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Learning C# by Developing
Games with Unity 5.x
Second Edition

Develop your first interactive 2D platformer game by

learning the fundamentals of C#

Greg Lukosek

BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
Learning C# by Developing Games with Unity 5.x
Second Edition

Copyright © 2016 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written
permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in
critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy
of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is
sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt
Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages
caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.

Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the
companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals.
However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

First published: September 2013

Second edition: March 2016

Production reference: 1220316

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

Livery Place
35 Livery Street
Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.

ISBN 978-1-78528-759-6

www.packtpub.com
 Credits

Author Project Coordinator

Greg Lukosek Shweta H Birwatkar
Terry Norton
Proofreader
Reviewer Safis Editing
Karl Henkel
Indexer
Commissioning Editor Mariammal Chettiyar
Ashwin Nair
Graphics
Acquisition Editor Disha Haria
Vinay Argekar
Production Coordinator
Content Development Editor Nilesh Mohite
Deepti Thore
Cover Work
Technical Editor Nilesh Mohite
Mohita Vyas

Copy Editor
Vikrant Phadke
 About the Author

Greg Lukosek was born and raised in the Upper Silesia region of Poland. When
he was about 8 years old, his amazing parents bought him and his brother a
Commodore C64. That was when his love of programming started. He would spend
hours writing simple basic code, and when he couldn't write it on the computer
directly, he used a notepad.

Greg completed his mechanical engineering diploma at ZSTiO Meritum—

Siemianowice Slaskie, Poland. He has learned all his programming skills through
determination and hard work at home.

Greg met the love of his life, Kasia, in 2003, which changed his life forever. They both
moved to London in search of adventure and decided to stay there.

He started work as a 3D artist and drifted away from programming for some years.
Deep inside, he still felt the urge to come back to game programming. During
his career as a 3D artist, he discovered Unity and adopted it for an interactive
visualizations project. At that very moment, he started programming again.

His love for programming overcomes his love for 3D graphics. Greg ditched his 3D
artist career and came back to writing code professionally. He is now doing what he
really wanted to do since he was 8 years old—developing games.

These days, Greg lives in a little town called Sandy in the UK with Kasia and
their son, Adam.

I want to thank my loving wife, Kasia, for all her love and support.
Without her, writing this book would be simply impossible. I also
want to thank my loving parents, Ela and Marek, and brother, Artur,
for always believing in me and giving me exceptional support when
I needed it.
Then, I want to thank our son, Adam, for being an awesome child.
I hope you will also do what you love in your life.
 About the Reviewer

Karl Henkel is a software developer with a strong background in Unity3d. He is

the author of several popular editor extensions in the Unity Asset Store. In addition
to game development, he has also worked extensively on visual programming
software for musicians and VJs.
 www.PacktPub.com

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 Table of Contents
Preface vii
Chapter 1: Discovering Your Hidden Scripting Skills and
Getting Your Environment Ready 1
Prerequisite knowledge to use this book 2
Dealing with scriptphobia 2
Downloading Unity 3
Obtaining a free license 4
Teaching behavior to GameObjects 6
Using Unity's documentation 6
Do I need to know all that? 8
C# documentation – where to find it? Do I need it at all? 9
The Unity community – asking others for help 9
Working with C# script files 9
Lots of files can create a mess 10
Why does my Project tab look different? 11
Creating a C# script file 13
Introducing the MonoDevelop code editor 13
Syncing C# files between MonoDevelop and Unity 13
Opening LearningScript in MonoDevelop 13
The namespace – highlighted in blue 14
The class definition – highlighted in green 15
Watching for possible gotchas while creating script files in Unity 16
Fixing synchronization if it isn't working properly 16
Adding our script to GameObject 16
Instance? What is it? 18
Summary 19

[i]
Table of Contents

Chapter 2: Introducing the Building Blocks for Unity Scripts 21

Understanding what a variable is and what it does 22
Naming a variable 22
A variable name is just a substitute for a value 22
Creating a variable and seeing how it works 23
Declaration 24
Assignment 24
Click on Play! 24
Changing variables 26
Watching for a possible gotcha when using public variables 26
What is a method? 27
Using the term "method" instead of "function" 27
Method names are substitutes, too 29
Introducing the class 30
Inheritance 32
The Start(), Update(), and Awake() methods and the execution order 33
Components that communicate using dot syntax 35
What's with the dots? 35
Making decisions in code 36
Using the NOT operator to change the condition 38
Checking many conditions in an if statement 38
Using else if to make complex decisions 39
Making decisions based on user input 40
Paper and pencil are powerful tools 40
Summary 41
Chapter 3: Getting into the Details of Variables 43
Writing C# statements properly 44
Understanding component properties in Unity's Inspector 44
Variables become component properties 45
Unity changes script and variable names slightly 45
Changing a property's value in the Inspector panel 45
Displaying public variables in the Inspector panel 46
Private variables 47
Naming your variables properly 47
Beginning variable names with lowercase 48
Using multiword variable names 48
Declaring a variable and its type 49
The most common built-in variable types 50
Assigning values while declaring a variable 51

[ ii ]
 Table of Contents

Where you declare a variable is important 52

Variable scope – determining where a variable can be used 52
Summary 54
Chapter 4: Getting into the Details of Methods 55
Using methods in a script 55
Naming methods properly 56
Beginning method names with an uppercase letter 57
Using multiword names for a method 57
Parentheses are part of the method's name 57
Defining a method the right way 57
The minimum requirements for defining a method 58
Understanding parentheses – why are they there? 59
Specifying a method's parameters 61
How many parameters can a method have? 62
Returning a value from a method 62
Returning the value 63
Example 63
Summary 64
Chapter 5: Lists, Arrays, and Dictionaries 65
What is an array? 65
Declaring an array 66
Storing items in the List 67
Common operations with Lists 69
List<T> versus arrays 69
Retrieving the data from the Array or List<T> 70
Checking the size 71
ArrayList 71
Dictionaries 73
Accessing values 74
How do I know what's inside my Hashtable? 75
Summary 75
Chapter 6: Loops 77
Introduction to loops 77
The foreach loop 78
The for loop 79
An example 81
The while loop 83
while versus for loops 84
Loops in statements 84

[ iii ]
Table of Contents

Modulo 86
Searching for data inside an array 87
Breaking the loop 88
Summary 88
Chapter 7: Object, a Container with Variables and Methods 89
Working with objects is a class act 89
Few facts 93
Example 94
Instantiating an object 94
Bored yet? 96
Using methods with objects 97
Custom constructors 100
Overloading 102
Summary 104
Chapter 8: Let's Make a Game! – From Idea to Development 105
Your first game – avoiding the trap of the never-ending concept 105
The idea 106
Game mechanics and core components 107
Breaking a complex idea into smaller parts 108
Jake on the mysterious planet – the feature list 109
Procedural level generation 110
An animated 2D character 111
Physics 111
Mouse and touch controls 111
Collectables and obstacles 112
Scoring 112
UI – the user interface 113
Target platform and resolution 114
Target screen resolution 115
Summary 115
Chapter 9: Starting Your First Game 117
Setting up a new Unity Project for our game 118
Backup 118
Keeping your project clean 118
Preparing the player prefab 120
Rigidbody2D 123
CircleCollider2D 123
PlayerController 124
User input 124
Jump 126

[ iv ]
 Table of Contents

Animator 131
Running 133
Code 134
PlayerController.cs 134
Summary 135
Chapter 10: Writing GameManager 137
Gameplay loops 137
Singleton class 140
Starting the game 142
Setting up input keys 143
Using triggers 144
Restarting the game 147
Setting up the player starting position 147
Code in this chapter 149
Summary 152
Chapter 11: The Game Level 153
Generating levels versus designed levels 153
Creating a level chunk 155
Planning the LevelGenerator class 156
Writing LevelGenerator 159
Commenting on your code 160
Creating a copy of the level piece 161
Instantiating 162
Vector3 163
Testing LevelGenerator 164
Extending the level 166
The code used in this chapter 168
Summary 170
Chapter 12: The User Interface 171
Introducting the Unity UI 172
Views 173
Constructing the view UI – how to keep things clean 173
Target screen resolution 174
Recognizing events 174
Buttons 176
A simple button 178
Image 179
The Button component 179
Interaction 179
The Button action 180

[v]
Table of Contents

Hiding and showing the Canvas 182

Reference exceptions 184
GameView 186
Game Over 188
The code in this chapter 189
Summary 190
Chapter 13: Collectables — What Next? 191
Collectables 191
The coin prefab 192
The Collectable class 193
High score and persisting data 197
The Update function and UI values 200
What next? 201
The code in this chapter 201
Summary 206
Index 207

[ vi ]
 Preface
Hello, future game developers! If you are reading this book, you are probably
a curious person trying to learn more about a great game engine—Unity—and
specifically, programming in C#. This book will take you on a learning journey. We
will go through it together, beginning with the fundamentals of programming and
finishing with a functional 2D platform game.

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Discovering Your Hidden Scripting Skills and Getting Your Environment Ready,
puts you at ease with writing scripts for Unity.

Chapter 2, Introducing the Building Blocks for Unity Scripts, helps you develop the skill
of writing your first executable code.

Chapter 3, Getting into the Details of Variables, teaches you about creating and using C#
variables, followed editing them in Unity Inspector.

Chapter 4, Getting into the Details of Methods, helps you learn more in detail about
methods and how to use them to understand the importance of code blocks and the
variables used in them.

Chapter 5, Lists, Arrays, and Dictionaries, introduces slightly more complex ideas of
handling, lists, arrays, and dictionaries, which allow you to store many values at once.

Chapter 6, Conditions and Looping, helps you learn how to "ask" Unity to loop through
a section of code and do something useful.

Chapter 7, Objects, a Containers with Variables and Methods, dives into the subjects of
organizing your code and object-oriented programming.

Chapter 8, Let's Make a Game! – From Idea to Development, shows you how to turn an idea
into a ready-to-code project and how to break down complex mechanics into pieces.

[ vii ]
Preface

Chapter 9, Starting Your First Game, helps us transform an idea into a real Unity
project.

Chapter 10, Writing GameManager, gets you acquainted with the basics of the
singleton approach and also helps you work through the gameplay loop.

Chapter 11, The Game Level, helps you learn how to create reusable pieces
of a level and also how to populate them to create the illusion of an endlessly
running game.

Chapter 12, The User Interface, explains how to construct and implement the user
interface in our game.

Chapter 13, Collectables — What Next?, focuses on collectables and storing some data
between Unity sessions.

What you need for this book

You will definitely need a computer—PC, Mac, or any machine that supports Unity
editor installation.

The complete Unity system requirements can be found at this link:

https://unity3d.com/unity/system-requirements

Who this book is for

The book is targeted at beginner-level Unity developers with no prior programming
experience. If you are a Unity developer and wish to create games by learning how
to write C# scripts or code, then this book is for you.

Conventions
In this book, you will find a number of text styles that distinguish between different
kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles and an explanation of
their meaning.

Code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions,
pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles are shown as follows:
"Add the Collectable script to your coin prefab."

[ viii ]
 Preface

A block of code is set as follows:

using UnityEngine;
using System.Collections;

public class LeaveTrigger : MonoBehaviour {

void OnTriggerEnter2D(Collider2D other) {

LevelGenerator.instance.AddPiece();
LevelGenerator.instance.RemoveOldestPiece();
}

New terms and important words are shown in bold. Words that you see on the
screen, for example, in menus or dialog boxes, appear in the text like this: "When you
are ready, click on Play in Unity."

Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this.

Tips and tricks appear like this.

Reader feedback
Feedback from our readers is always welcome. Let us know what you think about
this book—what you liked or disliked. Reader feedback is important for us as it helps
us develop titles that you will really get the most out of.

To send us general feedback, simply e-mail [email protected], and mention

the book's title in the subject of your message.

If there is a topic that you have expertise in and you are interested in either writing
or contributing to a book, see our author guide at www.packtpub.com/authors.

[ ix ]
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
Council. 1822. Letter received from Committee on Correspondence
of Southern Supreme Council by D. D. Tompkins of Northern
Supreme Council. 1825. J. J. J. Gourgas, actineMost
PuissantSovereign GrandCommander. 1826. Northern Supreme
Council received oaths of fealty from Camague, Lawrence, and
others. 1827. Southern Supreme Council acknowledged receipt of
documents from Nortliern Supreme Council. 1827. Southern
Supreme Council recognized States north of Mason and Dixon line
and cast of the Mississippi River ae territory of the Northern
Supreme Council. 1'828. Northern Supreme Council received oath of
fealty from G. P. Yates of Southern Supreme Council. Alliance
between the Grand Orient of France and the Northern and Southern
Supreme Councils. 1830. Cerneau's name struck from the Tableau of
the Grand Orient of France. 1812. Supreme Council, Sovereign
Grand Inspectors Gteneral, 33°, for United States of America, their
Territories and Dependencies, formed two years before hearing from
the Grand Orient of France, from which Cerneau, after 1814, claimed
to have received the thirty-third degree. 1807. New York city. Joseph
Cerneau opened a Sovereign Grand Consistory, P. R. S., 25°, which
claimed to revive a preexisting Rose Croix Chapter, Royal Order
Scotland. 1827. Cerneau body became dormant and was allowed to
die. 1844. Northern Supreme Council revived ; J. J. J. Gourgas, Most
Puissant Sovereign Grand Commander. (Met annually thereafter.)
1832. Revived by A. Laurent of France as United Supreme Council,
etc., for the Western Hemisphere, and confederated with Supreme
Council of Brazil. Elias Hicks, Most Puissant Sovereign Grand
Commander. 1836. Alleged confederation with Supreme Council of
France.
 FREEMASONRY 49 A. A. 8. R— U. S. A. Northern
Jurisdiction. 1845. Northern Supreme Council issued charter for a
Supreme Council for England. SCOTTISH RITE OF HERODEM-U. 8. A.
1860. Gourgas resigned and appointecf Giles Fonda Yates Most
Puissant Sovereign Grand Commander. 1851. G. F. Yates resigned
and appointed E. A. Raymond Most Puissant Sovereign Grand
Commander. The Grand East was removed from New York city to
Boston. 1857. Northern Supreme Council recognized the Supreme
Council of V'enezuela. 1860. Boston. Northern Supreme Council
(owing to dissensions) declared closed sine die by Raymond, August
25Jd. Boston. Raymond (with RobiuMon) rcorgiinizcs a Northern
Siiprcnie Council. 1861. Rjiyinoiid deposed as Sovereign Grand
Coniniander by the Provisional Supreme Conricil. 1862. Van
Rensselaer, Lieutenant Grand Commander, elected Sovereign Grand
Commander, vice Raymond deposed. 1846. United Supreme Council
dissolved ; went otit of existence, and divided funds among four out
of the Ave remaining members. (Genuine Cerneau bodies terminate
here.) 1850. IT. C. Atvvood (an expelled Master Mason, who claimed
to have receiveil thirty-third degree patent from a traveling Scottish
Kite lecturer *) organized a Supreme Council, etc., for the United
States of America, Territories, and Dependencies, without
cooperation of any member of the Hicks body. 1851. Atwood
succeeded by J. L. Cross of Southern Supreme Council, who soon
found himself misplaced and withdrew. 1852. Atwood succeeded
Cross and changed the name to Supreme Council, etc., for the
Sovereign, Free, and Independent State of New York. 1854. Name
again changed to Supreme Council, etc., for the United States of
America, Territories, and Dependencies. 1858. Name changed for the
fifth time, to Supreme Council, etc., for Western Hemisphere. 1860.
E. B. Hays, by appointment of Atwood, succeeds latter at his death.
* William Sewall (Jardner, *}", Massachusetts, in appendix to the
Proceedings of the Northern Jurisdiction, on spurious Supreme
Councils in the Northern Jurisdiction, says that H. C. Atwood (as well
as K. B. Folger) went to Trenton, jjiior to 1840, among a p.'irty, all of
whom paid ten dollars and got the thirty third degree from Abraham
.Jacobs (e.xpt'lled), who had spent nearly forty years peddling
Scottish Hile degrees illegally. They went to Trenton, because Jacobs
had agreed with the Cerneau i>eoi)le for a price not to peddle his
desrrees within sixty miles of New York. Atwood is said to have'-
inherited " Jacobs' trunk of rituals. Here, then, is the probable origin
of the Cerneau Kite of 18f)0-180)i, for Atwood started it as Its
comniaiKler, without an officer of any preceding Cerneau body to
legitimatize him. "Scottish CekneauRite, A. A. S. R. A. A. S. H. Rites"
AMONG "Scottish." Northern Southern Negroes. Masonic .Masonic
Jurisdiction. Jurisfliction. New York. (Without authority.) 1806.
Charleston, S. C. 1801 o « o " ME o 1-1 *:; f5 oO New York.
(Authorized.) 1813. 186.3. o 2 = i Schism. ISfiO. 18«.3. i Rcor^ani-
= zatioii, 3 186*;. = Seymour's Spurious Cerneau Rite, N.Y.City,
1879. Hopkins Thomj)son Bodv, NY'.,i881. Consolidation. 1867.
(created). Neuro "Cekneai'" "Scottish "Scoltisli Rite "Bodies. Rite"
Bodies. (Irregular.) (Unauthorized.) White and Negro Spurious
Bodies, recognized nowhere. Anc. .\ccepted Scottish Rite. Northern
Southern Jurisdictions, U. 8. A. Regular Bodies, universally
recognized.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 20.62%
accurate

1761 1762 1781 1798 1799 1801 1808 1806 1808 Stephek
Mohim, 25°, Inspector for America, Rite 1 of Perfection, Paris, 1761.
Hekbt a. Franceen, 25', Jackmel, Jamaica, 1762. Dep. Inspector (or
North America. M. M. Hays, 25\ Boston, 1767-70, Dep. Ids. for North
America. Aug. Prevost, 25°, Dep. Ins., Jamaica. 1774. P. Le B. Du
Plessis, 25°, Dep. Ins PUlla. 1790. • B. Spftzer, 25', Dep. for Georgia,
Pliila. I 1781. ' M. Cohen, S5°,'Phlla., 1781. Abr. Jacobs, 25°,
Jamaica," 1790. John Mitchell, 25°, Dep. for S. C. Charleston, 1795.
Germain Hacquet, 25° Phila. 1798. Mathieu Du Potet, 25° Port
Republic, 1799. Hym. I. Long, 25°, Phila., 1795. A. F. A. De Grasse
TiUy, 25», Chwleston 1796 Fred'k Dalcho, 33°, S. Q. I. G CharlestoB,
1801. A. F. A. De Grasse Tilly. 33°: S. G. I. G. •"■ ^- ^ ^"
^"^"''^Z'/- ,^- ^2,•, Charleston, 1801. Charleston, 1801. Joseph
Cerneau, 25°, Baracoa, July, 1806. Antolne Bideaud. 33°, S. G. I. G.
Jamaica 1802, n. O. Tardt, ^ J. J. J. GouRGAS, and J. B. Desijoity,
32°. Deo. Insp., , New York 1806. P. Le B. Du Plessis, 38° S. G. I. G.
PhUa. 1 1802. ■ 'Tardv, Gooroab, and Desdoity, NewYork 1807-8. M.
L. M. PeUotto, 82°. N. Y., 1806. 1761 1774 1790 1796 1803 1808
CHART SHOWING THE SUCCESSION OF AUTHORITY AMONG THE
ORIGINAL. CHIEFS OF "SCOTTISH" FREEMASONRY IN THE UNITED
STATES, AND AMONG THE EARLIER POSSESSORS OF THE 33d
DEGREE, ANCIENT ACCEPTED SCOTTISH RITE.
 FREEMASONRY 51 In 1862 there were four Supreme
Councils in the United States — that of the Southern Jurisdiction, at
Charleston, the originator of the rite of thirty-tiiree degrees; the Van
Rensselaer and the Raymond rival bodies, each chiiming to be the
Supreme Council for the Northern Jurisdiction ; and, fourth, the
Cerneau Supreme Council, "for the United States of America, its
Territories and Dependencies." The first three held fraternal relations
with like bodies in England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Belgium, and
in Central and South American countries. An active warfare was in
progress between the Van Rensselaer and Raymond Councils, with
the former apparently the more successful in creating subordinate
bodies and obtaining new members. On April 2, 1862, the Cerneau
body made overtures to the Raymond Supreme Council looking to
union, though some chroniclers (Cerneau members) say the
Raymond people made the advances. In any event, each side
appointed a conference committee, which committees met and
reported in favor of union, whereupon the committees were
continued with full power to act. On April 13, 1863, complete union
was effected under the title by which the Cerneau body had been
known. Supreme Council for the United States of America, etc., with
E. B. Hays, who had been at the head of the Cerneau body, as the
Grand Commander of the union Council. The continuation of the
name Supreme Council for the United States of America, etc., with
Hays at the head of the new Supreme Council, should not be
regarded as an evidence that the Cerneau organization swallowed
the Raymond body. This is plainly shown by all the members of both
the uniting bodies taking an oath of fealty, and all the subordinate
organizations of the Cerneau and of the Raymond Councils
surrendering their old charters to, and taking out new charters from
the new, or united Supreme Council. More than this, it will be
recalled that offices of both the Supreme Councils were then held ad
vitam, and that at the union those oflBces were vacated and refilled,
after which the incumbents were duly installed. No more complete or
perfect action could have been taken to emphasize the fact that the
union Supreme Council of 1863 was a newly formed body. Whether
its members then regarded its authority as based on Cerneau's
assumption of power in 1806, or on De la Motta's action at New York
in 1813, is immaterial. By 1865 the Civil War had ended, and the
rival Supreme Councils at the North — the Van Rensselaer and the
united Cerneau-Raymond bodies — were anxious for recognition
from the mother Supreme Council at Charleston ; if for no other
reason, to secure regularity and exclusive territorial jurisdiction. It
was in this year, too, that Harry J. Seymour was defeated for office
in the Cerneau-Raymond Supreme Council and afterward expelled
for cause. Following this, two committees were appointed, one to
visit the Supreme Council at Charleston, witli a view to securing
recognition, and the other to consider the advisability of changing
the name of the body from "for the United States of America,*' etc.,
to Northern Jurisdiction, for it was realized that no overtures to the
Supreme Council, Southern Jurisdiction, would be received from a
body claiming jurisdiction throughout the country. On October 22,
1865, the latter committee reported in favor of that change in name,
and the rejjort was unanimously adopted. Hopkins Thompson, who,
in 1881, led a revolt over this very point, was present. That the
action was taken in order to secure recognition from the Southern
Supreme Council, and thus pave the way to self-preservation, is
shown by the united Supreme Council at its next session receiving
and welcoming a visitor from the Southern Supreme Council. Late in
the same year the committee to visit the Cluirleston Supreme
Council reported that the latter declined to recognize Hays, who
represented an illegal (the Cer 
 52 FREEMASONRY iieau) boch', and that it did not regard
the union of 18G3 as legal, because Eaymond (who had died in
18G4) had been illegally deposed as the Sovereign Grand
Commander of the only legal Northern Supreme Council (by the Van
Eensselaer body in 1861), and that Kobinson alone (Lieutenant
Grand Commander of the old Raymond body), now Lieutenant Grand
Commander of the united Cerneau-Raymond body, could succeed
Raymond. Hays thereupon resigned his office, and was succeeded
by Robinson in the presence of a majority of all the officers and
members of the Supreme Council. But this was not to suffice. The
Van Rensselaer schism was in existence and prosperous, numbering
among its officers several former ad vitam officials of the Raymond
Supreme Council of 1860, the only Supreme Council the Southern
body could recognize. Complete union was therefore necessary, and
to accomplish it, reorganization of the CerneauRaymond body was
necessary. Robinson, therefore, as successor of Raj^mond, called a
special meeting of the old Raymond Council at Boston, December
11, 1860. ]\rostof the officers of the latter were members of the Van
Rensselaer Council, and naturally declined to be present, where
ajDon Robinson, in strict accord with his prerogative, filled the
vacancies from among the twelve active and ten honorary members
of the united Cerneau-Raymond Supreme Council who were present.
Men of whom the Avorld at large has never heard, to whom self
rather than fraternity has been a creed, who have hankered for
Masonic office and the opportunity to peddle degrees and titles
rather than for the union and prosperity of the Craft, have held that
this action of Robinson at Boston amounted merely to the dissolution
of the Cerneau-Raymond Council. As a matter of fact, it was not only
a dissolution of it, but a reorganization of the Cerneau-Raymond
body in order to make the latter regular under the statutes and
regulations, the recognition of honesty in fraternity politics as
opposed to assumption and deception. The reorganized
CerneauRaymond Council thus honestly acquired what it had
unanimously resolved to secure the year before, the title "Northern
Jurisdiction," in place of "United States of America, its Territories and
Dependencies," That the action at Boston in 1866 was not regarded
by those present as a coiqj, in order to merely revive the old
Northern,- or Raymond, Supreme Council and swallow the Cerneau-
Raymond Council, is shown by the fact that all the officers of the
latter were reelected, and that no oaths of fealty were required.
Overtures were then made looking to a union with the Van
Rensselaer Supreme Council. Committees to consider the project
were appointed by each body, which met at Boston in 1867, just
prior to the annual session of the Van Rensselaer Supreme Council.
After prolonged conference, during which it seemed at times as if
the outcome could only be failure, a treaty of union was agreed to,
which Avas ratified by both Supreme Councils and approved by all
the honorary members. After rescinding acts of expulsion based on
former differences, the two Supreme Councils ratified each other's
acts, and Josiah H. Drummond of Maine was elected Most Puissant
Sovereign Grand Commander of the (consolidated) Supreme Council,
Northern Jurisdiction, by concurrent vote of the two bodies, which
came together as one. The oath of fealty was then taken to the
consolidated Supreme Council by eighty members present. The
career of this Sujireme Council ever since has been one of harmony
and prosperity, and it is to-day the largest body of the kind in the
world, numbering more than 25,000 thirtysecond degree members,
about one-fifth of the total number of Scottish Rite Freemasons in
the world. Among Sovereign Princes of the Royal Secret, 32°, and
Sovereign Grand Inspectors General, 33°, of the Northern and
Southern Jurisdictions, United States of Abierica, are to be found
many of the most illustrious of those who re2)resent the professions,
the army and navy, and financial.
 FREEMASONRY 53 commercial, and industrial life. The two
Supreme Councils who now divide between them the United States
of America, its territories and dependencies, hold amicable relations
with Supreme Councils of the A. A. S. R. for England, Scotland,
Ireland, France, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece,. Switzerland,
Brazil, Argentine Republic, Uruguay, Peru, United States of Colombia,
Chili, Central America, Cuba, Mexico, the Dominion of Canada,
Egypt, and Tunis. The degrees of the Ancient, Accepted Scottish
Eite, from the fourth to the thirtysecond, inclusive, are conferred in
the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction, United States of America, in four
bodies, and make of the Master Mason a Sublime Prince of the Royal
Secret. Grand Lodges of Perfection, not Grand Lodges in the ordinary
sense of the words, induct candidates into the mysteries of eleven
ineffable degrees, fourth to fourteenth, inclusive, of which the first
nine are additions to and explanations and elaborations of the
second section of the Master's degree, so familiar to all Freemasons.
The names of the thirty-three degrees of Scottish Rite Freemasonry
are given in full in an accompanying chart of the English, Scottish,
and American Rites. The thirteenth and fourteenth degrees of the
Scottish Rite, forming the summit of work jierformed in Grand
Lodges of Perfection, correspond to, but are in no sense identical
with, the English Royal Arch degree as worked in Royal Arch
Chapters in the American Rite. They are founded historically on the
royal arch of Enoch instead of tiie royal arch of Zerubbabel, which
forms the basis of the English royal arch degree. Many among those
competent to judge favor the theory elsewhere outlined, tliat the
English royal arch of Zerubbabel was an outgrowth of the earlier,
continental royal arch of Enoch of about 1740, and that Laurence
Dermott had as much to do with the changes made as he had with
the introduction of this amplification of the old Master's degree
among British Freemasons. The Grand Elect, Perfect, and Sublime
Mason, fourteenth degree, is eligible to receive the historical
degrees, Knight of the East and Sword, and Prince of Jerusalem, tlie
fifteenth and sixteenth, respectively, of the system. These relate to
the rebuilding of the second holy Temple at Jerusalem under the
authority of King Cyrus and Darius his successor. From them the
modern framers of the ritual of the degree of Companion of the Red
Cross, conferred in Commanderies of Knights Templars, have
borrowed freely. The philosophical degrees of the Scottish Rite,
Knight of the East and West, and Knight of the Eagle and Pelican, or
Rose Croix, the seventeenth and eighteenth, are conferred in
Chapters of Rose Croix and " relate to the building of the third
Temple, 'one not made with hands,' within the heart of man." In the
Rose Croix degree, Scottish Rite Freemasonry reaches its summit as
a teacher of the sublime truths of Christianity, and it is from this
degree, as well as others of the Rite, that the American Templar
ritual draws some of its more impressive ceremonials. The degrees
from the nineteenth to the thirty-second, inclusive, historical and
philosophical, are conferred under the sanction of a Consistory or
Areopagus of Knights of Kadosch. The thirty-third and last degree of
Ancient, Accepted Scottish Masonry is conferred upon thirty-second
degree Freemasons who have rendered long or distinguished service
to the Craft. It is executive in its function, recipients being members
of the Supreme Council, or governing body, of the Rite. In the
Southern Jurisdiction in the L^nited States there is an intermediate
grade between the thirty-second and thirty-third degrees, known as
the Court of Honor, composed of (a) Masters of the Royal Secret,
and (b) Inspectors General (thirty-third degree), active, emeriti, and
honorary. There is also the rank of Knight of the Court of Honor,
consisting of two grades, Knight Commander and Grand Cro^?s of
 54 FREEMASONRY Honor. Sovereign Grand Inspectors
General, by which title members of Supreme Councils of the Kite are
known throughout the world, are classed, practically, as active,
emeriti, and honorary. Only those in the first class are permitted to
be present at executive sessions of Supreme Councils, and ''actives''
alone create thirty-third degree members. The total number of active
thirtythird degree members is very small, probably not exceeding
one hundred in North America, and not exceeding three hundred in
all countries. There are fewer than fifty in the Northern Jurisdiction
in the United States — north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi
Rivers — and still fewer in the remaining States. The list of emeriti
Sovereign Grand Inspectors General is very short, and, as the title
implies, includes the few " actives " who have retired from the labors
of the governing body full of honors and advancing years. The
custom of creating honorary Sovereign Grand Inspectors- General is
one which has grown up within a generation, as a means of
advancing and rewarding enthusiastic and active Sublime Princes of
the Royal Secret one step nearer the goal which, of course, all may
not reach. There are nearly six hundred names of honorary "thirty-
thirds" in the Nortlieru and nearly four hundred in the Southern
Jurisdiction of the United States. A full list of the names and places
of residence of active and honorary Sovereign Grand Inspectors
General, 33°, in the United States, January 1, 1898, may be found in
an accompanying Masonic Directory. Official position in a Supreme
Council was formerly for life, and in nearly all, except the Northern
Jurisdiction, where the term is three years, it continues so. But even
in the Supreme Council of the Northern Jurisdiction fitness for the
position insures continued reelection at every triennial meeting, so
that where nothing transpires to make a change desirable, the kingly
prerogative of life tenure in office is still in force. It remains to be
related that there are two spurious Supreme Councils "A. A. S. R." in
the United States, one of which is founded on fraud and the other
on misrepresentation and personal pique. Neither numbers many
adherents, and each is only nominally or locally active. Both claim
the name, authority of, and regular descent from Cerneau, and the
founders of both know that their claims are without foundation. The
older calls itself "the Supreme Council of the thirty-third and last
degree of A. A. S. R. Masonry, organized by T. I. Joseph Cerneau, M.
P. S. G. C, October 27, 1807, for the U. S. A., its Territories and
Dependencies." Its real founder was Harry J. Seymour, who was
expelled from the Cerneau-Raymond Council in 1865, for reasons
which should have caused his name to be struck from the list of
acquaintances of every self-respecting Master Mason. Seymour was
once well-to-do, but afterward felt compelled to follow in the
footsteps of Abraham Jacobs, whose name is on the chart of filiated
powers accompanying this sketch.* Jacobs was a notorious peddler
of degrees, who was expelled for illegal assumption of Masonic
authority. Seymour was initiated into the Rite of Memphis in Paris in
1862, and after being expelled from the Scottish Rite in the United
States in 1865, started out for himself by organizing alleged Scottish
Rite bodies in New York city, into which well-meaning Master Masons
were inducted, at so much apiece, by himself as hierophant and
purveyor of regalia and paraphernalia at cent-per-cent prices. Some
who were duped by him, who have since joined regular Scottish Rite
bodies, vouch for this statement, and for the fact that at one time he
used a condensation of the Rite of Memphis as his "Cerneau Rite."
In 1879 he organized a Supreme Council, claiming to have been
constituted the head of the Cerneau Rite by Hays, who died in 1874
member of the consolidated Northern Su* See footnote to
chronological events in the career of the Southern, Northern, and
Cerneau Supreme Councils.
 FREEMASONRY 55 preme Council. So transparent a fraud
would seem to have been apparent to an)^ sane man over twenty-
one years of age. Cagliostro found his victims, Jacobs his, and
Seymour evidently had several of his own. The descent is precipitant
but manifest. Enough material in the way of new members has been
secured by Peckham, Gorgas, Hibbs, and other successors of
Seymour to enable them to go through the motions of maintaining
so-called Consistories in New York city and Jersey City, and, in
former years, at a few other cities, and to report having held annual
sessions of a Supreme Council. The only regret is that a few hundred
innocent and honest Master Masons have been taken advantage of
and induced to part with their money and interest— for nothing. This
Seymour-Cerneau organization is repudiated by Supreme Councils
throughout the world, and its adherents must place themselves in
the category with those who find themselves deceived becaiise they
failed to examine before buying. A large precentage of the Grand
Masters of Grand Lodges, Grand High Priests of Grand Chapters,
Very Eminent Commanders of Grand Coramanderies of Knights
Templars, their asoociate officers, past and present, and thousands
of other members of the Craft throughout the United States are
members of Scottish Rite bodies holding obedience to the legitimate
Supreme Councils, the Northern and Southern Jurisdictions. The
uninformed Master Mason has only to inquire to learn. Not until 1881
was the second existing spurious Supreme Council "A. A. S. R. "
formed, fourteen years after the union of 18f)T. It was organized at
New York by Hopkins Thompson (an emeritus thirtythird of the
Northern Supreme Council, who was not ji resent at Boston when
Robinson reorganized the Cerneau-Raymond Council, but who was
present at and swore fealty to the consolidated Council in 1867). He
was aided by a few honorary thirtythird, and one thirty-second
degree member on whom the consolidated Northern Supreme
Council had refused to confer the thirty-third degree, eleven in all.
When the full proceedings of the action of the Cerneau-Raymond
Council leading up to the consolidation of 1807 were published in
1881, all of which had been known at the time, these men claimed
to have just discovered that when Robinson dissolved the Cerneau-
Raymond Council at Boston in 18G6, and reorganized it under the
name Northern Jurisdiction, that they were thereby absolved from
their oaths of fealty to the union Council of 1863. They, therefore,
with Hopkins Thompson as the alleged successor of Cerneau, et ah,
claimed to revive the old Cerneau body, that which united with the
Raymond Supreme Council in 1863. Their oaths of fealty to the
consolidated Supreme Council of 1867 Avere repudiated because, as
alleged, they were obtained by keeping them in ignorance of all the
facts. Their antagonism to the Seymour organization is bitter.
Naturally the Thompson party repiidiates the Southern as well as the
Northern Supreme Councils, and continues an existence on jiaper,
isolated from all other Supreme Councils in the Avorld. Its total
active membership does not number more than a few hundred.
Many who have joined it have discovered they were deceived and
have retired. Its centres of activity are at New York city, Columbus,
0., Washington, D. C, and ]\Iiuneapolis, Minn. In Massachusetts,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, and Nebraska, Master Masons render
themselves liable to suspension by joining Cerneau Scottish Rite
bodies, and the Grand Lodge in Ohio has been sustained by the
courts in its position on this point. MASONIC DIRECTOllY. Secretaries
of Sovereign Grand Lodges of Free and Accepted Masons in the
Uiiited States. Alabama H. C. Armstrong. .Montgomery. Arizona G. J.
Roskruge . . .Tucson. Arkansas F. II. Hempstead .Little Rock.
California G. Johnson Sau Francisco.
 56 FREEMASONRY Colorado (Connecticut Delaware District
of Golum. Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Indian Territory.
Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts . . .
Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada
New Hampshire . New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina .
. North Dakota . . . Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania. . . . Rhode
Island. . . . South Carolina . . South Dakota. . . . Tennessee Texas
Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia . . . Wisconsin
Wyoming Ed, C. Parraalee. John II. Barlow.. B. F. Bartram . . . W. R.
Singleton . W. P. Webster . . A. M. Wolihin. . . Theop.W. Randall J. H.
C. Dill W. H. Smythe. . . . J. S. Murrow T. S. Parvin Albert K. Wilson. .
H. B. Grant R. Lambert Stephen Berry . . . . J. H. Medairy . . . . S. D.
Nickerson . . . J. S. Conover T. Montgomery . . . J. L. Power J. D.
Vincil Cornelius Hedges . W. R. Bowen C. N. Noteware. . . G. P.
Cleaves.... T. H. R. Redway A. A. Keen E. M. L. Ehlers. . John C.
Drewry... . F. J. Thompson . . J. H. Bromwell. . . J. S. Hunt James F.
Robinson William A. Sinn . E. Baker C. Inglesby G. A. Pettigrew. .
John B. Garrett. . John Watson .... C. Diehl W. G. Reynolds.. G. W.
Carrington T. M. Reed G. W. Atkinson.. J. W. Laflin W. L. Kuykendall
Denver. Hartford. • Wilmington. Washington. Jacksonville. .Macon.
.Boise City. Bloomington. Indianapolis. Atoka. Cedar Rapids. Topeka.
Louisville. New Orleans. Portland. Baltimore. Boston. Coldwater. St.
Paul. Jackson. St. Louis. Helena. Omaha. Carson City. Concord.
Trenton. .Albuquerque. New York. .Raleigh. Fargo. Cincinnati.
Stillwater. .Eugene City. Philadelphia. Providence. Charleston.
Flandreau. Nashville. Houston. Salt Lake City. Burlington. Richmond.
Olympia. Wheeling. Milwaukee. Saratoga. General Grand Chapter,
Royal Arch Masons, U. S. A., General Grand Secretary, Christopher G.
Fox, Buffalo, N. Y. General Grand Council of Royal and Select
Masters, U. S. A., General Grand Recorder, Henry W. Mordhurst, Fort
Wayne, Ind. • General Encampment of Knights Templars, U. S. A.,
Grand Recorder, Wm. H. Mayo, St. Louis, Mo. Ancient, Accepted
Scottish Rite. Supreme Council, Sovereign Grand Inspectors General,
33°, Southern Jurisdiction (south of Mason and Dixon line and west
of the Mississippi River), U. S. A. Thomas H. Caswell, 33°, Most
Puissant Sovereign Grand Commander, San Francisco, Cal. Frederick
Webber, Illustrious Grand Secretary General, 33°, No. 433 North 3d
Street, Washington, D. C. The complete list of active thirty-third
degree members of the Supreme Council, Sovereign Grand
Inspectors General, Southern Jurisdiction, 1897, is as follows :
Adams, Samuel E Minneapolis, Minn. Carr, Erasmus T Miles City,
Mont. Caswell, Thomas H San Francisco, Cal. Chamberlain, Austin B
Galveston, Tex. Collins, Martin St. Louis, Mo. Cortland, J. Wakefield
Asheville, N. C. Fellows, John Q. A New Orleans, La. Fitzgerald,
Adolphus L Eureka, Nev. Fleming, Rufus E Fargo, N. D. Foote, Frank
M Evanston, Wyo. Hayden, James R Seattle, Wash. Henry, James A
Little Rock, Ark. Levin, Nathaniel Charleston, S. C. Long, Odel S
Charleston, W. Va. McLean, William A Jacksonville, Fla. Mayer, John F
Richmond, Va. Meredith, Gilmor Baltimore, Md. Moore, George F
Montgomery, Ala. Nun, Richard J : Savannah, Ga. Parvin, Theodore S
.Cedar Rapids, la. Pierce, William F Oakland, Cal. Pratt, Irving W
Portland, Ore. Richardson, James D Murfreesboro, Tenn. Sherman,
Buren R Vinton, la. Teller, Henry M Central City, Colo. Todd, Samuel
M New Orleans, La. Webber, Frederick Washington, D. C. The
following is a complete list of honorary thirty-third degree members
of the Supreme Council, A. A. S. R., Southern Jurisdiction of the
United States, for 1897 : Alabama. Billing, Fay McC Montgomery.
Arkansas. Kramer, Frederick Little Rock. Rosenbaum, Charles E Little
Rock. Rickon, Frederick J. H Little Rock. Arizona. Freeman, Merrill P
Tucson. Kales, Martin W Phoenix. Roskruge, George J Tucson.
 FREEMASONRY 57 California. Hobe, George J San
Francisco. Goodman, 'J'heodore II San Francisco. Sherman, Edwin A
Oakland. Spaulding, Nathan W Oakland. Daugherty, Charles M
Oakland. Buck, Silas M Eureka. Stone, Charles E Marysville. Merritt,
James B Oakland. Gillctt, Charles E Oakland. Petrie, Williain M
Sacramento. Davies. William A San Francisco. Waterhouse,
Columbus San Francisco. De Clairmont, Ralph San Francisco.
Rosenstock, Samuel W San Francisco. Lloyd, Reuben H San
Francisco. Levy, Samuel W San Francisco. Patterson, George
Oakland. Crocker, Charles F San Francisco. Daniell, William H
Northampton, Mass. Cline, Henry A San F'rancisco. Rader, Frank Los
Angeles. Lee, James G. C San Francisco. Fletcher, LeRoy D Oakland.
Pallon, Charles L San Francisco. Pierce, Charles L. J. W Oakland.
Davis, Jacob Z San Francisco. Wagner, Charles W. A. San Francisco.
Lask, Harry J San Francisco. Jones, Florin L Pasadena. Langdon,
Frederick S Los Angeles. Colorado. Greenleaf, Lawrence N Denver.
Parmalce. Edward C Denver. Pomeroy, Richard A New Iberia, La.
Orahood, Harper M Denver. Gove, Aaron Denver. Hill, Frank B
Denver. District of Columbia. Ingle, Christopher Washington. Brown,
Joseph T New Roehelle, N. Y. Bennett, Clement W Washington.
Singleton. William R Washington. ^lacGrotty, Edwin B Washington.
Schmid, John E. C Wa.shington. Somerville, Thomas Washington.
Roome, William Oscar Washington. Taylor, Joseph C Washington.
Roose, William S Washington. Loockerman, Thomas G Georgetown.
Lansburgh. James Washington. Duiicanson, Charles C Washington.
Taylor, Leroy M Washington. Balloch, George W Washington. No yes,
Isaac P Washington. Baldwin, Aaron Washington. Woodman, Francis
J Washington. Goldsmith, Louis Washnigton. Naylor, Allison, Jr
Washington. Ball, Robert Washington. Willis, Edward M Washington.
Florida. Perry, Robert J Key West. Georgia. Blackshear, James E
Savannah. Wolihin, Andrew M Macon. Stockdell, Ileniy C Atlanta.
Cavanaugh, John H Savannah. Hawaiian Islands. Williams, Henry II
Honolulu. West, Gideon Lidian Territory. Hill. Robert W Muscogee.
Iowa. Ashton, George W Lyons. Cotton, Aylett R San Francisco, Cal.
Parker, George W Lyons. Morton, James Cedar Rapids. Van Deventer,
James T Knoxville, Tenn. Lamb, Artemus Clinton. Bever, George W
Cedar Rapids. Ellis, Lyman A Lyons. Fidlar, Wilbur F Davenport.
Curtis, Charles F Clinton. Woodward, Benjamin S Clinton. Blakely,
Frederick L Lyons. Gardiner, Silas Wright Lyons. Wadleigh, Leroy B
.Clinton. Watson, William P Vinton. Macy, John C Des Moines.
Percival, Frederick A Des Moines. Park, William A Des Moines. Head,
Albert Des Moines. Gage, Elbridge F Cedar Rapids. Ray, Frank G
Vinton. Parvin, Newton R Cedar Rapids. Lacey, Thomas B Council
Bluffs. Japan. Langfelt, August Yokohama. Keil, Oscar Yokohama.
Kansas. Sherman, Adrian C Rossville. Freeling, Peter J Leavenworth.
Miller, Matthew M Topcka. Carpenter, John C Leavenworth. Langdon,
Burton E Louisville, Ky. Emmons, Alonzo C Leavenworth. Davis. Evan
Lawrence.
 58 FREEMASONRY Kansas. — Continued. Cole, Jeremiah S
Freeport, 111. Smith, Jeremiah G Wichita. Cunningham, Harper S
Oklahoma, Okl. Seilz, John G. 0 Salina. Liepman, Joseph H Fort
Scott. McDermott, Fcnton L Fort Scott. Jones, Charles M Wichita.
Goldberg, Edward Wichita. Loomis, Henry C Winfield. Norton,
Jonathan D Topeka. Passon, David Lawrence. Hass, James H Topeka.
Kentucky. ■Gray, Henry W Louisville. Freeman, Ambrose W St. Louis,
Mo. Reinecke, William Louisville. Hall, Edwin G West Side, Cal. Ryan,
William Louisville. Sloss, Levi Louisville. Smith, Kilbourn W Louisville.
Vogt, Charles C Louisville. Fisk, Charles H Covington. Miller, Robert T
Covington. Dudley, Thomas U Louisville. Johnson, Frank H Louisville.
Thomas, Warren La Rue. . . .Maysville. Livezey, Thomas E Covington.
Wilson, David H Louisville. Johnson, William R Louisville. Kopmeier,
George Louisville. Staton, James W Brooksville. Pruett, John W
Frankfort. Witt, Bernard G Henderson. Ranshaw, Henry Covington.
Robinson, Eugene A Maysville. Louisiana. Craig, Emmett DeW New
Orleans. Isaacson, Alfred H New Orleans. Brice, Albert G New
Orleans. Soule, George New Orleans. Hero, Andrew, Jr New Orleans.
Kells, Charles Edmund Norwood. Abel J Quayle, Mark New Orleans.
Buck, Charles F New Orleans. Lambert, Richard New Orleans.
Schneiden. Paul M New Orleans. Pinckard, George J New Orleans.
Collins, William J New Orleans. Coulter, Henry W New Orleans.
Pratts, Jose Alaban y New Orleans. Maryland. Jenkins, Benjamin W
..... . .Baltimore. Cisco, Charles T Baltimore. Wiesenfeld, David
Baltimore. Shryock, Thomas J Baltimore. Larrabee, Henry C
Baltimore. 3Iinnesota. Hayden, Francis A Chicago, 111. Nash,
Charles W St. Paul. Hotchkiss, Edward A Minneapolis. Williams,
James M Minneapolis. Whitman, Ozias Red Wing. Merrill, Giles W St.
Paul. Thompson, Joseph H Minneapolis. Ferry, John C St. Paul.
Metcalf, George R St. Paul. Wright, William H. S St. Paul. Hugo,
Trevanion W Duluth. Schlener, John A Minneapolis. Jewett, William P
St. Paul. Levering, Anthony Z Minneapolis. Metcalf, Oscar M St. Paul.
Powell, Milton E Redwood Falls. Dobbin, Joseph L Minneapolis.
Randall, John H Minneapolis. Higbee, Albert E Minneapolis.
Kilvington, Samuel S Minneapolis. Richardson, William E Duluth.
3Iisso%iri. Loker, William N St. Louis. Garrett, Thomas E St. Louis.
Thacher, Stejjhen D Kansas City. Parsons, John R St. Louis. Morrow,
Thomas R Kansas City. Altheimer, Benjamin St. Louis. Stowe, James
G Kansas City. Harvey, William Kansas City. Stewart, Alphonse C St.
Louis. Mayo, William H St. Louis. Nelson, Benjamin F St. Louis.
Mississipjii. Speed, Frederic Vicksburg. Montana. Hedges, Cornelius
Helena. Major, John C Helena. Guthrie, Henry H Helena. Frank,
Henry L Butte. Fowler, William C Genesee, Ida. Hitman, Cyrus W
Livingston. Lashorn, Millard H Livingston. Nebraska. Furnas, Robert
W Brownsville. Betts, George C New Jersey. Deuel, Harry P Omaha.
Monell, John J., Jr Omaha. Fulleys, James A Red Cloud. Oaklev.
Roland H Lincoln.
 FREEMASONRY 59 Nebraska. — Continued. Rawalt,
Benjamin F Dubois, Colo. Young, Frank II. 0 Broken Bow. Duke,
Elbert T Omaha. Warren, Edwin F Nebraska City. Cleburne, William
Omaha. Sewell, Thomas Lincoln. Huntington, Charles S Omaha.
Webster, Edward C Hastings. Akin, Henry C Omaha. France, George
B Mercer, John J Omaha. Sudborough, Thomas K Omaha. Kenyon,
William J. C Omaha. Anderson, Leverett M Omaha. Wheeler, Daniel
H Omaha. Korty, Lewis H Omaha. Newell, Henry Omaha. Hall, Frank
M Lincoln. Keene, Louis McL Freemont. Nevada. Laughton, Charles E
Carson City. Buttlar, Charles J. R Oakland, Cal. Harmon, Fletcher H
Eureka. Hall. David H Eureka. Torre, Giovanni Eureka. North Dakota.
Burke, Andrew H Duluth, Minn. Paxton, Thomas C Minneapolis,
Minn. Thompson, Frank J Fargo. Twamley, James Grand Forks.
Darrow, Edward McL Fargo. Plumley, Horatio C Fargo. Kneisley,
Charles C Davenport, la. Schwellenbach, Ernest J Jamestown. Guptil,
Albert B Fargo. Knowlton, Roswell W Fargo. Nash, Francis B Fargo.
Scott, William A Fargo. Oregon. Dolph, Joseph N Portland. Foster,
John R Portland. Shurtliff, Ferdinand N Portland. Pope, Seth L
Portland. Roberts, Andrew Portland. Malcolm, Philip S Portland.
Whitehouse, Benjamin G. .. .Portland. Withington, George E
Portland. Clark, Louis G Portland. Tuthill, David S Portland. Mayer,
Jacob Portland. Chance, George H. Portland. Hoyt, Henry L Portland.
cook, James W Portland. South Dakota. Blatt, William Yankton.
Huntington, Eugene Webster. Cummingg, Daniel E Dead wood.
Leroy, Lewis G Webster. Maloney, Richard M Deadwood. South
Carolina. Buist, John S Charleston. Ficken, John F Charleston.
Mordecai, Thomas M Charleston. Buist, Samuel S Charleston. Pankin,
Charles F Charleston. Tennessee. Eastman, Charles H Nashville.
Plumacher, Eugene H Maracaibo, Venez'la. Wright, Pitkin C Memphis.
Sears, John McK Memphis. Weller, John J Memphis. Texas. Gunner,
Rudolph Dallas. Openheimer, Louis M Austin. Morst, Charles S
Corsicana. Ashby, Joseph K Fort Worth. Martin, Sidney Fort Worth.
Hotchkiss, Charles A Dallas. Hamilton, Benjamin 0 Galveston.
Gelbough, Frederick M Galveston. Hunter, Craig Temple. United
States Army. Head, John F Washington, D. C. Bailey, Elisha I San
Francisco, Cal. Wood, Marshall W Boise Barracks, Ida. Hall, Robert
11 Dudley, Edgar S. Columbus, 0. Woodruff, Carle A Fort Warren,
Mass. Page, Charles Baltimore, Md. Lee, James G. C San Francisco,
Cal. Rockefeller, Charles M. Alliance, O. Sanno, James M. J Ft.
Snelling, Minn. McConihe, Samuel Ft. Leavenw'th.Kan. Virginia.
Olney, Uervey A Tilbury, Can. Craighill, Edward A Lynchburg.
Greenwood, Frederick Norfolk. Turner, Daniel J., Jr Portsmouth.
Nesbitt, Charles A Richmond. Ryan, William Riciiniond. Carmichael,
Hartley Riclimond. Williams, Richard P Montgomery, Ala.
Washirigton. O'Brien, Rossell G Olympia. Reed. Thomas M Olympia.
Zeigler, Louis Spokane.
 60 FREEMASONRY Washington. — Continued. Rundle,
Nathan B Spokane. Gowey, John F Olympia, Thompson, Walter J.
Tacoma. Hare, Edward R Tacouia. Snodgrass, Furman E Spokane.
West Virginia. Walker, Kephart D Fairmount. Applegate, William J
Wellsburg. ^Morris, John W Wheeling. Parrah, Thomas M Wheeling.
Birch, John M Wheeling. McCahon, James Wheeling. Wyoming.
Knight, Jesse .Evanston. Dickinson, Edward Laramie. Supreme
Council, Sovereign Grand Inspectors General, 33°, Northern
Jurisdiction (north of Mason and Dixon line and east of the
Mississippi River): Henry L. Palmer, 33°, Most Puissant Sovereign
Grand Commander, Milwaukee, Wis. Clinton F. Paige, 33°, Illustrious
Grand Secretary General, Stewart Building, New York. The list of
active thirty-third degree members of the Supi'eme Council,
Northern Jui'isdietion, is as follows: Arnold, Newton D Providence, R.
I. Babcock, Brenton D Cleveland, 0. Balding, Thomas E Milwaukee,
Wis. Barnard, Gilbert W Chicago, 111. Bentley, George W Brooklyn
N. Y. Buchanan, James I Pittsburgh, Pa. (Deputy.) Burnham, Edward
P Saco, Me. Caven, John Indianapolis, Ind. Carson, Enoch T
Cincinnati, 0. (Deputy.) Carter, Charles W Norwich, Conn. (Deputy.)
Codding, James H Towanda, Penn. Cottrill, Charles M Milwaukee,
Wis. (Deputy.) Currier, George W Nashua, N. H. (Deputy.) Daine,
Charles C Newburyport, Mass. Drummond, JosiahH. . . .Portland, Me.
Frazee, Andrew B Camden, N. J. Guthrie, George W Pittsburg, Pa.
Hawley, James H. . . . . .Dixon. 111. Higby, William R Bridgeport,
Conn. Highly, Francis M Philadelphia, Penn. Homan, William New
York City, N. Y. Hutchinson, Charles C. ..Lowell, Mass. Ide, Charles E
Syracuse, N. Y. (Deputy.) Kenyon, George H Providence,R.I.
(Deputy.) King, INIarquis F Portland, Me. (Deputy.) Kinsman, David N
Columbus, 0. Lawrence, Samuel C Boston, Mass. McCurdy, Hugh
Corunna, Mich. (Deputy.) Metcalf, A. T Kalamazoo, j\Iich. Paige,
Clinton F Bingham ton, N. Y. Palmer, Henry L Milwaukee, Wis.
Patterson, Robert E Philadelphia, Pa. Perkins, Marsh 0 Windsor, Vt.
(Deputy.) Pettibone, Amos Chicago, 111. Quinby, Henry B Lakeport,
N. H. Ruckle, Nicholas R Indianapolis, Ind. Shirrefs, Robert A
Elizabeth, N. J. ^Deputy.) Siekels, Daniel Brooklyn, N. Y. Smith,
Barton Toledo, 0. Smith, John Corson Chicago, 111. (Deputy.) Smith,
Joseph W Indianapolis, Ind. Stettinius, John L Cincinnati, 0. Stevens,
Walter A Chicago, 111. Tracy, David B Detroit, Mich. Tyler, George 0
Burlington, Vt. Ward, J. H. Hobart Brooklyn, N. Y. Wells, Samuel
Boston, Mass. Woodbury, Charles Levi.. Boston, Mass. (Deceased.)
The following is a complete list of honorary thirty-third degree
members, Sovereign Grand Inspectors General of the Supreme
Council A. A. S. R., Northern Jurisdiction of the United States, for
1898 : 3Iaine. Locke, Joseph A Portland. Waite, Almon C Portland.
Hinkley, Ruf us H Portland. Marston, Arlington B Bangor. Berry,
Stephen Portland. Russell, John S Portland. Chase, Albro E Portland.
Shaw, George R Portland. Bearce, Samuel F Portland. Mallet,
Edmund B., Jr Preeport. Farnham, Augustus B Bangor. Penley, Albert
M Auburn. Burnham, William J Lewiston. Merrill, Jonathan A
Portland. Hastings, Moses M Bangor. Mason, Wm. Castein Bangor.
Harris, Herbert East Machias Day, Fessenden I Lewiston. Heath,
Elbridge G Auburn. Hicks, Millard F Portland. Raymond, George E
Portland. Burr, Thomas W Bangor. Treby, Johnson Augusta. New
Hampshire. Atherton, Henry B Nashua. Fellows, Joseph W
Manchester. Cleaves, George P Concord. Webster, John F Concord.
Shattuck, Joseph Nashua. Webster, Charles H Nashua.
 FREEMASONRY 61 New Hampshire, — Contitmed.
Danforth, Charles C Concord. Smith, Henry B Nashua. Sanders,
Frank L Concord. Hunt, Nathan P Manchester. Hatch, John
Greenland. Kent, Henry 0 Lancaster. Hatch, Oscar C Littleton. Clark,
John H Nashua. Towle, Charles N Concord. Hayes, Charles C
Manchester. Marsh, Henry A Nashua. Fletcher, Thomas M Alder
Brook. Wait, Albert S Newport. Vermont. Underwood, Levi
Burlington. Paine, Milton K Windsor. Heaton, Charles H Montpelier.
Johnson, IMiron W Burlington. Hill, Howard F Concord, N. H. Fisher,
Frederick S Deposit, N. Y. Nichols, Albro F St. Johnsbury. Reynolds,
Warren G Burlington. Kinsley, George H Burlington. Jackson, J. Henry
Barre. Cummings, Silas W St. Albans. Nichols, Sayles Burlington. Hall
Alfred A St. Albans. Wing, George W Montpelier. Whitcomb, Charles
W Cavendish. Wright, Robert J Newport. Nicholson, Daniel N
Burlington. Calderwood, Charles A St. Johnsbury, Thompson, Jesse E
Rutland. Whipple, John H Manchester. Taf t, Elihu B Burlington.
Babbitt, George H Bellows Falls. Webster, Daniel P Brattleboro.
Massachusetts. Hathaway, Nicholas Fall River. Lawrence, Daniel W
Medford. Marshall, Wyzeman Boston. Kelsey, Albert H . . .North
Cambridge. P'reeland, James H Boston. Hall, John K Boston. Smith,
William A Worcester. Richardson, William A Washington, D. C. Fo.x,
James A Boston. Everett, Percival L Boston. Niekerson, Sereno D
Boston. ^Nfullikcn, Henry Boston. Carpenter, George 0 Boston.
Gould, Benjamin A Cambridge. Endicott, Henry Cambridgeport.
Chessman, William H Boston. Guild, William H Boston. Perkins,
Henry P Lowell. Welch, Charles A Boston. Weld, Otis E Boston. Alger,
William R Boston. Walbridge, Frederick G Boston. Wright, Edwin
Boston. Waterman, Thomas Boston. Smith, Albert C Boston.
Spellman, Charles C Springfield. Spooner, Samuel B Springfield.
Stevens, William J Kingston, N. H. Carpenter, George S Boston.
Doolittle, Erastus H Boston. Young, E. Bentley Boston. Seward,
Josiah L Lowell. Lakin, John II Boston. Buckingham, George B
Worcester. Rowell, Benjamin W Boston. Savage, Mi not J Boston.
Work, Joseph W Boston. Richardson, Albert L. ..... . .Boston. Spring,
Frederick H Boston. Richards, Eugene II Boston. Allen, George H
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