Workshop on control
your risk
Advance Electrical Safety
Safe Working Practices
A learning session with
Hemant Vasavada
[email protected] / 9998010600 19-12-2021 1
9998010600
March 15, 2001 Equal to a 60 story building
WAS Producing
180000 barrels
of crudeoil per
killed 10 people day…about 5% of
[email protected] / 9998010600 19-12-2021 Brazils output
2
Cost of unsafe work practice.. control
your risk
..…..they accused
Petrobras of
outsourcing
work to
inexperienced
workers in order
to cut cost…...
Live Wires Are Dangerous
1
This person on PCP
ascending the level of HIGH
Avoid
Contact
VOLTAGE. The wires above
With him at this point are
Energized energized at 16,600 volts
Electrical
Circuit
control
your risk
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Live wires are dangerous
2
The guy is inside of the ball
of fire. He did not
fall at that moment. The air
Avoid
Contact surrounding him becomes
With ionized and begins to
Energized conduct and actually burn.
Electrical The small ball of fire
Circuit towards the bottom near
the street lamp is where
the arc went to ground.
control
your risk
[email protected] / 9998010600 19-12-2021 5
Live wires are dangerous
3
The ball of fire has started
to subside.
can see his legs at the
Avoid
bottom of the fire ball he
Contact
With is still standing on the
Energized cross arm.
Electrical A flash of electrical power
Circuit of this magnitude would
kill most of the people
control
your risk
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What Electricity can do…see it yourself
control
your risk
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Basic Causes of Accidents Electricity
can KILL!!
Main
ROOT CAUSE Contributors
▪Personal Factors
▪ Poor Management Safety Policy &
Decisions
Indire Find Root
Unsafe Act ct Unsafe Condition
causes
Cause, NOT
Temporary
Direct
Unplanned Incidence
Solutions
causes
ACCIDENT / Personal Injury,
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Property Damage19-12-2021 8
Mitigating Unsafe CONDITIONS
2. Familiarity with
recognized 3. Installations
1. Design for safetystandards according to Code
PROVIDING &
8. Organizational MAINTENING 4. Training
structures ELECTRICALLY
SAFE FACILITIES
5. Inspection of
7. Safety audits facilities
control
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6. Maintenance 19-12-2021 9
your risk
Management responsibility
Mitigating unsafe ACTS Control Your Risk
1. A technical authority 2. Hot work permits 3 Requiring work
to respond to questions authorization, reporting
regarding safe work
structure & safety
practices
briefing
ENSURING 4. Written safe practices
8. Safety audits &
self-assessments
SAFE WORK & procedures
PRACTICES
7 Safety training & 5. Job Safety
qualifications Analysis
6. Familiarity with control
your risk
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practice stds
Always Remember….
control
your risk
control
Can be prevented… your risk
• Make sure that the circuit is de-energized
(shut off)
• Be absolutely positive that their
electrical supply has been shut off.
(Perform DEAD test)
• Lock out and tag out circuits
Always assume a conductor is LIVE
unless proved otherwise
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Safe Working Practices
❖ Classifications of elect operations/works
❖ Plan your work and plan for safety.
❖ Minimise hot/live works
❖ Observe safety working clearances
❖ Avoid wet working conditions.
❖ Avoid overhead power lines.
❖ Use proper wiring and connectors
❖ Use and maintain tools properly.
❖ Wear correct PPE.
❖ Loto (lock-out, tag-out) control
13
your risk
[email protected] / 9998010600 19-12-2021
Article 120.1 of NFPA 70E
outlines 6 steps that must be followed to insure that employees are
working in an electrically safe work condition.
1. “Determine all possible sources of electrical supply to the
specific equipment. Check applicable up-to-date drawings,
diagrams, and identification tags.
2. After properly interrupting the load current, open the
disconnecting device(s) for each source.
3. Wherever possible, visually verify that all blades of the
disconnecting devices are fully open or that drawout-type
circuit breakers are withdrawn to the fully disconnected
control
position. your risk 14
[email protected] / 9998010600 19-12-2021
Article 120.1 of NFPA 70E
4. Apply Lo / To devices in accordance with a documented and
established policy.
5. Use an adequately rated voltage detector to test each phase
conductor or circuit part to verify they are deenergized. Test each
phase conductor or circuit part both phase-to-phase and phaseto-
ground. Before and after each test.
6. Where the possibility of induced voltages or stored electrical energy
exists, ground the phase conductors / circuit parts. Where it could be
reasonably anticipated that the conductors or circuit parts being
deenergized could contact other exposed energized / circuit parts,
apply ground connecting devices rated for the available fault duty.”
control
15
your risk
[email protected] / 9998010600 19-12-2021
Classifications Of Elec Operations /Works control
your risk
Mode 1
• All operation are conducted with the
equipment de-energized. All external sources
are isolated by some positive action.
Mode 2
3 MODES OF • Work on energized electrical system is
ELECTRICAL restricted to measuring & troubleshooting
operation on energized circuit using devices
OPERATION constructed & listed for that purpose.
Mode 3
• Manipulative operations are conducted with
the equipment fully energized & with some or
all normal protective barriers removed.
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Classifications Of Elec Operations /Works
control
your risk
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Plan your work and plan for safety
Planning with others is helpful. Take advantage of what
others know about identifying and controlling hazards.
A list of some things to
think
❖ Work with a “buddy”
❖ Know how to shut off and de-energize circuits
❖ Plan to lock out and tag out
❖ Remove jewelry and metal objects
❖ Plan to avoid falls
control
your risk
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Minimise Hot/Live Works
control
your risk
control
your risk
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control
Minimise Hot/Live Works your risk
control
Minimise Hot/Live Works your risk
Precautions For Live Work
• Conduct Safety briefing.
control
your risk • Know who is responsible & for what.
• At least 2 persons should be present when working on
energised electrical equipment.
• Keep DRY hands and wear protective clothing to handle
energised equipment.
• Work only one hand if it is safe to do.
• Never grasp 2 sides of a circuit, dead or alive at the
same time.
• If water or a chemical is spilled onto equipment, shut off
power at the main switch or circuit breaker and unplug
the equipment.
• Place rubber mat in front of panel during electrical
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works.
control
✓ Never touch the equipment under test when not involved your risk
✓ Beware of injury from mechanical action from electrical
equipment
✓ Do not touch the equipment, cord or person in contact with a live
part (Disconnect the power source or pull out the plug using a
leather belt)
✓ Know safe clearances from electrical equipment
Don’t forget that the clearance distance doesn’t just apply to
workers’ bodies. It is absolutely vital that anything conductive stay
outside the clearance distance. That includes: Workers’ bodies ,
Any equipment they are using , Any item they may be carrying
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Clearance above ground : I.E. rule 1956. control
your risk
(Now CEA)
In case of overhead line construction, clearances above ground of
the lowest point of sags conductors is given in “Chapter VIII” -
overhead line, underground cables and generating stations of I.E.
rule 1956.
Clearance above ground
Low, Medium Hv upto 11 KV, if bare 4.6 m
Low, Medium, Hv upto 11 KV, if insulated 4.0 m
Hv above 11 KV 5.2 M
Ehv above 33 KV 5.2 + 0.3 pu
33 KV
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Arc Flash Boundary
control
your risk
ARC-FLASH
• As much as 80% of all electrical injuries
are burns resulting from an arc-flash
and ignition of flammable clothing.
• Arc temperature can reach 35,000°F -
this is four times hotter than the
surface of the sun
Fatal burns can occur at distances over
10 ft.
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Results of Arc Flash Analysis control
your risk
• Flash Protection
Boundary.
• Incident Arc Energy.
• Hazard Level for PPE.
Arc Flash Principles
❑ Radiated Energy From Flash
❑ Radiated Energy Function of :
1. Arc Power
2. Distance From Arc
AC Volts
3. Time to Extinguish Arc
❑ Arc Power Function of Arc
✓ Voltage & Arc Current
Incident Arc Energy
is defined in NFPA 70E as
The amount of energy
impressed on a surface, a
certain distance from the
source, generated during an
arc event.
control
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ARC EXPOSURE ENERGY BASICS control
your risk
Potential amount of heat a person would
be subjected to if they were standing at
a variable distance from the fault.
Exposure Energy is Expressed in cal/cm2
1 cal/cm2 Equals the Exposure on the tip of a
finger by a Cigarette Lighter in One Second.
An Exposure Energy of Only One or Two cal/cm2
Will Cause a 2nd Degree Burn on Human Skin
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Flash Protection Boundary
control
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Four Protection Boundaries
control
your risk
control
Four Protection Boundaries
your risk
Flash Protection Boundary (FPB)
Safe approach distance from energized parts <1.2
cal/cm²
Three shock approach boundaries
1. Limited Approach Boundary
Unqualified persons must be accompanied by a qualified
person and use PPE
2. Restricted Approach Boundary
Only qualified persons are allowed in this area and must
use PPE
3. Prohibited Approach Boundary
Work in this area considered the same as making direct
Prohibited Approach Boundary:
contact with Removed
energized parts. from
[email protected] / 9998010600 OnlyNFPA 70E 2015.
qualified persons
19-12-2021 36
are allowed in this area and must use PPE
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control
your risk
Avoid Wet Working Conditions control
your risk
any hazard becomes much more
dangerous in damp or wet conditions.
Do not work wet - Cover wet floors with wooden planking that
can be kept dry, Do not get cleaning solutions on energized
equipment.
Use a GFCI - portable tools and extension cords.
BODY AREA RESISTANCE (OHM)
Dry skin 100,000 to 600,000
Wet skin 1,000
Internal body - Hand to Foor 400 to 600
Portable GFCI
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Earcreate
to ear a damp condition! 100
EARTH LEAKAGE CIRCUIT BREAKER(ELCB) control
your risk
ELCB / RCCB (residual current circuit breaker) is used for protection
against electrocution and fires that may be caused by E/F.
Sensitivity of the shock is directly related to:
Magnitude of current / Time duration / Path through the body
Current values considered safe with various time limits are:
30 mA 1 Sec
Average body resistance is 1500
300 mA 50 ms ohms. Assuming 30mA is safe
Safe voltage = 30 x 1500 / 1000
= 45 Volts
500 mA
[email protected] / 9998010600 30 ms 19-12-2021 39
ELCB Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker: control
your risk
• The green wire is called earth, and the
earth terminal is connected through the
sensing block.
• If outgoing wire accidentally have a
contact with the earth wire, then there
is a leakage of current flows between
the phase wire and ground wire.
• Due to this, there is an voltage drop
developed across the tripping coil.
• This voltage drop is enough to activate
the trip circuit.
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RCCB Residual Current Circuit Breaker control
your risk
• RCCB is working under the principle of Core
balance Current Transformer. The RCCB
monitors the how much current flows in the
phase wire and neutral wire
• Here the RCCB’s CBCT,monitors the vector
sum of phase current and neutral current,
because of how much current in the phase wire
should return through the neutral wire.
• If the vector sum in the CBCT will be Zero. Then RCCB does not
operate under Normal condition.
• a fault or a living human touches the live phase wire, The CBCT
sends this unbalance current to the relay operating coils. Finally
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RCCB trips or Isolate the circuit .
RCCB / ELCB Difference control
your risk
Earth-leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) is a safety device used in
electrical installations with high Earth impedance to prevent shock.
It detects small stray voltages on the metal enclosures of electrical
equipment, and interrupts the circuit if a dangerous voltage is
detected.
Once widely used, more recent installations instead use residual
current circuit breakers which instead detect leakage current
directly.
RCCB is best because it will detect any earth fault. ... RCCB will
only have the line and neutral connections. ELCB is working
based on Earth leakage current. But RCCB is not having sensing
or connectivity of Earth
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Avoid Overhead Powerlines control
your risk
More than half of all electrocutions are caused
by contact with overhead lines.
You should be at least
10 feet away from
, high-voltage
transmission
lines.
If you
are in the vehicle,
stay inside
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Use Proper Wiring & Connectors control
your risk
Avoid overloads
Test GFCI’s
Check switches and insulation
Use three-prong plugs
Use extension cords properly
Check power cords and
extensions
Do not pull on cords
Use correct connectors
Use locking connectors
Use & Maintain Tools Properly control
your risk
❖Inspect tools before using them -
Check for cracked casings, dents,
missing or broken parts, and
contamination
❖Use the right tool correctly
❖Protect your tools - Keep tools and
cords away from heat, oil, and sharp
objects.
❖Use double-insulated tools - has two
insulation barriers and no exposed metal
parts
This cord has been
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/ 9998010600 19-12-2021 45
nut. Spliced cords are very dangerous!
Wear Correct PPE control
your risk
PPE is the last line of defense between you and the hazard.
❖Wear safety glasses—Wear
safety glasses to avoid eye injury
❖Wear proper hand gloves
❖Wear proper clothing
❖Contain and secure loose hair
❖Wear proper foot protection
❖Wear a hard hat
❖Wear hearing protectors
PPE is only effective
when used correctly.
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Loto (Lock-out Tag–out) control
your risk
Lockout is the placement of a key or
combination lock on an energy isolation device
(disconnect switch, circuit breaker, etc.)
Tagout is the placement of a tag or other
prominent warning device and a means of
attachment on an energy isolation device to
indicate that the energy isolating device may not
be operated until the tagout device is removed.
Tag-out devices shall be non-reusable, attached
by hand, self-locking, and non-releasing and
must be all-environment tolerant nylon cable tie.
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(or eq)
Loto (lock-out tag-out) control
your risk
❖ Unexpected starting of electrical equipment may cause
electrical shock
❖ Secure the controlling mechanism or switch in the OFF position
when the electrical equipment must be repaired or modified
❖ Workers need proper training in …..
Open and withdraw breakers
lockout & tag out
earthing
❖Always consider a circuit LIVE until
checked by means of a voltmeter, voltage
tester or any other authorized means
❖ Do not restart equipment without first
checking
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What happens if you work w/o
loto? control
your risk
Loto (lock-out tag –out) control
your risk
Sequence of LOTO System Procedure
❖Notify all affected employees
❖Shut down equipment by normal stopping
procedure
❖Isolate equipment from source
❖LO/TO isolating devices with assigned
individual lock(s) & tag(s)
❖ENSURE no personnel are exposed
❖CAUTION: Return operating control(s) to
“neutral” or “off” position after the test
LOTO can be used now LOTO Removal
➢Each employee shall remove his/her own LO/TO device
➢Housekeeping
[email protected] / 9998010600 ➢Stand clear of equipment
19-12-2021 Cancellation
50 of permit
Loto (lock-out tag –out) control
your risk
Limitation of Tags
• Tags are warning devices affixed to isolating devices (Do
not provide physical restraint)
• When tags are used, it is not to be removed w/o
authorization (never bypassed/ignored)
• Tags must be legible & understandable
• Tags & their means of attachment must withstand the
environmental conditions
• Tags may evoke a false sense of security
• Tags must be securely attached
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✓ Prefabricated Products - labor shortage , focus on more technical work
✓ Internet of Things (IoT) - smart devices that connect to the internet and collect /
exchange data
✓ Wearable Devices - Fitbits or Apple Watches are popular. * Wearable bracelets
device Proxxi has been developed to help prevent electrical contact injuries. *
SolePower smart boots, which work to improve efficiency and safety for the user.
The boots have sensors that measure user fatigue, provide alerts of unsafe
environmental conditions
✓ Drones - will survey a situation and notify the electrician of issues before they go in
(Repairing of downed powerlines)
✓ Robotics - pole climbing robot to avoid working at a dangerous heigh
✓ Augmented Reality - an immersive technology that overlays images and
information onto real life, to bridge the gap between the digital world and the
physical one, in real-time. AR differs from virtual reality, which is an entirely artificial
environment that the software creates. Electrical engineers, can benefit from the use
of this technology to ease the construction process.
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