DEVELOPMENT

CLASS-X ECONOMICS-CH 1
Development: Development refers to progress, better life style, equality and unity among people.
1. What are different aspects of development?
Different aspects of development are:
(I)Different persons can have different developmental goals.
(ii) What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be destructive
for the other.
(iii) For development, people look at a mix of goals.
2. ‘Different persons can have different goals’. Explain with example.
(I)Different person can have different developmental goals since the idea of development varies person to
person.
(ii)For example: The developmental goals for landless rural labourers can be, regular income and better
wages, education for child in the local area, equal status in the society.
(iii) Whereas, for an urban unemployed youth it can be better job facility, good salary, a comfortable life
style.
3. Why different persons have different notions of development? Which of the following explanation is
more important and why?
 Different persons have different notions of development because people are different and life
situations of people are different.
 Different persons have different notions of development because life situations of persons are
different.
 Developmental goals of a prosperous farmer of Punjab will be surely different from a farmer who
depends only on rain for growing crop.
 It is because their situations are different, therefore, their lifestyle and status.
 Over the period of time if those situations change automatically goals of a person will also change.
4. “People have conflicting development goals “. Support the statement with suitable example.
 Different persons could have different as well as conflicting goal.
 For example, to get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams, but this may submerge the
land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced such as tribal.
 They might resent these and may prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate land.
 Similarly, in a family a girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother and
participation of her brother in household chores, but this may not be liked by her brother
5. Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your answer.
(a) People have different developmental goals
(b) People have conflicting developmental goals.
 Yes, the following statements imply almost the same. Different persons could have different
developmental goals which may be conflicting also.
 For example: In Gujarat farmers agitated over the higher priority given to the water supply in urban
area during dry periods of the year.
 This proves people have different development goals. In urban area people need more water for
developmental work, industries etc. where as in rural area people need more water for agriculture.
6. “For development, people look at mix of goals. Explain with examples.
 Besides more income, people also think of the things like equal treatment, freedom, security, and
respect of others.

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  For example, if women are engaged in paid work their dignity in the household and society
increases. If there is respect for women there would be more sharing of house works and greater
acceptance of women working outside.
 A safe and secure environment may allow more women take up a variety of jobs or run a business.
 Hence, the development goals that people have are not only about better income but about other
important things in life.
7. Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives.
 Income is one of the most important components of development, but there are some other
important things, such as equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect.
 Besides income, people also need a better working atmosphere, opportunity to learn, security in
the job sector etc.
 People also need political rights, pollution free environment.
8. What is national development? What are the aspects covered under the national development?
National development refers to the overall development of the people of a country, in terms of better
living standard, increase in per capita income, better provision of public facilities or basic facilities etc.
The aspects covered under the national development are:
 Fair and just way use of the resources of a country
 Implementation of the programmes and policies which will benefit a large population
 Countries focus on availability of better basic facilities like education, health and other facilities.
9. In what respects are the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development differ from the one
used by the World Bank? Explain.
Or
Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use?
The average income or Per capita income is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying
different countries.
Basing on this criterion, countries are classified as:
Rich countries: Countries with per capita income of US $12736 per annum and above (as per 2013) are
called rich countries.
Low- income countries: Countries with per capita income of US $1045 or less are called low- income
countries.
India comes in the category of low-middle- income countries because its per capita income was just US
$1570 per annum.
Limitations: The criterion used by World Bank only considers income but hides other aspects like literacy,
health, life expectancy etc.
It only speaks about income, not about its distribution among the citizens

Criterion used by UNDP: - UNDP compares countries based on the educational levels of the people, their
health status and per capita income.
Comparison of the World Bank report with UNDP: - UNDP report is a broad concept, as it takes into
account all the important factors require for human development like income, health and education.
UNDP also ranks the countries according to human development index.
Q.10 Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Maharashtra.
Hence, per capita income is not useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you
agree? Discuss.
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Or
How the average person in Maharashtra has more income than the average person in Kerala but it lies
behind in other crucial areas? Explain
 Per capita income of Maharashtra is Rs.1,17,091 and Kerala is Rs.1,03,820 as 2013-14
 In terms of other factors such as infant mortality rate, literacy rate and net attendance ratio, Kerala
is better than Punjab.
 Infant Mortality rate in Maharashtra is 24 per thousand where as in Kerala it is 12 per thousand in
2013.
 Similarly low literacy rate and net attendance ratio of Maharashtra indicates that the high income is
not an adequate indicator of progress.
 Kerala has a low infant mortality rate and high literacy rate since it has provided adequate
education and health facility.
 Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries on the basis of educational
levels health status and educational facilities.
11. Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well. Justify.
 Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that citizens
are able to use
 Money cannot buy a pollution free environment or ensure that you get unadulterated medicines,
peace etc.
 Money cannot protect one form infectious diseases unless whole of the community takes
preventive steps.
 Money cannot also provide us a type of government which take decisions for the welfare of the
common people.
12. What is Sustainable development? Why is the issue sustainability important for development?
Sustainable development refers to the judicious use of resources at present keeping future needs of the
future generations.
Importance of Sustainable development: -
 Sustainable development aims of fulfilling the needs of today without compromising the needs of
the future generation.
 Economic development is a continuous process Resources are needed to be used in a judicious way
so that they are not exploited.
 It also lays emphasis on environment protection and check environmental degradation.
13. What is sustainable development? Explain it with an example of water.
Or,
Explain the importance of sustainable development by giving the example of ground water.
Ans: Sustainable development refers to the judicious use of resources at present keeping future needs of
the future generations.
Example: - Economic growth and industrialisation have led to over use and over exploitation of resources.
Although groundwater is an example of renewable resources, but overuse of it can lead to scarcity, since
nature cannot replenish it in a short period.
In case of non-renewable resources once it is getting exhausted, we cannot use them in future.
14. What is Sustainable development? Suggest any four measures to promote sustainable development.
Measures to promote sustainable development: -
 Increase use of renewable resources like solar energy, wind energy etc.
 Less use of nonrenewable resources like fossil fuel
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  Introduction of organic farming reducing dependency on chemical fertilizer and pesticide
 Rain water harvesting to reduce more dependency on ground water
 Adopting measures to reduces global warming
15. “Consequence of environmental degradation does not respect national or state boundaries “.
Support the statement with example.
 Environment is not a national or a regional issue. Our future is linked together. Protection of
environment and whole earth is the responsibility of everybody otherwise; it can lead to serious
global issues like global warming, acid rain etc.
 Depletion of ozone layer over Antarctica continent reveals that pollution does not obey any
boundary.
 Sustainability of development requires common effort of all and it is also responsibility of everyone
to take care of environment and protect it for our future generation.
16. “The earth had enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of
even one person”. How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Explain. (NCERT)
 This statement was given by Mahatma Gandhi.
 The above statement means that earth has enough resources for everyone’s requirement but, if
these resources are over used then resources became scarce.
 For the sustainable development, it is required that resources should continue for a long period but
in order to attain industrial growth, growth in agriculture and growth in every sector, people over
use resources.
 Over use of natural resources can exhaust them. Renewable resources like forest, ground water can
be over used also.
 Over exploitation of resources not only harms environment but also put future growth in danger.
 Therefore, it is necessary to do judicious use of resources so that there will be sustainability of
growth.
17. What is human development? Explain its indicators.
Human development can be seen as a ‘human-centered’ approach towards development which focuses on
measurement of values like literacy, health, peace, freedom, equality etc.
It is concerned with the people and their well-being and fulfillment of their needs, choice and aspirations.
Human development is measured by various indicators:
 Per Capita Income: It is the total income of the country divided by its total population. High per
capita or average income represents better capacity and better facilities.
 Literacy Rate: Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age
group. Higher literacy rate means easy availability of educational facilities.
 Infant Mortality Rate: Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR) indicates the number of children that die
before the age of one year as a proportion of 100 live children born in that particular year. Less
infant mortality means the government of that country has provided adequate health facilities
 Net Attendance Ratio: Net attendance ratio is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15
years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group. More
attendance means greater literacy and better development.
18. If you get a job in a far off place before accepting it you would try to consider many factors. Explain
any five such factors.
If I get a job in a far off place, before accepting it I would try to consider many factors, apart from income,
such as:
 Facilities for family: I would check the facilities like housing, sanitation, drinking water, health and
educational facilities.
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  Opportunity to learn: There should be opportunity for personal career growth.
 Working atmosphere: I would also check working atmosphere. There should be a sense of security
and freedom.
 Job security: In another case, I may prefer a job that may give me less pay but may offer regular
employment and a sense of security.
 Time for family: A job, may offer me high pay but no time for my family, no leave facilities, no fixed
time for work. This will reduce my freedom as well.
19.”Per capita income is not considered a true measure of development”. Comment
Per capita income or the average income is obtained by dividing the total income of the country by its total
population. It is not considered a true measure of development because of the following reasons:
 It hides disparities. It does not tell us how this income is distributed among people.
 Life expectancy and infant mortality rate can be used as other criteria for measuring development.
 Literacy rate and education status of people in the country can be other criteria for measuring
development.
 Pollution free environment, less corruption, gender equality etc. are also important.