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Javanotes5 101

The document discusses nested for loops in Java, explaining that control structures can contain other control structures, allowing for multiple levels of nesting. It provides an example of using nested for loops to print a multiplication table, detailing the pseudocode and Java syntax for achieving formatted output. The importance of understanding nested loops in algorithms is emphasized, along with the practical challenges of deep nesting.

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11 views1 page

Javanotes5 101

The document discusses nested for loops in Java, explaining that control structures can contain other control structures, allowing for multiple levels of nesting. It provides an example of using nested for loops to print a multiplication table, detailing the pseudocode and Java syntax for achieving formatted output. The importance of understanding nested loops in algorithms is emphasized, along with the practical challenges of deep nesting.

Uploaded by

dsstudent05
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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3.4.

THE FOR STATEMENT 85

3.4.3 Nested for Loops


Control structures in Java are statements that contain statements. In particular, control struc-
tures can contain control structures. You’ve already seen several examples of if statements
inside loops, and one example of a while loop inside another while, but any combination of one
control structure inside another is possible. We say that one structure is nested inside another.
You can even have multiple levels of nesting, such as a while loop inside an if statement inside
another while loop. The syntax of Java does not set a limit on the number of levels of nesting.
As a practical matter, though, it’s difficult to understand a program that has more than a few
levels of nesting.
Nested for loops arise naturally in many algorithms, and it is important to understand how
they work. Let’s look at a couple of examples. First, consider the problem of printing out a
multiplication table like this one:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84
8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96
9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 108
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 110 121 132
12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144
The data in the table are arranged into 12 rows and 12 columns. The process of printing them
out can be expressed in a pseudocode algorithm as
for each rowNumber = 1, 2, 3, ..., 12:
Print the first twelve multiples of rowNumber on one line
Output a carriage return
The first step in the for loop can itself be expressed as a for loop. We can expand “Print the
first twelve multiples of rowNumber on one line” as:
for N = 1, 2, 3, ..., 12:
Print N * rowNumber
so a refined algorithm for printing the table has one for loop nested inside another:
for each rowNumber = 1, 2, 3, ..., 12:
for N = 1, 2, 3, ..., 12:
Print N * rowNumber
Output a carriage return
We want to print the output in neat columns, with each output number taking up four spaces.
This can be done using formatted output with format specifier %4d. Assuming that rowNumber
and N have been declared to be variables of type int, the algorithm can be expressed in Java as
for ( rowNumber = 1; rowNumber <= 12; rowNumber++ ) {
for ( N = 1; N <= 12; N++ ) {
// print in 4-character columns
System.out.printf( "%4d;", N * rowNumber ); // No carriage return !
}

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