P.T.

Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker

College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

UNIT V: Data Visualization

Syllabus

Importing Matplotlib - Line plots - Scatter plots - visualizing errors - density and contour plots
Histograms - legends - colors - subplots - text and annotation - customization three dimensional
plotting - Geographic Data with Basemap - Visualization with Seaborn

5.1 Importing Matplotlib

• Matplotlib is a cross-platform, data visualization and graphical plotting library for Python and
its numerical extension NumPy.

• Matplotlib is a comprehensive library for creating static, animated, and interactive

visualizations in Python.

• Matplotlib is a plotting library for the Python programming language. It allows to make quality
charts in few lines of code. Most of the other python plotting library are build on top of
Matplotlib.

• The library is currently limited to 2D output, but it still provides you with the means to express
graphically the data patterns.

Visualizing Information: Starting with Graph

• Data visualization is the presentation of quantitative information in a graphical form. In other

words, data visualizations turn large and small datasets into visuals that are easier for the human
brain to understand and process.

• Good data visualizations are created when communication, data science, and design collide.
Data visualizations done right offer key insights into complicated datasets in ways that are
meaningful and intuitive.

• A graph is simply a visual representation of numeric data. MatPlotLib supports a large number
of graph and chart types.

• Matplotlib is a popular Python package used to build plots. Matplotlib can also be used to make
3D plots and animations.

• Line plots can be created in Python with Matplotlib's pyplot library. To build a line plot, first
import Matplotlib. It is a standard convention to import Matplotlib's pyplot library as plt.
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College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

• To define a plot, you need some values, the matplotlib.pyplot module, and an idea of what you
want to display.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.plot([1,2,3],[5,7,4])

plt.show()

• The plt.plot will "draw" this plot in the background, but we need to bring it to the screen when
we're ready, after graphing everything we intend to.

• plt.show(): With that, the graph should pop up. If not, sometimes can pop under, or you may
have gotten an error. Your graph should look like :

• This window is a matplotlib window, which allows us to see our graph, as well as interact with
it and navigate it

Line Plot
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College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

• More than one line can be in the plot. To add another line, just call the plot (x,y) function again.
In the example below we have two different values for y (y1, y2) that are plotted onto the chart.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.linspace(-1, 1, 50)

y1 = 2*x+ 1

y2 = 2**x + 1

plt.figure(num = 3, figsize=(8, 5))

plt.plot(x, y2)

plt.plot(x, y1,

linewidth=1.0,

linestyle='--'

plt.show()

• Output of the above code will look like this:

Example 5.1.1: Write a simple python program that draws a line graph where x = [1,2,3,4]
and y = [1,4,9,16] and gives both axis label as "X-axis" and "Y-axis".

Solution:
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

importmatplotlib.pyplot as plt

importnumpy as np

# define data values

x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4]) # X-axis points

y = x*2 # Y-axis points

print("Values of :")

print("Values of Y):")

print (Y)

plt.plot(X, Y)

# Set the x axis label of the current axis.

plt.xlabel('x-axis')

# Set the y axis label of the current axis.

plt.ylabel('y-axis')

# Set a title

plt.title('Draw a line.')

# Display the figure.

plt.show()

Saving Work to Disk

• Matplotlib plots can be saved as image files using the plt.savefig() function.

• The .savefig() method requires a filename be specified as the first argument. This filename can
be a full path. It can also include a particular file extension if desired. If no extension is provided,
the configuration value of savefig.format is used instead.

• The .savefig() also has a number of useful optional arguments :

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College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

1. dpi can be used to set the resolution of the file to a numeric value.

2. transparent can be set to True, which causes the background of the chart to be transparent.

3. bbox_inches can be set to alter the size of the bounding box (whitespace) around the output
image. In most cases, if no bounding box is desired, using bbox_inches = 'tight' is ideal.

4. If bbox_inches is set to 'tight', then the pad_inches option specifies the amount of padding
around the image.

Setting the Axis, Ticks, Grids

• The axes define the x and y plane of the graphic. The x axis runs horizontally, and the y axis
runs vertically.

• An axis is added to a plot layer. Axis can be thought of as sets of x and y axis that lines and
bars are drawn on. An Axis contains daughter attributes like axis labels, tick labels, and line
thickness.

• The following code shows how to obtain access to the axes for a plot :

fig = plt.figure()

axes = fig.add_axes([0.1, 0.1, 0.8, 0.8]) # left, bottom, width, height (range 0 to 1)

axes.plot(x, y, 'r')

axes.set_xlabel('x')

axes.set_ylabel('y')

axes.set_title('title');

Output:
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

• A grid can be added to a Matplotlib plot using the plt.grid() command. By defaut, the grid is
turned off. To turn on the grid use:

plt.grid(True)

• The only valid options are plt.grid(True) and plt.grid(False). Note that True and False are
capitalized and are not enclosed in quotes.

Defining the Line Appearance and Working with Line Style

• Line styles help differentiate graphs by drawing the lines in various ways. Following line style
is used by Matplotlib.

• Matplotlib has an additional parameter to control the colour and style of the plot.

plt.plot(xa, ya 'g')
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

• This will make the line green. You can use any colour of red, green, blue, cyan, magenta,
yellow, white or black just by using the first character of the colour name in lower case (use "k"
for black, as "b" means blue).

• You can also alter the linestyle, for example two dashes -- makes a dashed line. This can be
used added to the colour selector, like this:

plt.plot(xa, ya 'r--')

• You can use "-" for a solid line (the default), "-." for dash-dot lines, or ":" for a dotted line.
Here is an example :

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

xa = np.linspace(0, 5, 20)

ya = xa**2

plt.plot(xa, ya, 'g')

ya = 3*xa

plt.plot(xa, ya, 'r--')

plt.show()

Output:
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

• MatPlotLib Colors are as follows:

Adding Markers

• Markers add a special symbol to each data point in a line graph. Unlike line style and color,
markers tend to be a little less susceptible to accessibility and printing issues.

• Basically, the matplotlib tries to have identifiers for the markers which look similar to the
marker:

1. Triangle-shaped: v, <, > Λ

2. Cross-like: *,+, 1, 2, 3, 4
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

3. Circle-like: 0,., h, p, H, 8

• Having differently shaped markers is a great way to distinguish between different groups of
data points. If your control group is all circles and your experimental group is all X's the
difference pops out, even to colorblind viewers.

N = x.size // 3

ax.scatter(x[:N], y[:N], marker="o")

ax.scatter(x[N: 2* N], y[N: 2* N], marker="x")

ax.scatter(x[2* N:], y[2 * N:], marker="s")

• There's no way to specify multiple marker styles in a single scatter() call, but we can separate
our data out into groups and plot each marker style separately. Here we chopped our data up into
three equal groups.

Using Labels, Annotations and Legends

• To fully document your graph, you usually have to resort to labels, annotations, and legends.
Each of these elements has a different purpose, as follows:

1. Label: Make it easy for the viewer to know the name or kind of data illustrated

2. Annotation: Help extend the viewer's knowledge of the data, rather than simply identify it.
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

3. Legend: Provides cues to make identification of the data group easier.

• The following example shows how to add labels to your graph:

values = [1, 5, 8, 9, 2, 0, 3, 10, 4, 7]

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.xlabel('Entries')

plt.ylabel('Values')

plt.plot(range(1,11), values)

plt.show()

• Following example shows how to add annotation to a graph:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

W=4

h=3

d = 70

plt.figure(figsize=(w, h), dpi=d)

plt.axis([0, 5, 0, 5])

x = [0, 3, 5]

y = [1, 4, 3.5]

label_x = 1

label_y = 4

arrow_x = 3

arrow_y= 4

arrow_properties=dict(
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College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

facecolor="black", width=0.5,

headwidth=4, shrink=0.1)

plt.annotate("maximum", xy=(arrow_x, arrow_y),

xytext=(label_x, label_y),

arrowprops arrow_properties)

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.savefig("out.png")

Output:

Creating a legend

• There are several options available for customizing the appearance and behavior of the plot
legend. By default the legend always appears when there are multiple series and only appears on
mouseover when there is a single series. By default the legend shows point values when the
mouse is over the graph but not when the mouse leaves.

• A legend documents the individual elements of a plot. Each line is presented in a table that
contains a label for it so that people can differentiate between each line.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

x = np.linspace(-10, 9, 20)
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College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

y = x ** 3

Z = x ** 2

figure = plt.figure()

axes = figure.add_axes([0,0,1,1])

axes.plot(x, z, label="Square Function")

axes.plot(x, y, label="Cube Function")

axes.legend()

• In the script above we define two functions: square and cube using x, y and z variables. Next,
we first plot the square function and for the label parameter, we pass the value Square Function.

• This will be the value displayed in the label for square function. Next, we plot the cube
function and pass Cube Function as value for the label parameter.

• The output looks likes this:

5.2 Scatter Plots

 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

• A scatter plot is a visual representation of how two variables relate to each other. we can use
scatter plots to explore the relationship between two variables, for example by looking for any
correlation between them.

• Matplotlib also supports more advanced plots, such as scatter plots. In this case, the scatter
function is used to display data values as a collection of x, y coordinates represented by
standalone dots.

importmatplotlib.pyplot as plt

#X axis values:

x = [2,3,7,29,8,5,13,11,22,33]

# Y axis values:

y = [4,7,55,43,2,4,11,22,33,44]

# Create scatter plot:

plt.scatter(x, y)

plt.show()

• Comparing plt.scatter() and plt.plot(): We can also produce the scatter plot shown above
using another function within matplotlib.pyplot. Matplotlib'splt.plot() is a general-purpose
plotting function that will allow user to create various different line or marker plots.

• We can achieve the same scatter plot as the one obtained in the section above with the
following call to plt.plot(), using the same data:

plt.plot(x, y, "o")

plt.show()

• In this case, we had to include the marker "o" as a third argument, as otherwise plt.plot() would
plot a line graph. The plot created with this code is identical to the plot created earlier with
plt.scatter().

. • Here's a rule of thumb that can use :

a) If we need a basic scatter plot, use plt.plot(), especially if we want to prioritize performance.
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

b) If we want to customize our scatter plot by using more advanced plotting features, use
plt.scatter().

• Example: We can create a simple scatter plot in Python by passing x and y values to
plt.scatter():

# scatter_plotting.py

importmatplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.style.use('fivethirtyeight')

x = [2, 4, 6, 6, 9, 2, 7, 2, 6, 1, 8, 4, 5, 9, 1, 2, 3, 7, 5, 8, 1, 3]

y = [7, 8, 2, 4, 6, 4, 9, 5, 9, 3, 6, 7, 2, 4, 6, 7, 1, 9, 4, 3, 6, 9]

plt.scatter(x, y)

plt.show()

Output:

Creating Advanced Scatterplots

• Scatterplots are especially important for data science because they can show data patterns that
aren't obvious when viewed in other ways.
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x_axis1 =[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

y_axis1 =[5, 16, 34, 56, 32, 56, 32, 12, 76, 89]

x_axis2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

y_axis2 = [53, 6, 46, 36, 15, 64, 73, 25, 82, 9]

plt.title("Prices over 10 years")

plt.scatter(x_axis1, y_axis1, color = 'darkblue', marker='x', label="item 1")

plt.scatter(x_axis2, y_axis2, color='darkred', marker='x', label="item 2")

plt.xlabel("Time (years)")

plt.ylabel("Price (dollars)")

plt.grid(True)

plt.legend()

plt.show()

• The chart displays two data sets. We distinguish between them by the colour of the marker.

5.3 Visualizing Errors

• Error bars are included in Matplotlib line plots and graphs. Error is the difference between the
calculated value and actual value.

• Without error bars, bar graphs provide the perception that a measurable or determined number
is defined to a high level of efficiency. The method matplotlib.pyplot.errorbar() draws y vs. x as
planes and/or indicators with error bars associated.

• Adding the error bar in Matplotlib, Python. It's very simple, we just have to write the value of
the error. We use the command:

plt.errorbar(x, y, yerr = 2, capsize=3)

Where:
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College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

x = The data of the X axis.

Y = The data of the Y axis.

yerr = The error value of the Y axis. Each point has its own error value.

xerr = The error value of the X axis.

capsize = The size of the lower and upper lines of the error bar

• A simple example, where we only plot one point. The error is the 10% on the Y axis.

importmatplotlib.pyplot as plt

x=1

y = 20

y_error = 20*0.10 ## El 10% de error

plt.errorbar(x,y, yerr = y_error, capsize=3)

plt.show()

Output:

• We plot using the command "plt.errorbar (...)", giving it the desired characteristics.
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

importmatplotlib.pyplot as plt

importnumpy as np

x = np.arange(1,8)

y = np.array([20,10,45,32,38,21,27])

y_error = y * 0.10 ##El 10%

plt.errorbar(x, y, yerr = y_error,

linestyle="None", fmt="ob", capsize=3, ecolor="k")

plt.show()

• Parameters of the errorbar :

a) yerr is the error value in each point.

b) linestyle, here it indicate that we will not plot a line.

c) fmt, is the type of marker, in this case is a point ("o") blue ("b").

d) capsize, is the size of the lower and upper lines of the error bar.

e) ecolor, is the color of the error bar. The default color is the marker color.

Output:
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

• Multiple lines in MatplotlibErrorbar in Python : The ability to draw numerous lines in almost
the same plot is critical. We'll draw many errorbars in the same graph by using this scheme.

importnumpy as np

importmatplotlib.pyplot as plt

fig = plt.figure()

x = np.arange(20)

y = 4* np.sin(x / 20 * np.pi)

yerr = np.linspace (0.06, 0.3, 20)

plt.errorbar(x, y + 8, yerr = yerr, )

plt.errorbar(x, y + 6, yerr = yerr,

uplims = True, )

plt.errorbar(x, y + 4, yerr = yerr,

uplims = True,
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

lolims True, )

upperlimits = [True, False] * 6

lowerlimits = [False, True]* 6

plt.errorbar(x, y, yerr = yerr,

uplims =upperlimits,

lolims = lowerlimits, )

plt.legend(loc='upper left')

plt.title('Example')

plt.show()

Output:

5.4 Density and Contour Plots

• It is useful to display three-dimensional data in two dimensions using contours or color- coded
regions. Three Matplotlib functions are used for this purpose. They are :

a) plt.contour for contour plots,

b) plt.contourf for filled contour plots,

c) plt.imshow for showing images.

1. Contour plot :
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

• A contour line or isoline of a function of two variables is a curve along which the function has
a constant value. It is a cross-section of the three-dimensional graph of the function f(x, y)
parallel to the x, y plane.

• Contour lines are used e.g. in geography and meteorology. In cartography, a contour line joins
points of equal height above a given level, such as mean sea level.

• We can also say in a more general way that a contour line of a function with two variables is a
curve which connects points with the same values.

import numpy as np

xlist = np.linspace(-3.0, 3.0, 3)

ylist = np.linspace(-3.0, 3.0, 4)

X, Y = np.meshgrid(xlist, ylist

print(xlist)

print(ylist)

print(X)

print(Y)

Output:
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

Changing the colours and the line style

importmatplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.figure()

cp = plt.contour(X, Y, Z, colors='black', linestyles='dashed')

plt.clabel(cp, inline=True,

fontsize=10)

plt.title('Contour Plot')

plt.xlabel('x (cm))

plt.ylabel('y (cm)')

plt.show()

Output:
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

• When creating a contour plot, we can also specify the color map. There are different classes of
color maps. Matplotlib gives the following guidance :

a) Sequential: Change in lightness and often saturation of color incrementally, often using a
single hue; should be used for representing information that has ordering.

b) Diverging: Change in lightness and possibly saturation of two different colors that meet in the
middle at an unsaturated color; should be used when the information being plotted has a critical
middle value, such as topography or when the data deviates around zero.

c) Cyclic : Change in lightness of two different colors that meet in the middle and beginning/end
at an unsaturated color; should be used for values that wrap around at the endpoints, such as
phase angle, wind direction, or time of day.

d) Qualitative: Often are miscellaneous colors; should be used to represent information which
does not have ordering or relationships.

• This data has both positive and negative values, which zero representing a node for the wave
function. There are three important display options for contour plots: the undisplaced shape key,
the scale factor, and the contour scale.

a) The displaced shape option controls if and how the deformed model is shown in comparison to
the undeformed (original) geometry. The "Deformed shape only" is the default and provides no
basis for comparison.

b) The "Deformed shape with undeformed edge" option overlays the contour plot on an outline
of the original model.
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College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

c) The "Deformed shape with undeformed model" option overlays the contour plot on the
original finite element model.

5.5 Histogram

• In a histogram, the data are grouped into ranges (e.g. 10 - 19, 20 - 29) and then plotted as
connected bars. Each bar represents a range of data. The width of each bar is proportional to the
width of each category, and the height is proportional to the frequency or percentage of that
category.

• It provides a visual interpretation of numerical data by showing the number of data points that
fall within a specified range of values called "bins".

• Fig. 5.5.1 shows histogram.

• Histograms can display a large amount of data and the frequency of the data values. The
median and distribution of the data can be determined by a histogram. In addition, it can show
any outliers or gaps in the data.

• Matplotlib provides a dedicated function to compute and display histograms: plt.hist()

• Code for creating histogram with randomized data :

 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

x = 40* np.random.randn(50000)

plt.hist(x, 20, range=(-50, 50), histtype='stepfilled',

align='mid', color='r', label="Test Data')

plt.legend()

plt.title(' Histogram')

plt.show()

5.6 Legend

• Plot legends give meaning to a visualization, assigning labels to the various plot elements.
Legends are found in maps - describe the pictorial language or symbology of the map. Legends
are used in line graphs to explain the function or the values underlying the different lines of the
graph.

• Matplotlib has native support for legends. Legends can be placed in various positions: A legend
can be placed inside or outside the chart and the position can be moved. The legend() method
adds the legend to the plot.

• To place the legend inside, simply call legend():

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

y = [2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20]

y2 = [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]

x = np.arange(10)

fig = plt.figure()
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

ax = plt.subplot(111)

ax.plot(x, y, label='$y = numbers')

ax.plot(x, y2, label='$y2 = other numbers')

plt.title('Legend inside')

ax.legend()

plt.show()

Output:

• If we add a label to the plot function, the value will be used as the label in the legend command.
There is another argument that we can add to the legend function: We can define the location of
the legend inside of the axes plot with the parameter "loc". If we add a label to the plot function,
the values will be used in the legend command:

frompolynomialsimportPolynomial

importnumpyasnp

importmatplotlib.pyplotasplt
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College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

p=Polynomial(-0.8,2.3,0.5,1,0.2)

p_der=p.derivative()

fig, ax=plt.subplots()

X=np.linspace (-2,3,50, endpoint=True)

F=p(X)

F_derivative=p_der(X)

ax.plot(X,F,label="p")

ax.plot(X,F_derivative,label="derivation of p")

ax.legend(loc='upper left')

Output:

Matplotlib legend on bottom

importmatplotlib.pyplotasplt

importnumpyasnp

y1 = [2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20]

y2 = [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]

x = np.arange(10)
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

fig = plt.figure()

ax = plt.subplot(111)

ax.plot(x, y, label='$y = numbers')

ax.plot(x, y2, label='$y2= = other numbers')

plt.title('Legend inside')

ax.legend(loc='upper center', bbox_to_anchor=(0.5, -0.05), &nbsp;

shadow=True, ncol=2)

plt.show()

Output:

5.7Subplots

• Subplots mean groups of axes that can exist in a single matplotlib figure. subplots() function in
the matplotlib library, helps in creating multiple layouts of subplots. It provides control over all
the individual plots that are created.

• subplots() without arguments returns a Figure and a single Axes. This is actually the simplest
and recommended way of creating a single Figure and Axes.
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

fig, ax = plt.subplots()

ax.plot(x,y)

ax.set_title('A single plot')

Output:

• There are 3 different ways (at least) to create plots (called axes) in matplotlib. They
are:plt.axes(), figure.add_axis() and plt.subplots()

• plt.axes(): The most basic method of creating an axes is to use the plt.axes function. It takes
optional argument for figure coordinate system. These numbers represent [bottom, left, width,
height] in the figure coordinate system, which ranges from 0 at the bottom left of the figure to 1
at the top right of the figure.

• Plot just one figure with (x,y) coordinates: plt.plot(x, y).

• By calling subplot(n,m,k), we subdidive the figure into n rows and m columns and specify that
plotting should be done on the subplot number k. Subplots are numbered row by row, from left
to right.

importmatplotlib.pyplotasplt

importnumpyasnp

frommathimportpi
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Department of Computer Science And Engineering

plt.figure(figsize=(8,4)) # set dimensions of the figure

x=np.linspace (0,2*pi,100)

foriinrange(1,7):

plt.subplot(2,3,i)# create subplots on a grid with 2 rows and 3 columns

plt.xticks([])# set no ticks on x-axis

plt.yticks([])# set no ticks on y-axis

plt.plot(np.sin(x), np.cos(i*x))

plt.title('subplot'+'(2,3,' + str(i)+')')

plt.show()

Output:

5.8 Text and Annotation

• When drawing large and complex plots in Matplotlib, we need a way of labelling certain
portion or points of interest on the graph. To do so, Matplotlib provides us with the "Annotation"
feature which allows us to plot arrows and text labels on the graphs to give them more meaning.

• There are four important parameters that you must always use with annotate().
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
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P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

a) text: This defines the text label. Takes a string as a value.

b) xy: The place where you want your arrowhead to point to. In other words, the place you want
to annotate. This is a tuple containing two values, x and y.

c) xytext: The coordinates for where you want to text to display.

d) arrowprops: A dictionary of key-value pairs which define various properties for the arrow,
such as color, size and arrowhead type.

Example :

importmatplotlib.pyplot as plt

importnumpy as np

fig, ax = plt.subplots()

x = np.arange(0.0, 5.0, 0.01)

y =np.sin(2* np.pi *x)

# Annotation

ax.annotate('Local Max',

xy = (3.3, 1),

xytext (3, 1.8),

arrowprops = dict(facecolor = 'green',

shrink =0.05))

ax.set_ylim(-2, 2)

plt.plot(x, y)

plt.show()

Output:
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

Example :

importplotly.graph_objectsasgo

fig=go.Figure()

fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(

x=[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8],

y=[0,1,3,2,4,3,4,6,5]

))

fig.add_trace(go.Scatter(

x=[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8],

y=[0,4,5,1,2,2,3,4,2]

))

fig.add_annotation(x=2,y=5,

text="Text annotation with arrow",

 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

showarrow=True,

arrowhead=1)

fig.add_annotation(x=4,y=4,

text="Text annotation without arrow",

showarrow=False,

yshift = 10)

fig.update_layout(showlegend=False)

fig.show()

Output:

5.9 Customization

• A tick is a short line on an axis. For category axes, ticks separate each category. For value axes,
ticks mark the major divisions and show the exact point on an axis that the axis label defines.
Ticks are always the same color and line style as the axis.

• Ticks are the markers denoting data points on axes. Matplotlib's default tick locators and
formatters are designed to be generally sufficient in many common situations. Position and labels
of ticks can be explicitly mentioned to suit specific requirements.
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

• Fig. 5.9.1 shows ticks.

• Ticks come in two types: major and minor.

a) Major ticks separate the axis into major units. On category axes, major ticks are the only ticks
available. On value axes, one major tick appears for every major axis division.

b) Minor ticks subdivide the major tick units. They can only appear on value axes. One minor
tick appears for every minor axis division.

• By default, major ticks appear for value axes. xticks is a method, which can be used to get or to
set the current tick locations and the labels.

• The following program creates a plot with both major and minor tick marks, customized to be
thicker and wider than the default, with the major tick marks point into and out of the plot area.

importnumpyasnp

importmatplotlib.pyplotasplt

# A selection of functions on rnabcissa points for 0 <= x < 1

rn=100

rx=np.linspace(0,1,rn, endpoint=False)

deftophat(rx):

"""Top hat function: y = 1 for x < 0.5, y=0 for x >= 0.5"""
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
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Department of Computer Science And Engineering

ry=np.ones(rn)

ry[rx>=0.5]=0

returnry

# A dictionary of functions to choose from

ry={half-sawtooth':lambdarx:rx.copy(),

'top-hat':tophat,

'sawtooth':lambdarx:2*np.abs(rx-0.5)}

# Repeat the chosen function nrep times

nrep=4

x=np.linspace (0,nrep,nrep*rn, endpoint=False)

y=np.tile(ry['top-hat'] (rx), nrep)

fig=plt.figure()

ax=fig.add_subplot(111)

ax.plot(x,y,'k',lw=2)

# Add a bit of padding around the plotted line to aid visualization

ax.set_ylim(-0.1,1.1)

ax.set_xlim(x[0]-0.5,x[-1]+0.5)

# Customize the tick marks and turn the grid on

ax.minorticks_on()

ax.tick_params (which='major',length=10, width=2,direction='inout')

ax.tick_params(which='minor',length=5,width=2, direction='in')

ax.grid(which='both')
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

plt.show()

Output:

5.10 Three Dimensional Plotting

• Matplotlib is the most popular choice for data visualization. While initially developed for
plotting 2-D charts like histograms, bar charts, scatter plots, line plots, etc., Matplotlib has
extended its capabilities to offer 3D plotting modules as well.

• First import the library :

importmatplotlib.pyplot as plt

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

• The first one is a standard import statement for plotting using matplotlib, which you would see
for 2D plotting as well. The second import of the Axes3D class is required for enabling 3D
projections. It is, otherwise, not used anywhere else.

• Create figure and axes

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(4,4))

ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

Output:

Example :

fig=plt.figure(figsize=(8,8))

ax=plt.axes(projection='3d')

ax.grid()

t=np.arange(0,10*np.pi,np.pi/50)

x=np.sin(t)

y=np.cos(t)

ax.plot3D(x,y,t)

ax.set_title('3D Parametric Plot')

# Set axes label

ax.set_xlabel('x',labelpad=20)

ax.set_ylabel('y', labelpad=20)

ax.set_zlabel('t', labelpad=20)
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

plt.show()

Output:

5.11 Geographic Data with Basemap

• Basemap is a toolkit under the Python visualization library Matplotlib. Its main function is to
draw 2D maps, which are important for visualizing spatial data. Basemap itself does not do any
plotting, but provides the ability to transform coordinates into one of 25 different map
projections.

• Matplotlib can also be used to plot contours, images, vectors, lines or points in transformed
coordinates. Basemap includes the GSSH coastline dataset, as well as datasets from GMT for
rivers, states and national boundaries.

• These datasets can be used to plot coastlines, rivers and political boundaries on a map at several
different resolutions. Basemap uses the Geometry Engine-Open Source (GEOS) library at the
bottom to clip coastline and boundary features to the desired map projection area. In addition,
basemap provides the ability to read shapefiles.

• Basemap cannot be installed using pip install basemap. If Anaconda is installed, you can install
basemap using canda install basemap.

• Example objects in basemap:

a) contour(): Draw contour lines.

b) contourf(): Draw filled contours.

c) imshow(): Draw an image.

 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

d) pcolor(): Draw a pseudocolor plot.

e) pcolormesh(): Draw a pseudocolor plot (faster version for regular meshes).

f) plot(): Draw lines and/or markers.

g) scatter(): Draw points with markers.

h) quiver(): Draw vectors.(draw vector map, 3D is surface map)

i) barbs(): Draw wind barbs (draw wind plume map)

j) drawgreatcircle(): Draw a great circle (draws a great circle route)

• For example, if we wanted to show all the different types of endangered plants within a region,
we would use a base map showing roads, provincial and state boundaries, waterways and
elevation. Onto this base map, we could add layers that show the location of different categories
of endangered plants. One added layer could be trees, another layer could be mosses and lichens,
another layer could be grasses.

Basemap basic usage:

import warnings

warnings.filterwarmings('ignore')

frommpl_toolkits.basemap import Basemap

importmatplotlib.pyplot as plt

map = Basemap()

map.drawcoastlines()

# plt.show()

plt.savefig('test.png')

Output:
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

5.12 Visualization with Seaborn

• Seaborn is a Python data visualization library based on Matplotlib. It provides a high-level

interface for drawing attractive and informative statistical graphics. Seaborn is an open- source
Python library.

• Seaborn helps you explore and understand your data. Its plotting functions operate on
dataframes and arrays containing whole datasets and internally perform the necessary semantic
mapping and statistical aggregation to produce informative plots.

• Its dataset-oriented, declarative API. User should focus on what the different elements of your
plots mean, rather than on the details of how to draw them.

• Keys features:

a) Seaborn is a statistical plotting library

b) It has beautiful default styles

c) It also is designed to work very well with Pandas dataframe objects.

Seaborn works easily with dataframes and the Pandas library. The graphs created can also be
customized easily.

• Functionality that seaborn offers:

a) A dataset-oriented API for examining relationships between multiple variables

b) Convenient views onto the overall structure of complex datasets

 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
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Department of Computer Science And Engineering

c) Specialized support for using categorical variables to show observations or aggregate statistics

d) Options for visualizing univariate or bivariate distributions and for comparing them between
subsets of data

e) Automatic estimation and plotting of linear regression models for different kinds of dependent
variables

f) High-level abstractions for structuring multi-plot grids that let you easily build complex
visualizations

g) Concise control over matplotlib figure styling with several built-in themes

h) Tools for choosing color palettes that faithfully reveal patterns in your data.

Plot a Scatter Plot in Seaborn :

importmatplotlib.pyplot as plt

importseaborn as sns

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv('worldHappiness2016.csv').

sns.scatterplot(data= df, x = "Economy (GDP per Capita)", y =

plt.show()

Output:
 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

Difference between Matplotlib and Seaborn

Two Marks Questions with Answers

Q.1What is data visualization?

 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

Ans. : Data visualization is the graphical representation of information and data.

Q.2 Which concept is used in data visualization?

Ans.: Data visualization based on two concepts:

1. Each attribute of training data is visualized in a separate part of screen.

2. Different class labels of training objects are represented by different colors.

Q.3 List the benefits of data visualization.

Ans.: • Constructing ways in absorbing information. Data visualization enables users to receive
vast amounts of information regarding operational and business conditions.

• Visualize relationships and patterns in businesses.

• More collaboration and sharing of information.

• More self-service functions for the end users.

Q.4 Why big data visualization is important?

Ans. Reasons:

• It provides clear knowledge about patterns of data.

• Detects hidden structures in data.

• Identify areas that need to be improved.

• Help us to understand which products to place where.

• Clarify factors which influence human behaviour.

Q.5 Explain Matplotlib.

Ans. Matplotlib is a cross-platform, data visualization and graphical plotting library for Python
and its numerical extension NumPy. Matplotlib is a comprehensive library for creating static,
animated and interactive visualizations in Python. Matplotlib is a plotting library for the Python
programming language. It allows to make quality charts in few lines of code. Most of the other
python plotting library are build on top of Matplotlib.

Q.6 What is contour plot ?

 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

Ans. A contour line or isoline of a function of two variables is a curve along which the function
has a constant value. It is a cross-section of the three-dimensional graph of the function f(x, y)
parallel to the x, y plane. Contour lines are used e.g. in geography and meteorology. In
cartography, a contour line joins points of equal height above a given level, such as mean sea
level.

Q.7 Explain legends.

Ans. Plot legends give meaning to a visualization, assigning labels to the various plot elements.
Legends are found in maps describe the pictorial language or symbology of the map. Legends are
used in line graphs to explain the function or the values underlying the different lines of the
graph.

Q.8 What is subplots?

Ans. Subplots mean groups of axes that can exist in a single matplotlib figure. subplots()
function in the matplotlib library, helps in creating multiple layouts of subplots. It provides
control over all the individual plots that are created.

Q.9 What is use of tick?

Ans. A tick is a short line on an axis. For category axes, ticks separate each category. For value
axes, ticks mark the major divisions and show the exact point on an axis that the axis label
defines. Ticks are always the same color and line style as the axis.

• Ticks are the markers denoting data points on axes. Matplotlib's default tick locators and
formatters are designed to be generally sufficient in many common situations. Position and labels
of ticks can be explicitly mentioned to suit specific requirements.

Q.10 Describe in short Basemap.

Ans. • Basemap is a toolkit under the Python visualization library Matplotlib. Its main function
is to draw 2D maps, which are important for visualizing spatial data. Basemap itself does not do
any plotting, but provides the ability to transform coordinates into one of 25 different map
projections.

• Matplotlib can also be used to plot contours, images, vectors, lines or points in transformed
coordinates. Basemap includes the GSSH coastline dataset, as well as datasets from GMT for
rivers, states and national boundaries.

Q.11 What is Seaborn?

 P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker
College Of Engineering & Technology
P.T.Lee Chengalvaraya Naicker Nagar, Oovery, Kancheepuram – 631 502.
Department of Computer Science And Engineering

Ans. : • Seaborn is a Python data visualization library based on Matplotlib. It provides a high-
level interface for drawing attractive and informative statistical graphics. Seaborn is an
opensource Python library.

• Its dataset-oriented, declarative API. User should focus on what the different elements of your
plots mean, rather than on the details of how to draw them.