Telecom Basics

By Eng. Waleed Elsafoury

Communications Systems Design Parameters

Capacity Cost

Quality Delay
Voice Communications
Basic Communications System Elements

● Source

● Destination

● Transmission Medium

Transmission Medium
Source Destination
Transmission Mediums

Transmission Mediums

Wired Wireless
 Long Distance Communications
• Telecommunication is the process of long distance communications.
• Early telecommunications involved smoke, flags, drums, and other such methods to
relay messages and information.
Telegraph
• The first wire line communications was the telegraph. Invented in the mid 19th century, it opened a
new era in long-distance telecommunication.
Telephone
• When we talk over the telephone, our voice is converted to a electronic signal by the microphone in the handset. This
signal is then transmitted over telephone wires.
Switching
Telephone Networks Early Switching Devices
Switches are devices that cause a connection between two transmitting/receiving devices.

Modern Switching Devices

Today many different types of automated switches are used which make it possible for fast placement of calls.
Wired VS Wireless

• Losses
• Mobility
• Security
• Bandwidth
• Cost
Access Techniques
Some techniques used in wireless communication:

• FDM

• TDM

• FDMA

• TDMA
Access Techniques
FDM: Frequency division multiplexing
Access Techniques
TDM: Time division multiplexing
Access Techniques
FDMA: Frequency division multiple access

Frequency
Access Techniques
TDMA: Time division multiple access

Frequency

Time
Access Techniques
TDMA
TDMA/FDMA

Frequency

Time
Modes of transmission in wireless
• Simplex communication system
• Example:
• Television , radio

TX Communication is possible in one direction only RX

Modes of transmission in wireless

• Half – Duplex communication system

• Example :
• Police radio

Two-way communication on the same channel.

TX+RX At any given time a user can only transmit or receive
TX +RX
Modes of transmission in wireless

• Full – Duplex communication system

• Example :
• GSM mobile radio

• simultaneous two-way communication

TX+RX • Two simultaneous but separate channels are provided TX +RX
for communication to and from the terminals
Types of waves
• Ground waves

Ground wave

Earth
Types of waves

• Sky waves
Types of waves

• Direct waves
Frequency Bands

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_spectrum
What Is Signals?
• a signal is a function that conveys information about a phenomenon.
• In electronics and telecommunications, it refers to any time varying voltage,
current or electromagnetic wave that carries information
Analog and Digital Signals
Analog signal
An analog signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature of the signal is a
representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e., analogous to another time varying signal.
For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous voltage of the signal varies continuously
with the sound pressure. It differs from a digital signal, in which the continuous quantity is a
representation of a sequence of discrete values which can only take on one of a finite number of
values
Analog and Digital Signals
Digital signal
A digital signal is a signal that is constructed from a discrete set of waveforms of a physical quantity
so as to represent a sequence of discrete values. A logic signal is a digital signal with only two
possible values, and describes an arbitrary bit stream. Other types of digital signals can represent
three-valued logic or higher valued logics.
Analog VS Digital

Capacity Cost

Quality Security
Examples of Signals

Sounds Videos

Images
Pulse Code Modulation
❑ A/D is performed by PCM.
❑ PCM involves 4 steps:
1- Bandlimiting 2- Sampling
3- Quantizing 4- Encoding

-Bandlimiting
F(f) H(f) F(f)

f
f f fX
Baseband signal Low-pass filter Bandlimited signal
Pulse Code Modulation
-Sampling
Ts fs(t)
f(t) fs(t)

t t
t

Analog signal Sampling

Sampled signal

fs = 2 fx sample/sec
Pulse Code Modulation
Bandlimiting + Sampling
Ts
fs(t)

t
f(t) f(t)
Sampling
fs(t)

Low Electronic
t Pass t Switch t
Filter

Analog signal 3.4 kHz Bandlimited to PAM sampled signal

3.4 kHz fs= 8 ksample/s
Pulse Code Modulation
Quantizing
q7 Quantized value
Sampled
value
q6

q5
Quantized error
q4

q3 time

q2

q1

q0

o Number of levels = 2^8=256 levels.

o This gives 8 bit/sample.
Pulse Code Modulation
Encoding

Encoder
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1

Quantized Samples Binary stream of bits

o Encoding rate = 8000 x 8 = 64 kb/sec.

Pulse Code Modulation
Noise can affect the recovery process, as it can move sample from one level to another

Does the bit with error position affect the step of error?
Digital Modulation Techniques
• There are many types of digital modulation techniques and also their combinations, depending
upon the need. Of them all, we will discuss the prominent ones.
• ASK – Amplitude Shift Keying
The amplitude of the resultant output depends upon the input data whether it should be a zero
level or a variation of positive and negative, depending upon the carrier frequency.
• FSK – Frequency Shift Keying
The frequency of the output signal will be either high or low, depending upon the input data
applied.
• PSK – Phase Shift Keying
The phase of the output signal gets shifted depending upon the input. These are mainly of two
types, namely Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK, according to
the number of phase shifts. The other one is Differential Phase Shift
Digital Modulation Techniques
• Amplitude Shift Keying ASK is a type of Amplitude Modulation which represents the binary data
in the form of variations in the amplitude of a signal.
• Any modulated signal has a high frequency carrier. The binary signal when ASK modulated, gives a
zero value for Low input while it gives the carrier output for High input.
• The following figure represents ASK modulated waveform along with its input.
Digital Modulation Techniques
• Frequency Shift Keying FSK is the digital modulation technique in which the frequency of the carrier signal
varies according to the digital signal changes. FSK is a scheme of frequency modulation.
• The output of a FSK modulated wave is high in frequency for a binary High input and is low in frequency for a
binary Low input. The binary 1s and 0s are called Mark and Space frequencies.
• The following image is the diagrammatic representation of FSK modulated waveform along with its input.
Digital Modulation Techniques
Phase Shift Keying PSK is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier signal is
changed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time. PSK technique is widely used for
wireless LANs, bio-metric, contactless operations, along with RFID and Bluetooth communications.
Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK
This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying. In this technique, the sine wave carrier
takes two phase reversals such as 0° and 180°
Digital Modulation Techniques
Parameters ASK FSK PSK
Variable characteristics Amplitude Frequency Phase

Bandwidth narrow large narrow

Noise immunity low High High

Complexity Simple Moderately complex Very complex
Error probability High Low Low
Performance in presence of noise Poor Better than ASK Better than FSK

Bit rate Suitable upto 100 Suitable upto about 1200 Suitable for high bit rates
bits/sec bits/sec
Task

What is QPSK and QAM modulation?

Thank you