face recognition 2025

A PROJECT REPORT
ON

Project Name here

The Study Hall College

Affiliated To

UNIVERSITY Of

LUCKNOW Submitted by

Student’s Name

Course
Bachelors in Computer Application

Year & Semester: IIIrd Yr(VIth Sem)

Roll Number: xxxxxxxxx24531

Session: 2024-25

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CERTIFICATE

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

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PREFACE

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Table of contents

FrontPage i Certificate ii Acknowledgment iii Preface iv

1. Table of Contents………………………………………………………Page No
2. Introduction and features of technology………………………………. Page No
3. Introduction of project………………………………………………… Page No
4. Objective & scope of the project……………………………………….Page No
5. Theoretical Background Definition of Problem………………………..Page No
6. Feasibility Study………………………………………………………. Page No
7. System Planning………………………………………………………..Page No
8. Methodology adopted, System Implementation………………………. Page No
9. H/w and S/w Requirements…………………………………………….Page No
10.System Design………………………………………………………….Page No
i. Database table structure
ii. ER Diagram
iii. DFD
11.Snap shots……………………………………………………………...Page No
12.Testing………………………………………………………………….Page No
13.Implementation………………………………………………………...Page No
14.Limitations of Project………………………………………………….Page No
15.Future Scope…………………………………………………………...Page No
16.References……………………………………………………………...Page No

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Introduction and features of technology

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1.1 What is Face Recognition?

Face recognition is a biometric method that uses facial features to identify or verify the identity of an
individual. It analyzes the unique features of a face, such as the distance between the eyes, nose width, and
jawline, to create a unique "faceprint" for each person.

In recent years, face recognition has gained popularity due to its applications in security, surveillance, user
authentication, and attendance systems. Unlike other biometric methods such as fingerprints or iris scans, face
recognition is non-intrusive and can operate at a distance.

1.2 Role of Machine Learning in Face Recognition

Machine learning (ML) significantly enhances the capabilities of face recognition systems. ML algorithms
can be trained on thousands of facial images to learn how to differentiate between individuals accurately.
These algorithms improve over time as they are exposed to more data, making the system smarter and more
reliable.

The face recognition pipeline generally involves:

 Face detection: Locating the face in an image.

 Feature extraction: Capturing key facial features.
 Encoding: Creating a numerical vector (embedding) that represents the face.
 Matching: Comparing the encoding to a database of known faces.

2.1 Real-World Applications

 Face recognition systems powered by machine learning are used in various industries :
 Security and Surveillance: Used by law enforcement agencies to track and identify criminals.
 Smartphones and Devices: Unlock phones or secure apps using facial data.
 Banking and Financial Services: Biometric authentication for transactions.
 Airports and Border Control: Identity verification to streamline immigration processes
 Educational Institutions: Automated attendance systems to track student presence.
 Retail and Marketing: Customer identification and emotion detection for personalized experiences.

2.2 Advantages

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 High Accuracy: Modern ML algorithms provide high recognition accuracy.
 Automation: Reduces the need for manual verification processes.
 Scalability: Can handle large databases of facial images efficiently.
 Speed: Real-time face detection and recognition capabilities.
 Security: Adds a layer of biometric authentication that is difficult to forge.

3.1 Key Features

1. Real-Time Detection and Recognition:

a. Face recognition systems can detect and recognize individuals in real-time using live video
feeds.
2. Face Encoding and Comparison:
a. Facial data is transformed into 128-dimensional embeddings that can be compared using
distance metrics (e.g., Euclidean distance).
3. Multiple Face Detection:
a. Can identify and label multiple faces in a single frame.
4. Face Tracking:
a. Continuously tracks a face as it moves across the camera frame.
5. Image Preprocessing:
a. Includes grayscale conversion, histogram equalization, and alignment to enhance detection
accuracy.
6. Data Storage and Matching:
a. Encoded face vectors are stored in a database and matched during recognition.

3.2 Technologies and Libraries Used

 OpenCV: For image and video processing.

 face_recognition (dlib): Simplifies face detection and encoding.
 TensorFlow/PyTorch: For training deep learning models if custom models are needed.
 NumPy and Pandas: Data handling and mathematical operations.
 Flask/Django: To build a web-based interface (optional)

4.1 Underlying ML Models

Face recognition typically uses Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) due to their ability to extract spatial
hierarchies in image data.

Common pre-trained models include:

 HOG (Histogram of Oriented Gradients): Lightweight, used for detection.

 CNN-based detectors: More accurate but computationally heavier.
 DeepFace / FaceNet / Dlib ResNet: Used for encoding facial features into embeddings.

4.2 Face Recognition Pipeline

1. Face Detection:

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a. Locate faces in input images using HOG or CNN models.
2. Preprocessing:
a. Resize, align, and normalize face images.
3. Face Embedding:
a. Convert face into a 128-dimensional feature vector.
4. Face Matching:
a. Compare the vector against a known dataset using a distance threshold.
5. Output:
a. If the distance is below the threshold, the face is recognized; otherwise, it's labeled

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Feture of project

1.2 Introduction

The process of recording attendance is a routine but essential task in schools, colleges, offices, and
other organizations. Traditional methods such as manual sign-ins or ID card swiping are not only
time-consuming but also prone to human errors, proxy attendance, and record mismanagement. In
today's technologically advanced world, these manual systems can be replaced with more
intelligent and automated solutions.

This project proposes a Face Recognition-Based Attendance System that utilizes machine
learning to identify and verify individuals using facial features. Upon successful recognition, the
system automatically records attendance into a CSV (Comma-Separated Values) file, which
can be easily opened and managed using tools like Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets.

The project is built using Python and popular libraries such as OpenCV and face_recognition,
making it efficient, accurate, and easy to deploy in real-world environments.

Page 2: Background and Motivation

1.3 Background

Face recognition is a widely used biometric method for personal identification. It leverages the
unique structure and features of a person's face—such as the distance between the eyes, nose
shape, and jawline—to recognize individuals. With the help of machine learning and computer
vision, the process becomes automated and accurate.

Traditional attendance systems are not only inefficient but also vulnerable to fraudulent practices
like "proxy attendance," where one person marks attendance for another. A biometric solution like
facial recognition eliminates such possibilities by ensuring that only the actual person is marked
present.

1.4 Motivation

The motivation behind this project is to:

 Eliminate manual attendance procedures.

 Reduce human effort and errors.
 Prevent proxy or fake attendance.
 Provide a fast, contactless, and secure way of recording attendance.
 Create a simple and exportable record in a CSV format that administrators can use for
reports or audits.

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In post-COVID environments, contactless systems have become especially important for safety
and hygiene, adding further value to this project.

Page 3: Objectives and Methodology

1.5 Objectives

The main objectives of this project are:

 To develop a real-time face detection and recognition system.

 To recognize individuals based on pre-trained facial data.
 To mark attendance by recording the recognized person’s name along with the current date
and time into a .csv file.
 To ensure accuracy, efficiency, and user-friendliness in daily usage.

1.6 Methodology Overview

This project uses the following steps to implement the face recognition and attendance system:

1. Face Detection: The system uses a webcam to capture live video feed and detect faces in
real time using machine learning models (e.g., HOG or CNN).
2. Face Encoding: Facial features are converted into a 128-dimensional vector using a pre-
trained face recognition model.
3. Recognition: The system compares the live encoding with stored encodings in a dataset to
identify the person.
4. Attendance Logging: Once recognized, the person’s name, along with the current date and
timestamp, is saved into a CSV file (e.g., attendance.csv).

This approach ensures fast and accurate recognition while keeping the data accessible and
exportable in spreadsheet format.

Scope and Benefits

1.7 Scope of the Project

This project is intended to work in small to medium-scale environments such as:

 Classrooms for student attendance

 Offices for employee check-in/check-out
 Laboratories or examination centers

The system is flexible and can be extended to include:

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 A graphical user interface (GUI)
 A web-based dashboard
 Email alerts or reports
 Integration with cloud storage or databases

1.8 Benefits

 Contactless Operation: Safe and hygienic compared to fingerprint scanners or ID cards.

 Time-Saving: Automatically detects and records attendance in seconds.
 No Proxy Attendance: Face recognition ensures that only present individuals are marked.
 Easy Data Management: CSV files can be easily imported into Excel or other systems for
record-keeping.
 Scalable and Customizable: Can be extended for large institutions or integrated into bigger
system

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The primary objective of this project is to design and implement a smart attendance system that
utilizes face recognition technology powered by machine learning to automatically identify
individuals and record their attendance in a CSV (Comma-Separated Values) file. The project aims
to replace traditional, manual attendance systems with a more accurate, contactless, and efficient
solution.

Detailed Objectives:

1. To Develop a Real-Time Face Detection System:

The first goal is to detect human faces in real-time using a live webcam feed. The system
will utilize computer vision techniques, specifically with the help of the OpenCV library, to
identify the location of a face within a frame. This detection process serves as the entry point
for all subsequent operations.
2. To Extract and Encode Facial Features Using Machine Learning:
After detecting a face, the next objective is to encode it into a numerical vector (typically
128-dimensional) using a pre-trained machine learning model (e.g., Dlib or FaceNet). This
encoding uniquely represents an individual’s facial features and will be used for recognition.
3. To Recognize and Match Faces Against a Known Dataset:
The system will compare the live face encodings against a pre-stored dataset of known
individuals. If a match is found within an acceptable confidence threshold, the person is
identified correctly.
4. To Automate Attendance Logging:
Once a face is recognized, the system will log the person's name along with the current date
and time into a .csv file. This file acts as a digital attendance register and can be accessed
using any spreadsheet software like Excel.
5. To Prevent Duplicate Attendance Entries:
The system will be designed to ensure that each individual is marked present only once per
session to avoid multiple entries, ensuring the integrity of attendance records.
6. To Ensure High Accuracy and Reliability:
Accuracy is critical in face recognition systems. The system should handle various
challenges such as changes in lighting, background, partial occlusion (e.g., glasses, masks),
and face orientation.
7. To Offer a Contactless and User-Friendly System:
The face recognition attendance system should offer a touch-free experience, which is
hygienic and especially important in post-pandemic scenarios. The interface will be simple to
use, even for individuals without technical expertise.
8. To Provide Exportable and Manageable Attendance Records:
Using CSV format allows easy integration with other tools and simplifies data management,
record keeping, and generation of reports.

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Scope of the Project
The scope of this project defines the boundaries within which the face recognition and attendance
system will operate. It outlines what will be developed, implemented, and tested, as well as potential
future enhancements.

System Capabilities:

 Face Registration Module:

The system will allow administrators to register users by capturing their facial data along
with an identifier such as name or ID number. This data will be stored in the form of facial
encodings for future recognition.
 Real-Time Recognition:
During operation, the system will continuously monitor the video stream from a webcam,
detect faces in real time, and compare them against the stored dataset.
 Automated CSV Attendance Logging:
Each recognized face will trigger an entry in the CSV file, storing the individual’s name and
the timestamp of recognition.
 Daily Attendance Management:
The system is intended for daily use and can reset or generate new CSV logs per day or
session.

Use Case Environments:

This system is suitable for environments such as:

 Educational Institutions: For marking student attendance in classrooms, labs, and exams.
 Corporate Offices: For employee check-in/check-out systems.
 Training Centers: For automated presence tracking in workshops and sessions.
 Small Organizations and Startups: Where cost-effective, touchless attendance tracking is
needed.

Limitations (Out of Scope for Current Version):

 Face Spoofing Detection:

This version will not include advanced anti-spoofing mechanisms like liveness detection
(e.g., to prevent using printed photos or videos).
 Cloud Integration or Online Storage:
The system will store data locally and does not include real-time cloud synchronization or
backup.
 Large-Scale Deployment:
The prototype is designed for small to medium-scale environments. Handling thousands of
users or multiple cameras simultaneously is outside the current scope.

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 Multi-Camera Integration:
The project will use a single webcam source; supporting multiple camera streams is a
potential area for future improvement.

Future Scope and Enhancements:

1. Web-Based or Mobile App Interface:

Develop a web or mobile-based dashboard for admin control, live monitoring, and remote
access.
2. Cloud Storage and Database Integration:
Store attendance data in cloud platforms or integrate with systems like Firebase or MySQL
for better scalability.
3. Multi-Session and Multi-Camera Support:
Enable the system to operate across multiple classrooms or offices simultaneously.
4. Security Enhancements:
Add face spoofing prevention, encryption of facial data, and role-based access control for
administrators.
5. Email Notifications or Auto-Generated Reports:
Automatically send attendance summaries to teachers or HR departments

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Chapter 3: Theoretical Background and

Problem Definition

3.1 Introduction
Face recognition is a biometric method that uses distinctive features of the human face to identify or
verify individuals. It has become one of the most prominent research areas in the field of artificial
intelligence, particularly within computer vision and machine learning domains. In recent years, face
recognition has found widespread applications in areas such as surveillance, device authentication,
criminal identification, and more recently, in attendance tracking systems.

Traditional attendance methods, such as roll calling, ID card swiping, or fingerprint scanning, are
either time-consuming, prone to manipulation, or require physical contact—posing hygiene
concerns, especially in the post-COVID-19 world. The integration of face recognition technology into
an attendance system offers a seamless, automated, and contactless alternative, improving both
accuracy and efficiency.

This chapter explores the theoretical background necessary for developing such a system and
provides a detailed definition of the problem that the project seeks to solve.

3.2 Theoretical Background

3.2.1 Biometrics and Face Recognition

Biometrics refers to the measurement and statistical analysis of people's unique physical and
behavioral characteristics. Among various biometric modalities—such as fingerprints, iris scans,
and voice patterns—face recognition stands out due to its non-intrusive nature.

Face recognition involves two key steps:

 Face Detection: Locating human faces in images or video frames.

 Face Recognition: Identifying or verifying the person from the detected face using a stored
database.

3.2.2 Machine Learning in Face Recognition

Machine learning enables systems to learn patterns and make decisions with minimal human
intervention. In face recognition:

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 Supervised Learning is used to train models on labeled facial datasets.
 Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are widely used for feature extraction due to their
effectiveness in handling visual data.

Pre-trained models like FaceNet, Dlib's ResNet, and OpenFace are often used to generate 128-
dimensional embeddings of facial images, which are then compared for similarity.

3.2.3 Computer Vision and OpenCV

Computer vision is the field of AI that trains computers to interpret and process visual information.
OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision Library) is an open-source tool that provides functions
for image processing, face detection, and camera interfacing.

In this project, OpenCV is used to:

 Capture video feed from a webcam

 Detect faces using Haar cascades or deep learning-based methods
 Preprocess images for encoding

3.2.4 CSV File Format for Attendance Tracking

A CSV (Comma-Separated Values) file is a plain-text format used to store tabular data. It is
lightweight, easily readable by both humans and programs, and compatible with spreadsheet
software like Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets. In this system, a CSV file is used to:

 Record names of recognized individuals

 Store timestamps for each recognition
 Maintain daily attendance logs

This format enables simple and effective management of attendance records without requiring a
complex database.

3.3 Technologies Used

Technology Description
Python Main programming language used for development
OpenCV Library for computer vision tasks
Dlib / face_recognition Used for facial feature extraction and comparison
NumPy For numerical computations and data handling
Pandas To manipulate and write data to CSV files
CSV Data storage format for attendance logs
Webcam Used to capture real-time video feed

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3.4 Definition of the Problem
Despite the availability of biometric and RFID-based attendance systems, many educational
institutions and organizations still rely on outdated and inefficient methods for recording attendance.
These traditional methods suffer from several drawbacks, including:

3.4.1 Manual Attendance Limitations

 Time-consuming and inefficient for large groups.

 High chances of human error.
 Can be easily manipulated (e.g., proxy attendance).

3.4.2 Fingerprint and Card-Based Systems

 Require physical contact, raising hygiene concerns.

 Easily damaged or lost (ID cards).
 Costly to maintain and scale.

3.4.3 Need for Automation

There is a clear need for an automated, touch-free attendance system that can:

 Accurately identify individuals in real time.

 Eliminate the possibility of proxies or duplicates.
 Reduce the burden on administrative staff.

3.4.4 Practical Challenges Addressed

The project aims to solve the following practical problems:

 How to detect and recognize faces in real time with limited hardware resources?
 How to ensure that a person is marked present only once per session?
 How to store attendance records in a universally accessible format?
 How to ensure data accuracy without requiring cloud storage or expensive software?

3.5 Proposed Solution

This project proposes a solution that combines the power of machine learning-based face
recognition and simple CSV file-based recordkeeping to create an effective and affordable
attendance system.

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System Workflow:

1. Face Detection: The webcam captures real-time frames, and the system detects any visible
human faces.
2. Face Recognition: The system matches the detected faces against stored encodings of
registered users.
3. Attendance Logging: If a match is found and the person hasn’t been marked yet, their
name, date, and time are written to a CSV file.
4. Session Control: The system maintains an in-memory record of recognized users for that
session to avoid repeated entries.

3.6 Significance of the Study

This project provides a practical demonstration of how machine learning and computer vision can
solve real-world problems in educational and organizational settings. It offers:

 A cost-effective, contactless attendance solution.

 An example of practical AI application.
 A scalable base for further development (e.g., cloud integration, multi-location deployment).

3.7 Conclusion
The theoretical background discussed in this chapter provides a strong foundation for the design
and implementation of the face recognition attendance system. By leveraging biometric
identification, machine learning, and simple data storage formats, this system aims to overcome the
inefficiencies of traditional attendance systems. The next chapters will focus on the system design,
development methodology, implementation details, and performance evaluation of the proposed
solution

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Chapter 4: Feasibility Study

4.1 Introduction
A feasibility study assesses whether a proposed project is practical, achievable, and beneficial,
based on available resources and constraints. For this project, which aims to develop a Face
Recognition and Attendance System using Machine Learning, the feasibility study is essential
to ensure the system is worth implementing from all major perspectives: technical, operational,
economic, legal, and schedule.

This chapter provides an in-depth analysis of each of these feasibility aspects to validate that the
system can be developed efficiently and will fulfill the intended purpose effectively.

4.2 Technical Feasibility

This aspect evaluates whether the technology needed to build the system is available, suitable, and
reliable.

✅ Software Requirements:

 Python 3.x: An open-source programming language, known for simplicity and extensive
support in AI and ML.
 OpenCV: For real-time face detection from webcam input.
 face_recognition (Dlib-based): For face encoding and recognition.
 NumPy, Pandas: For numerical and data handling operations.
 CSV Module: For writing and managing attendance records.

✅ Hardware Requirements:

 A basic computer or laptop (minimum: i3 processor, 4GB RAM).

 A built-in or external webcam.

✅ Conclusion:

 All required tools are freely available and platform-independent.

 No specialized or expensive hardware is needed.

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 The system is technically feasible with readily available resources.

4.3 Operational Feasibility

This evaluates whether the system can function effectively and be adopted by the end users.

✅ User-Friendliness:

 The system runs with minimal user intervention.

 Attendance is logged automatically after face recognition.
 No need for manual input, reducing workload and errors.

✅ Stakeholder Acceptance:

 Teachers, office staff, and administrators benefit from reduced workload.

 Students/employees adapt easily as the process is contactless and fast.
 The system encourages punctuality and transparency.

✅ Conclusion:

 The system is easy to use and improves efficiency.

 Operational risks are minimal, making this highly feasible for real-world use.

4.4 Economic Feasibility

This analyzes the cost-effectiveness of the project compared to alternative solutions.

✅ Development Costs:

 Software libraries are open-source (free).

 Development can be done by one or two people with basic programming skills.

✅ Operational Costs:

 No licensing or cloud usage fees.

 Only minimal electricity and hardware maintenance costs.

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✅ Cost Comparison:

 Cheaper than biometric scanners or RFID systems.

 No need for printed ID cards or fingerprint sensors.

✅ Conclusion:

 The system is economically feasible for schools, colleges, and offices with limited budgets.
 The benefits outweigh the costs by improving accuracy and saving time.

4.5 Legal and Ethical Feasibility

This assesses whether the project complies with laws and ethical standards.

✅ Data Privacy Considerations:

 Facial data is stored securely (as encodings, not images).

 No cloud storage is used, reducing external data exposure.
 Data collected is minimal and used only for attendance.

✅ Legal Compliance:

 As long as users are informed and give consent, the system complies with basic data
protection standards (like GDPR, where applicable).

✅ Conclusion:

 The system respects user privacy.

 It is legally and ethically feasible, provided consent is obtained for use of facial data.

4.6 Schedule Feasibility

This assesses whether the project can be completed within a reasonable and planned timeframe.

✅ Estimated Timeline:

Phase Duration
Requirement Gathering 2 days
Tool Setup & Data Collection 3 days
Development 7–10 days
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Testing and Debugging 3–4 days
Deployment and Documentation 3 days
Total Time 2–3 weeks

✅ Conclusion:

 The project is achievable within a short time frame.

 Schedule feasibility is strong due to clearly defined and manageable tasks.

4.7 Overall Conclusion

Based on the analysis in this feasibility study, the Face Recognition and Attendance System is:

 ✅Technically viable
 ✅ Operationally practical
 ✅ Economically efficient
 ✅ Legally sound
 ✅Time-efficient to develop

The system is well-suited for academic and organizational environments, offering a smart and cost-
effective upgrade over traditional attendance methods

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Chapter 5: System Planning

5.1 Introduction
System planning is a vital step in the software development life cycle (SDLC), where the overall
architecture, structure, and development phases of the system are outlined. It involves identifying
the objectives of the system, defining key components, allocating resources, and establishing a
roadmap for development and deployment.

This chapter presents the system planning approach for the Face Recognition and Attendance
System. The goal is to ensure that the system is developed in an organized, efficient, and effective
manner, using the most suitable tools, techniques, and strategies.

5.2 Objectives of System Planning

 Define the core functions and architecture of the system.
 Identify the tools and technologies to be used.
 Plan development phases and assign timelines.
 Ensure resource allocation and risk mitigation.
 Provide a clear roadmap for implementation and testing.

5.3 System Requirements

Hardware Requirements

Component Specification
Processor Intel i3 or higher
RAM 4 GB minimum
Webcam Integrated or external HD webcam
Storage 100 MB (for scripts and CSV files)

Software Requirements

Software Purpose
Python 3.x Programming language
OpenCV Real-time image/video processing
face_recognition Face encoding and matching
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NumPy, Pandas Data handling and CSV operations
OS Windows/Linux/Mac

5.4 System Architecture

The system follows a modular architecture, where each component performs a specific task and
communicates with others as needed. The main modules include:

1. Face Data Registration Module

 Captures face images of users.

 Encodes and stores face data (as 128-dimensional vectors).

2. Real-Time Face Detection Module

 Captures live video feed via webcam.

 Detects faces in real time using OpenCV.

3. Face Recognition Module

 Compares detected faces with stored encodings.

 Identifies matching users with high confidence.

4. Attendance Logging Module

 Records attendance in a CSV file.

 Stores name, date, and timestamp for each recognized individual.

5. Interface Module (CLI or Simple GUI)

 Allows the administrator to start/stop sessions.

 Displays real-time logs or attendance status.

5.5 Development Phases

Phase 1: Requirement Gathering and Tool Setup

 Identify system requirements.

 Install required Python packages and libraries.

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Phase 2: Face Data Collection

 Collect and encode facial data of all users.

 Store encodings in a serialized file (e.g., .pkl or .npy).

Phase 3: Real-Time Recognition System

 Integrate webcam feed with OpenCV.

 Perform face detection and match against known encodings.

Phase 4: Attendance Logging

 Create/append to a CSV file for every recognized face.

 Ensure duplicate entries are avoided during a session.

Phase 5: Testing and Validation

 Validate recognition accuracy.

 Test attendance logging for multiple scenarios.

Phase 6: Final Deployment and Documentation

 Package the system for standalone use.

 Create user and technical documentation.

5.6 Risk Management

Risk Mitigation Strategy
Poor lighting affects accuracy Implement image preprocessing and testing
Camera failure or absence Ensure fallback detection or notify user
Duplicate entries in CSV Track logged entries per session
Unrecognized faces Allow admin to update face dataset regularly

5.7 Gantt Chart (Estimated Timeline)

Task Duration
Requirements and Setup 2 days
Face Data Collection 3 days
Face Detection/Recognition Dev 5 days
CSV Logging System 2 days
Testing and Debugging 3 days
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Documentation and Deployment 2 days
Total Duration ~2 Weeks

5.8 Conclusion
System planning plays a critical role in the success of the face recognition attendance system.
Through a structured and phased approach, the system can be developed efficiently and delivered
within the desired timeframe. The planned architecture, technology stack, and risk management
strategies ensure a robust and scalable solution suitable for educational institutions, offices, or other
organizational environments

Methodology Adopted
6.1 Introduction

The methodology defines the approach used in the development and deployment of the Face
Recognition and Attendance System. This project follows a modular and sequential
methodology, primarily based on the Waterfall Model, to ensure each phase is logically
completed before proceeding to the next. Given the clear objectives and defined deliverables, the
waterfall model is ideal for this structured, hardware-software integrated system.

6.2 Phases of the Methodology

1. Requirement Gathering

 Identify the system’s functional and non-functional requirements.

 Understand the hardware (webcam, computer) and software (Python, OpenCV,
face_recognition) needs.

2. System Analysis

 Define what the system will do: recognize faces and log attendance in a CSV file.
 Analyze input (webcam image), processing (face encoding and comparison), and output
(CSV record).

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3. System Design

 Break the project into functional modules:

o Face data collection
o Real-time recognition
o Attendance logging
 Design data flow: Webcam ➝ Face Detection ➝ Encoding ➝ Matching ➝ CSV Logging.

4. Data Collection and Preparation

 Capture multiple face images for each user under different conditions.
 Encode these faces and save them in a database (e.g., pickle or NumPy file).
 Normalize and verify data for accuracy.

5. Model Development

 Use the face_recognition library to compute 128-dimension face encodings.

 Train the system to recognize and compare incoming webcam feeds with stored encodings.

6. Implementation

 Integrate all modules into a single program.

 Write scripts for live webcam capture, recognition, and attendance logging in CSV format.

7. Testing and Validation

 Test system accuracy under varying lighting, distances, and angles.

 Validate that attendance is only marked once per individual per session.

6.3 Tools and Technologies Used

Tool Purpose
Python Programming Language
OpenCV Video processing, image capture
face_recognition Face encoding and comparison
Pandas/CSV module Attendance data logging
NumPy Numerical computations
Dlib (via face_recognition) ML face recognition model

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6.4 Justification of Methodology

 Modular: Each part (face detection, recognition, logging) is independent and testable.
 Waterfall: Clear beginning and end phases allow for structured development.
 Reliable: The process ensures fewer bugs, easier debugging, and precise outputs.

Chapter 7: System Implementation

7.1 Introduction

The system was implemented as a modular Python application. Each module performs a distinct
function but is integrated into a seamless pipeline to recognize faces in real time and log attendance
into a CSV file.

7.2 Module-Wise Implementation

1. Face Data Collection Module

 Uses OpenCV to capture images from webcam.

 Face encodings are extracted using face_recognition.face_encodings().
 Encodings are labeled with the user’s name and saved for later use.

2. Face Recognition Module

 Reads the webcam feed continuously.

 Detects faces in frames using face_locations().
 Extracts facial features and compares with known encodings using Euclidean distance.
 Recognized faces are labeled in real-time.

3. Attendance Logging Module

 A CSV file is created/updated daily.

 When a known face is recognized and not yet logged, their name, date, and time are saved.
 Uses the Pandas library to manage CSV rows efficiently.

7.3 Flow of Execution

1. Load known face encodings and labels.

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2. Initialize webcam feed.
3. For each video frame:
a. Detect faces and extract encodings.
b. Match with known encodings.
c. If matched and not already logged:
i. Record the name, date, and timestamp into attendance.csv.

7.4 Sample Code Snippet (Simplified)

python
CopyEdit
import face_recognition, cv2, pandas as pd
from datetime import datetime

# Load known encodings

known_faces = [...] # loaded from file
names = [...] # corresponding names

# Attendance file
df = pd.DataFrame(columns=["Name", "Date", "Time"])

# Start webcam
video = cv2.VideoCapture(0)

while True:
ret, frame = video.read()
rgb = frame[:, :, ::-1]
faces = face_recognition.face_locations(rgb)
encodings = face_recognition.face_encodings(rgb, faces)

for encoding in encodings:

matches = face_recognition.compare_faces(known_faces, encoding)
if True in matches:
name = names[matches.index(True)]
if name not in df['Name'].values:
now = datetime.now()
df.loc[len(df)] = [name, now.date(), now.time()]
df.to_csv("attendance.csv", index=False)

# Exit with key

if cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord('q'):
break

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video.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()

7.5 Output Sample

attendance.csv

c
CopyEdit
Name,Date,Time
John Doe,2025-05-27,09:12:43
Jane Smith,2025-05-27,09:14:22

7.6 Challenges in Implementation

Challenge Solution
Varying lighting conditions Use multiple images per user for training
Low webcam resolution Minimum 720p recommended
Real-time speed Use efficient loops and vectorized ops

Chapter 8: Hardware and Software Requirements

8.1 Introduction

Every successful software project depends heavily on having the correct hardware and software
environment. This chapter outlines the minimum and recommended hardware and software
configurations needed to develop, deploy, and run the Face Recognition and Attendance System
efficiently.

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8.2 Hardware Requirements
The system uses a webcam to capture live video feeds and process facial data in real time.
Therefore, a computer with decent processing capabilities is necessary.

Minimum Hardware Requirements

Component Specification
Processor Intel Core i3 (2.0 GHz) or equivalent
RAM 4 GB
Storage 100 MB (for program and dataset)
Camera HD Webcam (integrated or external)
Display Standard monitor (resolution 1024x768+)

Recommended Hardware Requirements

Component Specification
Processor Intel Core i5 or higher
RAM 8 GB or more
Storage SSD with 500 MB free space
Camera 1080p HD Webcam
GPU (optional) NVIDIA GPU (for faster processing)

8.3 Software Requirements

The project uses Python as the core programming language, with several essential libraries for
image processing, machine learning, and data handling.

Operating System

OS Type Supported Versions

Windows Windows 10, 11
Linux Ubuntu 18.04+, Fedora, Debian
macOS macOS Mojave or later

Software and Libraries

Software/Tool Purpose
Python 3.7+ Programming language
OpenCV Webcam handling, image capture, face detection
face_recognition Face encoding and recognition (uses Dlib)
Dlib Underlying ML model for face feature extraction
NumPy Matrix and numerical operations
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Pandas CSV file handling and data storage
Jupyter/IDLE/VS Code Python development environment

Installation Commands (on Windows/Linux)

bash
CopyEdit
pip install opencv-python
pip install face_recognition
pip install pandas
pip install numpy

Note: Dlib installation may require CMake and Visual Studio Build Tools on Windows or build-
essential on Linux.

8.4 Additional Tools (Optional)

Tool Use
Tkinter or PyQt For GUI development
Git Version control (optional for teamwork)
Anaconda Environment manager for Python and packages

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Chapter 9: System Design

Project Title: Face Recognition and Attendance System using Machine Learning and CSV
File Storage

9.1 Introduction

System design is the blueprint for implementing the functionalities of the project. In this phase,
the project is broken down into functional modules and structured in a way that allows seamless
execution. The goal is to ensure that the system is efficient, modular, maintainable, and capable
of achieving real-time performance in face recognition and attendance logging.

9.2 Design Objectives

 Accurate Face Detection and Recognition

 Real-Time Video Processing
 Efficient Data Logging into CSV Files
 Prevent Duplicate Entries for the Same Day
 Modular Code Architecture
 Scalability for More Users or Integration with Databases

9.3 System Architecture

The system follows a Modular Layered Architecture, with each component performing a
specific function:

Architecture Layers:

1. Input Layer: Captures real-time images using the webcam.

2. Processing Layer: Detects and recognizes faces using ML models.
3. Storage Layer: Logs attendance data into CSV files.
4. Interface Layer (optional): Displays output via GUI or command-line.

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9.5 Module Description

1. Face Data Module

 Collects multiple images of each individual.

 Encodes and stores facial features using face_recognition.

2. Face Recognition Module

 Loads saved encodings.

 Captures real-time video via OpenCV.
 Matches detected face against stored encodings.

3. Attendance Logging Module

 Logs new entry in attendance.csv only once per person per day.
 Uses Pandas to read and append data.

4. User Interface

 Displays recognized face and status (e.g., “Attendance Marked”).

 Optionally displays unknown users or alerts

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