1007
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modulus

Creep Failure onvnlop e

NOTES

11
1 1

0 200 50 0
Temperature - ' C
DTA (-) and pyrolysis (--) curves

3/81
19-106
 EXPLOSIVE : PBX-9010 DESIGNATION : PBX-9010
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

wt% Tg (°F (K)) : --

Iil)X 90
Ke :-1' 10 C (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
Est . : 0 .27 (1 .13 )

Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .02-0 .0 4
0 .25 g for 22 hr :
Physical state : soli d 1 g for 48 hr : 0 .2-0 . 3
Color : white
At . comp, : C 1,39 H 2 N2 0 tl F 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
.43 .43 2 .43 0 .09 0 .2 6
MW: D (mm /psec (krn/s) ) : 8 .37 ( p= 1 .7 8
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TM): 1,82 2
Nominal : 1 .7 9 P CJ (kbar (10-1 GPa) ) : ( p= 1 .78 3
m,p . (~ C (K)) : dec . >200 (>473 )
b .p . ( C (K)) : - Meas . : 328 ± 5
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : - Calc . : -

E cyl ((mm/µsec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : (p = 1 .78 8

6 mm : 1 .16 0
Crystal data : -
19 mm: 1 .47 0

9 . SENSITIVIT Y
H50 (m) : 12 tool 12P too l
5 kg : 0 .30 0 .4 5
2 .5 kg : 0 .31-0 .41 0 .31-0 .9 2
R: -
Susan test : Threshold velocity -110 ft/se c
(-34 m/s) ; has high probability of rapi d
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S buildup to violent reaction .

A Hdet (kcal /g (MJ/kg) ) : H2O (y)

H 2O (g )
Calc : 1 .47 (6,15) 1 .36 (5,69 )
Exp : •-- --- Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
A H i (kcal/ma) (kJ/mol)) : -7 .87 (-32 .9)
14 (0 .24) 1 .25 (0 .38) 6
45 (0 .79) 3 .5 (1 .07) 6
Solub n lity (ssI-sl . sal ., i -
Gap test (mils (mm) ) :
LANL-SSGT : 75-95 (1 .9-2 .4) (P 1 .783 )
LANL-LSGT : 2 .090 (53 .09) (p - 1 .786 )

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
A : 5 .14 X 10 -4 cal/cm-sec-°C (0 .215 W/m-•K) at 322 K
CTE : a = 66 um m-ii c : -

11 . TOXICITY

3/81
19-10 7
PBX-9010
7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

r . i i
IUI~

Sound velocity (km/s) : CR Cs Cb _- ^•^,,,

(p b. 1 .78) 2 .72 1 .47 2 .13

s
p u
10

i
s
. . . . .. .. .
..

11 ,

t o* '"
It0 130 ItO 90 10 w 30 10 10 30 60 10 Ip 1171
T•.9. 4ur . 'C

Complex shear modul i

Initial modulu s

Creep Failure envelope

NOTES

50 150 250 350

Temperature - ° C
OTA (--) and pyrolysis (--) curves

3/8 1
19-108
EXPLOSIVE : PBX-9011 DESIGNATION: PBX-901 1
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

wt°o Tg (°F (K)) : -35 (236 )

HN1X 90
Estane 10 Cp (cal /g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
Est. : 0 .27 (1 .13 )

Thermal stability (cm3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K )) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : 0 .02 4
Physical state : solid 1 g for 48hr: -
Co l or : off-white
At . comp . : 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
C li N, O
1,73 3,18 2 .45 2 .6 1
MW : D (mrn / .sec (km/s)) : 8 .50 (p- 1 .7 7
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD : 1 .79 5
Nominal : 1 .77 P CJ (kbar (10-1 GPa) ) : ( p= 1 .76 7
dec . >250 (>523 )
());
b .p . (°mmC (K Meas . : 324 ± 5
v .p . Hg (Pa)) : - Calc . : -

E cyl ((mm/psec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : ( p= 1 .77 7

6 mm: 1 .12 0
Crystal data : -
19 mm : 1 .41 5
9 . SENSITIVIT Y
H 50 (m) : 12 tool 12B too l
5 kg : 0 .44 0 .9 8
2 .5 kg : 0 .45-0 .89 0 .53-0 .9 3
-
Susan test : Threshold velocity - 165 ft/ se c
(-50 sn/s) ; is moderately difficult to ignite
1 and has very low probability of buildup to
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 11 a violent reaction .

A Fide (kcal /g (MJ/kg)) : H2O H2O (g

) - )
Calc : 1 .53 (6 .40) 1 .36 (5.69 )
Exp : - - Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Event
A Hf (kcal/nwI (kJ/mol)) : -4 .05 (-17) 14 (0 .24) 20 .0 (6 .10) 1
45 (0 .79) 20 .0 (6 .10) 0
Solubility (s-sol ., sl -sI . sol ., i-insol .) : -
Gap test (mils (mm) ) :
LANL-SSCT : 55-70 (1 .4-1 .8) (p 1 .783 )
LAN1 LSGT : (51 .97) (p - 1 .761 )

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
A: 0 .25 Btu/hr-ft- F (0 .432 W/m-K) at 294 K
CTE : a - 28 .7 uin ./in .-°F at -65 to -40° F E: -
(51 .7 um/m-K at 219-233 K )
a = 37 .3 uin ./in .-°F at -30 to 165° F
(67 .1 sm/m-K at 243-347 K) 11 . TOXICITY

3/81 19-10 9
PBX-901 I
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
70' T-- ---_ ... • ~---'^r--r'T 7]

Sound velocity (km/s) : C tQ a Lb •

SIa.N nwowlw
IG I
-••---•la. maMFpIG ~ 21

(P - 1 .790) 2 .89 1 .38 2 .41 -

-2 0

-0 8

.
10 ~w Iv I10 10 lO 4O 30 10 10 b w M fJ ILO 77
0
10.0001.0- 'C

Complex ,hear mooul i

lnitial modulus

Cree p Failure envelop e

NOTES

3/8 1
19-110
 EXPLOSIVE : PBX-9205 DESIGNATION : PBX-920 5
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

i%DX 92
Polystyrene 6 C p (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
UOP 2 Est . : 0 .28 (1 .17 )

Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K )) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIE S 0 .25 g for 22 hr : 0 .02 5
Physical stata : soli d 1 g for 48 hr : -
Color : white -
$, DETONATION PROPERTIE S
At, comp . : C 1,83 11v .14 N 2 .49 0 2 1
.5
MW : D (mm /usec (km/s)) : 8 .17 ( p= 1 .6 7
Density (g/c :11 3 ) : TMD : 1 .72
Nominal : 1 .6 11 P CJ (koar (10 -1 GPa) ) : (P = ' .6 9
dec . >200 (>473 )
b . p . (°C (K)) : MRas . : -
(mm Hp (°a)) : - Cole . : 28 8

Ecyl ((mm/,uses) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : (p =

6 mm : ---
Crystal data : - W --
19 mar
-
9 . SENSITIVITY

ii50 (in) : 12 loot 12B too l

5 kg : 0 .42 0 .3 6
2 .5 kg : 0 .44-0 .60 0 .48-0 .5 6
R: -
Susan test : Threshold velocity- 120 Et/se c
(-37 m/s) ; has moderate probability o f
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S buildup to a violent reaction.

det (kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H2O (2) H2 O (0 )

'
Cnic : 1 .46 (0 .11 ) 1 .41 (5 .90 )
Exp: -- -- Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rad)) Drop ht`(ft (m)) Even t
o H f (kcal/ma' (kJ/mol)) : 85 .81 (+24,30) 14 (0,24) 1 .25 (0,38) 2
45 (0.79) 2 .5 (0 .76) 4
Solubility (s -sal ., si -sl , sal . , i -insol .) : -
Gap test (mils (mm) ) :
LANL-SSGT : 25-35 (0 .64-0 .89) (p - 1 .682 )
LAN1.-LSGT : (50 .83) (p - 1 .682 )
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES
- 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :

CTE : u - 54 pm/in-K at 200 K e : -

i 1 . TOXICITY

3/81 19-11 1
PBX-9205
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modulu s

Creep
I Failure envelope
NOTE S

t1 i
j
i
i
i

I \

0 20 0 50 0
Temperatur e -- ' C
D1A (-) and pyrolysis (--) curves

3/8 1
19-112
 EXPLOSIVE : PBX-9404-03 DESIGNATION : PBX-9404
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

wt% Tg (°F (K)) : -29 (239 )

HMX 94
NC 3 C (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
CEF 3 P Est . : 0,27 (1,13 )

Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
0 .25 g for 22 hr: 0 .36-0 .4 0
Physical state : soli d 1 g for 48 hr : 3 .2-4 . 9
Color : white or blue
At, comp . : C H N 0 P 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
1 .40 2 .75 2 .57 2 .69 Cl 0 .03 0 .0 1
MW : D (mm /psec (km/s) ) : 8,80 (p= 1 .84 )
Density (g/cm3 ) : TMD: 1 .86 5
Nominal : 1 .83-1 .8 4 P C J (kbar (10-1 GPa) ) : (p= 1,840 )
m .p . (°C (K)) : dec . >250 (>523 )
b .p . (°C (K)) : - Meas . : 37 5
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : - Calc . : 35 4

E cyl ((mm/psec ) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : ( p= 1 .843 )

6 mm: 1 .29 5
Crystal data : --
19 mm : 1 .62 0
9 . SENSITIVIT Y

H 50 (m) : 12 tool 12B too l

5 kg : 0 .34 0 .35

: ---
2 .5 kg : 0 .33-0 .48 0 .35-0 .5 7 I
Susan test : Threshold velocity 105 ft/se c
_ (32 m/s) ; has very large probability o f
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S buildup to violent reaction .

A (kcal /g (MJ/kg)) : H 2 O (R) H 2O (g )

Hdet
Calc : 1 .56 (6 .53) 1 .42 (5.94 )
Exp: 1 .38 (5 .77) 1 .28 (5.36 ) Skid test:
Impact angle (deg (rod )) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Event
A Hf (kcal/mol (kJ/mol)) : +0 .08 (+0 .331 )
14 (0 .24) 0 .88 (0 .27) 6
45 (0 .79) 3,5 (1 .07) 6
Solubility (s-sol ., sl -sl . sol ., i-insol,) :
Gap test (mils (mm) ) :
LANL-SSGT : 85-105 (2 .2-2 .7) (p - 1 .850 )
LANL-LSGT : 2 .268 (57,61) (p - 1 .841 )
PX-GT : (27 .3) (p - -- )
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
X: 0 .25 Btu/hr-ft-°F (0 .432 W/m-K) at 294 K 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :

CTE : a - 28 .1 uin ./in .-°F at -65 to -30°F e : 3 .52 (p = 1 .84 )

(50 .6 um/m-K at 219-239 K )
a - 32 .2 pin ./in .-°F at -10 to 165° F
(58 .0 um/m-K at 250-347 K) 11 . TOXICITY

3/81 19-11 3
PBX-9404
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S
.-.-.._-.-
--
Sound velocity (km/El) Cx Cs c b -_~._, gnu +w ,. IG'i ~ 1 I
. I T &Oa

(0 1 .840) 2 .90 1 .57 2 .26 ,2 2 4

1 lo w
20

01
.. . . . ._. 1 2

13.8

'Ik .. 9 4

\- PBX-946 4
... .. . . . ... ..'40 ;o go no 120''

\
Complex shear modul i
I
.4 5 .52 -
t- 1
2.8 - !. . .

200 260 300 3 n;0

4 .14 -
Temperature - K
Initial modulus

11 6 322K 12 .76 -
w
Z .u
''
c4''
id)

Eo
8 '7o 58 1 .38 -
X
t.) 274 K

0- 267 K 0
0 6 12 0 1000 200 0
Time - hr Strain-prn/rn
Creep Failure envelope
NOTES

Explosio n

Ir\' :

.. 2

0 100 200 300

Temperature - ° C
IJI- A (--) and pyrolysis (--) curves

3/8 1
19-114
 EXPLOSIVE : PBX-9407 DESIGNATION : PBX-9407
2 . STRUCTURE 0° FORMULATIO N 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

wt " n T g (°F (K)) : -

ltl)X 94
Exon 46' 6 C p (cal /g- 4 C (kJ/kg-K)) :
Est . : 0 .27 (1 .13 )

Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : 0 .0 6
Physical stcte : soli d 1 g for 48 hr : -
Color : white or black
8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
At . comp . : C H N O Cl r
1 .41 2,66 2 .54 2,54 0 .07 ' 0 .0 9
MW : D (mm /psec (km/s) ) : 7 .91 (p = 1 .60 )
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD : 1 .8 1
Nominal : 1 .60-1 .62 PCJ (kbar (10 I GPo)) : (p = 1 .60 )
m .p . (°C (K)) : dec . >20 0 (>473 ) 28 7
Meas .:
b .p . (°C (K)) : -
v .p . (mm H9 (Pa)) : -- Calc . : 300

E cyl (( mm/ pse c ) 2 /2 (M J / kg)) : ( p= )

6 mm: •-
Crystal data : --
1 9 mm :
9 . SENSITIVITY

H 50 (m) : 12 tool 128 tool.

•
5 kg : 0 .33 0 .3 0
2 .5 kg : 0 .46 0 .4 6

Susan test: -

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

.~ Hdet (kcal /g (MJ/kg) ) : H2O ) H2O (g

)
Calc : 1 .60 (6 .69 ) 1 .46 (6 .11 )
Exp : - -- Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht, (ft (m)) Event
H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol)) : +0 .81 (+3 .39 ) _-

Solubility (s-soi ., sI -sl . sol ., iinsol .) : --

Gap test (mils (mm) ) :
NSWC-SSGT : (6 .55) (p 1 .755 )
LANL•-SSGT : 90-120 (2 .3-3 .1) (p 1 .770 )
LANL-LSCT : 2 .155 (54 .74) (p - 1 .772 )
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES
- 10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :

CTE : -- c: -

11 . TOXICITY

3/81 19-11 5
1 PBX-9407
?. MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Sound velocity (km/s) : CR Cs Cb

(p - 1 .78) 3 .04 1 .70 2 .3 2

Initial modulus

Creep Failure envelop e

NOTES

1
1

20 0
Temperature -
DTA (-) an .] pyrolysis (--) curves

19-116 3/81
 EXPLOSIVE : PBX-9501 DESIGNATION : PBX-950 1
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

wt% T (°F (K)) -

9
HMX 95
Estane 2 .5 C p (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
IIDNPA-F 2 .5 Est . : 0 .27 (1 .13 )

Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved of 120 ° C

(393 K)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g fur 22 hr :
Physical state : soli d 1 g for 48hr : 0.8
Color : white
At . comp . : C1 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
.47 H2 .86 N2 .60 0 2 .6 9
MW: D (mm /psec (km/s) ) : 8 .83 (p = 1 .8 4
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD: 1 .855
Nominal : 1 .84 P C J (kbar (10-1 GPa) ) : (P =
m .p . (°C (K)) : dec . >240 (>515 )
b .p . (°C (K)) : - Meas . :
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : - Calc . :

Ecyl ((mm/µsec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : (p = 1 .83 4

6mm : 1 .17 7
Crystal data : -
19 mm : 1 .57 7
9 . SENSITIVIT Y

H 50 (rr :) : 12 tool 12B too l

5 kg : 0 .44 0 .8 0
2 .5 kg : 0 .42-0 .57 0 .41 . 0 .8 4
: -
Susan test : Threshold velocity ° 200 ft/se c
_ (-61 m/s) ; once this velocity is exceedej ,
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES reactions become violent over a narro w
range. Small reactions do not automatically
grow to large ones .
A Hat (kcal /9 (MJ /kg)) : H 2O ( .Q) H2O (g
)
Calc : 1 .59 (6 .65) 1 .44 (6 .03 )
Exp : Skid tes e :
Impac : angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Event
0 Hf (kcal/mol (kJ/moI)) : +2 .3 (+9 .5)
14 .;0 .24) 10 (3 .05) 3
45 (0 .79) 10 (3 .05) 0
Solubility (s-sol ., sI-sI . sol ., i-insol .) : - as pressed : 14 (0 .24) 1 .75 (0 .53) 3
45 (0 .79) 7 .1 (2 .16) 3

Gap test (mils (mm)) :

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES LANL-SSGT : 50-50 (1 .3-1 .8) (p = 1 .843 )

10 . ELECTRICAL PR OPERT"ES :
A : 10 .84 cal/cm-sec-°C (0 .454 W/m-K) at 328 K
CTE
: a - 30 .6 Vin ./in .- O F at -80 to 160° F
a - (55 .1 um/m-K at 211-344 K)

11 . TOXICITY
PBX-950 1
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S
Sound velocity (km/s)

(o - 1 .82)
C
2 .97
R s b
C

1 .39
C

2 .5 0
•

Initial modulus
5 .5 2 L- -
EO
a.

' 2,76 r = 7G P a
2000 - o- v
o
i
I
c 00 600 1200 180 0
120 0 - - Strain-xi m/ m
c

.c
-o
tit" 400 - -

I I
0 60 12 0 •
Time-min
Cree p Failure envelope

NOTES

0 100 200 300

Temperature - ° C
OTA curve

0
1/8 2
19-118
EXPLOSIVE : P8x-9502 DESIGNATION : PBX-9502
2, STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION R 6 ., THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

wt % T g (°F (K)) :
TATS 95
Kel-F 800 5
C p (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)):

Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 for 22 hr :
Physical state : soli d 1 g for 48 hr:
Color : yellow
8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
At, comp . : C H N o, C1 F
2 .30 2 .23 2 .21 2 .21 0 .038 0 .1 3
MW : D (mm / µsec (km/s)) : 7 .71 ( p= 1 .90 )
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD: 1 .942

Nominal : 1 .9 0 P CJ (kbar (10-1 GPa)) : (P = )

m .p . (°C (K)) : decomp . >400(>673 ) Meas . :
b .p . (°C (K)) :
v .p . (rnm Hg (Pa)) : Caic . :

E cyl ((mm/µsec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : (P 1 .889 )

6 mm : 0 .84 5
Crystal data :
19 mm : 1 .03 7
9 . SENSITIVITY

m) : 12 tool 12B too l

H50
2 .5 kg : >3 .20 >3 .2 0

R:
Susan test :

5 . CHEMICAL PROPER 1i~ S

Hdet (kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H2O (1 11

, ) 2 0 (g )
Calc : 1 .15 (4 .81) 1 .05 (4 .18 )
Erp: Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rad)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
A H i (kcal/ rnol (kJ/mol)) : -20 .8 (-87 )

Solubility (s-sol ., sI-sI . sol ., i-insnl .) :

Gap test (mils (mm) ) :
i.ANI .-SSGT : (4 .44) (P - 1 .895 )
LANs LSGT : ( .'2 .33) (P - 1 .895 )
1>X-GT : (6 .8) (P .. 1 .895 )
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
at 311 K 10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
A : 13 .2 x 10- 4 ca]/cm-sec-°C (0 .552 W/m-K)

CTE : ti 44 Um/m-K at 200 K

11 . TOXICITY

1/82
19-11 9
PBX-950 2
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Sound velocity (km/s) : CR Cs Cb

0
(p - 1 .88) 2 .74 1 .38 2 .2 0

Initial modulus

•
Creep Failure envelop e

NOTES

19-120 1/8 2
EXPLOSIVE : PBX-9503 DESIGNATION : PBX-9503
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )
wt % Tg (°F (K)) :
}INX 15
TATS 80
Kel-F 800 5 C p (cal /g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :

Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K1 :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr :
Physical state : soli d 1 g for 48 hr:
Color : purple
8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
At . camp, : c x N 0 C1
2 .16 2 .28 2 .26 2 .26 0 .038
MW : D (mm /µsec (km/s)) : 7 .72 ( p= 1 .90 )
Density (g/cm 3 ) : ThAD : 1 .93 6
Nominal : 1 .88 P CJ (kbar (1d-1 GPa)) : (p= )
m .p . 0C (K)) :
b .p . (°C (K)) : Meas . :
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : Calc . :

cyl ((mm/psec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : ( p= )

6 mm :
Crystal data :
19 mm :
9 . SENSITIVIT Y
H 50 (m) : 12 tool 12B too l
2 .5 kg : -- 1 .7 4

R:
Susan test :

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

H2O
Hdet (kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H 2O (R) (g)
Calc : 1 .22 (5 .10) 1 .11 (4 .64 )
Exp : Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
H i (kcal/mol (kT/mol)) : -17 .7 (-74 )

Solubility (s-sol ., sI-sI . sol ., i-insol .) :

Gap test (mils (mm)) : (p = )

I.ANL-LSCT : (42 .8) (p - 1 .88 )

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES
10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :

CTE : c :

11 . TOXICITY

3/81
19-12 1
PBX-9503
. MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modulus,

s
Creep Failure envelope

NOTES

r
19-122
 EXPLOSIVE : PENTOLITE 50/50 DESIGNATION : Pentolite '
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

wt° ° Tg (°F (K)) : -

PETN 50
TNT 50 C (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
P
Est . : 0 .26 (1 .09 )

Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : ---
Physical state : soli d 1 g for 48 hr: 3 .0 at 100°C (373 K)
Color : yellow-whit e
8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
At . comp . : C 2, .33 H,2 .37 N 1 .29 O 3 2.2 2
MW : 10 0 D (mm /µsec (km/s) ) : 7 .53 (p = 1 .7 0
DaInsity (g/cm3 ) : TM() ; 1,7 1
Nominal : 1 .6 7 P C (kbar (10-1 GPa) ) : (p= 1 .7 0
m .p . (°C (K)) : 76 (349 )
_ Meas . .
o
v . p . (n m Hg )(Pa)) 0 .1 at 100°C (13 .33 at 373 K) Cale . : 25 5

E cyl ((mm/µsec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : (p = 1 .696 )

6 mm: 0.96 0
Crystal data : -
19 mm : 1 .26 0
9 . SENSITIVIT Y

H50 (m) : 12 tool 126 too l

• 5 kg : -0 .35 .-
2 .5 kg : -- --
R: -
Susan test : --

6 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

G Hit (kcal /g ( MJ / kg )) : H 2O (Q) H2 O (g )

Cola : 1 .53 (6 .40) 1 .40 (5 .86 )
Exp: 1 .23 (5 .15) 1 .16 (4 .85) Skid test.
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
Q Hf (kcal/100g (kJ/100g)) : -23 .9 (-99 .9 )

Solubility (s -so! ., si -si . sol . , i - insol . ) : -- Gap test (mils (mm) ) :

NSWC-SSGT : (10 .03) (p 1 .671 )
Lr1NL-SSGT : (3 .12) (hot pressed)(p 1 .676 )
30•-38 (0 .76-0 .97) (cast)
(P 1 .700 )
LANL-LSGT : 2 .549 (64 .74) (p . 1 .702 )
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES
10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :

CTE : : _

11 . TOXICITY

1/85 19-123

F : 4l G~ ,.{;
Pentolit e

7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modulu s

Creep Failure envelop e

I
NOTES

1 1

a t ~
i

I I r

,/
1 \---1
0 100 200 300
Temperature -^ C
DTA (--•) and pyrolysis (,--) curves

3/8 1
19-124
EXPLOSIVE :2,2-BISE(NITROXYMETHYL] -1,3-PROPANEDIOL , DESIGNATION : PETN
DINITRAT'E
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

--N02 T g (°F (K)) : none

H-C -H

02 N - .0- - i -0--NO2 .. (ca! /g-° C (kJ/kg-K)) :

-C
H H
H-C- H
I Exp . : 0 .26 at 20°C (1 .088 at 293 K )

0-NO2 Thermal stability (cm ' of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : 0 .10-0 .1 4
Physical state : solid 1 i) for 48 hr : -
Color : white
At . cam 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
p" C 5 H8 N4 O 1 2
MW : 316 .2 D (mm /µsec (km/s) ) : 8 .26 (p = 1 .76 )
Density (g/cm3 ) : TMD: 1 .7 8
Nominal : 1 .76 PCJ (kbar (10-1 GPa) ) :
m .p . (°C (K)) : L° 1,77 p = 1 .67 p = 0 .9 9
140 (413 )
b .p . (°C (K)) . Meas . : 335 300 87
v .p . tram Hg (Po)) : Cale . : 332 280 100
8 X 10 -5 at 100°C (1 .1 X 10 -3 at 373 K)
Ecyl ((mm/paec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : (p = 1 .765 )

6 mm: 1 .25 5
Crystal data :
. 19 mm : 1 .57 5
I : tetragonal (P42 1 /c) II : orthorhombic (Fcnb)
-~--- 9 . SENSITIVITY -.
a - 9 .38 a - 13 .29
c - 6 .7C b - 13 .49 H50 (rn) : 12 tool 12B too l
c 6 .83 0 .11 --
5 kg :
2 .5 kg : 0 .13-0 .16 0 .14-0 .2 0
: •-•
Susan test: --

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

G Het (kcal/ 9 (MJ/kg)) : H2O H2O

(1 ) (g)
Calc : 1 .65 (6 .90) 1 .51 (6 .32 )
Exp: 1 .49 (6 .23) 1 .37 (5.73) Skid test :
Impactargle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
Hf (kool/mol (k ..T/mol)) : -128 .7 (-538 .5)
-

Solubility (s-sal ., sI-sl . sal ., i-insol .) :

s-acetone, DMFA„ DMSO , ethyl acetate, pyridine Gap test (mils (mm)) :
sl-benzene, ethyl ether
1-carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, NSWC-SSGT : (6 .03) (P - 1 .775 )
chloroform, ethanol, water LANL-SSGT : (5 .21) (p 1 .757 )
LANL-LSGT : 2,732 !69 .4) (P - 0 .81 )
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
- 10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :

CIE : a 46 .1 uin ./in .-°F (83 .0 m/m-K) e: 2 .447 (p = 1 .4 )

a - 76 .5 um/m-K at 293 K 2 , 577 (p = 1 .5) 2,897 (p = 1 .7 )
a - 89 .9 utr./m-K at 363 K 2 .727 (p = 1 .6) 2,95 (p = 1 .75 )
- 249 .2 pm/m-K at 243-343 K
11 . TOXICIT Y

High

1/85
19-12 5

.r~ar,J+ . .r1,
J.; . r 1 f ~~ .i -1 ' ,, hAI~ ,i ~•,"~
c • N_ 4`, t? : r~i .s•. ill; ~r` ~ :.~ .`K, +~J.. ~f'. . ;A' ' .~ ~'` ,M '~ 31'•'x'15 -. • .
PET N
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Sound velocity (km/s) CQ Cs Cb

(p - 1 .77) -- -- 2 .3 2

Initial modulus

Creep Failure envelope

NOTES

T-T- - 100-7- ` -1 1 1 1 1 1 1
. . .. . . .
75 - - PETN ,' ~, s
,
- . .s

10- i I

25 „

11 00 100 209 300 400 50 0 0 10~

Temperature - 'C /

TGA curve

I I ,
S'
I .

3 .4 2 .8 2.2
U 200 _350 Inverse temperature (1000/T) - K-1 :
Temperature - ' C Vapor pressure vs 1/ T
0 -FA (--) and pyrolysis (--) curves

19-126
1/85
EXPLOSIVE : 2,4,6-TRINITROPHENOL DESIGNATION: Picric acid
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

OH Tg (°F (K)) :
02 N NO 2
C p (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
Exp . 0 .234 at 0°C (0 .979 at 273 K )

NO 2 Thermal stability (cm 3 'of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 0 :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr:
Physical state : soli d 1 g for 48 hr :
Color : yello w
8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
At . comp . : C 6 H 3N 30 7
MW : 229 . 1 D (mm /µsec (km/s) ) : 7 .26 (p= 1 .71 )
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD: 1 .7 6

Nominal : 1 .6 0 P C B (kbar (10-1 GPa)) : (P = )

p 1 .76 p - 1 .0 0
m .p . (°C (K)) : 122 (395 ) Meas . :
b .p . (° C ( K )) : -- --
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Cale 265 88

E cyl ((mm/µsec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : ( p= )

6mm :
Crystal data : orthorhombic (C 25 v)
19mm:
a - 9 .2 5 -
b - 19 .0 8 9 . SENSITIVITY
c - 9 .6 8
(m) : 12 tool 128 too l
H50
2 .5 kg : 0 .73 1 .9 1

n: 1 .620 at m .p . (122°C) Susan test :

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

Hdet (kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H2O ( .Q) H2O (9

)
Caic :
Exp : Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Event
H f (kcal/mol (kJ/moI)) : -51 .3 (-214 .5 )

Solubility (s-sol ., sl -sI . sol ., i-insol .) :

s--acetone, benzene, chloroform, ethanol , Gap test (mils (mm)) : (P =
ethyl acetat e
sl--carbon disulfide, ethyl ether, sulfuric acid ,
water
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES:
X: 2 .4 x 10- 4 cal/cm-sec-°C (0 .100 Wm/-K)
CTE : e: 3 .59 (p 1 .764 )

11 . TOXICIT Y
Moderate

3/81 19-12 7
Picric acid
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modulus

Creep Failure envelop e

NOTES

100- 1 I I -

75 - -

50- -

25 - -

I I I l
C0 100 200 300 400 500
Temperature - " C
TGA curv e

0- 200 50 0
Temperature - . C
OTA (-) and pyrolysis (--) curves

U-128 3/8 1
 MATERIAL : POLYSTYREN E DESIGNATION : Polystyren e
(Binder)
SUPPLIER :
2 . STRUCTURAL FORMULATIO N

H
I I

I n

4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIE S
Physical state : soli d ! Crystal data : r•hoenbohedral, amorphou s
Color : clea r a = 21 .9 0
At . comp . : (C 5 H n
8) c= 6 .6 3
MW : (104 .2) n
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD : 1 .1 2
Nominal : 1 .0 5
m .p . (°C (K) ) : 240 (513) R
b .p . (°C (K) ) {i : 1 .59-1 .6 0
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) Shore hardness :
Brittle point °C (K) ) :
f . p . (°C (K) )

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

O H f (kcal/'nol (kJ/mol)) : +18 .9 (+79 .1 ) Tensile strength (psi (kPa) ) :

Solubility (s-sal ., sI-sl . sal . , insol .) : Elongation (%)

s - benzene, toluene
Sound velocity (km/s) : oz Cs Cb

(p - 1 .06) -- -- 1 .9 8
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES 10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIE S
A : 2 .51 X 10 -4 cal/cm-sec-°C (0 .105 W/m-K) at 273 K E :

CTE : a r 60-80 pr.1/m-K < T 2 .49-2 .55 (amorph ., p 1 .05 )

= 170-210 prn/m-K • : T g 2 .61 (tryst ., p • 1 .12 )
t 510-600 pm/rn-K > T g

II, TOXICIT Y

Tg (°F (K) ) : 373 K

C (Cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K) ) :
p
0,300 at 50°C (1 .255 at 323 K ) _
NOTES `~

~ :~.
. .J( v . Y' . a -+, 4/ 41h k. l~-~ :~ r { .-i .. ~.1 .I ~L lc •1~, 1 . .. -'~~, -}~ I.. . .'i ~til '.
Polystyrene

_ JI \
U ZOO SO U

lemperature -
UTA (-) and pyrolysis (--) cure=s

0
19-130 3%81
 EXPLOSIVE : HEXAHYDRO-1,3,5-TRINITRO-1,3,5-TRIAZINE DESIGNATION : RD X
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

02 Tg (°F (K)) : -

H2C CH 2 C p (cal /g-''C (kJ/kg-K)) :

02 N- N \ N- NO2 Exp . : 0 .269 (1 .126 at 298 K )
C
H2
Thermal stabil'vy (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C
(393 K)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr: 0 .02-0 .0 5
Physical state : soli d 1 g for 48 hr : 0 .12-0 . 9
Color : white
At . comp . : C 3 H6 IV 6 0 6 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
MW : 222 . 1 D (mm /µsec (km/s) ) : 8 .70 (P = 1 .7 7
Density (g/cm3 ) : TMD : 1,80 6
Nominal : -- P CJ (kbar (10-1 GPa)) : (P = 1 .76 7
m .p . 205 (478) with decomp .
(° C tK :
)
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) :
Meas . : 338
Calc . : 34 8

Ecy l((mm/µsec) 2 /2 (M J /kg)) : (p = 1 .80 )

6mm : -
Crystal data :
19 rim : -1 .60
I : orthorhombic (Pbca) _II : unstabl e
a = 13 .1 8 9 . SENSITIVIT Y
b = 11 .5 7
c = 10 .7 1 H 50 (m) : 12 tool 12B too l
• 5 kg : 0 .2 8
2 .5 kg : 0 .2 8 0 .32
R: 43 .7 (calc .), 41 .4 (abs .)
n: see Table 4- 3 'I Susan test : -

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

A H det (kcal/g ( MJ /kg )) : H 2O ( .~) H2O (g

)
CaIc : 1 .62 (6 .78) 1 .48 (6 .19 )
Exp: 1 .51 (6 .32) 1 .42 (5,94 ) Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol)) : +14 .71 (+61,55)

Solubility (s-sol ., sI -sl . sol ., i - insol .) :

s--acetone, DMFA, DMSO, N-methylpyrrolidon e
sl-ethanol, pyridine Gap test (mils (mm) ) :
i-benzene, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride , NSWC-SSGT : (7 .90) (p = 1 .717 )
chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, wee r LANL-SSGT : 190-220 (4 .8-5 .6) (p - 1 .735 )
LANL-LSGT : 2 .434 (61 .82) (p - 1 .750 )
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
A : 2 .53 x 10-4 cal/cm-sec-°C (0 .106 W/m-K)
CTE : a - 63 .6 Pm/m-K at 293 K e : 3 .14 (P - 1 .611 )
13 = 191 um/m-K at 293 K

11 . TOXICIT Y

Low

3/81
19-13 1
 RDX
. MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Sound velocity (km/s) C

R
CS Cb s
(p - 1 .80) -- 2 .65

104

10_2

". .1itial modulus

,
/ /
0

RD X
./ /
/
10-14 -• /i/ / /
i I t 1 I I 1

3.4 2 .8 2.2
Inveise temperature (1000/T) - K~ 1
Vapor pressure vs 1/ T
•
Cree p
NOTE S

0
S
kDX (pure Wabash ) P..DX
(productio n
1 - grade)
ii

-
I ,s 0 100 50 0
Temperature - K
I I Specific heat vs T
10 0

0 100 200 30 0 0 100 200 300 75

Temperature -°C Temperature - ° C
50
OTA (-) and pyrolysis (--) curves
25

I I - I I
100 200 300 400 50
Temperature - ° C
TGA curv e
19-132 1/85
 MATERIAL : SILICON RESIN (Binder) DESIGNATION : Sylgard

SUPPLIER : Dow cornin g

• 2 . STRUCTURAL FORMULATIO N

CH3

.- Si - O -

CH 3 /n

4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES /
Physical state : liqui d Crystal data :
Color : light straw
At . comp . : ( C2 H6OSi) n
MW : (74 .16) n
Density (g/cm 3) : TMD : 1 .05 at 25°C (298 K)
Nominal :
R
m . p . (°C (K) ) :
b . p . (°C (K)) : n : 1 .430 at 25°C (298 K )
v . p, mm Hg (Pa) ) ; Shore hardness : A 40-50 (cured )
Brittle point °C (K) ) : <- 70°C (<203 K) (cured )
f .p . (°C (K) .
-
.5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S
AHf (kcal/mol (kJ/rnol)) : - 24 .9 (-104 .18 ) Tensile strength (psi (kPa) ) :
800-1200 (55-83 )

• Solubility (s-sol ., sl-sl . sol .,, i-irsol .) : Elongation (°/a : 80-14 0

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES 10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIE S

iA :3 .5 x 10-4 cal/cm-eec-°C (0 .146 W/m-K) (cured) E : 2 .77 (p - 1 .05 )
CTE : 180 pin ./in .-°F at -65 to 165° F
(324 pm/m-K at 219-347 K )

II . TOXICIT Y

Tg (°F (K) ) :

C p (cal/g- O c (kJ/kg-K) ) : 0 .34 ar 25° C

(1 .423 at 298 K)
NOTE S
Replaces Q-93-022 .

3/81
19-13 3
Sylgar d

-150 -50 50
Temperature - . C
OTA curve

0
19-134 3/81
 2,4,8 10-TETRANTTRO-5H-BENZOTRIAZOLO -
EXPLOSIVE : [2, 1-a1-BENZOTRIAZOL-6-IUM, HYDROXIDE , DESIGNATION : TACOT
INNER SAL T
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )
t Noe N_ T g (°F (K)) : -

No t C p (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) : -
O? N

N NO2 Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : --
Physical state : soli d 1 g for 48 hr : -
Color : red-orang e
At . comp . : C 12 1i 4 N 8 08 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
MW : 388 . 2 D (mm /µsec (km/s) ) : 7,25 ( p= 1 .85 )
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD: 1 .8 5
Nominal : 1 .6 1 PCJ (kbar (10 -1 GPa)) : (p= 1 .61 )
m .p . (°C (K)) : dec . >38 0 (>653)
b .p . (°C (K)) : - Meas .° -
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : - Calc . : 18 1

F cyl ((mm/psec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : (P = )

6 mm : -
Crystal data : -
19mm: -
9 . SENSITIVIT Y

• 50 (m) : 12 tool 12B too l

R: -•
Susan test : -

S . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

Hdet (kcal/g (M J /kg)) : H2O (g

"20 (1 ) )
Calc : 1 .41 (5 .90) 1 .35 (5 .64 )
Exp : 0 .98 (4 .10) 0 .96 (4 .02 ) Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
H f (kcal/mol (kJ"mol)) : +110 .5 (+462 .3) - -

Solubility (s-sol ., sl•-sl . sol ., i-insol .) :

s-DMSO Gap test (mils (mm)) : (P = 1 .698 )
sl-DMFA, nitric acid, pyridin e NSWC-SSCT : (4 .52 )
i-chlor,form, ethanol, wate r

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
- 10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :

CTE : - e : -

11 . TOXICITY

•
3/81
19-13 5
TACO T
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Initial modulu s

Creep Failure envelope

NOTES

0 zoo 50 0
Temperature - . C
DTA curve

3/8 1
19-136
 EXPLOSIVE : 2,4,6-TRINITRO-1,3,5-BENZENETRIAMINE DESIGNATION : TATB
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )
•
NH 2 g
O2 N
N02 C p (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
H2 N NH2

N02 Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr: -
Physical state : soli d 1 g for 48 hr :
Color : bright yello w
At . comp . : C 6 H6 N 6 0 6 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
MW : 258 . 2 D (mm /µsec (km/s) ) : 7 .76 (p= 1 .88 )
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD: 1 .938
Nominal : 1 .8 8 PCJ (kbar (10-1 GPa) ) : (p= 1 .88 )
m .p . (°C (K)) : dec . >325 (>598) ; m .p . 452 (725)
b .p . (°C ( K )) : --- Meas . : -
v .p . (mm Hg 'PO) : 3 .2 x 10- 3 at 175°C Calc . : 29 1
(4 .2 6 x 10- 1 at 448 K)
E cyl ((mm/µsec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : (p = 1 .854 )

6 mm : 0 .87 4
Crystal data : triclinic (PT )
19 mm : 1 .07 9
a = 9 .01 a e, 108 . 6
b = 9 .0 3 8 - 91 . 8 9 . SENSITIVIT Y
c = 6 .81 y - 120
H50 (m) : 12 tool 12B too l
--
5 kg : >1 .77
2 .5 kg : >3 .20 >3 .2 0
R:
Susan test : Threshold velocity -1000 m/s .
n: see Table 4-3
Behaves like mock to 1000 m/s .
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Hdet (kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H2O (2) 11

20 (g )
Calc : 1 .2 0 (5 .02 ) 1 .08 (4 .52 )
Exp : Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (Ft (m)) Even t
G H i (kcal/mol (kJ/mol)) : -36 .85 (-154 .2)

Solubility (s-sal ., sl-sl . sol ., i-insol .) :

s--sulfuric aci d
i--acetone, benzene, carbon disulfide , carbon Gap test (mils (mm) ) :
NSWC-SSGT : (1 .12) (0 - 1 .887 )
tetrachloride, chloroform, DMFA , DMSO, ethanol ,
LANL-SSGT : (0 .13) (o - 1 .872 )
ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, water
LANL-LSGT : (21 .9) (p 1 .870 )
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S PX-CT : (-5 .3) (p - 1 .883 )
-4
cal/cm-sec-°C (0 .536 W/m-K) at 311 K 10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
A: 12 .8 x 10
CTE : a - 54 pm/m-K at 2C0 K E . -

11 . TOXICITY

Low
L
1/82
19-13 7
TAT B
7. MECHANICAL PROPERT I E S

Sound velocity (km/s) C C •

2 s b
(p - 1 .868) 1 .907 1 .083 1 .43 9

Initial modulu s

Creep Failure envelope

NOTES

2 .0 ►• J

TATB~ r ~' '/ •' /

S

,K, 2
r a

10

no 50 0
50 150 25 0 ' 350 TAT B
Temperature - K
Temperature °C
Specific heat vs T
1U 14 -
OTA (--) and pyrolysis (--) curves „/ /'

3 .4 2 .8 2.2
Inverse temperature (1000/T) - K

Vapor pressure vs 1/T

19-138 1/8 5
 EXPLOSIVE : N-MET111L-N .2,4,6-TETRANITROBENZENAMINE DESIGNATION : Tetryl
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

H 3 C-N-NO T9 (°F (K)) : -

2
O2N NO 2
Cp (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) : -
Exp . 0 .252 at 25°C (1 .054 at 298 K )

NO2 Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K)) :
4. PHYSICAL PP °PTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : 0 .03 6
Physical state : solid 1 g for 48 hr: 5 .10
Color : yellow
At . comp . : C7H5 N5 08 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
MW : 287 .0 D (mm /µsec (km/s) ) : 7.85 (p = 1.71 )
Density (g/cm3 ): TMD: 1 .73
Nominal : 1 .71 PCJ (kbor (10-1 GPa) ): (p= 1.7 1
(K)) : 130 (403 ) --
p . C( (K)
b. p.
v .p . (mm
(° Hg (Pa)) : - Calc .: 26 0

E cyl ((mm/l
.+sec)2/2 ( MJ /kg)) : ( p= )

6 mm: -
Crystal data : monoclinic (P2 1 /c)
19 mm : -
a = 14 .1 3
b = 7,37 9 . SENSITIVIT Y
c = 10.6 1
5 ' 95 .1 H50 (m) : 12 tool 128 too l
• 5 Lg : 0 .28 -
2.5 kg: 0.37 0 .4 1
R: -
n : 1 .606 Susan test :

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

O Hdet (kcal/p (MJ/kg)) : H2O (1) H2O

(9 )
Calc : 1.51 (6 .32) 1.45 (6 .07 )
Exp: 1.14 (4 .77) 1 .09 (4.56) Skid test :
Impact ang?e (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Event
Hf (kcal/mol (kJ/mol)) : +4 .67 (+19 .5 )
Solubility (s-sol ., sI-sl . sot ., i-insol .):
s--acetone, benzene, DMFA, ethyl acetate ,
nitric aci d Gap test (rails (mm) ) :
al--chloroform, ethanol, ethyl ether NSWC-SSGT : (7 .8) (p - 1 .687 )
i--carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride , LANL-SSGT : (3 .84, (P - 1 .684 )
water
ter 2 .386 (60 .6) (p - 1 .666 )
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES _
10, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES:
A: 6 .83 x 10-4 cal/cm-sec-°C (0 .286 W/m-K)
2 .059 (p '0 .9) 2 .163 (p - 1 .0 )
CTE : - E : 2 .728 (p = 1 .4) 3 .097 (p = 1 .6 )
2.905 (p = 1 .5) 3.304 (p = 1.7 )
11 . TOXICITY

High

1/85 19-13 9
Tetryl
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Sound velocity (km/s) C.

C C Cb •
s
- 1 .68) 2 .27 1 .24 1 .7 6

Initial modulu s

Creep Failure Iivelop e

NOTES

100 - I I I -

75 -

SO -

.s
25 -

it
ii 00 100 200 300 400 50 0
Temperature - . C
TGA curve
0 100 200 300
Temperature - ° C
DTA (-) and pyrolysis (--) curves

3/8 1
19-140
 EXPLOSIVE : TETRANITROMETHANE DESIGNATION : TNM
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6. THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

T g (°F (K)) : -
N 02
02 N -C--N02 C (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) : - -
P
NO 2
Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C
(393 K)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : -
Physical state : liquid 1 g for 48 hr : - -
Color : clea r
At . comp . : C 1 I~14 0$ 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
MW; 196 .0 D (mm /psec (km/s)) : 6 .4 (p = 1 .6 )
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD: 1 .650 at 2$6 K
Nominal : -` P CJ (kbar (10 -1 GPo) ) : (p = 1 .65 )
m .p . (°C (K)) : 14 .2 (2$7 )
b .p . (°C (K)) : 125 .7 (399) Meas . : -
v .p . (mm Hg (Po)} ; 13 at 25°C (1733 at 298 K ) Calc . : 14 4

E cyl ((mm/µsec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : (p ° )

6 mm:
Crystal data : -
19mm : -
9. SENSITIVITY

• 50 (m) : 12 tool 128 too l

R: -
n: 1 .4359 Susan test : -

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

A Hdet (kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H2O H2O (g

(F) )
Calc : 0 .55 (2 .30) 0.55 (2 .30 )
Exp : -- - Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht, (ft (m)) Even t
A H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol)) : +13 .0 (+54,4 )

Solubility (s-sol ., sl-sl . sal ., i-insal .) :

s-benzene, ethanol, ethyl ethe r Gap test (mils (mm)) : (p = )
sl - seate r

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES
10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :

CTE : - e : -

11 . TOXICITY

Very high

3/81 19-14 1
TN M
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

initial modulus

Creep Failure envelope

NOTES
_--,-

-L 1 -

0 200 35 0
Temperature - . C
DTA curve

19-142 3/8 1
 EXPLOSIVE : 2-METHYL- 1, 3, 5-TRINITROBENZENE DESIGNATION : TNT
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

Tg (K)) :
CH 3 (°F
O 2N NO2
C p (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
Exp . 0 .36 (1 .51 )

N02 Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : 0 .00-0 .01 2
Physical state : soli d 1 g for 48 hr : -0 .00 5
Color : buff to brown
At . comp . : 8, DETONATION PROPERTIE S
C 7 H 5 N 3 O6
MW : 227 . 1 D (mm /psec (km/s)) : 6 .93 ( p= 1 .6 4
Density (g/cm3 ) : TMD : 1 .65 4
Nominal . 1 .5-1,6 (cast) P C J (kbar (10-1 C-Pa) ) : (p = 1 .63 0
1 .63-1 .64 (pressed )
m .p . (°C (K)) :90 .9 (354)
b .p . (°C (K)) : - Meas . : 21 0
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : 0 .106 at 100°C (14 .13 at 373 K) Calc . : 22 3

Ecyl ((mm/psec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : (p = 1 .63 0

6 mm : 0 .73 5
Crystal data : Monoclinic (P2 1 /c ) orthorhombic (Pca2 1 )
191nm : 0 .97 5
a - 21 .2 8 a - 15 .0 1
b - 6 .0 9 b - 6 .1 1 9 . SENSITIVIT Y
c - 15 .0 3 c - 20 .02
R -il l 1150 (m) : 12 tool 12B too l
5 kg : 0 .80 >1 .1 7
2 .5 kg : 1 .48 -1 .0 0
R: 44 .3 (calc .), 49 .6 (bin . )
n: 1 .6 Susan test : Threshold velocity -235 ft/se c
(-72 m/s); very difficult to ignit e
accidentally, and has very low probability
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S
of buildup to violent reaction .
11
Hdet (kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H2O (11) 2 0 (g )
Calc : 1 .4 1 (5.90 ) 1 .29 (5.40 )
Exp : 1 .09 (4.56 ) 1 .02 (4,27 ) Skid test:
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
Hf (kcal/mol (kJ/mol)) : -16 .0 (-66 .9)
14 (0 .24) 10 .0 (3 .05) 2

Solubility (s-sol ., sl- .1 . sol ., i-insol .) :

s-acetone, benzene, chloroform, DMFA, ethyl Gap test (mils (mm)) :
acetate, nitric acid, pyridine, sulfuric a'i d NSWC-SSCT : (3 .96) (p - 1 .651 )
sl-carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, ethanol , LANL-SSCT : (0 .33) (P = 1 .633 )
ethyl ether ; i-wate r LANL-LSCT : 1 .944 (49 .4) (p - 1 .626 )
6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES :
A :6 .22 x 10-4 cal ./cm-sec- O C (0 .260 W/m-K) at 291-318 K
2 .048 (p - 0 .9) 2 .131 (p - 1 .0 )
CTE : a = 50 + 0 .078T pm/m-K below m .p . 2 .629 (p = 1 .4 )
6 180 at 293 K 2 .795 (p = 1,5 )
2 .88 (o - 1 .6 )
11 . TOXICIT Y

Moderate

1/85
19-14 3
TNT
7 . MECHANICAL . PROPERTIE S
•
Sound velocity (km/s) : CR Cs Cb sla. {.oaw,lcl
~
' ----• la, .h,0"1 - 7$

(p - 1 .632) 2 .58 1 .35 2 .08 7M 0"° -2 4

1 10,0` -70
-I{ R

5 I07'

-0 4
I
. . . .I
10;50 i I _ 0
'
110 110 PO 70 50 30 10 10 10 70 00 110 170
'
T.5pralWo - C

Complex shear modul i

Initial modulus

Creep Failure envelope

NOTES
-~~-,--r I f I _ 104
100- _ I I I I 1 1

TNT ./ f ; -
; 50 -

25 - ,' .;

_
00
L-1 -- I
100 200 300
1
400 500 a
a
tt
Orl ,' '' '
Temperature - ' C 10~ ,/ /
TGA curve ,'
50 150 250 350 , % '/'
Temperature -- °C ~. ,

DTA (--) and pyrolysis ( .--) curves 10-14 ,,r ' .'
1 Y, I /I 1 1 1 1

3 .4 2 .8 2.2
Inverse temperature (1000/T) - K - 1
Vapor pressure vs 1/T

19-144 1/8 5
 MATERIAL : DESIGNATION : . Viton A

V T.NYLIDINE FLUORIDE/UEXAFLUOROPROPYLENE COPOLYMER

(Binder )
SUPPLIER : DuPon t
• 2 . STRUCTURAL FORMULATIO N
r
H F F F
1

I I I
L H F 1 f.:F 3 F /
S5 \ 1 n
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIE S
Physical state : rubbery soli d Crystal data :
Color : white
At . comp . : (C 5 H 3 .5 F G .5 ) n
MW : (187 .08) n
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD :
Nominal : 1 .8-1 . 9
R:
m .p . (°C(K)) :
b .p . °C (K) ) : n:
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa) ) : Shore hardness : A 40-6" (71 cured )
Brittle point (°C (K) )
f .p . (°C (K) ) :

:, . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

O H f (kcal/moI (kJ/mol)) t -332 .7 (-1392 ) Tensile strength (psi (kPa) ) :

• Solubility (s-sol ., sl-sl . sol ., i-insol . ) : Elongation (°/C) :

s - acetone, 1VI'EK, IViIBK , n-butyl acetate, THE

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES 10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIE S

A : 5 .4 x 10 4 cal/cm-aac-°C (0 .226 W/m-K) E : 10 .5 (p 1 .8-1 .86 )
CTE : a - 65 .0 uin ./in .-°F at <-6° F
(117 um/m•-K at <252 K)
a 145 .2 uin ./in .-°F at -6 to 165° F
(254 .8 um/m-K at 252-347 K )
Q - - .450 um/m-K at <253 K
- 72 R um/m-K at 253-343 K ---
11 . TOXICIT Y

Tg (°F (K) ) -27°C (246 K )

C (cal/g-°C(kJ/kg-K) ) : 0 .35 (1 .464 )
P
-
NOTES

1/85 19-14 5
Viton A

75

;a 50 -
1

25

I I l_ _1. 1
00 10 0 200 300 400 50 0
II Temperature - ' C
I
Il TGA curve
i l
t I I
11

h I -~
1 ,

~ J
0 200 50 0
Temperature -
DTA (-) and pyrolysis (--) curves

•
3/81
19-146
 EXPLOSIVE : XTX- 8003 DESIGNATION : XTX-8003
2 . STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )

wt% T g (°F(K)) : -
i'ETN 80
Silicone rubber 20 C p (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)) :
Est . : 0 .27 (1 .13 )

Thermal stability (cm 3 of as evolved at 120 ° C

(393 K)) :
4 . PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : < 0 .02 at 100°C (373 K )
Physical state : putty curable to rubbery soli d 1 g for 48hr : -
Color : white _
At . comp . : C 1 .80 H3 .64 N 1 .01 O3 .31 Si 0 .27 8 . DETONATION PROPERTIE S
MW : D (mm /µsec (km/s) ) : 7 .30 (p = =1 .53 )
Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD : 1 .55 6

Nominal : =1 .53 P CJ (kbar (10 -1 GPo)) : (P = 1 .546 )

129-135 (402-408)
b . p . (°C (K)); Meas . : 17 0
v .p . (mm Hg (Pa)) : - CoIc . : 21 0

E cyl ((mm/µsec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : (p= 1 .554 )

6 mm : 0 .71 0
Crystal data :
19 mm : 0 .95 0
S . NSITIVIT Y -

H50 (m) : 12 tool 12B too l

5 kg : Cured :
0 .21 --
5 kg : Uncured :
0 .25 --
R; - 2 .5 kg : 0 .31 0 .4 2
Susan test : Threshold velocity -160 ft/se c
(-49 m/s) ; has very small probability o f
5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIES buildup to violent reaction ,

.~
Hdet (kcal/g (M J /kg)) : H 2 O (2) 11 2 0 ( g )

Caic : 1 .88 (7 .89) 1 .69 (7 .07 )

Exp : 1 .16 (4 .85) 1 .05 (4 .39) Skid test :
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m)) Even t
A H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol)) : -39 (-163 )

Solubility (s-sol ., sI-sl . sol ., i-insol .) : _

Gap te s t mils (m m ) ) : (p 1 .5 3
LANL - SSG(T : Cured : 130-160 (3 .3- 4 . 1=)
LANL-SSG1• : Uncured :160-190 (4 .1-4 .8 )

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES
10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES:
X: 3 .42 x 10 -4 cal/cm-sec-°C (0 .143 W/m-K )
CTE :
1 = 68 .8 uin ./in .- O F at -22 to 158° F
(123 .8 um/m-K at 243-343 K )
- 77 uin ./in .-°F at 75 to 150°F 11 . TOXICIT Y
(139 um/m-K at 297-339 K )
- 413 .7 um/m-K at 219-296 K) _

3/81
19-14 7

„t'
XI X-8903
/. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

1
s
, 0 .0 ..
~.,

• ~ Ib

I j \ ,I N

160 130 110 00 10 60 00 10 10 J0 f0 JO L0 110 4.4 4

T...o .61wt 'C

Coll r.1ex shear modul i

Initial modulu s

•
Creep Failure envelop e

NOTES

, IT I 1 7 1

F- \ ice I J I I I

0 200 35 0
Temperature - • C
DTA curve

•
19-148 3/81
 EXPLOSIVE : XTX-8004 DESIGNATION : XTX-8004
2, STRUCTURE OR FORMULATION 6 . THERMAL PROPERTIES (continued )
wt % T g (°F (K)) :
RDX 80
Sylgard 182 20
C (cal/g-°C (kJ/kg-K)):
P

Thermal stability (cm 3 of gas evolved at 120 ° C

(393 0 :
4, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 0 .25 g for 22 hr : -0 .06
-P-hysical s' re : soli d 1 g for 48 hr:
Cclor : white
At . comp . : C 1 .62H 3 .78 N ,2 .16n2 .4"s'Si 0 .2'1 8 . DE TONATION PROPERTIE S

MW ; D (mm /µsec (km/s)) : 7 .22 (p = -1 .55 )

Density (g/cm 3 ) : TMD : 1 .579

Nominal : 'l .5 5 PCJ (kbar ('U-1 GPa)) ; ( p= )

m .p . (°C (K)) : 200 with dec .
Meas .
b .p . (°C (K)) : :
V .P . ( mm Hg (Pa)): Celc . :
hygroscopiaty
hardness : S5 5 E Gyl ( rnm/µsec) 2 /2 (MJ/kg)) : (p =
(
6 1nm :
Crystal data :
19mm :
9 . SENSITIVIT Y
12'I t o ?
H50 (in) : .!2.L,&.
2 .5 kg : 0 .65-0 .70 1 .4 :-1 .7 C

R;
Susan test :

5 . CHEMICAL PROPERTIE S

O Hit (kcal/g (MJ/kg)) : H2O

(1 ) (g )
-
CcOc: 1 .8i (7 .82) 1 .67 (6 .99) ;
Exp: Skid test:
Impact angle (deg (rod)) Drop ht . (ft (m il) Event
H f (kcal/mol (kJ/mol)) : -1 .'42 (-5 .94) -

Solubility (s-sot ., si -sl . sol ., i - :nsol .) :

s--acetone, DMFA, DMSO, N-methylpyrrolidone Gap test (mils (mm)) : (p = )
sl-•ethanol, pyridin e
1--benzene, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride , LANL-SSCT : (1 .96) ( p - 1 .58 )
chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, wate r

6 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S
-4 cal/cm-sec-°C (0 .143 W/m-K) at 313 K 10 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES:
---• ---ti
A: 3 .42 x 10
CIE . a 231 um/m-K

11 . TOXICITY -
Low
•

3/81 19-14 9
XTX-8004
7 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIE S

Init ial modulu s

Creep Failure envelope

NOTE S

-
I

zOO 35 U
Temperature - ' C
UTA curve

3/8 1
19-150
 V . BIBLIOGRAPH Y

20 .1 . CHEMICAL ANALYSI S

Anderson, D .M ., r .B . Kistner, and M .J . Schwarz, The Mass Spectra of Volatil e

Constituents in Military Explosives, Cold Regions Research and Engineerin g
Lab ., Hanover, NH, Final Rept . AD-699325 (1969) .

Chasan, D .E ., and G . Norwitz, Qualitive Analysis of Primers, Tracers ,

Igniters, Incendiaries, Boosters, and Delay Compositions_ on a Micro Scale b y
Use of Infrared Spectroscopy, Department of the Army, Frankford Arsenal ,
Philadelphia, PA, T-71-6-1 (AD-729337) (1971) .

Crossman, G .L ., and W . Selig, A Rapid Determination of Tris(chloroethyl) -

phosphate in PBX-9404_Explosive, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ,
Livermore, CA, UCID-15444 (1969) .

Doali, J .O . and A .A . Juhasz, High Speed Liquid Chromatographic Separations o f

Thermal s Labile High Energy Compounds . Part I . Application of High Spee d
LiquidChromatography to the Qualitative Analysis of Compounds of Propellan t
and Ex1losives Interest., Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen, MD ,
BRL-164471973) .

Freeman, D .H ., R .M . Angeles, and I .C . Poinescu, "High-Performance Liqui d

Chromatographic Separation of RDX and HMX Explosives on Adsorptiv e
Polymers," . Chromatog . 118, 157-166 (1976) .

Clover, U .J . and E .G . Kayser, " Quantitative Spectrophotometric Analysis o f

Polynitroaromatic Compounds by Reaction With Ethylenediamin e " , Anal . Chem .
40, 2055-2058 (1968) .

Happe, J .A . and W . Selig, An NHR Method for the Determination of NH4 in

1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB), Lawrence Livermore Nationa l
Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCID-177561978) .

Hoffsommer, J .C ., and J .M . Rosen, Ultramicroanalysis of Explosives i n

Seawater, U .S . Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak Laboratory, Silve r
Spring, MD, NOLTR 71-151, AD-730444 (1971) .

Jenkins;, R ., and H .J . Gallop, " The Identification of Explosives Trac e

Quantities on Objects near an Explosion, " Explosivstoffe 18, i39-141 (1970) .

Kegler, W ., and D . Grune, Determining the Synthetic Content ofEAp' .o iv i

Synthetic Mixtures, Institut Franco-Allemand de Recherches, St . Lo ° . is ,
France, ISL-N-8/67 (1967) (in German) .

Norwitz, G ., Spectrophotometric Determination of Sulfate in Propellants an d

Nitrocellulose, U .S . Dept . of the Army, Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, PA ,
T-70-10-1 (1970) .
Poyet, J .M ., H . Prigent, and M . Vignaud, " Application of High-Performanc e
Liquid Chromat& aphy to Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Explosiv e
Compositions, " r.lalusis 4, 53-57 (1976) .
•
Pristera, F . and W .E . Fredericks, Compilation of Infrared Spectra o f
Ingredients of Propellants and Explosives, U .S . Army Armament Research an d
Development Command, Dover, NJ, PA-TM-1887 (AD-859846) (1969) .

Schubert, H ., F . Volk, and H . Roszinski, " Analytical Study of RDX-HMX

Mixtures," Explosivstoffe 14, 265-273 (1966) .

Schulten, H .R ., and W .D . Lehmann, " High-Resolution Field Desorption Mas s

Spectrometry . Part VII . Explosives and Explosive Mixtures," Anal . Chim .
Acta 93, 19-31 (1977) .

Selig, W ., Some Analytical Methods for Explosives and Explosive Simulants ,

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-7873 ;1964) ;
pt . 2 (1965) ; pt . 3 (1969 ; pt . 4 (1973) ; pt . 5 (1976) ; pt . 6 (1980) .

Selig, W ., The Analysis of FEFO in Plastic-Bonded plosives, Lawrenc e

Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCID-5118 (1966) .

Selig, W ., The Nonaqueous Microtitration of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrat e

(PETN), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-8056 5
'reprint {1978) .

Selig, W ., " Fluorine Analysis of Plastic-Bonded Explosives and Plastics, '

Fresenius Z . Anal . Chem . 234, 261-269 (1968) .

Selig, W ., The Semimicro Determination of Fluorine in Plastic-Bonde d

Explosives, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,
UCID-15074 (1967) .

Selig, W ., The Analysis of Cyclomethylenetetranitramine(HMX) and Ammoniu m

Perchlorate in Plastic-Bonded Explosives, Lawrence Livermore Nationa l
Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCID-15173 (1967) .

Selig, W ., The Infrared Determination of Poly(2,2-dinitropropyl) Acrylat e

in LX-09, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCID--1520 2
T1967 .

Selig, W ., The Analysis of 1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazactclooctane (HMX )

and Potassium Perchlorate in Plastic-Bonded Ex losives, Lawrence Livermor e
National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCID-15208 (1967 .

Selig, W ., The Anal sis of the Ex give LX-09-0, Lawrence Livermore Nationa l
Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCID-15330 (1968) .

20-2 3/81
Selig, W ., The Analysis of Bis(2,2-dinitro-2-fluoroethyl) Formal (FEFO) i n
LX-09-0, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCID-1545 2
(1969) .

Selig, W ., " Microdetermination of Chloride and Azide by Sequential Titration, "

Mikrochim . Acta 1971, 46-53 (1971) .

Snell, F .D ., and L .S . Ehre, Eds ., Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemical Analysi s

(Interscience, New York, NY, 1971), vol . 12, pp . 405-471 .

Wright, I ., "The Rapid Micro Combustion Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, an d

Nitrogen in High Explosives, " Explosivstoffe 16, 1976-178 (1968) .

3/81 20-3
20 .2 . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIE S

Fermor, J .H . and A . Kjekshus, " On the Electrical Properties of AgN03 ,

T1N03 and NH4NO3," Acta Chem . Scand . 27, 3712-3720 (1973) .

Hanna, H .A ., and J .R . Poison, Investigation of Static Electrical Phenomena i n

Lead Azide Handiina, Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Co ., Inc ., Burlington AE C
Plant, Burlington, 10, IAAP-TR-98-A (1967) .

Jackson, H .J ., A Study of Electrical Characteristics of Some Explosives an d

Explosive Mixtures, U .S . Army Armament Research and Development Command ,
Dover, NJ, PA-TM-2288 (1963) .

Walbrecht, E .E ., Dielectric Properties of Some Common High Explosives ,

U .S . Army Armament Research and Development Command, Dover, NJ, PA-TM-117 0
(1563) .

e
20-4 3/81
20 .3 . GENERAL REFERENCE WORK S

Ablard, J .E . Composition B : A very Useful Explosive , Ablard Enterprises, Inc . ,

NAVSEA-03-TR-058 (1977) .

Agard Combustion and Cone stion Panel, The Chemistry of Propellants (Pergamo n
Press, London, 1959) .

Alder, B .S ., S . Fernbach, and M . Rotenberg, Methods in Computational Physic s

Vol . 3 of Fundamental Methods in Hydrodynamics, Academic Press, New York ,
NY, 1964) .

Altshuler, L .V ., " Use of Shock Waves in High-Pressure Physics , " Sov .

Phys .-Uspekhi 8, 52-91 (1965) .

Andreev, K .K ., and A .F . Belyaev, Theory of Explosive Substances, Transl .

AD-643597 (1966) .

Army Materiel Command, Principles of Explosives Behavior, U .S . Army Materie l

Command, Washington, DC, AMCP 706-180 (1972) .

Army Materiel Command, Properties of Explosives of Military Interest, U .S .

Army Materiel Command, Washington, DC, AMCP 706-177 (1967) . (Supersede s
W .R . Tomlinson, Jr ., U .S . Army Armament Research and Development Command ,
Dover, NJ, PATR-1740 (1958)) .

Ascani, D .C ., " Literature of Explosives , " in Advances in Chemistry Ser . ,

No . 78 (1968), pp . 565-580 .

Avanesov, D .S ., Manual of Physical and Chemical Testing of Explosives ,

Gosndarstvennoe Izdatel . Oboron . Promyshl . (Transl . by H .C . Condor, U .K .
Atomic Energy Authority, AWRE-TRANS-30 (1962) . )

Beach, N .E ., M .C . St . Cyr, and V .K . Canfield, Compatibility of Explosives wit h

Polymers I, U .S . Army Armament Research and Development Command, Dover, NJ ,
PATR-2595 (AD-207076, PB-168175) .

Beach, N .E ., M .C . St . Cyr, and V .K . Canfield, Compatibility of Explosives wit h

Polymers II, U .S . Army Armament Research and Development Command, Dover, NJ ,
Plastec Rept . 33 (AD-672061) (1968) .

Beach, N .E ., M .C . St . Cyr, and V .C . Canfield, Compatibility of Explosives wit h

Polymers III, U .S . Army Armament Research and Development Command, Dover ,
NJ, Plastec Rept . 40 (AD-721004) (1971) .

Bebie, J ., Manual of Explosives, Military Pyrotechnics, and Chemical Warfar e

Agents, (MacMillan, New York, NY, 1943) .

Berger, J ., and J . Viard, Physics of Solid Explosives (Dunod, Paris, 1962) .

(In French . )

Bowden, F .P ., and A .D . Yoffe, Fast Reactions in Solids (Butterworths, London ,

1958) .

3/81 20-5
Bradley, J .N ., Flame and Combustion Phenomena (Methuen, London, 1969) .

Bradley, J .N ., Shock Waves in Chemistry and Physics (Wiley, London, 1962) .

Bradley, R .S ., Hi } Pressure Physics and Chemistry, Vols . 1 and 2 (Academi c

Press, New York, NY, 1963) .

Brauer, K .O ., Handoook of Pyrotechnics (Chemical Publishing Co ., Inc .

New York, NY, 1974) .

Coates, A .D .., E . Freedman, and ' . .P . Kuhn, Characteristics of Certain Militar y

Explosives, Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD ,
BRL-1 07 1970) .

Cook, M .A ., The Science of Industrial Explosives (Reinhold, New York, NY ,

1958) .

Cook, S .G ., J .M . Rosen, and C .N . Bernstein, Manual for Ammunition Qualit1

Evaluation Surveillance Laboratories (U .S . Naval Powder Factory, India n
Head, MD, 1964 .

Combustion Institute, Symposium on Combustion, Vols . 1+ (Academic Press ,

New York, NY, 1929+) .

Davis, T .L ., The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives (Wiley, New York, NY ,

1953) .

Department of the Army, Military Explosives, Dept . of the Army, TM-9-1910 .

(Identical to Dept . of Air Force, T0-11-A-1-34 . )

Dunston, I ., "Chemistry in the Technology of Explosives and Propellants," Chem .

In Britain 7, 62-79 (1971) .

DuPont de Nemours, E .I ., and Company, Blasters' Handbook, 10th ed . (E .I . DuPon t

de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE, 1977)x ,

Elban, W .L ., Development of Inert Simulants for Castable Plastic Bonde d

plosives, U .S . Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak Laboratory, Silve r
Spring, MD, NOLTR 71-192 (1971) .

Ellern, H ., Military and Civilian Pyrotechnics (Chemical Publishing Company ,

New York, NY, 1968) .

Ellern, H ., Modern Pyrotechnics (Chemical Publishing Company, New York, NY ,

1961) .

Evans, B .L ., A .D . Yoffe, and P . Gray, "Physics and Chemistry of the Organi c

Azides," Chem . Rev . 59, 515-568 (1959) .

Fair, H .D ., and R .F . Walker, Energetic Materials, Vols . 1 and 2 (Plenum Press ,

New York, NY, 1977) .

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 Fedoroff, B .T ., or S . Kaye, Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items ,
PATR-2700 (U .S . Army Armament Research and Development Command, Dover, NJ ,
19600) .
•
Fordham, S ., High Explosives and Propellants (Pergamon Press, New York, NY ,
1966) .

Frank-Kamenetskii, D .A . Diffusion and Heat Exchati_e in Chemical Kinetic s

(Plenum Press, New York, NY, 1969) .

Fraunhofer Gesrtllschaft . Institut fur Chemie der Treib-und Explosivstoffe ,

Report onAnnual Meeting, Karlsruhe, Germany, 1974 : AD-B009551L ; 1975 :
AD-B018451L;176 : AD-B052572 ; 1977 : AD-B042840 ; 1978 : AD-B052571L .

Hammann, S .D ., " The Use of Explosions in High Pressure Research , " Rev . Pur e
Appl . Chem . 10, 139-168 (1960) .

Hammer, W ., Explosions and Explosives, Norton Air Force Base, CA, AD-83931 0
(1968) .

Hayes, T .J . Elements of Ordnance--A Textbook for Use of Cadets of the Unite d

States Military Academy (Wiley, New York, NY, 1938) .

Hintze, W . "Research Reports : 1 . Two-Component Black Powder . 2 . Influenc e

of Carbon Content on the Properties of Black Powder", Explosivstoffe 16 ,
25-48 (1968) (in German) .

Jacobs, S .J ., "Recent Advances in Condensed Media Detonations , " Am . Rocke t

Soc . J .30, 151-158 (1960) .

Jaffe, B ., A Primer on Ferroelectricity and Piezoelectric Ceramics (Clevit e

Corporation, Cleveland, OH, 1960) .

Johansson, C .H ., and P .A . Persson, Detonics of High Explosives (Academic Press ,

New York, NY, 1970) .

Kantz, M .R ., Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate : A Bibliography, Mound Laboratory ,

Miamisburg, OH, MLM-1252 (1965) .

Khitrin, L .N ., Physics of Combustion and Explosion (National Scienc e

Foundation, Washington, DC, 1962) .

Kirk-Othmer Enc clo edia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed ., vol . 9

(Interscience, New York, NY, 1980 , p l y . 561-671 .

Levich, V .G ., Physicochemical Hydrodynamics (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs ,

NJ, 1978) .

Lewis, B .T ., and G . Von Elbe, Combustion, Flames, and Explosions of Gases ,

2nd ed . (Academic Press, New York, NY, 1961) .

3/81 20-7
Arthur D . Little, Inc ., Punch Card Recording of Data on Explosives . Fina l
Report 1961, AD-275022, AD-275023, AD-275024, AD-329073, vols . 1-4 (1961) .
(Vol . 2 is classified . )

Mason, C .M ., and E .G . Aiken, Methods for Evaluating Explosives and Hazardou s

Materials, Pittsburgh Mining and Safety Research Center, Bureau of Mines ,
Pittsburgh, PA, BM-IC-8541 (1972) .

McGarry, W .F ., and T .W . Stevens, Detonation Rates of the More Importan t

Military Explosives at Several Different Temperatures (U .S . Army Armamen t
Research and Development Command, Dover, NJ, 1956) .

Marshall, A ., Explosives, vols . 1-3 (Churchill, London, vols . 1-2, 1917 ;

vol . 3, 1932) .

Meyer, R ., Explosives (Verlag Chemie International, New York, NY, 1977) .

Muraour, H ., Poudres et Explosifs (Presses Universitaires de France, 1947) (i n

French) .

Office of Naval Research, Symposium on Detonation, Office of Naval Research ,

Arlington, VA (1951+) . 1st : (1951) ; 2nd : AD-52144 (1955) ; 3rd : ACR-52 vol .
1-3 (1960) ; 4th : ACR-126 (1965) ; 5th : ACR-184 (1970) ; 6th : ACR-221 (1976) .
(Some early volumes are classified . )

Ordnance Technical Intelligence Agency, Encyclopedia of Explosives, Ordnanc e

Technical Intelligence Agency, Durham, NC, AD-274026 (1960) .

Paushkin, Y .M ., The Chemistry of Reaction Fuels, Transl ., Foreign Technolog y

Division Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, O H
(1962) ,
e
Pokrovskiy, G .I ., The Explosion and Its Utilization (Moscow, 1910 ; Join t
Publications Research Service, Washington, DC, 1960) .

Porzel, F .B ., A Unified Theory of Explosions (UTE), U .S . Naval Surface Weapon s

Center, White Oak Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, NOLTR 72-209 (AD-758000 )
(1972) .

Ribaud, G ., Detonation Waves (Centre National des Recherches Scientifiques ,

Paris, France, 1962) (in French) .

Rogers, J .T ., Physical and Chemical Properties of RDX and HMX, Holsto n

Defense Corporation, Kingston, TN, HD-20-P-26 (1962) .

Tavernier, P ., Powders and Explosives (Presses Universitaires de France ,

1969) (in French) .

Urbanski, T ., Chemistry and Technology of Explosives, vols . 1-3 (McMillan, Ne w

York, NY, 1964-1967) .

Urbanski, T ., Ed ., Nitro Compounds (McMillan, New York, NY, 1964) .

t
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Urbanski, T . and S .K . Vasudeva, "Heat Resistant Explosives", J . Sci . Ind . Res .
37, 250-255 (1978) .

Vasudeva, S .K ., "Military Explosives and Propellants", J . Sci . Ind . Res . 34 ,

100-109 (1975) .

Warren, F .A ., Rocket Propellants (Reinhold, New York, NY, 1958) .

Weich, R .E ., Fundamentals of Rocket Propulsion (Reinhold, New York, NY, 1960) .

Zaehringer, A .J ., "Solid Propellant Bibliography," Jet Propulsion 27 ,

900-927 (1957) .

ZLldovich, Ya .B ., "On the Theory of Combustion of Powder and Explosive, ;, "

Zh . Eksper . Teoret . Fiz . 12, 498-524 (1942) . (Transl . PA-TM-1597 ,
AD-486286 . )

3/81 20-9
2CJ .4 . HEALTH AND SAFETY

Armed Services Explosives Safety Board, Explosives Ssfetx Seminars, Minute s

(Armed Services Explosives Safety Board, Washington, DC, 1958+) .

Buck, C .R . and S .E . Wilso .i, Jr ., Adverse Health Effects of Selected Explosive s

(TNT, RDX),Specia l Study Jan .-Nov . 1975, U .S . Army Environmental Hygien e
Agency, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, Rpt . 32-049-75/76 (1976) .

Cohen, E ., " Prevention of and Protection Against Accidental Explosion o f

Munitions, Fuels and Other Hazardous Materials," Ann . N .Y . Acad . Sci . 152 ,
1-913 (1968) .

Cook, M .A ., " Explosives and the Hazards and Testing of Explosives," Ind . Eng .
Chem . 56(2), 31-35 (1964) .

Deichmann, W .B ., and H .W . Gerarde, Toxicity of Drugs and Chemicals (Academi c

Press, New York, NY, 1969) .

Dodrill, J .F ., C .E . Green, J .F . Hester, and C .R . Wells, An Evaluation o f

Safety Devices for Laboratories Handling Explosive CDpounds, Redston e
Arsenal Branch, Rohm and Sees, :Wntsville, AL (1961) .

Hallam, J .S ., and K .J . Scribner, Explosion During Pressin8of LX-04-1 a t

Site 300 on October 17,1968, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ,
Livermore, CA, UCRL-505671969) .

Kite, D ., Jr ., Safety Hazard Classification of Water-Wet Explosives, U .S . Army

Armament Research and Development Command, Dover, NJ, PATR-3223, AD-46036 3
(1965) .

Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Co ., Inc ., Amarillo, TX, Recommended Sale handlin g
Methods for Plastic Bonded Explosives 9010 and 9404 (1961) .

McGill, R ., Explosives, Propellants, and Pyrotechnic Safety Coverin g

Laboratory, Pilot Plant and Production Operations, U .S . Naval Snrfac e
Weapons Center, White Oak Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, NOLTR 61-13 8
(AD-272424) (1962) .

McNamara, B .P ., H .P . Averill, E .J . Owens, J .F . Callaghan, D .G . Fairchild ,

H .P . Ciuchta, R .H . Rengstorff, and R .K . Biskup, The Toxicology o f
Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) and C ,yclotetramethylenetetranitramin e
(HMX) Solutions in Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), Cyclohexanone, and Acetone ,
Edgewood Arsenal, MD (1970) .

Manual for Design of Protective Structures Used in Explosive Processing an d

Storage Facilities, U .S . Army Armament Research and Development Command ,
Dover, NJ, AD-834465 (1968) .

Pryde, A .W ., and I . Dunston, "Processing of Dangerous Chemicals," Chem . Ind .

(London) 1972 (2), 67-69 (1972) .

Sensitiveness Collaboration Committee, Explosives Hazard Assessment ,

U .K . Explosives Research and Levelopment Establishment, Waltham Abbey ,
•
Essex, SCC-3 (1969) .

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Skaar, K .S ., Fundamentals of Safety for Processing, Handling,and Storage o f
High-Energy Materials, U .S . Naval'Ordnance Testing Station, China Lake, CA ,
NOTS-TP-2866 (1962) .

Sunshine, I ., Ed ., Handbook of Analytical Toxicology (The Chemical Rubbe r

Company, Cleveland, OH, 1969), .

3/81 20-11
20 .5 . INITIATION AND SENSITIVIT Y

Africano, A ., Maximum Rate Theory of Impact Sensitivity (Space Technolog y

Laboratories, Inc . Los Angeles, CA, 1959) .

Barbarisi, M .J ., and E .G . Kessler, Initiation of Secondary Explosives b x

Means of Laser Radiation, U .S . Army Armament Research and Developmen t
Command, Dover, NJ, PATR-3861 (AD-698585) (1969) .

Bauer, R .J ., An Analysis of Small Scale Gap Test Sensitivity Data Usin g

Porosity Theory and Nonreactive Shock Hugoniots, Naval Surface Weapon s
Center, White Oak Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, NSWC/WOL/TR 75-67 (1975) .

Bowden, F .P ., Discussion leader, "A Discussion of the Initiation and Growth o f

Explosions in Solids," Proc .Roy . Soc . (London) A246, 145-297 (1958) .

Bowden, F .P ., and A .D . Yoffe, Initiation and Growth of Explosions in Liquid s

and Solids (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1952) .

Brownlee, K .A ., J .L . Hodges, and M . Rosenblatt, "The Up-and-Down Method wit h

Small Samples," J . Am . Statist . Assoc . 43, 262-277 (1953) .

Campbell, A .W ., W .C . Davis, and J .R . Travis, "Shock Initiation of Detonatio n

in Liquid Explosives," Phys . Fluids 4, 498-510 (1961) .

Campbell, A .W ., W .C . Davis, J .B . Ramsey, and J .R . Travis, "Shock Initiation o f

Solid Explosives," Phys . Fluids 4, 511-521 (1961) .

Chaiken, R .F ., "Comments on Hypervelocity Wave Phenomena in Condense d

Explosives," J . Chem . Phys . 33, 760-761 (1960) .

Chase, W .E ., and H .K . Moore, Eds ., Exploding Wires, Vols . 1+ (Plenum Press ,

New York, NY, 1959+) .

Clear, A .J ., Standard Laboratory Procedures for DetermininrSensitivity,

Brisance, and Stability of Explosives, U .S . Army Armament Research an d
Development Command, Dover, NJ, PATR-3278 (1965) .

Dixon, W .J ., and F .J . Massey, Introduction to Statistical Analysis, 2nd ed . ,

(McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1957) .

Dorough, G .D ., L .G . Green, and D .T . Gray, The Susan Test for Evaluating th e

Impact Safety of Explosive Materials, Lawrence Livermore Nationa l
Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-7394 (1965) .

Enig, J .W ., and F .T . Metcalf, Theoretical Calculations on the Shoc k

Initiation of Liquid TNT, U .S . Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oa k
Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD ., NOLTR 62-159 (1962) .

Fickett, W . and W .C . Davis, Detonation (University of Califo ,:ni.a Press ,

Berkeley, CA, 1979) .

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 Erkman, J .O ., D .J . Edwards, A .R . Clairmont, Jr ., and D . Price, Calibration o f
the NOL Large Scale Gap Test ; Hugoniot Data for Polymethyl Methacrylate, NOITR
73•-15 (1973) .
Grant, R .L ., A Combination Statistical Design for Sensitivity Testing, U .S .
Bureau of Mines, Pittsburg, PA, BM-IC-8324 (1967) .

Green, L .G ., and G .D . Dorough, " Further Studies on the Ignition of Explosives, "
in Proc . 4th Syrnp . (Intern .) on Detonation, U .S . Office of Naval Research ,
Washington, DC, ACR-126 (1965), pp . 447-486 .

Heavens, S .N . and J .E . Field, " The Ignition of a Thin Layer of Explosive b y

Impact," Roy . Soc . (London) Proc . A338 77-93 (1974) .

Hubbard, H .W ., and M.H . Johnson, " Initiation of Detonation," J . Appl . Phys . 30 ,

765-769 (1959) .

Jones, M .M., and H.J . Jackson, "Heat Sensitization of Explosives, "

Expiosivstoffe I, 177-183 (1959) .

Liddiard, T .P ., and D . Price, Recalibration of the Standard Card-Gap Test, U .S .

Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, NOLT R
65-43 (1965) .

Macek, A ., " Sensitivity of Explosives," Chem . Rev . 62, 41-63 (1962) .

Mader, C ., A Hydrodynamic Hot Spot Calculation, Los Alamos National Laboratory ,

Los Alamos, NM, LA-2703 (1962) .

Mason, C .M ., R .W. Van Dolah, and M .L . Weiss, Drop Weight Testing of Explosive ,
Liquids, Explosives Research Center, U .S . Bureau of Mines, Pittsburg, PA ,
BM-RI- g'799 (1966) .

Napadensky, H ., perimental Studies of the Effects of Impact Loading o n

Plastic-Bonded Exosive Materials, Armour Research Foundation, Illinoi s
Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, DASA-1391 (1963) .

Randolph, A .D ., L .E . Hatler, and A . Popolato, " Rapid Heating-To-Ignition o f

High Explosives . I . Friction Heating, " Ind . Eng . Chem . Fundam . 11, 1-1 5
(1976) .
Sensitiveness Collaboration Committee, Manualof ExplosiveSafety Certificat e
Sensitiveness Tests, U .K . Explosives Research and Development Establishment ,
Waltham Abbey, Essex, WAC-158-06 with Suppl ., WAE-325-03 with Suppl . (1963) .

Slade, D .C ., and J . Dewey, High Order Initiation of Two Military Explosives ,

Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, BRL-102 1
(1957) .

Statistical Research Group, Princeton University, Statistical Analysis for a

New Procedu'•e in Sensitivity Experiments, Naval Defense Research Committee ,
Office of Scientific Research and Development, Washington, DC, OSRD-604 0
(1944) .

1/85 20-13
Tucker, T .J ., "Spark Initiation Requirements of a Secondary Explosive, "
Ann . N .Y . Acad . Sci . 152, 643-653 (1968) .

Walker, F .E ., and R .J . Wasley, " Critical Energy for Shock Initiation o f

Heterogeneous Explosives, " Explosivstoffe 17, 9-13 (1969) .

Walker, F .E ., and R .J . Wasley, "Initiation of Nitromethane with Relativel y

Long-Duration, Low-Amplitude Shock Waves, " Combust . flame 15, 233-246 (1970) .

20-14 1/85
20 .6 . MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIE S

Archibald, P .B ., "Isostatic Solvent Pressing," Ind . Eng . Chem . -

53, 737-73 8
(1961) . - -

Bissell, E .R ., Estimating Some Properties of Polymers Used As High Explosiv e

binders, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-5177 3
(1975) .

Bryden, J .H ., The Density of Crystalline Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramin e

(HMX), U .S . Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake, CA, NOTS-1652 ,
(NAVORD-5398) (1957) .

Cady, H .H ., Estimation of the Density of Organic Explosives From Thei r

Structural Formulas, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM ,
LA-7760-MS (1979) .

Goldsmith, W ., and T .A . Reitter, Static and Dynamic Properties of Tw o

Explosive Materials, U .S . Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, CA, NWC-TP-4805 ,
(AD-864730) 1970 .

Hoge, K .G ., Friction and Wear of Explosive Materials, Lawrence Livermor e

National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-50134 {1966) .

Mader, C .L . LASL Phermex Data, vol . 1, vol . 2, Los Alamos Series on Dynami c
Material Properties (University California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1930) .

Murray, R .C ., and W .G . Moen, The Linear Viscoelastic Response of LX-07-1 ,

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-50751 (1969) .

Murray, R .C ., and R . Jaeger, Mechanical Properties Testing of Hig h

E ::plosives, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 16-m m
color sound film (1969) .

Tarver, C .M ., "Density Estimations For Explosives and Related Compound s

Using the Additivity Approach," J . Chem . Eng . Data 24, 138-145 (1979) .

Wasley, R .J ., and F .E . Walker, "Dynamic Compressive Rheological Behavior of a

Brittle, Strain Rate Sensitive, Polycrystalline, Organic Solid," J . Appl .
Phys . 40, 2639-2648 (1969) .

Wasley, R .J ., and F .E . Walker, A Method for the Numerical Analysis o f

Pressure Transducer Records, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ,
Livermore, CA, UCRL-50233 (1967) .

Wasley, R .J ., K .G . Hoge, and J .C . Cast, "Combined Strain Gauge-Quartz Crysta l

Instrumented Hopkinson Split Bar," Rev . Sci . Instr . 40, 889-894 (1969) .

Wilkins, M .L ., and R . Giroux, The Calculation of Stress Waves in Solids ,

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-7271 (1963) .

3/81 20-15
20 .7 . PERFORMANC E

Adler, J ., and J .W . Enig, The Critical Conditions in Thermal Explosion s

Theory for Nth Order Reactions, U .S . Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oa k
Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, NOLTR 64-18u (1964) .

Brinkley, S .R ., and E .B . Wilson, Revised Method of Predicting .'e Detonatio n_

Velocities in Solid Explosives, Office of Scientific Research and
Development, National Defense Research Committee, Washington, DC, OSRD-90 5
(1942) .

Burnnem, M .W ., Investigation of Flow Kinematic s of Detonating Explosiv e

Slabs, Falcon Research Corp ., Denver, CO, AFATL-TR-67-33 C1967) .

Burnham, M .W ., Research on Detonation Wave Mechanics, Falcon Research Corp . ,

Denver, CO, ARL-TR-66-2 (1966) .

Campbell, A .W ., M .E . Malin, T .J . Boyd, Jr ., and J .A . Hull, "Precisio n

Measurement of Detonation Velocities in Liquid and Solid Explosives," Rev .
Sci . Instr .., 27, 567-574 (1956) .

Catalano, E ., and H .C . Hornig, Time-Resolved Emission Spectra of the Detonatio n

Products of PFTN, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,
tiCRL-50328 (1967) .

Christian, E .A ., and H .G . Snay, Analysis of Experimental Data on Detonatio n

Velocities, U .S . Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak Laboratory, Silve r
Spring, MD, NAVORD-1508 (1956) .
Cole, R ., Underwater Explosions (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ ,
1948) .

Coleburn, N .L ., Chapman-Jouguet Pressures of Several Pure and Mixed Explosives ,

U .S . Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD ,
NOLTR 64-58 (1964) .

Cook, M .A ., Detonation Velocities of "Ideal" Explosives with Inert Additives ,

University of Utah, Salt Lake City, AD-16380 (1953) .

Cook, M .A ., Velocity-Diameter Measurements and Reaction Rates of PETN, RDX ,

and EDNA, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, AD-44634 (l954 .

Cook, M .A ., R .I . Keyes, and W .O . Ursenbach, " Measurement of Detonatio n

Pressure," J . Appl . Phys . 33, 3413-3421 (1962) .

Courant, R ., and K .O . Friedrichs, Supersonic Flow and Shock Wave s

(Interscience, New York, NY, 1948) .

Cowan, R .D ., and W . Fickett, " Calculation of the Detonation Properties o f

Solid Explosives With the Kistiakowsky-Wilson Equation of State , " J . Chem .
Phys . 24, 932-939 (1956) .

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 Cowperthwaite, M ., Theoretical Studies of Detonation, Final Report ,
February 1966-February 1971, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA ,
AD-730642 (1971) .

Ceouch, M .R ., and N .E . Hoskin, "Detonation of Explosive Slabs of Finit e

Dimensions, " J . Appl . Phys . 42, 264+-267 (1971) .

Davis, W .C . B .G . Craig, and J .B . Ramsey, " Failure of the Chapman-Jougue t

Theory for Liquid and Solid Explosives , " Phys . Fluids 8, 2169-2182 (1965) .

Deal, W .E ., " Measurement of Chapman-Jouguet Pressure for. Explosives , " J . Chem .

Phys . 27, 796-800 (1957) .

Deal, W .E ., " Measurement of Reflected Shock Hugoniot and Isentrope fo r

Explosive Reaction Products," Phys . Fluids 1, 523-527 (1958) .

Derzhavets, A .S ., "Increased Susceptibility of Explosives to a Detonatio n

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Dremin, A .N ., and K .K . Shvedov, "Determination of the Chapman-Jouguet Pressur e

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Enig, J .W ., and F .J . Petrone, On Equations of State in Shock Initiatio n

Problems, U .S . Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak Laboratory, Silve r
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Evans, M .W ., And C .M . Ablow, "Theories of Detonation," Chem . Rev . 61, 129-17 8

(1961) .

Evans, M .W ., C .M . Ablow, B .O . Reese, and A .B . Amster, Shock Sensitivity o f

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Eyring, H ., R .E . Fowell, G .H . Duffy, and R .B . Parlin, "The Stability o f

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Fickett, W ., Detonation Properties of Condensed Explosives Calculated wit h

an Equation of State Based on Intermolecular Potentials, Los Alamos Nationa l
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Fickett, W ., and W .W . Wood, "A Detonation-Product Equation of State Obtaine d

from Hydrodynamic Data," Phys . Fluids 1, 528-534 (1958) .

Finger, M ., H .C . Hornig, E .L . Lee, and J .W . Kury, "Metal Acceleration b y

Composite Explosives," in Proc . 5th Symp . (Int,) on Detonation, Office o f
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Goodman, H .J ., Compiled Free-Air Blast Data on Bare Spherical Pentolite ,

Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, BRL-109 2
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Goodman, H .J ., and R .E . Shear, Pressure, Density and Internal Energy o f

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Gruschka, H .D ., and F . Wecken, Gasdynamic Theory of Detonation (Gordon an d

Breach Science Publishers, New York, NY, 1971) .

Hauver, G .E ., and P .H . Netherwood, Pressure Profiles of Detonating Barato l

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Proving Ground, MD, BRL-TN-11452 (AD-276986) (1962) .

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Howe, P .M ., Detonation Structure in Condensed Phase Explosives, Ballisti c

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Hurwitz, H ., Calculation of Detonation Parameters with the RUBY Code, U .S .

Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD ,
NOLTR-63-205 (1965) .

Hurwitz, H ., and M .J . Kamlet, "The Chemistry of Detonations . V . A Simplifie d

Method for Calculation of Pressures of C-H-N-O Explosives on K-W Isentrope, "
Israel J . Technol . 7, 431-430 (1969) .

Jacobs, S .J ., On the Equation of State of Compressed Liquids and Solids ,

U .S . Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD ,
NOLTR 68-214 (1968) .

Jameson, R .L ., and A .L . Hawkins, Detonation Pressure Measurements in TNT and

Octol, Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD ,
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Kamlet, M .J ., and S .J . Jacobs, "The Chemistry of Detonations . I . A Simpl e

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Kamlet, M .J ., and C . Dickinson, " The Chemistry of Detonation . IV . Evaluatio n

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Kamlet, M .J . and J .M . Short, " The Chemistry of Detonations, VI . A ' Rule fo r

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Kamlet, M .J ., see also H . Hurwitz .

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w Kirkwood, K .G ., and W .W . Wood, "Structure of a Steady-State Plane Detonatio n

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Leger, E .G ., and K . Park, A Zig-Zag Oscilloscope Presentation for Detonatio n

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Leopold, H .S ., The Growth_of Low Density Explosive Mixtures, U .S . Nava l

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Los Alamos National Laboratory, Studies on Binders and Desensitizers (Lo s

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Lutzky, M ., TheFlowField Behind a Spherical Detonation in TNT Using_ th e

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McGarry, W .F ., and T .W . Stevens, Detonation Rates of the More Importan t

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Mader, C .L ., Detonation Properties of Condensed Explosives Computed Using th e

Becker-Kistiakowsky-Wilson Equation of State, Los Alamos Nationa l
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Mader, C .L ., FORTRAN BKW--A Code for Computing the Detonation Properties o f

Explosives, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, LA-3704 (1967) .

Mader, C .L ., The Time-Dependent Reaction Zone of Ideal Gases, Nitromethane p an d

Liquid TNT, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, LA-3764 (1967 .

Melton, C .E ., D .F . Strenzwilk, and P .D . Yedinak, Microscopic Theory o f

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Minshall, D ., "Properties of Elastic and Plastic Waves Determined by Pi n

Contactors and Crystals," J . Appl . Phys . 26, 463-469 (1955) .

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182-188 (1957) .

Palmer, R ., Initiation of Detonation . I . Simple "Hubbard and Johnso n " Model ,

U .K . Atomic Weapons Research Establishment, Aldermaston, Berks ., Grea t
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Piacesi, D ., Jr ., Numerical Hydrodynamic Calculations of the Flow of th e

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Price, and F .J . Petrone, " Detonation Initiated by High Pressure Ga s

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Price, D ., A .R . Clairmont, Jr ., and J .O . Erkman, The NOL Large Scale Gap Tes t
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Price, D ., R .R . Bernecker, J .O . Erkman, and A .R . Clairmont, Jr ., DDT Behavio r

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?rice D ., and J .F . Wehner, "The Transition from Burning to Detonation i n

Cast Explosives", Combus . Flame 2. , 73-80 (1965) .

Strange, F .M ., Equations of State for Six Explosives, Wm . Brobeck and

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Taylor, J ., Detonation in Condensed Explosives (Oxford University Press ,

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Taylor, J ., " The Dynamics of the Combustion Products Beh :tnd Plane an d
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Taylor, J ., Solid Propellent and Exothermic Compositions (George Newnes, Ltd . ,

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Taylor J ., and P .F . Gay, British Coal Mining Explosives (George Newnes, Ltd . ,
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Villars, D .S ., "A Method of Successive Approximations for. Computing Combustion

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Von Neumann, J ., and R .D . chtymer, "A Method for the Numerical Calculation o f
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Walsh, J .M ., and M .H . Rice, " Dynamic Compression of L'quids from Measurement s

on Strong Shock Waves, " J . Chem . Phys . 26, 815-823 (1957) .

Weston, A .M ., J .R . Walton, L . James, E . Lee, and L .G . Green, Correlation of

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White, W .B ., S .M . Johnston, and G .B . Dantzig, " Chemical Equilibrium in Comple x
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Wilkins, M .L ., J . French, and R . Giroux, A Computer Program for Calculat i

One-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Flow--KO Code, Lawrence Livermore Nationa l
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Wilkins, M .L ., B . Squier, and B . Halperin, The Equation of State of PBX-940 4

and LX-04-1, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA ,
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Wilson, D .H . Hydrodynamics (Edward Arnold, Publ ., London, 1959) .

Wood, W .W ., " Existence of Detonations for Small Values of the Rate Parameter , "
Phys . Fluids 4, 46-60 (1961) .

Wood, W .W ., " Existence of Detonations for Large Values of the Rate Parameter, '
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Wood, W .W ., and J .G . Kirkwood, "Diameter Effect in Condensed Explosives--Th e

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Zeldovich, I .B ., Theory of Detonation (Academic Press, New York, NY, 1960) .

Zovko, C .T ., The Mechanism of the Transition from Deflagration to Detonatio n

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'f)
Bolt, R .O ., and G .J . Carroll, Eds ., Radiation Effects on Organic Material s
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Bowden, F .P ., and H .M, Mcntagu-Pollock, "Slow Decomposition of Explosiv e

Crystals and Their Damage by Fission Fragments," Nature 198, 371-372 (1963) .

Cerny, J ., M .S . Kirschenbaum, and R .C . Nichols, "Range-Energy Relations fo r

Protons and Alpha-Particles in Various Explosives," Nature 198, 371-37 2
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Clark, D ., and M .J . Daniels, The Proton Irradiation of High Explosives ,

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Paitchel, J ., J .E . Cockayne, R .S . Alger, R .T . Elsberry, W .B . Thomas ,

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20 .9 . THERMAL PROPERTIE S

Andreev, K .K ., Thermal Decomposition anu Combustion of Explosives, 1st ed .

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Cady, H .H ., and W .H . Rogers, Enthalpy, Density and Thermal Coefficient o f

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Cook, M .A ., and M .T . Abegg, "Isothermal Decomposition of Explosives," Ind .

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Frazer, J .W ., and K . Ernst, ChemicalReactivit Testin of Ex ]osives ,

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Hansson, J ., Ed ., Symposium on Chemical Problems Connected with Stabilit y

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Lee, E .L ., R .H . Sanborn, and H .D . Stromberg, "Thermal Decomposition of Hig h

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Maycock, J .N ., Applications of Thermal Analysis- xplosives and Soli d

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Maycock, J .N ., "Application of Thermal Analysis Methods to the Study o f

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Maycock, J .M ., and V .R . Pai Verneker, " Characterization of Thermal an d
Photosublimation of Organic Explosives by Thermobarogravimetric Techniques, "
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Murray, R .C ., and T .E . Cooper, A Method of Measuring Thermal Diffusivity o f

High Expl-,sive Materials, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore ,
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Reich, L ., " Compatibility of Polymers with Highly Energetic Materials by DTA, "
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Rogers, R .N ., "The Simple Microscale Differential Thermal Analysis o f

Explosives," Microchem . J . 5, 91-99 (1961) .

Schuldt, H .S ., and L .C . Myers, Time-to-Explosion Thermal Initiation Test fo r

xplosives, Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Company, Inc ., Pantex Plant ,
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Simmons, H .T ., Sr ., The Vacuum Thermal Stability Test for Explosives, U .S .

Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD, NOLT R
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