MAGNETIC CIRCUITS – SHORT NOTES ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

(TWO-COLUMN FORMAT) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

━━━━
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 2. UNIT POLE AND POLE STRENGTH
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
━━━━ ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
1. POLE STRENGTH AND FORCE ━━━━

⚫ A **unit magnetic pole** is one that

BETWEEN POLES
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ exerts a force of:
━━━━ → F = (10⁷) / (4π) newtons

⚫ Pole strength is a fundamental magnetic

on an identical unit pole placed 1 meter
away in free space.

⚫ Based on Coulomb's law for magnetism:

quantity, like electric charge.

⚫ The force between two magnetic poles F = (μ₀ × m₁ × m₂) / (4π × d²)

⚫ If:
depends on their pole strengths and
distance between them.

⚫ Magnetic force formula:

→ m₁ = m₂ = 1 unit pole
→ d = 1 meter
F = (μ₀ × m₁ × m₂) / (4π × d²) → μ₀ = 4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m

Where: Then:
→ F = magnetic force → F = 10⁻⁷ newtons
→ m₁, m₂ = pole strengths But defined in reverse as:
→ d = distance between poles → Unit pole = that which experiences
→ μ₀ = permeability of free space (10⁷)/(4π) N force at 1m

⚫ Book's phrase saying "pole strength ⚫ SI unit of pole strength = **Weber (Wb)**
→ ✅ Correct: Force depends on pole ⚫ Therefore, a unit pole has a pole
depends on force" is misleading.

strength. strength of **1 Wb**

⚫ When books mention "force between ⚫ Pole strength is a scalar quantity

poles", they typically mean: representing magnetic power of a pole.

⚫ Some books define a unit magnetic pole

→ Two poles of **two different
magnets**, not N/S poles of the same
magnet. as one which experiences:

⚫ Pole strength is assigned to each

→ Force = (10⁷)/(16π²) N at 1m in free
space

⚫ This comes from an alternative

magnetic pole based on how much force it
exerts or experiences due to another pole.
derivation using CGS/Gaussian units
converted into SI.
 ⚠️ This is not due to air or water pressure.
⚫ In most SI textbooks, force between two Magnetic fields are not fluids. Pressure-like
unit poles is taken as: analogies are only visual tools.

🧪 Lorentz Force Law:

→ (10⁷)/(4π) N

⚫ Both definitions are correct when the **F = q (v × B)**

📘 The total force on the wire = sum of all

system of units is properly handled.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ Lorentz forces acting on moving electrons.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
━━━━ ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

➡️
3. HOW MAGNETIC FIELD EXERTS ━━━━━━━━━
FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING DIRECTION OF LORENTZ FORCE
CONDUCTOR (Right-Hand Rule)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ ━━━━━━━━━

📘 Use the Right-Hand Rule:

━━━━

📘 When a conductor carrying current is - Fingers → direction of velocity (v) or

placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a current
mechanical force. - Palm → toward magnetic field (B)
- Thumb → gives direction of force (F)

⚠️ For electrons (negative charges), the

• Two magnetic fields interact:
1. External magnetic field (e.g. from
magnet or coil) force is in the **opposite direction** of the
2. Magnetic field produced by the current thumb.
in the conductor
➤ Lorentz force is always perpendicular to
• On one side of the conductor: both v and B.
➤ Fields assist ⇒ stronger magnetic field
(high flux density) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
• On the other side: ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
➤ Fields cancel ⇒ weaker magnetic field ━━━━
(low flux density) 4. FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL

📘 This creates a magnetic flux density

CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTORS
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
gradient across the wire. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
━━━━

📘 Two parallel current-carrying conductors

➤ Lorentz force acts more strongly on the
high-flux side and less on the low-flux side.
generate circular magnetic fields around
⇒ Net mechanical force arises due to this themselves.
imbalance of force across the conductor.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
━━━━━━━━━ ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
CASE 1: Currents in Same Direction ━━━━
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 5. LORENTZ FORCE VS. ANALOGY:
━━━━━━━━━ WHICH TO TRUST?
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
• Magnetic fields between wires oppose ⇒ ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
cancel each other ━━━━

📘 The Lorentz force is the true physical

• Fields outside the wires assist ⇒ reinforce
each other
cause of the magnetic force on
⇒ Net magnetic field is stronger on the current-carrying conductors.

🧪 Lorentz Formula:
outer sides

📘 Result: Net attractive force pulls the **F = q (v × B)**

📘 It acts on each individual moving charge

wires toward each other.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ (electrons), and the total wire force is the

━━━━━━━━━ sum of all such forces.
CASE 2: Currents in Opposite Direction
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🔍
━━━━━━━━━ ━━━━━━━━━
USE OF ANALOGIES
• Fields between wires assist ⇒ strong net
magnetic field • Rubber bands, magnetic pressure, or flux
• Fields outside wires oppose ⇒ cancel crowding are just visual aids
each other • They help in basic conceptual
understanding but are not accurate
⇒ Net magnetic field is stronger between representations

⚠️ Magnetic fields are not fluids. No actual

the wires

📘 Result: Net repulsive force pushes the "pressure" is created like in air or water.
wires apart.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📘
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ ━━━━━━━━━

🔄
━━━━━━━━━ WHEN TO USE WHAT
SUMMARY:
| Purpose | Use
➤ Currents in same direction ⇒ Attraction |
➤ Currents in opposite direction ⇒ |-----------------------------|----------------------------
Repulsion ---|
| Accurate explanation | Lorentz force
(F = qv × B) |
| Visual understanding | Rubber band ⚠️ The statement:
analogy (limited) | > "If H increases, B changes, but not

➡️
| Direction prediction | Right-hand rule proportionally..."
| Refers to the "same magnetic material",
| Calculations & MCQs | Lorentz force _not_ a change in medium.

📘 "Meaning":
or Biot–Savart |

➤ Bottom line: As we increase _H_ in the _same material_,

🔹
• Use Lorentz law for real physics and the value of _μ_ "changes", because:

🔹
numerical accuracy Initially: B increases rapidly ⇒ "High μ"
• Use analogies carefully only to build Later: B increases slowly ⇒ "μ

🔹
visual insight decreases"
Near saturation: B nearly stops
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ increasing ⇒ "μ drops sharply"
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
6. VARIATION OF PERMEABILITY IN ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🔄
MAGNETIC MATERIALS ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ "Comparison Table"
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📘 "Key Concept":
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

In magnetic materials (like iron, steel), the | Material Type | Is μ Constant? | B–H
_permeability (μ)_ is "not constant" because Relation | Behavior |
the relationship between _magnetic field |----------------------|----------------|------------------

✅
strength (H)_ and _flux density (B)_ is ------|------------------------|
"nonlinear". | Vacuum / Air | Yes | Linear

➡️ This means: ✅
| μ = μ₀ |

🧪 "μ = B / H"
| Non-magnetic | Yes | Linear

❌
or very weak | μ ≈ μ₀ |
but as "H increases", "B does not | Magnetic (Iron, etc) | No |
increase proportionally" Nonlinear (Saturation) | μ "varies" with H

📘 This happens because of internal atomic

|

structure and _magnetic domain ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📘
alignment_. As domains become fully ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

➡️
aligned, the material reaches "saturation", "Final Takeaway":
and _permeability_ decreases. In magnetic materials, _permeability (μ)_
"is variable" because _B–H_ is nonlinear

➡️
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ even within the "same material".

📘
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ Always refer to the "B–H curve" for
"Is it the same material or different?" accurate behavior prediction.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
7. EFFECT OF MEDIUM ON MAGNETIC
FORCE (SAME H, DIFFERENT B) ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🔄
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ "Illustration Example":

📘 "Concept Question":
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
If a magnet produces the same _magnetic
field strength (H)_ in two different media, Let the magnet produce _H = 100 A/m_ in
but those media have _different two media:
permeabilities (μ)_, will the resulting
_magnetic flux densities (B)_ and _forces_ | Medium | Relative Permeability (μᵣ) |
be the same? B=μ×H | Resulting Force |

➡️ "Answer": No — the force will be

|----------------|-----------------------------|-----------
-----------|------------------|
different. | Air | 1 (μ = μ₀) | 1.26 ×
10⁻⁵ T | Very Weak |
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ | Iron | 2000 (μ = 2000μ₀) |

📘
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 0.025 T | Much Stronger |

📘 _Even though the magnet creates the

"Reason":
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ same H_, the iron allows much greater _B_,

🧪 "B = μ × H"
and hence, _greater magnetic force_ is

🔹 Even if _H_ is constant, _B_ will vary

exerted.

🔹 And it is _B_ that determines how much

with _μ_ of the medium ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📘
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

➡️
magnetic force is exerted "Extended Conclusion":

📘 Therefore:
"Higher the value of permeability (μ), or

➡️ "More B ⇒ Stronger Force"

relative permeability (μᵣ), the higher will be

➡️ "Less B ⇒ Weaker Force"

the magnetic flux density (B), and hence the
greater the magnetic force produced — for
the same magnetic field strength (H).”
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📘
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
"Force Equations Involving B": ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 8. MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE (MMF)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🧪 Lorentz Force: "F = q (v × B)"

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

🧪 Force on conductors, particles, or 📘 "What It Means in Simple Words":

magnets: Proportional to _B_ or _∇B_

➡️ These forces depend directly on

• When current flows through a coil, **each
turn** of the coil produces **a small
_magnetic flux density (B)_, not just H magnetic field**
• All these magnetic fields **add up ✔ MMF is also used to **follow magnetic
together** and form a **combined magnetic circuit rules and formulas** just like Ohm’s
push** law in electric circuits

➡️ "_It helps us calculate how much flux will

• This **total push** is what drives the
magnetic flux into the magnetic core
• That total magnetic push is called flow, just like voltage helps us calculate how
**Magnetomotive Force (MMF)** much current will flow._"

➡️ "_MMF is simply a way to measure how ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📘
strong that magnetic push is._" ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
"Magnetic Ohm’s Law Analogy":
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📘
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ | Electrical Circuit | Magnetic Circuit
"Basic Formula": |
|--------------------------|-------------------------------
**MMF (ℱ) = N × I** ----|
N = Number of coil turns | EMF (V) → drives current | MMF (ℱ = N ×
I = Current through the coil (Amps) I) → drives flux (Φ) |
ℱ is measured in **Ampere-Turns | Resistance (R) | Reluctance (ℜ)
(AT)** |
| Current (I) | Magnetic Flux (Φ)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ |

📘
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ |V=I×R |ℱ=Φ×ℜ
"Where It Comes From – Real Picture": |

Let’s say we wrap a coil around one side of ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

📘
a square iron core: ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
"Final Meaning in Simple Terms":

➡️ "_Each coil turn adds magnetic effort. All

• Each turn of wire adds its own little
magnetic field
• All turns combined create a **magnetic together, this becomes the total force to
force or push** create magnetic flux — that’s what MMF
• This total magnetic push makes the flux is._"

➡️ "_MMF doesn’t pull or push anything

(Φ) travel through the iron core loop
• This push is what we call **Magnetomotive
Force (MMF)** directly, but it starts the whole process that
creates magnetic flux and follows magnetic
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ laws._"

📘
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
"Why We Use MMF – Real Purpose":

✔ MMF gives us a **physical feel** of how

much force is trying to push magnetic flux