Collection and

Presentation of Data
An Overview

JUSTINE JOY N. SABANAL

What We'll Discuss
TOPIC OUTLINE

Method of Data Collection

Method of Data Presentation
Frequency Distribution Table
Sampling Techniques

ELEMENTARY STATISTICS| Session 2

 General Classification of Collecting Data

Census (Complete Survey Sampling

Enumeration)

the process of the process of obtaining

gathering information information from the
from EVERY UNIT in UNITS in the selected
the POPULATION. SAMPLE.

E L E M ENTAR Y S T A T ISTI C S| S E S SION 2

 Methods of Collecting Data

Survey Observation Experimentation Use of Existing Registration

Documents

E L E M ENTAR Y S T A T ISTI C S| S E S SION 2

 Methods of
Presenting Data
Textual Presentation
Presenting data in words, sentences
and paragraphs.

Example: At last count, 38 airlines were

operating 707’s. 720’s and 727’s over the
world’s airlines. The far-flung Boeing fleet
has now logged an estimated
1,803,704,000 miles (22,855,948,000 km)
and has massed approximately 4,096,000
revenue flight hours. Passenger totals stand
at upwards of 71.6 million.
Methods of
Presenting Data

Textual Presentation
Presenting data in words, sentences
and paragraphs.

Tabular Presentation
It serves a variety of purposes,
making presentations powerful tools
for convincing and teaching.
Methods of
Presenting Data

Textual Presentation
Presenting data in words, sentences
and paragraphs.

Tabular Presentation
The systematic organization of data
in rows and columns.
Graphical Presentation
It refers to the use of intuitive charts
to clearly visualize and simplify the
data sets.
Types of Graphical
Presentation
Line Graph
A graphical presentation of When to use?
data especially useful for It is used to track changes short
showing trends. or long periods of time.

It is best when smaller changes

exist.
Types of Graphical
Presentation
Bar Graph
A chart or graph that presents When to use?
categorical data with rectangular
bars with heights or lengths It is used to compare things
proportional to the values that between different groups or to
they represent. track changes overtime.

It is best when the changes are

larger.
Types of Graphical
Presentation
Pie Graph
a circular graph that is useful When to use?
in showing how a total It is used when you are trying
quantity is distributed to compare parts of a whole.
among a group of
categories. .
Types of Graphical
Presentation
Pictograph

a pictorial chart in which When to use?

each symbol represents It is used to represents ideas,
a definite and uniform concepts or stands in for a
larger quantity of something.
value.
 Introduction
Ways on How Describing a bulk of data is sometimes
to Present difficult to achieve by depending solely
to textual method of presenting data. To
remove this hindrance, it is necessary to
Grouped Data group large mass of data into different
categories/classes and determine the
number of observations falling in each
class. Such method of
summarizing/arranging data in tabular
form is called a frequency distribution.
 T Y PES O F FR EQU EN CY
D IST RIBUT ION TABL E

UNGROUPED
QUALITATIVE GROUPED
QUANTITATIVE
FDT QUANTITATIVE
FDT
a frequency distribution a frequency distribution FDT
table where data are table where data are a FDT used when
grouped according to some grouped according to
some qualitative
grouping a large set of
qualitative characteristics,
characteristics, data are numerical data.
data are grouped into non
numerical characteristics. grouped into non
numerical characteristics.
 Qualitative FDT
Table 1. Frequency Distribution of the Gender of Respondents of a Survey

Gender of Number of Percentage

Respondents Respondents
Male 25 25%
Female 75 75%
TOTAL 100 100%

15

ELEMENTARY STATISTISTICS| Chapter 2

 T Y PES O F FR EQU EN CY
D IST RIBUT ION TABL E

UNGROUPED
QUALITATIVE GROUPED
QUANTITATIVE
FDT QUANTITATIVE
FDT
a frequency distribution a frequency distribution FDT
table where data are table where data are a FDT used when
grouped according to some grouped according to
some qualitative
grouping a large set of
qualitative characteristics,
characteristics, data are numerical data.
data are grouped into non
numerical characteristics. grouped into non
numerical characteristics.
 Ungrouped Quantitative FDT
Table 2. Frequency Distribution of the Number of Siblings of the Respondents of a Survey
Number of Number of Percentage
Siblings Respondents
0 10 10%
1 24 24%
2 30 30%
3 26 26%
4 10 10%
TOTAL 100 100%

ELEMENTARY STATISTISTICS| Chapter 2

 T Y PES O F FR EQU EN CY
D IST RIBUT ION TABL E

UNGROUPED
QUALITATIVE GROUPED
QUANTITATIVE
FDT QUANTITATIVE
FDT
a frequency distribution a frequency distribution FDT
table where data are table where data are a FDT used when
grouped according to some grouped according to
some qualitative
grouping a large set of
qualitative characteristics,
characteristics, data are numerical data.
data are grouped into non
numerical characteristics. grouped into non
numerical characteristics.
 Grouped Quantitative FDT
Table3. Frequency Distribution on the number of people aged 25-64 covered by health insurance in 2010.

Age in years Number of Respondents Percentage

25-34 5 10%
35-44 15 30%
45-54 20 40%
55-64 10 20%
TOTAL 50 100%

ELEMENTARY STATISTISTICS| Chapter 2

D ef inition of Te r m s
Array Class Interval Class Boundaries
The data arranged defined by a lower the true class limits, consisting
according to limit (LL) and an of the lower class boundaries
magnitude. upper limit (UL). and upper class boundaries

Range Frequency Relative Frequency

numerical difference the number of obtained by dividing
between the largest observations falling in
the class frequency by
and the smallest the total frequency.
observation each class interval.

Class Size Class Mark Cumulative Frequency

the numerical difference between the class midpoint between the • Less than cumulative frequency (<CF)
two successive lower limits or two UCL and LCL (UCB and LCB) of a • Greater than cumulative frequency
successive upper limits. class interval. (<CF)

ELEMENTARY STATISTICS| Chapter 2

 ST EPS i n con str u c ti ng
th e FDT

MAKE AN COMPUTE ESTIMATE DETERMINE

ARRAY THE THE NO. OF THE CLASS
RANGE CLASSES SIZE
Arrange the data 𝑅 = 𝐻𝑉 − 𝐿𝑉 𝑘 = 𝑛 where n is the 𝑅
from lowest to total number of 𝑐=
𝑘
highest value. But, it observations
is optional.

ELEMENTARY STATISTISTICS| Chapter 2

 ST EPS i n con str u c ti ng
th e FDT

5 6 7 8

DETERMINE DETERMINE DETERMINE COUNT THE

THE 1 ST THE NEXT ALL UPPER FREQUENCY
LOWER LOWER LIMIT
LIMIT LIMIT
Determine the no. of
The 1stlower limit is Add the class size to Refer to the values observation in each
the smallest value in the previous lower of the lower limit. classes; then complete the
the data set. limit. table

ELEMENTARY STATISTISTICS| Chapter 2

 VI S UAL PR ES ENTAT I O N O F T HE
FDT

HISTOGRAM FREQUENCY OGIVES

POLYGON
A graphical device for They serve the same graphs that are used
understanding the purpose as to estimate how many
shapes of the histograms, but are numbers lie below or
distribution. especially helpful in above a particular
comparing multiple variable or value in
sets of data data.
 TRY THIS

C O NS TRUCTING G RO UP ED F R E QUE NCY

D I S TR IB UTIO N

84 80 68 87 86 70 79 90 67 80
82 62 85 86 61 86 87 91 78 86
72 96 89 84 78 88 78 78 82 76
70 86 85 88 70 79 75 89 73 86
72 68 82 89 81 69 77 81 77 83
END OF DISCUSION

ELEMENTARY STATISTICS| Chapter 2