The capability of a class to derive properties and characteristics from another class is

called Inheritance. Inheritance is one of the most important feature of Object Oriented
Programming.
Sub Class: The class that inherits properties from another class is called Sub class or
Derived Class.
Super Class:The class whose properties are inherited by sub class is called Base Class or
Super class.
The article is divided into following subtopics:
1. Why and when to use inheritance?
2. Modes of Inheritance
3. Types of Inheritance
Why and when to use inheritance?
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Consider a group of vehicles. You need to create classes for Bus, Car and Truck. The
methods fuelAmount(), capacity(), applyBrakes() will be same for all of the three classes.
If we create these classes avoiding inheritance then we have to write all of these functions
in each of the three classes as shown in below figure:

You can clearly see that above process results in duplication of same code 3 times. This
increases the chances of error and data redundancy. To avoid this type of situation,
inheritance is used. If we create a class Vehicle and write these three functions in it and
inherit the rest of the classes from the vehicle class, then we can simply avoid the
 duplication of data and increase re-usability. Look at the below diagram in which the
three classes are inherited from vehicle class:

Using inheritance, we have to write the functions only one time instead of three times as
we have inherited rest of the three classes from base class(Vehicle).
Implementing inheritance in C++: For creating a sub-class which is inherited from the
base class we have to follow the below syntax.
Syntax:
class subclass_name : access_mode base_class_name
{
//body of subclass
};
Here, subclass_name is the name of the sub class, access_mode is the mode in which
you want to inherit this sub class for example: public, private etc.
and base_class_name is the name of the base class from which you want to inherit the
sub class.
Note: A derived class doesn’t inherit access to private data members. However, it does
inherit a full parent object, which contains any private members which that class declares.
 CPP
// C++ program to demonstrate implementation

// of Inheritance

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

//Base class

class Parent

public:

int id_p;

};

// Sub class inheriting from Base Class(Parent)

class Child : public Parent

public:

int id_c;

};
//main function

int main()

Child obj1;

// An object of class child has all data members

// and member functions of class parent

obj1.id_c = 7;

obj1.id_p = 91;

cout << "Child id is " << obj1.id_c << endl;

cout << "Parent id is " << obj1.id_p << endl;

return 0;

Output
Child id is 7
Parent id is 91
In the above program the ‘Child’ class is publicly inherited from the ‘Parent’ class so the
public data members of the class ‘Parent’ will also be inherited by the class ‘Child’.
Modes of Inheritance
 1. Public mode: If we derive a sub class from a public base class. Then the public
member of the base class will become public in the derived class and protected
members of the base class will become protected in derived class.
2. Protected mode: If we derive a sub class from a Protected base class. Then both
public member and protected members of the base class will become protected in
derived class.
3. Private mode: If we derive a sub class from a Private base class. Then both public
member and protected members of the base class will become Private in derived
class.

Note : The private members in the base class cannot be directly accessed in the derived
class, while protected members can be directly accessed. For example, Classes B, C and
D all contain the variables x, y and z in below example. It is just question of access.
 CPP

// C++ Implementation to show that a derived class

// doesn’t inherit access to private data members.

// However, it does inherit a full parent object

class A

public:

int x;

protected:

int y;

private:

int z;
};

class B : public A

// x is public

// y is protected

// z is not accessible from B

};

class C : protected A

// x is protected

// y is protected

// z is not accessible from C

};

class D : private A // 'private' is default for classes

// x is private

// y is private
 // z is not accessible from D

};

The below table summarizes the above three modes and shows the access specifier of the
members of base class in the sub class when derived in public, protected and private
modes:

Types of Inheritance in C++

Syntax:
class subclass_name : access_mode base_class
{
//body of subclass
};

 CPP
// C++ program to explain

// Single inheritance

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

// base class

class Vehicle {

public:

Vehicle()

cout << "This is a Vehicle" << endl;

};

// sub class derived from a single base classes

class Car: public Vehicle{

};
// main function

int main()

// creating object of sub class will

// invoke the constructor of base classes

Car obj;

return 0;

Output
This is a Vehicle
2. Multiple Inheritance: Multiple Inheritance is a feature of C++ where a class can
inherit from more than one classes. i.e one sub class is inherited from more than one base
classes.

Syntax:

class subclass_name : access_mode base_class1, access_mode

 CPP

// C++ program to explain

// multiple inheritance

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

// first base class

class Vehicle {

public:

Vehicle()

cout << "This is a Vehicle" << endl;

};

// second base class

class FourWheeler {
 public:

FourWheeler()

cout << "This is a 4 wheeler Vehicle" << endl;

};

// sub class derived from two base classes

class Car: public Vehicle, public FourWheeler {

};

// main function

int main()

// creating object of sub class will

// invoke the constructor of base classes

Car obj;

return 0;

Output
 This is a Vehicle
This is a 4 wheeler Vehicle
Please visit this link to learn multiple inheritance in details.
3. Multilevel Inheritance: In this type of inheritance, a derived class is created from
another derived class.

 CPP

// C++ program to implement

// Multilevel Inheritance

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

// base class
class Vehicle

public:

Vehicle()

cout << "This is a Vehicle" << endl;

};

// first sub_class derived from class vehicle

class fourWheeler: public Vehicle

{ public:

fourWheeler()

cout<<"Objects with 4 wheels are vehicles"<<endl;

};

// sub class derived from the derived base class fourWheeler

class Car: public fourWheeler{

public:
 Car()

cout<<"Car has 4 Wheels"<<endl;

};

// main function

int main()

//creating object of sub class will

//invoke the constructor of base classes

Car obj;

return 0;

Output
This is a Vehicle
Objects with 4 wheels are vehicles
Car has 4 Wheels
4. Hierarchical Inheritance: In this type of inheritance, more than one sub class is
inherited from a single base class. i.e. more than one derived class is created from a
single base class.
 CPP

// C++ program to implement

// Hierarchical Inheritance

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

// base class

class Vehicle

public:
 Vehicle()

cout << "This is a Vehicle" << endl;

};

// first sub class

class Car: public Vehicle

};

// second sub class

class Bus: public Vehicle

};

// main function
int main()

// creating object of sub class will

// invoke the constructor of base class

Car obj1;

Bus obj2;

return 0;

Output
This is a Vehicle
This is a Vehicle
5. Hybrid (Virtual) Inheritance: Hybrid Inheritance is implemented by combining more
than one type of inheritance. For example: Combining Hierarchical inheritance and
Multiple Inheritance.
Below image shows the combination of hierarchical and multiple inheritance:
 CPP

// C++ program for Hybrid Inheritance

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

// base class

class Vehicle

public:

Vehicle()

cout << "This is a Vehicle" << endl;

};

//base class

class Fare
{

public:

Fare()

cout<<"Fare of Vehicle\n";

};

// first sub class

class Car: public Vehicle

};

// second sub class

class Bus: public Vehicle, public Fare

};
 // main function

int main()

// creating object of sub class will

// invoke the constructor of base class

Bus obj2;

return 0;

Output
This is a Vehicle
Fare of Vehicle
6. A special case of hybrid inheritance : Multipath inheritance:
A derived class with two base classes and these two base classes have one common base
class is called multipath inheritance. An ambiguity can arrise in this type of inheritance.

Consider the following program:

 CPP

// C++ program demonstrating ambiguity in Multipath

// Inheritance

#include <conio.h>
#include <iostream.h>

class ClassA {

public:

int a;

};

class ClassB : public ClassA {

public:

int b;

};

class ClassC : public ClassA {

public:

int c;

};

class ClassD : public ClassB, public ClassC {

public:

int d;

};
void main()

ClassD obj;

// obj.a = 10; //Statement 1, Error

// obj.a = 100; //Statement 2, Error

obj.ClassB::a = 10; // Statement 3

obj.ClassC::a = 100; // Statement 4

obj.b = 20;

obj.c = 30;

obj.d = 40;

cout << "\n A from ClassB : " << obj.ClassB::a;

cout << "\n A from ClassC : " << obj.ClassC::a;

cout << "\n B : " << obj.b;

cout << "\n C : " << obj.c;

Output:
A from ClassB : 10
A from ClassC : 100
B : 20
C : 30
D : 40
In the above example, both ClassB & ClassC inherit ClassA, they both have single copy
of ClassA. However ClassD inherit both ClassB & ClassC, therefore ClassD have two
copies of ClassA, one from ClassB and another from ClassC.
If we need to access the data member a of ClassA through the object of ClassD, we must
specify the path from which a will be accessed, whether it is from ClassB or ClassC,
bco’z compiler can’t differentiate between two copies of ClassA in ClassD.
There are 2 ways to avoid this ambiguity:
Avoiding ambiguity using scope resolution operator:
Using scope resolution operator we can manually specify the path from which data
member a will be accessed, as shown in statement 3 and 4, in the above example.
 CPP

obj.ClassB::a = 10; //Statement 3

obj.ClassC::a = 100; //Statement 4

Note : Still, there are two copies of ClassA in ClassD.

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

class ClassA

public:

int a;

};

class ClassB : virtual public ClassA

public:

int b;

};

class ClassC : virtual public ClassA

public:

int c;

};

class ClassD : public ClassB, public ClassC

public:

int d;

};

void main()

ClassD obj;

obj.a = 10; //Statement 3

obj.a = 100; //Statement 4

obj.b = 20;

obj.c = 30;

obj.d = 40;

cout<< "\n A : "<< obj.a;

cout<< "\n B : "<< obj.b;

cout<< "\n C : "<< obj.c;

Output:
A : 100
B : 20
C : 30
D : 40