THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES

(CA3)

Module 1 of 5

Review on Related Topics under Institutional and Non-Institutional

Correction

INTRODUCTION
Hello everyone! Welcome to this third correctional subject as we deal on
Therapeutic Modalities (CA3). In the previous semesters, we have dealt on
Institutional Corrections (CA1) followed by CA2 such as the Non-Institutional
Corrections or Community – based Corrections. The discussions that we are going to
have in this course are continuations of the two previous subjects. So do not be
surprised if you encounter some topics that have already been discussed in CA1 and
CA2. Nevertheless, if there are topics that were already given in the previous
subjects, these are not detailed but a sort of review, unless, such topic is the meat
of our course. (e.g. rehabilitation programs).
This subject consists of 5 modules. The introductory part to include the
review on related topics from CA1, CA2 and Standards on the Treatment and
Rehabilitation of Prisoners/Inmate/PDL; PDL Admission Process and Procedures in
the BJMP, Provincial Jails & BUCOR; Treatment Programs and Rehabilitation of the

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Different Confinement Facilities; Treatment Programs of Convicted Persons placed
under Non-Institutional correction programs/Community Based Program;
Therapeutic Modalities; and the Developmental Aspects of Therapeutic Modalities.
This means that you will be receiving 5 modules throughout the subject.
For the first module, we will be dealing with the review on related topics from
CA1 and CA2; standards on the treatment and rehabilitation of
prisoners/inmate/PDL. The second module is on the PDL’s Admission Process and
Procedures in the BJMP and BUCOR.
The third module refers to the treatment programs and rehabilitation of the
different confinement facilities (PNP, NBI, BJMP, Provincial Jails & BUCOR) of Persons
Deprived of Liberty (PDL). The module includes the treatment programs of
convicted persons placed under Non-Institutional correction programs/Community
Based Program.
The fourth module deals on therapeutic modalities: making jail/prison facility
as therapeutic community. Lastly, the fifth module looks on the developmental
aspects of therapeutic modalities.
In each module, there are different lessons together with activities assigned
for you to respond. In every activity, write your answers in yellow pad papers and
do not write in this module because this serves as your reading materials. So, do
not return this module to me. Only your answers written in yellow pad papers shall
be submitted.
If you have queries or clarifications regarding our module, feel free to contact
me in this mobile number 09171542378 or in my messenger
[email protected].

LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
1. understand correctly the concept of therapeutic community as a treatment
modality for offenders;
2. identify properly the two types of therapeutic community;
3. explain thoroughly the origins of therapeutic community; and
4. discuss accurately the roles of custodial centers (BuCor, BJMP, DSWD, and
provincial Jails) and non-custodial (PPA, BPP) in the treatment of offenders.

PRE-TEST
Let us test your knowledge about our subject matter by answering the
questions bellow.

Multiple Choice. Read carefully the questions then choose the correct answer
from the given choices. Write only the letter of your choice. Use yellow pad papers
as your answer sheet and do not forget to write your name and schedule in the
paper you are going to submit.

1. Hierarchical TC was conceptualized in ________________.

A. America C. Jamaica
B. England D. Philippines
2. In Asia, the first countries to adopt TC in Prison were _______________ .
A. China and Philippines C. Philippines and Vietnam
B. Cambodia and Thailand D. Thailand and Malaysia
3. The Council for the Welfare of Children is under what department?
A. DILG. C. DPWH.
B. DOJ. D. DSWD.

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 4. Grant of parole is the responsibility of
A. BPP. C. Judge.
B. DOJ. D. PPA.
5. Democratic TC is also known as ____________________.
A. American TC C. Hierarchical TC
B. Concept – based TC D. Maxwell Jones Model
6. Provincial jail is under the
A. BJMP. C. DOJ.
B. DILG. D. DSWD.
7. Under the existing laws, a youth offender in the Philippines is
A. Over 9 but below 15 years of age. C. under 15 years of age
B. Over 9 but below 18 years of age. D. under 18 years of age
8. An offender convicted to a prison term of more than two years must
rehabilitated and supervised by the
A. BuCor C. DILG
B. BJMP D. DOJ
9. The following are basic necessities for PDLs, except
A. clothing. C. medical items.
B. Food. D. musical instruments.
10. Daytop pertains to
A. association of anti- drug. C. group of drug dependents.
B. drug addicts yield to persuasion. D. organized drug users.

LESSON 1: Concept of therapeutic community as a treatment modality;

types and origins of therapeutic community.

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. explain the concept of therapeutic community as a treatment modality; and
2. discuss how therapeutic community was introduced in the Philippines.

LET’S ENGAGE!
There are different modes of treatments for offenders whether inside
custodial center or community - based. There is the so called counselling, livelihood
programs, etc. However, most of the treatment modalities are embraced under
therapeutic community. So what do you think is therapeutic community as a
treatment modality for offenders? I bet this is not your first time to encounter the
word because this was mentioned in your CA1 and CA2 as one of the rehabilitation
programs of the BuCor and BJMP. But for you to understand it fully, we will again
discuss in this lesson.
LET’S EXPLORE!
The therapeutic community as a modality for the treatment of offenders is
one of the innovative programs in corrections shifting from the old concept to the
modern one. If we are to revisit the old concept of correction, it is somewhat more
on punitive reaction with little emphasis on rehabilitation. This time, our correctional
system is more on rehabilitative techniques and one of which is the adoption of
therapeutic community.

LET’S TALK ABOUT IT

Concept of Therapeutic Community Modality

Therapeutic community modality is a special program that employs a
participative, group-based treatment approach to the personality disorders and

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complex emotional and interpersonal problems. The program helps participants live
together as a community of concerned people with high expectations and
commitment that foster individual change and positive growth. Inmates/PDL as
participants to this program help each other discover and establish their self-worth,
inherent talents and potentials. The goal of the program is to help inmates gain the
ability to return to the mainstream of society and live a productive life (BJMP, 2015).
It is defined by the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (2015) as a self-
help social learning treatment model which utilizes the community as the primary
therapeutic vehicle to foster behavioral and attitudinal change. In this modality,
persons deprived of liberty learn and practice skills and responsibilities through
structured activities that they can transfer to the society upon release.
BJMP and the BuCor implement the Therapeutic Community Modality Program
(TCMP) to manage and modify behaviors of PDL with the goal of positively changing
their thinking and behavior through structured group processes. The program
endeavors to teach and model positive thinking, pro-social values, good decision-
making, and positive coping. Through the program, PDL are trained on socially
acceptable ways of behaving and relating with their fellow PDL, the personnel and
visitors thereby fostering a therapeutic jail environment and maintaining a peaceful
communal atmosphere.
Community as referred to this topic does not literally mean the village at
large, instead it pertains to the group of persons deprived of liberty helping (PDL)
each other facilitates reformation while serving sentence inside confinement area.
The players in this community are mainly composed of PDL/inmates which mean to
say that they are the implementers of the rehabilitative activities towards
themselves. Example: The PDL do the counselling to a fellow PDL who is under
distress; a PDL read Bible Verses to fellow PDL and facilitate a group discussion; a
PDL may impose discipline against a fellow PDL; and etc. Jail/prison officers are the
supervisors of the program and they only intervene when the PDL/inmates can no
longer run the community.
With the program, PDL are empowered to discover, develop and enhance
their potentials which are necessary for reformation.
In the TCMP, every PDL has a role to play. Though participants have roles
different from each other, they share a common goal which is towards
rehabilitation. It can be compared to a family where the father has a role different
from the mother and vice-versa. The eldest has his own role different from the other
member but all leading to the same objective. In the family, elder members correct
and redirect another member who is going against the rule of the household. In the
same manner, every PDL in the community is obliged to remind a fellow PDL who
does not conform to the rule of the community. Elders in the community may
reprimand another to correct mistakes before they become serious. Talking about
mistakes, it should be dealt/settled by the PDL. If it is not settled within the
community, that’s the only time it is brought to the grievance mechanism of the jail.

Types and brief history of therapeutic community

There are two types of therapeutic community, which are distinguishable by

their respective cultures, and which derive from different antecedents. These are:

a. Democratic therapeutic communities

As cited by Rawlings (1998), democratic therapeutic community is
generally taken to have begun with the work of Dr. Maxwell Jones during and
after the Second World War. It was introduced to treat soldiers who had
developed neurosis, known as “shell-shock syndrome”. At the time, the
development of the therapeutic community model was considered a revolution
in social psychiatry and was largely a psychiatric, hospital-based treatment.
English prisons adopted the democratic therapeutic community model to
treat individuals with problems on drugs, but have been modified to

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 accommodate custodial requirements of discipline and control. In particular, the
concept of democracy has been limited, so that inmates are allowed to make
major community decisions without compromising the rules of the host
institution, or the reality of their incarcerated state. Therapeutic communities in
prisons need to remember that they exist in an environment which has been
established for security purposes, rather than for treatment, and as such they
are guests (Perfas, 2018; Perfas, 2014).
Therapeutic communities (TC) however are not so widespread in England
and Europe, and small therapeutic communities in prisons tend to be short-lived
or under regular threat of closure, and under researched. Exceptions to this are
Grendon Prison, the Special Unit at Barlinnie Prison and a number of Social
Therapeutic Institutions in Germany. These have all been productive of research
into effectiveness and therapeutic process (Rawlings, 1998).

b. Hierarchical therapeutic community

In America, therapeutic communities in prisons have become exclusively
based on the hierarchical or concept-based therapeutic community model. The
model derives from Synanon, a self-help community set up by Charles Dederich
in San Franciso in 1959. The U.S. model uses the community of peers and role
models as change agents rather than professional clinicians and trained
correctional officers, and it is less democratic in operation and more hierarchical
in structure. The model is also less psychiatric (less medical) in origin emerging
from a recovered client self-help background. Thus, American therapeutic
community (also called concept-based therapeutic communities) generally
subscribes to a self-help social learning model approach and holistic human
change perspective (Rawlings, 1998).
According to Perfas (2018) as cited by Mapangdol (2019), the Philippines
is the first country in Asia to adopt therapeutic community as an effective
model for the treatment of drug addiction. In 1971, the first concept-based TC
in the Philippines with the help from an ex-heroin addicted person was
established that started the Filipino private drug abuse prevention and
treatment program called Drug Abuse Research Foundation, Inc. (DARE) in
Manila. DARE’s first TC house was named Bahay Pag-asa (House of Hope) and
became the largest and most successful non-government drug treatment
program in the country. It eventually plays a major role helping to spread the
TC throughout the Southeast Asia.
From the Philippines, the therapeutic community was also established in
Malaysia and later in Thailand in the late 1970s. But, the first successful prison
based therapeutic communities were established in Thailand and Malaysia. In
early 1990s, the Department of Corrections in Thailand and Malaysia each
launched an initiative to develop TCs in prison. Daytop (Drug Addicts Yield to
Persuation) International, with funding from the U.S. International Narcotics and
Law Enforcement Affairs, assisted in training personnel and extending technical
assistance in organizing the TC inside the prisons. Daytop trainers went to
Bangkok and Kuala Lumpur to conduct a series of training, and several
corrections officer came to Daytop in New York for further training (Perfas,
2014; Perfas, 2018).
The Philippine government has since applied therapeutic communities in
jails under the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, national penitentiaries
under the Bureau of Corrections and community - based under the Parole and
Probation Administration, and drug rehabilitation centers under the Department
of Health.

IT’S YOUR TURN

From the foregoing discussions, you are required to answer the following
questions to see how you understood the topic. Write your answers in yellow pad
paper and do not forget to indicate your name and schedule.
1. Discuss what therapeutic community is. 20 points
2. Discuss how therapeutic community came into existence in the
Philippines. 20 points

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LESSON 2: Review on the relevant topics in institutional and non-
institutional corrections.
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. identify and explain the role of the different bureaus engaged in the
rehabilitation of offenders; and
2. name and then briefly discuss the four agencies responsible in the
treatment of offenders inside custodial centers.

LET’S ENGAGE!
Are you still aware that there are six agencies involved in the treatment of
offenders in our country? What are these agencies? Actually, some of the
discussions in the succeeding topics have already been discussed in the previous
subjects. As what was told to you earlier, do not be surprised because all are part of
the subject.

LET’S EXPLORE!
Like many countries, the correctional system in the Philippines has both an
institution-based and a community-based component. It also has separate
treatment systems for youth offenders and adult offenders.
As we go further in this lesson, you will notice that we are more on the
functions of said agencies as these are the basis in the formulation of their
respective rehabilitation programs. These are the topics in this lesson.

LET’S TALK ABOUT IT

The Correctional System in the Philippines is composed of six agencies under
three distinct and separate departments of the national government. These are:
1. Department of Justice (DOJ) – under this are:
A. Bureau of Corrections (BuCor)
B. Parole and Probation Administration (PPA)
C. Board of Pardons and Parole (BPP)

2. Department of Interior and Local Government Units (LGU) – under this are:
A. Bureau of jail Management and Penology (BJMP)
B. Provincial Jails

3. Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) – under this is the

Juvenile Justice and Welfare Council

The custodial care of adult offenders is handled by the following:

A. Bureau of Jail Management and Penology

The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) under the
Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) has supervision over all
district, city and municipal jails nationwide with pronged tasks of safekeeping
and development of PDL (BJMP, 2015). These jails house detainees awaiting
judicial disposition of their case and offenders whose sentence range from
one (1) day to three (3) years.
In line with its mandates, the Jail Bureau endeavors to perform the
following functions:

1. Formulate policies and guidelines in the administration of all district,

city, and municipal jails nationwide.
The Bureau is a dynamic institution; it sees to it that the welfare
of its employees and clients (PDL) are continuously observed. So with
this, policies and guidelines are formulated and issued from time to
time.(e.g. Policy guidelines for BJMP livelihood programs dated April 28,
2011)

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 2. Implement strong security measures for the control of PDL.
There are security measures in the Bureau that cannot be
compromise. This is why BJMP personnel are from time to time
conducting operation shakedown/operation galugad to see to it that no
contrabands or items prohibited by law are being maintained inside
cells.

3. Provide for the basic needs of PDL.

The Bureau is very much aware of this role to provide daily
necessities of the inmates such as meals, clothing, hygiene items, medical
service, etc. All of these are provided by the Government through the
Bureau.

4. Conduct activities for the development of PDL.

There are a lot of activities held at the different jails for the welfare
and development of PDLs. Example for this is seminar through lectures by
different sectors either government or private, included in here is the
literacy program. Trainings are also given by the TESDA. Recreational
activities are also allowed and strongly encouraged and many more.

5. Improve jail facilities.

The improvement of jail facilities is one of the major plan of the
Bureau to at least meet if not surpass the minimum standards set by the
UN in as much as the treatment and welfare of PDLs are concern.

6. Promote the general welfare and development of personnel.

Continuous trainings and education by the personnel of the Bureau
is being observed. This is to improve if not perfect the services provided
to its clients.

B. Provincial Jails
The Provincial Governments has the supervision and control over
provincial jails. These jails house court detainees and prisoners whose prison
terms range from six months and one day, to three years.
As what was mentioned in the previous correctional subjects, some
provinces are no longer maintaining provincial jails. Provincial jails in some
provinces have already been waived to the BJMP. (e.g. Mountain Province
Provincial Jail was turned over to the BJMP and is now Mountain Province
Provincial Jail. So with Ifugao, Kalinga, etc.)
But for provinces where provincial jails still exist, those meted with lighter
sentences as well as those with pending cases before the regional trial courts
are confined in provincial jails.
Provincial jails provide similar rehabilitation programs for PDLs like what
the BJMP and BuCor is.

C. The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)

Youth offenders in the Philippines are treated differently. A youth offender
is defined as a child over nine (9) years but below eighteen (18) years of age at
the time of the commission of an offense. Under the country’s laws, these youth
offenders are entitled to a suspended sentence. Instead of serving their
sentence in jail/prison, they are rehabilitated in regional youth rehabilitation
centers, which are managed and supervised by the Department of Social Welfare
and Development (DSWD). There are ten (10) rehabilitation centers for youth
offenders, one of which is a National Training School for Boys and the other, a
National Training School for Girls. Their stay in the center can be shorter than
their sentence term, depending on how they respond to the rehabilitation
process therein (Yangco, n. d.).
Juvenile delinquents are normally sent to youth rehabilitation centers
under the juvenile justice and welfare council pursuant to R.A. 9344 unless the
sentencing judge specifically orders for them to be confined at the national

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penitentiary, as in cases where the juvenile convict acted with discernment or
the offense committed is grave.
The agency through the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Council has activities
of intervention that are designed and intended to: promote the physical and
social well-being of the children; avert or prevent juvenile delinquency from
occurring; and stop or prevent children from re-offending.

D. Bureau of Corrections (BuCoR)

The Bureau of Corrections (BUCOR) under the Department of Justice (DOJ),
has control over the national penitentiary and its penal farms, houses convicted
offenders with prison sentences ranging from three (3) years and one (1) day to
life imprisonment.

BuCor’s Function (BuCor, 2013):

1. Safekeep prisoners convicted by courts three (3) years and one (1) day
and above to serve sentence in prison.
As we keep on mentioning, offenders convicted to serve light
sentences ranging from one day to three years are confined in the local jails
such as provincial, district, city or municipal jails. Whereas, offenders
convicted to serve an imprisonment term ranging from three years and one
day and above are confined in the national penitentiaries.
There are seven national penitentiaries under the BuCor. These are:
New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa City; Correctional Institution for Women in
Madaluyong City; San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm in Zamboanga; Davao
Penal Colony and Farm in Davao; Iwahig Penal Colony and Farm in Palawan;
Sablayan Penal Colony and Farm in Occidental Mindoro; and Leyte Regional
Prison in Abuyog, Southern Leyte.

2. Prevent prisoners from committing crimes.

This is one of the main purposes of corrections. Innovative programs
like recreational activities, livelihood trainings, etc. are required to the
prisoners in order to eliminate their criminal tendencies. Rehabilitation
programs are required for them to undergo leading them to live a normal life
and prevent them from re-offending in the future.

3. Provide inmates basic needs.

As in jail, national prisoners are provided with their basic necessities.
Three square meals each day, clothing, hygiene items, medical service, and
others are provided for them. They are also given access to entertainment
like television, etc. so long as it is permitted.

4. Ensure rehabilitation programs are made available to the inmates for their
physical, intellectual and spiritual development.
PDLs are not just confined in prison for the sake of punishment; instead
they are there to be reformed. That is why rehabilitation/treatment programs
are required for them with the idea that after serving their sentence, they will
come out from prison as a law abiding individuals. These rehabilitation
programs will teach them with constructive learnings and positive mindset for
them to use upon release. (Though rehabilitation programs in prison/jail were
discussed in the previous subjects, we will be again discussing these in the
succeeding topics).

5. Develop livelihood programs to assist inmates earn a living and develop

their skills while in prison.

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 Livelihood activities are some of the most important part of
rehabilitation process of a PDL. It is in this program that he may acquire new
skills that he may use for survival/earn a living upon release. It may also
through this program that he may earn while serving sentence for his
personal consumption or for his family. It is why, the Bureau, in accordance
with Rule 38 of the Prison Rules, Chapter 234A of the Laws of Hong Kong, all
convicted adult prisoners are required to engage in work as arranged by
Correctional Service Department, unless they are certified by a Medical
Officer of the Department as unfit for work on medical grounds.
The purpose of the work and earnings scheme for inmates is to provide
incentive for inmates to acquire good working habits and vocational skills
through engagement in useful work.

The community based – correctional treatment is the responsibility

of the following agencies (Yangco, n. d.):
A. The Parole and Probation Administration (PPA)
The PPA is an attached agency of the Department of Justice which
provides a less costly alternative to imprisonment of offenders who are likely
to respond to individualized community treatment programs.
Not all offenders should serve their sentence in prison/jail. There are
those who could be reformed in the community without experiencing prison
life. The international community has long recognized that the goals of a
humane criminal justice system are best served if offenders are reintegrated
and rehabilitated by means other than incarceration. In fact, it has been
widely accepted that incarceration or imprisonment should be a last resort
and utilized for those who have committed serious and heinous crimes, and
that community-based treatment should instead be promoted whenever
possible and feasible to hasten an offenders’ reintegration into society.
The PPA is responsible in the rehabilitation of offender released on
probation (probationers), parole (parolees) and pardon (pardonees) through
innovative interventions.
Under PD 968 (Probation Law of 1976), the PPA is mandated to:
1. Promote the correction and rehabilitation of an offender by providing him
with individualized treatment.
In practice, the release of offenders on probation is accompanied by
conditions. Examples are for them to look for a legitimate source of
income; report to the office of the PPA once a month, etc. In their
reporting, individual counselling is given to them by the rehabilitation
officer. With this scheme, their activities for the duration of the month are
monitored. During the counselling session, if it is observed by the officer
that a probationer is moving away with the stipulated conditions, he
redirects the client into the right path.

2. Provide an opportunity for the reformation of a penitent offender which

might be less probable if he were to serve a prison sentence.
Imprisonment leads to other problems related to an offender’s
stigmatization and desocialization. Often, prisons thwart the offenders’
potential for growth and excellence, and spawn dependence and mistrust
on their part instead. Prisons usually alienate offenders from their family,
friends and acquaintances. Due to overcrowding, prisons lead to
dehumanizing conditions, which make reintegration and resocialization
even more difficult. Corrective actions and treatment measures are better
achieved in a natural environment such as the community where
offenders can highlight and re-live the areas of their life they want to
change.

3. Prevent the commission of offenses.

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 The conditions imposed on the release of a client accompanied by
constant monitoring and counselling will help prevent the client from
engaging crimes.

B. Boards of Pardons and Parole (BPP)

The Board of Pardons and Parole releases prisoners on parole and
recommends to the president the grant of executive clemency.
The Board grants parole to a prisoner usually after serving the minimum
part of his sentence whenever it finds that there is a reasonable probability that
if released, he will be law-abiding and that his release will not be incompatible
with the interest and welfare of society.
When parole is granted, the parolee serves the unexpired portion of his
sentence in the community. It is in the community where he is monitored and
supervised until the expiration of his sentence. Just like probation, the release of
a parolee to the community does not mean he is free at all since he must comply
with conditions set by the BPP.
As stated above, the supervision of probationer, parolees and pardonees
is undertaken by the Parole and Probation Administration. All of them are
required to report to the PPA office once a month or as necessary for individual
counselling.

IT’S YOUR TURN

Based on what you have learned from the above discussion, answer the
following questions. Write your answers in yellow pad paper and do not forget to
indicate your name and schedule.

1. Discuss how PPA promotes the rehabilitation of its clients? 20 points

2. Explain how DSWD treats children in conflict with the law. 20 point
3. The BJMP conducts activities for the development of PDLs. Give at least two
activities then discuss each. Do not repeat the given example. 20 points

Rubrics for the essay questions

Excellent Good Fair Poor
Explanation Complete Good response Explanation is Explanation is
response with with clear somewhat unclear. Misses
detailed explanation clear key points
explanation
Demonstrate Shows clear Shows substantial Explanation Show a
d knowledge understanding of understanding of shows some complete lack of
the subject matter the subject matter understanding understanding
with subject for the subject
matter matter
Total 17 - 20 points 13 – 16 points 9 - 12 points 1 – 8 points

POST TEST
Read and understand the statements/phrases and select the best answer
from the choices given. Place your answers in a yellow pad paper. Use capital
letters only.

1. Maxwell Jones developed the so called

A. Communism Therapeutic Model. B. Democratic Therapeutic Model.
C. Hierarchical Therapeutic Model. D. Social Learning Model.
2. The legal basis for the work and earning scheme of PDLs in prison is
A. Laws of America. B. Laws of England.
C. Laws of Hongkong. D. Laws of Macau.
3. The following are agencies in the country that implement TC modality in the
treatment of their clients, except__________________.
A. BJMP B. BuCor

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 C. DOH D. NBI

4. Supervision and control of pardonees is the responsibility of __________________.

A. BPP B. Court
C. PPA D. President
5. Under the parole law in the country, parole is granted by
A. BPP. B. Court.
C. PPA. D. President.
6. Concept – based therapeutic model was founded by
A. Becaria. B. Dederich.
C. Jones. D. Perfas.
7. One of the following is not a mandate of PPA.
A. Develop livelihood programs to assist inmates earn a living and develop
their skills while in prison.
B. Promote the correction and rehabilitation of an offender by providing him
with individualized treatment.
C. Provide an opportunity for the reformation of a penitent offender which
might be less probable if he were to serve a prison sentence.
D. Prevent the commission of offenses.
8. One of the following does not belong to the group.
A. Bureau of Corrections
B. Board of Pardons and Parole
C. BJMP
D. Parole and Probation Administration
9. In Asia, the first to adopt TC as a modality for the treatment of individuals with
substance abuse is
A. China. B. Cambodia.
C. Malaysia. D. Philippines.
10. The first TC house in the Philippines is
A. Bahay Ampunan B. Bahay Na Bato
C. Bahay Pag-asa D. DARE House

REFERENCES

Mapangdol, E. (2019) Therapeutic Community as a Treatment Modality for PDLs of

Mountain Province District Jail (Unpublished dissertation). University of
Baguio
Perfas, F. B. (2014). Therapeutic Community: Past, Present and Moving Forward to
Get Over Addiction to Drugs. “A Practice Guide”. Hexagram Publishing.
Perfas, F. B. (2018). Therapeutic Community as a Social System. Hexagram
Publishing.
Rawlings, B. (1998). Research on Therapeutic Communities In Prison: a review of
the literature. Manchester University Press
Yangco, C. (n. d.) Community- based treatment for offenders in the Philippines: old
concepts, new approaches, best practices.

(2015) BJMP Manual

Bureau of Corrections: Manual of Standards and Policies

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