10.
Multiplication and Division (1)
🔹 10.1 Multiplication
✅ Key Concepts:
Multiplication is repeated addition.
o Example: 3 × 4 = 4 + 4 + 4 = 12
Multiplication is commutative:
a×b=b×aa \times b = b \times aa×b=b×a
✏️Methods:
Short multiplication: for 1-digit × multi-digit numbers.
Long multiplication: for multi-digit × multi-digit numbers.
🧠 Example:
markdown
CopyEdit
36
× 4
-----
144
markdown
CopyEdit
23
× 15
-----
115 ← (23 × 5)
+230 ← (23 × 10, shifted one place)
-----
345
🔹 10.2 Division
✅ Key Concepts:
Division is splitting a number into equal parts.
o Example: 12 ÷ 3 = 4
It is the inverse (opposite) of multiplication.
✏️Division Terms:
Dividend ÷ Divisor = Quotient
📌 Methods:
Short division: for simple divisions.
Long division: for dividing large numbers step-by-step.
Division with remainders: when division doesn't result in a whole number.
🧠 Example:
CopyEdit
123 ÷ 3
= 41
🔹 10.3 Tests of Divisibility
Use these rules to check if a number can be divided without a remainder:
Divisible by Rule Example
2 Number ends in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8
3 Sum of digits is divisible by 3
4 Last two digits divisible by 4
5 Number ends in 0 or 5
Divisible by Rule Example
6 Divisible by both 2 and 3
9 Sum of digits is divisible by 9
10 Number ends in 0
🧠 Examples:
132 is divisible by 3: 1+3+2 = 6 → divisible by 3
620 ends in 0 → divisible by 10
✅ Tips:
Practice your multiplication tables up to 12 × 12.
For division, estimate first to check your answer.
Use divisibility rules to simplify fractions or check factors.
📘 11. 3D Shapes
🔹 11.1 Shapes and Nets
✅ What are 3D Shapes?
3D (three-dimensional) shapes have length, width, and height.
They have faces (flat surfaces), edges (where two faces meet), and vertices (corners).
🔲 Common 3D Shapes:
Shape Faces Edges Vertices
Cube 6 12 8
Cuboid 6 12 8
Cylinder 3 2 curved edges 0 vertices
Sphere 1 curved surface 0 0
Shape Faces Edges Vertices
Cone 2 1 curved edge 1 vertex
Pyramid Varies (based on base) Varies Varies
🧩 Nets of 3D Shapes
A net is a 2D pattern that can be folded to make a 3D shape.
Nets help us understand the faces of 3D objects.
✏️Examples:
A cube net is made of 6 squares.
A pyramid net has a polygon base and triangle sides.
🔹 11.2 Capacity and Volume
✅ Volume
Volume is the amount of space inside a 3D object.
Measured in cubic units: cm³, m³
📏 Volume of Common Shapes:
Cube:
Volume=side3\text{Volume} = \text{side}^3Volume=side3
Cuboid (Rectangular Prism):
Volume=length×width×height\text{Volume} = \text{length} \times \text{width} \times \
text{height}Volume=length×width×height
✅ Capacity
Capacity is the amount a container can hold (usually a liquid).
Measured in litres (L) or millilitres (mL).
📐 Volume vs. Capacity:
Volume = how much space something takes up.
Capacity = how much it can hold (usually liquid).
💡 1 cm³ = 1 mL
🧠 Tips:
Use nets to visualize how shapes are formed.
Always include units in volume and capacity answers.
Practice converting between mL and L, and cm³ and mL.
