Dus gere rctiod EQUations An Eayuatinn dn cahich, the eee ) dependent Vaatables and the dipyerentiol COeppicLents of, dependent variables cortt, andependent Vaxiabley are ob a avdwved. ts Called @ clinperential equation. Following xe a few examples OF di gpererctia, Snyesattions . By-4n Rieu) = 4 (Bg-44) Ay + (yey) =0 a at ayy = Cag, & 4 >(Sy Dh 5: dy, «ds 6. BU + yu = cau 4. ROBO 20 x SY oe | Byt Oadiiny 8 A deed eeential Equation (0.0.6) joer eaguation 3 Said to ke Qadinorss digyerentis eee the derivatives involved anit Qe ad a Meng te Undependent, Vaatable, Tr He above examples eqguations (1) to (5) are oadinany action ping eqyucctions Postial Dipperential Equation enguation ty Said tobe Partial Az perential A Aiptererctial equates, d4 the 1 Cloniregive Anvelved fn &t axe wt More than ene Andependent Vorxtable. Th dhe absve eaampler, the eqguuaction (6) and (1) xe Portial dipperential “equations, Order & degree of a diggercntial eqyuation: the oader oy t the De ua the Order “or he highest deniv- -ative pareserct din the eayuatien and the degree of the DE e op the hig hest Oodex derivative agter eae a a a be qpactional— en =n onc’ above @ (pts oF order |! and degree | (a) ts op order 3 and deg ree t (3) can be wattien os ) and therepore iS of order & and deg a 7 (4) can be voatttenta st) * x) $1 and therefore fs of order | ond FAceaR Seai od OF Oacler 2 and degre |. ® D> ts of adea | and degkeel. () ds Of order @ and degree |. ae Of @ DE uy O xnelationship betwen the dependent n endent variables, cohich Sadisties the VED Aifpsential equation, > y e For ex Days 2 ay a Solution af the De dy _ s&%.0 tt BL ALE 368% = Be 26°"=0 az @B Ae ACoswt +3ainwt us a Soltatien of He oe Hx 4 ahaeo a ce Bh (qcos cot basincet ) + oct Cacosent t3stnet) : guicoscot t3e%sinest Meawainot ‘e3coseot .cd) + ott pacc%oseet 4 aecldineot ~ Pact foseat 4 ace? Mstncot) =0 . General Setution and posticuias solection . Sensida the DE dy -gee*=0 and say to pinty he, dy =3¢* and totkna gyi we need. to get aidots, d_ buitg the diggerertbal opeaniton Obvious ley ave have ie a uge anti dipterentiotion, that Js Undegration = 8e t Bx s ye fae da+C te, Yo Se $C oT -&%4e, c being the censtant op tote Inbegaation uy directly ox dndirectly snvoived fn the process OF getting a solittion af the given DE and Bccoadingy the. solution cstll) be dnvelved astth aabivery csnstant, Sucka solutien ds Called a3 the geneasal seuss op te DE. Tt 4 Sbvdous that the number of Q. nouy Constant prwsent dn the Solution & al to the Order Of, the DE, DBs egy Dh the Qaditrory constants presend fp the Solution € evaluated by using a set of Given conditions then hE Selictian 80 6htained és coed. o- particular ‘Scanned with CamScanner-@ax) A Gdlutien sbtained trem the general solution by @) Giving PArticulasr values sto the nvelved Sen dt ia Called q particule, Sebutien af the equation. let Wz COMSider the Indtal cendition yeo)=| That dy gel ashen 2=0, The General solulien yeete becomes T= e@°HC oF 142 =| ceshich givesc=d. thas ys €* 43 a paxtiauar solution of He DE. Colution Oadinn: ' F en ronnie {pst dagen ota Cepuations of bras! Fist ordea “and first degace eqytiation asilt be ot the form dg = fry) of M(ag)dx + N(ziy)dy=0, Xe a lde dfscuss mainks classigied four ttpes of ditterertial egyuatieas of fist oxde. and flast degree. They aneay fellows : « Vosiables Separoble equattens . Homegene ous equations Exact eqructions Hneas eqrotions Vorioabies Seporcble eax hens . Dt the given DE can be pu tn the form Stach thot the Coeppictent of dx ts & functian og te variable % and the Coeppfetent iy Q i “eh by eto al Gala take “in ty Sephdau! the given a3 Horm. The modified yo1m of Such an eqytativorn exsitl be , Perdz + Ayrdy =o. Crtegrating a have _ Jpex de + facyrdy =o This “fs the general Solutinn of tbe eq oct, Seive + Sects tany de + Sec¥y tank diy=o , Sec? x tangdx + secty tanxdy =o Dividing thasughoect by tany tanx cue get Seckx + Seck 2 ton tt at ( vomabley are separated) a . 3 ie ax + | ety ay ZC he, 1g tanyt log (tony) ‘Seamedie., log (tana.tany) = log K (say ) 4 Thuy tanz. tangy = k ws te wens Solution @ sotve af Clg idat a (et ) Sin (ytd +8 (e844) Dividing thaeughout by i 1) (&% +4) ae ger "dx + @ dy 20 (vartables are separated) = ett4 qe * ech -iJec fe. * ake €., 1og(et+4) +2 logcy-y) Cott 1) + tog yi =L slog [Cet+4)(y-UP J =logh (sry) as "4 e+4) ty ee By tee seotatned Solution - 3. Solve; dy - x(elogxt! att SY +GC05¢ > The given eqruchien can be put in the form (Stny tycosy dy = (@xlogx +4 Jax by se neti > [ Singdy + + fycosgay ~afutogada- (ade =c eon integration Ux en wv ~ cosy +{ystny- Jaing. ah aj loge ee \F gtd ie, ~ On + astng to6sy — Aogttg x =ey gsing - x ogrec ub the Aeqvuired Solution ie, 4. Solve! ay em red 2” given that gfo)=o. Q 3 oH xed ™ or dy ced. e* Ax Le dy = net an bey Separating the variables ed 2 32 5 [eFdys |xrev arte s je - \xe*dX =c fetay = |x ay | ie, -@de lee dtec put -x8.t.,-8%dd edt or — tdizdt/y Hence ce have, ~E 44 Je Fatfp =c hey ed tel pec oF eh -e¢ ra. dy the general Selulien Now as consider ylo)so ‘That a Yeo ashen x=0- ‘Samed withThe general Soltinn becomes © $rlsC OT CS =Iy Now pre general Sclutian became: Getta. 2 Tes Cem - =go4 us He particular sstutiey. 5. Setve: ay er 8 48 = a oe ay 4824 Roy oy = 24 a 2) or yi au ce". x ae =(°* +e by seporaticg > env t se +20 )da = e* Thuy tt — =C, uy the required Solution, 6. Seve: Ca cence + oat oo Soin (aq-ajad +(ayty) dy =o “ uhisug OF xly- d+ y(at) dyso Dividing. nee od (gp cu Py. 20 (Variables are separcted) 4 “2H - ba S SEs . (v=! da + (Gv =C Soa Ae * Sa hey (vag- fb Ax Phray + fates c ies, — 10eet) +4 + logly-=C They Cup tog (4b = co wu the aenytuined Sohestion 4+. Solve} Hag diy 2 1 ty ny oa Ay = Se aty ery = (4) + Clee) er) yay, = U9 cr4y) oS eh HX dx by separating the Vaniabley i fag ee cor sae ta fret] le fee.) f 94 - a) - ide —fpiae- Cc | ie, CI - legx-%=C \ hs dy ae ee ac ds the acquired ssticion ‘Seamed with8. Soive, (Xyta)dx + CPP + aPegt dy eo Soln Chytda Od yt pattylty dy =o Ce KCyHde + CA CgeH) +1 CYP dys 0 ie., _kegude + HD cgay 20 Dive ding thrsush out by yr fe) wwe get, By tt + YH dy so Cvaatables ane Separated) gt Jaruc * [gfetay = a JRA * Gl yeedy.c he. ‘ ty tog C4 Wy Diavdy +2 [diy sc | he, flog 4 guy +2 log cyte 109 tiey + logcgtikec TM tog (unger. Cyt] yt yac, ds she apuine Solution. a 4. Solve; (Fy) 2dy +42) 420 SB'n (way Tieng so $ ay ost ie pw 5 . 19 keg dy $14Xdx=0 » 4 . (eert)y + fat piece 9 lead eas eee S loghaytx-y =C Ls the requuined Staton 10, Solve diy + | Hasty <0. AL IF+COSQY ee ay = - 1Hc0say dr 1+CosQnr ~-dt I+c0sa1 = acos*x H¥cosag — Feeosa ¥eosary = acosty al An acos® dcost x y =cl , fudtc tany + tant =$cac » dfecgdy + glsec rdt=c tangttant sc. ‘Seamed withEquotiers nedurcible ty the Variables Sepmoable pou ee dispe rential eqyuatiens can be se sedurced do te vasiables e tn et by taking Q Suitable Subsiitution, We “Ment Qa tee yee - eqnuatien aleng cetth the associated aubssi wo ty = tlaxtbytc) 5 Subsiitutien : tax toyte (2) dy = (catty) +e 5 Substitution pesantby ae Kloxiby) +c @ Solve ay = (Qatyty® Sy ae he dy = (aatyty)® + tt) Pet t= qatg tt ea de gi = 4d or te q=dy da Nese CO becprres da te Ye oe dt = 49 . a deat = [ae +c he., Jet = [ace zen): LEC Thay ser") es c (Sareca™ % * + tas) (*)- -2=C, ds the rcarutred Selection. ® Seive;: cas (x+G+) da- ie Se B a. soln We Have ty ecos(etytid +++ CD Pu te agit Vode 1+ dy or at -t=day at Neco (D becomes tt -1 = cost or “ye! reese ‘ de Vee, Feost a 3 Jae Jax =c hes, fae -%=C oT fe Sere) ae ase cast( He) secant Fens 1eantele) Tas¢. Peet [J oLtanaxtey They fan (2 igh) - —vec Je he reqriared selution: © SOye; sec(at=dy lay oly Sec (2. O por t hndye ae a at nae aS de dt _j-d os l= Agar ‘Scanned with CaeannerNoww (1) becomes dt 1. sect or dt = ltsect © hes ae dty > | ace [Atee g [SE te 3 cost dt-ys : or Tecost 7 J = dt -2=C S [idt -( dt . Pn a ae ce ot — y= 5 en 2. seas’ — ie, = e G 1) See fea) ae 220 t “$y, tan(tfp)-%=C Bur t= WHY Tan Aq ton(aps)-foc a rdo (ay Jae ds te sequel Sten ® setve; ay = (arty $b ACL QI +6 Sly putting arg et , we have Way dt The given Bopuatien become; ae drips By 4tte or Cee _ at % he,, ak ada ol -(dasc Baath : | Shae i we (dt tec Now +2+4tt REY = tates ") \ 5) (tt \-a ec jahere = Ha aes a ras'(SF) year = (Hayeha Thuy 1 5 t i as tan ferret n=, Sa the required selection, @ solve : (aay) (da-dy ) = Cdrtdy) 30 60In Rearranging the teams uh the 2 Catag-1) at = (Atagt) dey a or dy = (248g) Put be Ut4G? od = 1S dx (xray! o(s4-! ad : oo Bo!) Now (0 becomes (4) =e me y 4 dt = a(t 4) or de = atattt = atl equating ae ove, att eel dt EFT tl hey ttl dt aan fe adt=c 3a * Joe J fe., jt at -1=Cc * 3-1 tm or t4i= ableLtm) +M= L Let «th = 4(8t-!) aHence [a and -igt =! oF [=F] @ “tts TGtv+4]s ao Thug (2) San be wwatten ag Jaan Ploglrusjtc 5 Wp(St-U+413 at a =0 3) 7 he, 4 4 (dt -a]c fhe, Lt +4, 109(3t-1)-2=¢ a sft +4 [ot 2B BH3 Cohere rey ee ay +4 log (3% +6y-1)-45¢ b= tr4y +. Thug gly. 2) +4 10g (4I6Y-) =C, is the seqptutred Solution, SX . a+b dy= ox Q seve (a- aye) ayal ax Cytide (era ely ave d SY = Ak-6YytT = 8(4-3yHT dz 1-3 peet b: 23 ee (2-3y)+4 =| ~Sdy or -L ae -) da Nee © becemer , (4 ~1): att Ney dts rét-aly, 4 a mn te es ee eS SGlaise ey seat he, — +4 44 oe os t+4 at + {dx cc Now, Ler he Sttt or t+4e a BS St=tand Mlim= 4 Hence [t= 75] and Mame + or “tthe Lb (ott43 Thus (a) Neto becernes Je 4 (StH) +315 ay + fare © he, Lfar+3 43 [at sac (Sb +14) Ss )(stt) hee 1 +3 8 log (ot Ha) +2 =C, where t=2-3y a he, y 2394 log (54-toystpe Thuy 2 (ay) + 7 3 tog. (54- sytec, ds Se nem pgstgnment O Setve t dy . ttGH ANS: 1 (ay-L)t_ 10g (3x+3Gt4) aL axtayt3 s q =c ® setve : (atywedy .) ans: (gH)~ teri (sty =c AX =be)tegcatd) e& J “+c AX+b dx= Ax — card rom ms sls) ‘Scanned with CamscannerHomogeneous Equotienss Homogeneous punctin ;- A function f(xy) ds Said to be hommogenecus ot degree n din % and y jf ay)= 2 3C412)- A ditperential equation of the $orm, oy = #Cuy) dx Cz, amend #uy) and ct 4) henno geneous ‘ Ch the Same dened Wey . an 3 gunctions Rome geneeus diigerential eqyuations oF piast once . Consider a enecus dibperential eqyration dy “= $Cuy) wee) dz “txy) let FOmy) and geug) Ye eNeOUS functions OF degace nD. Then we can mat the eqnuatle (o dy =. 2 $42) sy dy =plyle) =a) Ax © pleyla) At pCa) To Setve this esyuation, hence C1), cae. pot YaV% > dy =v nd Then (a) ae v+adv = ¢Cv) cohich can ve fe ing, he yantabies be Sety by Separating. -4YJAr=0 gotve (&G)ay - (a@t-q) . On "he. given Can be wsitten as ay = ae, Ax ay . z tg uly homogeneous Baquation - oF aay ie ey axe hemegeneous eayuations of depree te.uk ,yaVe =vt2dv. Pat 4g 3 ay va dv Thus the eqyuaticn becomes V+rdv = Qx-Vt at ~~ Qroyi A-VL V4+xdv a v Sx Q- TV % advs aviv = @y-viye = adv. = ve -av+g ky By Separating the Variables, coe ger bY dys at “Vilar cay 3 KY dvs flew) vue [ax t lege [fe Sora 3s o1 (av- dy=[¢a | as 9 #0] 2 are ES tloge 3 > mf 109 WA av+a) megs ge 210 ogre Jog apap 5 0g. @? Wr avta) 2 °F aeue. @yvt9)c: esl PESACH) A gr- gaat at Mee axk_ ol saci Pie sda “nae Setni- The given a can Ke aap 0 os (a 243 1 pute This ds @ nome Gat Pak Yove =a dy vi yt Thus the Cqyuattion becomes Vendy = _ Pv®a2lagey tt Leet any s Vindy s - vata in +3 => 7Xdv = vevezav = = avtsvivisay ie 2+3V at+3v set 3 Csince 4p]DS -tdv = yve+rHy a v on Sepasrcting the Variables, we ger Q3y- =- du aver4y “xX A+3Y = _4du 3 [243V dv ¢y (dx cioge VIEV x Vat f x ol Qt3V ~ Qtav Lg iio > Va4v VON VV Q3V= A (VH)4+ BY VSO 3 Q=A , ve~| 3 —l=-B ie, Bel Q+3V _ 1 3 VatV ote BV dvs (gay (adv = Blog y +109(vH) [ y Ie we logvfun) os COD becomes tog Vici) + 41094 =!gc$ log xt vu) = lee Ss xt vP ev) =c 3} 29° (lat) = B 2 ans gy et) © or x4%(at4y) = Ce iva ve a tAaav? = . av dv < fez 5 iy Sopaasitiing #e >i eS fe +loge Jj sf log civ") - loga = togc > — — [tegci-vi+10qz] = loge 3 — [leg t- vida = Loge Ss lege 4 10g (I-v")K=0 Cstneev=ghx} 3 ss log [ex cl-v2) Ja0 3 ae vajei + cx(t-g*]2)=! fe 3 o¢(HgF) =! [ecxty®) = Sewve + ao nid Bt = VR ae are ioe wet Teepe dx = gt Rye C1), CS woe (A. ne que “ay = vee ay.’ &] Now () peeeera veady, = VEty te veRe he, vende, = Cvs TE) o “ey = TE we dv =de* vive 7 [ea “fe re 3 Sink Wo wegae 3 stata) log x =c S the resputred sotetion cause Vo © serve : atan Cla) ~ Ysec*(YlII dan +25 Solo ae given” eqyratinn at Ss tite 4 ~° be cpatttendy = ysecr (Yl) - xt0Ngle7 (VD ax see (Yn) put EV OT Yeva 2Vt+ adv Noco (becomes, virdy™ = VaSety-Xtanv xsec¥ a he., verdy, ~ flusect 85 = ie, adv Seciv 9 Gx = VSeé?y—-tany_v Secky vsecty—tany -vsecty secty adv = = ean or Seckv, dw = -dy br any joey, ave [ay « ec 5 logttany) +10g 2 = c =logk > Xtanve k phere V=Ylx Thug LtaN(y]g)=K, G the reqyutred Solution. 4. Solve + (Aces Yee + 4 Stn la) 4 -(gS Ya At Salo ay = y (xcos yl +ysin ylx) PA te Oe Ee % Cysin Gx XCCHY/x) Chearles the eqzuatien & we hermogencous type. ot 2V as dy =vtxrdv pa yl 9 gg onde Hence ie, vexdv¥ = vat cosy + vzstov ) im XC vasinv— Xcasy ) V+xdv = y (cosv+ vsinv dt - ~ ae (vsinv-cosv) 3 da ~ voosv+v8sinv _y véiny —Cosv Do xdv 2 veosv+vesihv - V¥iny +vcosy ' az VStny -Cos Vv 3 2dy - aveosy at VSinv-COsv > vsinv-cosy dy = dx 4 vsinv-cosvdy= adx QVCOSV ~vcosv J ~ f vstnv ccosy dv = Q(dx toge vcosy Zo 8 ‘Scanned with Camscanner3 ~ log Cvcasv) = Qlogx% Hoge 3 1ogx® +toge Hogvcosy) =0 s © tog fe veosv) =0 3 xcvcosv=! Linge os : cos a c! cohere cleYo Gla 8 . : . ? oowe “gt = (ySt7( Hx) -2)4z Ay = Yst0(n)-4 meg yw = vtxdy a AL V¥2dv = v2 sinv-x “_ vsinv-I or REV 3S xdyv . dz Siny vsinv-!-V = vgfnv > Jstovav -VSsinv OOF ae lege Stay) x COSY = -logx Hoge log x -CosS Vz logc -COSV =-10ga+c Os 10g x-cosv=¢ logz —Cos yj =logc D seve (28g 30ln . log Cosy} ) =C Ay GF )dx -Qryfay=o. ay. Q ahany - a a orn d eS = = GEYER S delay aie oe VbXav = 28 gvat—ydyd ax a tart Avars Axed 3 wy = rav-va y Gre T+avey? . > gdv 2 \-ay-va-y-aviwd ax \tavev? - 3 xdv= —(y? at +38ve4av-1) Fave yrtave! = -da “Wray ave | * (Ly (aviteve+3 “> 41090 ‘ J ve +3ve43V-! a 8 1 109 V54 av% ay-l) = -logzHoge : 2, 3y-1) = - 310gx+3logc 3 : coer eD +3169 2 =glege ‘Scanned with Caseannerss 109 V"r3avetav-l) a3 = loge? ss (v94av2rav-1) 28 = “Bo esince v= gle] 3 2 ere: - yee ” ae anpatyt)d 2 d-0 ay- a= ct go+3 +3 + ey ae el ieece a Sen As Ge observe Cray a see pe t to x and the EMROUS Sia oO, or dz es 4 -| Pur x al Say kev or wevy dy = vtygy Now (D becames , vty dv Be ey) ay 1e., qa = ev-y_y dy tte” h ay He 485 = ae —VofV _ _ (e’+v) ot ue dave He : tte! 5 Wsaie2 free av + [iy = c Le erty 4 he, ge) Hedge logk (soy) ov 19 (e4 +V) k 3 ewyen, “Dhere Vex they ye Ihe ok, & the reqyuired solution , ASSignendy SBive the felloas’n equations, D dy - eu Sates (eep™ = cae lt ee ceded) —otld)=k2, D defan, StMGo) eyfa SNP? 3) a +4 24 Salm ; 10g -x|ysC 4 ‘SeamedPdx =o. ® @ solve ext ypPdy— yf am tbe given Bqyuation can be cpoxttren ay ete du acy) Put Vd =} = V+xdv cn ys +xdv Thus the peloton) becomes V+%dv = yr x2 = v2 Ax XCUHVX) Gy sadvev®? ve. Ay, ot Tv rw s a dy = oh AX By Seporating the ¢ ‘t Vooiabies) s fe ae av fap +c 3 fyav+fiav = fb + i a log. %=C BS legv tvs -logute sswogytieg S vaetegvaec [Since veya 3 Gattesgec], EQuations reducible to the hemogencous form The EQpration 6 the $oTM ay = AX+bytC At AXTBYtC ashere a,b,C, A,B andc abe Canstants uch that ABP bA (ie, ob » Can be Aedurced tO homogeneous " porm fie AXth, Ye eshee bh, Kk beine costars to be ea AexXth, Yayik 4° dre vn ae ay + ag = oe ax =). ay [ak Sh eS a] The entation take: the jorm = ACkth) tbhCy+k) +c AGH) FBCYHDTC = @x+tby) + (ah+bytc EBY) + [Abt BKEC ) ee aehond.K uh Such away that ahtb k+c <0 AH+BK4C 50 the eqyuatinn reduces to ay = OX+bY, \ : . ax Ax+By VA ashich uy a homogeneous eqvuaitien , ashich Can be Solved bey petting ye=vy. ' Note: rf Z=b, then the above method paths to Selve the eqyuation. a > Meb =Als SS ashds b= PR aR A184) ‘the given eqnuatiay become , dy = ACA BYES Sotvin An” “AX+Bu+C . the abet Ue ioe satel action dy dette under fo2 ~ By Putting Ateeyet © to variable Separable © Sones (KY Ide +aty.a CeIn We haw YVdyoo 0 je e ; (42+y-a) dy - ~ (a-dy ade ut og. : Le R= Xth and Ee yak y hen dy. ay oT Put Rexth and ys yek cotere h and K axe sonseart te be Chosen Suitably Later. ad =dy dy a cidy, < GER SNe Hone dey They Wh becomd, ay 2 kh) H4GtK) HI an 4 Cath) + 94K) ~@ ie, dy = (CXF4¥) +Cht 4k+9) = (a) AXtY) +H4h+kK-2 Leb ug hee any ae -h+4K4+%=0 and 44+K -9=0 Soivéng these eapuastions coe gt, het Qnd K=-8 th b oY =-xt+4y ee Cah Oe ax ANY Sea Tf we choosepub Y=VX > ay = Vx ay @ | Noco (3) becomes, Viv = —X+4vx . dx +VX Wey Vtxdv = X(~l44y pe = -H4V ~y ; x C44V, aX e. 44v Mo Xd = AV AVE hey yay < =Cit+v2) latvrave FAY ore wit eye = ~ Ax Y Separating the Variables 3S 4(dvo 4 {vow + (ax 26 ; ve l4y2 x pee 4 en + $logliv®) +logx=c ne ore vt log Cl4v8) +3 logx =ac 1ey oval + log CC Hvajx& J = ac, coheve V=¥/x tony +leg [c+y® yj = C=k (Say) aur yeXn “2 X=%Ah =%-1 and Y= Gok = gta 8 tas! (4#2.) Hog (cx-n®+ (yHy’ [sk ThS GY the “aequuined, Solution, Assignment = si = Aty-] fi! (Stet) - 5 ‘ewes = GH Ans B tan! (St) og (eg fen Asiedy = ttay-3 Ary (AtY-a) = KCH-gy? at axty-3 Linear Diijperential Equations A Aitberential eqyuatien Of the form, Se +Pqeg (D cobere p and @ a puncions of %, vty Called a tint Order Jineor diperential equation. Working Reite . \ 1 coatte the given equation in the be7™> AH + P4=g . * Find ba glneeen a factor (T.F) by evel oding Sea8. waite the selubis S$ the COyuation Qs , i) yee) = fg (tAdx+e Linear equation ain ‘x? An eqyuatisn of the term! Ak + PL=g cushene Pand @ ase punctiiny fog y only. ds coe a ner equation dn2. The Selutting, can Simply be Coattten by olution) Intecchanging Oe 8 Yo euaibo @btained abrcady for the in y. et See | gf tdyse or ATF) = fae tyre ® gotve : BHD dy aio Can soto ay oa fons yg eee (2H) This & of the foxm My eye Qo te “ple yy 8A=ECeH) Lk Integrating Factor 2oht y oe = cloaca) srogcny t tees 2k The selation y given by aH E @A) = fg CTR)Ax+0 Cs HC HA) x1 dx +C Jen te = ete @ aston de + Geat sss y= Sion \ Sets a." H cos x+Sin a) ys Sox ASINe ‘Seameda + (st2+ x t= ushich ds a Linear dijperential eqyudiie ustth G dependent variable Hae P= Cotz tle 5, Q=Va eee gett | Scorer yee pioasinat log Tk = otogsinn _ ae ~ The Setution GU atven ycrA) = Jecrpax+c gxsing = JxAsinndase 2 are ee tte He yes aetts sotn ee ae - ay= az y (asin Given eqnuatiey can be co oihtenas -aysd this a of He fOr te aa +PY=e Ax Here P=-2 & =a Spax malt pa e = Dee? aa Cra mrete gia Ya? The genevU solution iy given Ge) = factedx+e te = fale ° Gige-a], +e F Ge cxt at ENLCOS 2 dy = gytsinx At Sen Jy 4 lt 2 Sinzcose , Ct Hae ps sl Q=t Sinxcose Cee ripe oP Je Ysinecosx9* ~OGtOY) rogcot =e a} = pop = Catt [ Sears “Piiacostt . F numeden by 2c os] He =Seck . Serr an - { Yoos® a | stexoee ax “eq tant ost xe XL ‘Scanned with CamScannery. Ge) = Js 6. Aaec : 4 cotutrc = (LL gaan gy cotn = ( sec it ese A dn 40 3 ycett= | cosect dy tC = log Coseca-catx)+C <) s Cur )dyt ys 0% S81 o ' _ usta ay xe Fo j Pda = finde = tadlx Dep 2 @ SPAt ea $8 = (9 CEE date = =| tale pel { - eee ae tare atasy! tae Soe = |e atte . censider pee a Py Te Coe tan!y et y 28x ode os atas! x De [ett ar . re 1 e z z Thug the, Solution | tans yi geen es AM te. 6. Selve /tr92 2 on ¢ HO dy + G-tas'2)dx=0 The given equntion can be corttten oy dy + y-tasla 20 Ar ae \ 3 + = tan'x at 4x2 Taz Ps tat 19= tas'x Spdx e JSiedee taslg Dee ett a | Thug the general Sokution ¢ YP) =a 9 CER) dx +0 ) ‘Scanned with Cascanner @gehen. (tame 4 ay +0 ) TE 4 tet Dea J tas! xe tan!y Xe Put tanly = t a 3S L,daxeadt 1x? fae dt = te 7 te tet ae (tance ture Thus the Soliton, © a tee (cassia tte + de +azy ees Set ax = (4e4?. Ae Ax get my) oO Ge ger. aay or oe. tay.a= yet This ay a diner ene tan 2, Og dependent Vaniable cascby say & Moco Lop - eidydy _ eh a) Thus the general polutioy & nels fy eF Fay +c 3 ade J aay te ot xe S which wb eee 1 C2+tany ay = sinaydn Sealy We have ee a 8. Seve. = Eras ay ot vee, da @ dy *lstnay "aly ax _ 2 . dy — = tany 4 astngcasty Sind Thy equuotion & Se tnd foray dx +P%A=@ | coheve ps — ance, 195 fom Sel (xy , . ed nie Poe oe SH feline je Dlutind Gx dy Seaer ae. — | licec ! dy to &) or tany & VEani ESeEy ay [pet tangst sectyay ode ie Mences ee ee ee Sey on a Feany a faere 2 =LX tan —> he X= tang +e ia my oO Feary eqyuthed T L= tony te tang as the. Solu eT ity < — % Selves = Trang ¥° SN lle — eae ay = (Blog “pen ax 2leg7 on + S ous i “4 ty Linear ain y of the 7TH | le ond fr At a Poy Q= ax LUC \ 1 (ZA=- pSPax “ara = ee = tegceg) f. (BRE eIhS*L 20809) _ toga The Bdlutisy ty Ye) = fqcreydate ey ylega = & , loge AX4C Peet HOgt at 6 1 Gg ad Hence qylega = Jatat tc ot qplogestire Thy ylogz liegt )r+e, & the Solute Setve AcesX dy + Cosx—asinx )y =| Soin dy + (sos Sto ye AL ALCosy COS Ths & G& the fo7T™ St +Py=9 ceshere P= Cost-4sint g get eer 4, R008 iy t shogsech a Mt A Sq - tanx du ode leg elt X|secn 3 el ECHY_ x case ‘Seamed with 10,The solution fon Gg IME. fg Harte yxcesx= ( | .temsxda tc KEOGE + Rycosrs xtc, & the Teqzuined Solution Assignment te a _ 2 _ 7 a4 = U4 ang Glaze =!ogx +H4C a dy + Ycot x =C0S% Ans ysine = Cosa +c Ax 4 8. seve Vig? dz = (Sin !y-x)ay Ans $- *— a) sing SY ses ; ne Le sins y-¥c E Quations aeclucible to the tinear al 4 . ' Pp a g Foam(i) FQ) dag +P #y)=@, asherr P | Me pUNcdion, of t We put Fly =t . Fey oly = de ax daa The given inn become dt +pt=@ shich & a time On eo ae +Pt=@ ashich ts functions can be reduced to bhe Linear form by putting Foust. O sotve xdy set a=tyd : SBin the Ax 41°94 4 geven eqyuctien can be conittenas Similorly #'ct) dz +p#ia)=§ , whe pand @ are yak +84 =e Cire. bey diveding This equation 4s 04 the form, t “t) Ficey) ; - . pt gh Mas gen dt eoyucthbny becrm ae Rte e 4 This ls Q Unean digperential eqyuctidn coith, P=V2 and @=e (Yada New, rpse =e ix ‘Seamed withThuy the general selubbn si @ CDP fgltedxte 42 = (retdax te 3 t= Ja ett+e. ance tology =} nlogy = @-eM+e @ selves ayseryrdy _g tany?= (any? t “ 4 tH 4 Seln put tang t 3 ay sec “dy = oe The given equation become $5 dat= a” “en et Th fe a Linear ditheeniial equalien asith pod, geen Noto Span = - fa;ax = ~Gloglat)= leg (ay Pax Tp 2 Jha ad Thug the catuution 8 too os (3 a (Haye fe eae z+c , tut. st ysx 3 (aye fewartes aa a tate 3 tang™ 2 (Hy Fa © Selve : tang dy + tana = cosy cos L Seth Dividing the Given eqyuciien bey Cosy ewe. have Secy tany dy + Seey tant = coha 30 Now pur Secyet v, Sey Fang dy ott Hence (1) becomes BE +4 tar = cory . . . d Thy eqyuctien uy Of the toxm ar + pt=@, where cee have pztanr & Q=costy, AX “ Poon Stanrdy Th -e e et eae sect e ‘ : dz _ Selettion gg glPdt_ gous te he, Sec secx « foos® * Secx date Seey secr = / foosxdxte ‘seameda Thay Secy sect a cal So a tee 200 rec ee solution ‘Scanned with Cacanner@ “ah de tea Sato ae Gen, yohoer Car, he = 10g% a at 3 Wy Put Let , = dy =dt id. 4 ¥ a dn Thuy the given pr itten BA ~dt + 4+ = loge on 4 % thy fg a Linea Coysation Nous J f-z daz -l0gqa » = Vx acre He sGlutien g ted =-{ logx oh da4e z 3 =-f tog ty dx +c <= - ['9q2J "ae gb {qedajaa] +c = ~ [toga /- 4)- (fC _ og + {gadxfec =-[-ege “£1 ge ‘29% +E +c ? Glogary tery =I setve ay y= fen 4 Degasitcx jal a Sen cet have -Py=-y3 = 43,4 os BY“G Se. > Cg" we ger -lt =-a 4 x a -3 d 3 dz > become, ~ar -£ = cose 3 x se a ti aoe! = es | een wa Linas, eaytation oy the L+Pt=@, cohere Pak and @= sega ; Ce BG aa oa" - “ies Span iver te Axtc ie, eee [3005 Same Jaen ax ‘Scanned with CamScanneri-e., Plas = B6iNx+c , & the Tequised 2) SOtution - @ sotve + ay Crag dy =| cangides ae yt ay? ov da - ay = Spa ae ee, -by-y? 20 x Pet =t ou he = at Hence 1) comes dt ty ‘3 on dk ay: “g Th eqyuatian dy of Be te he <8, stb Ss 484, Ale The got 5 ele os c be. le ea tel iy ath 4c fee Joe ‘ ye dy Ako eth “ Yydy edu Fy sy = y®du oF yoy = oe he tg -a fudtdu te M5 be a sae een Hd Posts thay Hla tl eli ot the reqyuined solute “£ Assignment Ya2 (0) oe Cs The qe fy dy 20 ® Seive , (yloga-a) ydaca Ang vey = gga (!ogx+ IQ) +¢ @ Solve + byPda - ACP4ay) dy 20 Ans he “Mat +c.E 7 ~~ ° 1 63 —abpetential Eqyuations ae Depinitien: The ditperential eqnuation of the foam, MdxtN 20 esbexem ,NOa2 finch ob Ry us cated exact ip, theae ext 0 functing flay) whose purfect diyerenttal df G Mda +Ndy, Sbatement 1 The necess ard the Suppictent coenditiey won the diigersnitel echuation MCxYy dat Nady so do be an ertack equation us an = oy Further the Seluttany of the exace! égquation & gven m4 w) ges + Judy =¢c cshere, in the post team awe integrate Mxz,y) cont x Keeping fied and N(y) undicate the terms ty N itheat 2% ( net containing x) Q@ Selve: (ort gt) ax+ Caray) dy <0 Seto The given eqnualien can be coxrtten tp bhe term [au = - setae! awe carftfelve this"by the aH method %eayun Le duciblao nae Ms Q@atyy and Ne aagay Emo) Exact Dp SM ='1 and aval Le man sce. By au , the given equatiay & enact. The Selutien & Jmax+ fregray =c, aa (tg Seggt goon ininghe, J@zryry ae + Jlaguayec Pr COS © mes Barge 4G 44ers le the required solistion Sev (Had ay+1) dx + Grtag4idy od Me Ya4sy+] and N= Burau | aM =3 aN = 3 . co . Bince oot = an , the given ecpucethipn dy emact 3 The goluchion dy \max + Jerry ogy opt ycom HK) dy ec Sraraytt) da + [Ger ay =c -Const > ABsaaqens Hyd ty <0 B aay sry 4 atye c §P- a8 ik to anf) ay co Sel Let Mz Poy and Ne -2843 id = 3y R_ aak ou a ea hoa = aw , the given equatien gy exact 3g «at The Selukian & pee f weyr dye e te, Jf aty)an + f° dy=e Ba By = c San o Gince ® Selve : [4 Cit Ya) Foray Jaa + [2tlog 2 - xsiog] dyeo soln ler Me Leu G N= RH t0g x -LSing bye ty IY, -sing & ons 1+4 - Sing Since OM = iS ees & exack- ay at The Golutian & Sman+ Jwegray ec J Ug) +ea8y J dt + fo dye C hee Thus Y (Xtlogatteosyec, & the required Soleitin, ‘Seamed withsad \ GS 2 ®_ seve: (yf BY 44x?) an + (22ye"d 342 )dyo x ely Let Ma Petes ga? & Ne (aay e*¥_a4*) 7 2 x2 2 2 2 cami 4 my NL a a 3q ge + oy + € MH BE = any OT ay Since SMI ON | the given equating & exact. frase + Jreydy = GC he, (Getty 423) da + f- 34? ty=c » 2 ey #4 tal apc They oP ot a * The Setutien & ge, yy the Aeqnuixed osluitien Assignment © astve dy + COSX+ Sinyt+y <6 SOL +1CeGHi Anas Ge q uy YSin2 +1515 +tyec. Solve (94 ara yy dz + (Ng +2) nda eo ans: 2 2 ye _ *Ytery =C Equations reducihty To the etact form Tateg rating Factor: Type-L Suppose that , or the eqyuctisry Madzt Ndiyco OM + 3N then coe take theta dipperence , 3 oz b to the the dijperence a - 3h Sheuld be Cinse expression oa M or! N. L fom ano i¢ & uh so, then cet compute (3m - anh Tr a (20-34 N aq 3% a aM -an )- ac Hy (BB) fe) on (BW sty ten df97 4, acu idy an untegaatt 3@ Seve ; [4%y+34?2) dx + (x+y )dy -—0 a Set Let Mz 42ytayta Gg Ne rertay )= tary OM = 42t6y And AN = OX 4aY, (The eguation 3 ax & net eract) Consider 8M -aN = -O14-, - slow fam oy at autey QX-24 = aria -gea) ia) OM _aN ) = Q(ata lose tON (39 ax Carag) == FQ) Hence fend +24 ) Ys aN UNntegaating factor. log . ogee 2 t Multiplying the a: - os a — ‘4 3 BEVED enpecthien bey a we. nec Me 4ey + 328gh 8 and Ne axty arty aM = 4234 6%y and au = 40+ bre x Gotutiel, oy the exact atien & Jrade+ J wegray 2c he, [G43 yw )ax4 fodyac Thay yt x3y?_at = Cy ds the seqnuiared Selutisy, + Solve: y Cae-yttde +% (32-4449) dye0 den tet M= Yl@xytt) and ataent gs) nea, Mz axy—uriy & Ne 328 42 49% 8M = AX-By4 AN = 6X-4943 84 ax OM ON = Qz-ayH -6x-4y43) = 4xtay-Q SG Bx q = La(ardat) Now, (2 -au. = T&lQx-Y4H) Y near tom 24 aw M Oz = GlexyH) Hence Te aayrey “faigay 4 arogy logsf) Multiplying the given enyCation cee a ce ee have > ae a g oe NOLO Me aryrytty? and Ne BGR 42494 ant By OE PHYS B= org? — aeP tage The Sotakion is (mae + [Neydy ec re. (Qx8 - of d = Dy REL ADET (0492S ised cation, t e he.) PoeAssignment © salve: Negi pie ener ans at ete ge g =c¢ 3 a @® sowe: ylang Jax -2dys0 Ans ta yRC cntegrating Fac Factos ; Ty pe-2 BF the given equation Mda+ndyso J of the pr GHAQ drt AGrTYy)dysO then L—- Gon Uinteg nating pactor provided Ma-Nuto 3 @ seve: gy lagtda - aay-Uduco Sey The iver) equation & of the fe7™!” YAR gda + GCE y) dy 0 cohen Meg flay) = 2y4y @ No TQlay) = x Noto eM ‘a fia4- fest ae Viny aap & the tntegrating Factor. Melt! ples ing, the given equatisn cst Yardy & tena ® exact . usher case / now have ¢ 1) @ Not Ca ey) ie, ap ee ar a “an ay ange “a pay ac ax the (sien tb haga + fReyp Wears am, )*** fragt dy 20 ie., ploge- ai; ak toggec Or (+h) eye ae Gelve: cay panty) dat (2y- 224" dy 20 S0ln The eayuatien of the perm gttagrde +g (yr ayeo, phos Me ache g N= ty-2y o Now Ma-N 4a 7 “hie 7 “one i a Le Freely fe ‘Seamed withGiven eaqucitian by thiy Tr we have an exact @) Cqnuattan cofere ce Now have : a Net -b ie ae The Golutien dg Sedat Jnicydy=c ) ! & }d - < Sa, *$:) r+ ayec ? “Say * 39% ~Liogy = c -L +10gx* logy = 3c Thus tog’ J) ac, Uy the Teqyuiud a ht ive, Le, ot Disignment © Cit yt wep) dat ECl-zg+ akg?) dyno Ang log(aly ) FG Yat =8c, 4g * If M and N hemogence. 9 Lens at the Same degree and Matng ace the) punt & at in an Enitegsating pactor sor deen _ QO ayda- CB + ag? dliyoo +0 Seto M=%y Ns- Ctra) OM =x ON .-au 8y Oz 8M} aN. oy Bm "equation O & net an exact dipenential cleonl ee N are homogeneoty oF Same degree. New MattNy= By By- ar8 $0 “. = -1, dy an DP Maing ay ; Mult plying’ the “ exyuciien by - ecg 2 ae aD alae ag ay 4) ° Thi eqnuatien ty & Mdx + Jrity) dy = p sme, aed jtayee 3 “age BEC “Age teBy Se , we ger Oct ‘SeamedType Bi- Df the given equation MaatNdyso G4 us Oy the fo7T™m K3, k. af yh Coyde + Gqrdy ) + x *g FH cyydtuto,ady) rene andes Cis 1t04) are Censtans, = x & an Unstegrating factor: THE CEnstanth ag b of detesmined Such hat the Condition pron ' exact egyuation 4s Satispied @ Seve: 1(3y da+arxdy) +84) (yds 4axdy)=oo Salo The given eqyuatien can be ACOALaunged og (arg. +8g°)ax + (axty A424 )dy'=0 +O Maltiplyieg © by Hy? at have = 3x* ght -¢ argrtt N = ax gh pag at ybtt We shan tind ab such Ehat OM - ON ad Hyg? ea xt bing! ti} R> at D> BCbH) = Q(At2) And gcprs or Qa-3bh =-| G 3a-b By Saving ceget asl> b Thus ae now have M= sxig? + GN= avy 404 22QF The solution & [mda + [Neydyec ie, Gxtgry ox of ao + fodyac thes Bova & the Teapuined Seutien Assignment 1 Glve: L(tydr+ Ardy) +P (Bydt +5xdy Jno Ans atyt 4 8g? =C Type Hi Exactness inspection Ei datdy= Arty) Egi xdytyda= dizy) + RB x oc. & z ~& oS 2 Q4(Qy nd oo ~~ Ul R of a